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LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP
Tuesday, May 11, 2010
6:30 p.m. - 8:00 p.m. Eastern time
FDA/CFSAN: Food Irradiation
Presented by: Dr. Lane Highbarger
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LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP
Tuesday, May 11, 2010
FDA/CFSAN: Food Irradiation
Presented by: Dr. Lane Highbarger
Food IrradiationFood Irradiation
Lane A. Highbarger, Ph.D.Lane A. Highbarger, Ph.D.Division of Biotechnology and GRAS Notice ReviewDivision of Biotechnology and GRAS Notice Review
Office of Food Additive SafetyOffice of Food Additive SafetyCenter for Food Safety and Applied NutritionCenter for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
May 11, 2010May 11, 2010
Poll QuestionPoll Question
Have you ever knowingly purchased an irradiated food?Have you ever knowingly purchased an irradiated food?
A)A) YesYes
B)B) NoNo
C)C) How would I know?How would I know?
EnergyEnergy
Radiation SpectrumRadiation Spectrum
Sources of RadiationSources of Radiation
Cobalt 60 - 1.33 MeVCobalt 60 - 1.33 MeV
Cesium 137 - 662 keVCesium 137 - 662 keV
Electron accelerators operated atElectron accelerators operated at
10 MeV or less10 MeV or less
X-ray generators operated atX-ray generators operated at
7.5 MeV or less7.5 MeV or less
Dose – What it MeansDose – What it Means
Irradiation doses are measured in gray (Gy)Irradiation doses are measured in gray (Gy)– Gy is measured in joule/kg absorbed energyGy is measured in joule/kg absorbed energy– 1 Gy = 1 = 1 m1 Gy = 1 = 1 m22 s s-2-2
– For X-rays and gamma rays == SievertFor X-rays and gamma rays == Sievert
Energy sources are constantEnergy sources are constant
Applied dose = energy sourceApplied dose = energy source ✕✕ time exposedtime exposed
Absorbed dose depends on other factors Absorbed dose depends on other factors
JKg
Food Irradiation FacilitiesFood Irradiation Facilities
Gamma Electron beam
Let’s Pause for Questions?Let’s Pause for Questions?
Food Irradiation OverviewFood Irradiation Overview
A Brief History of Food IrradiationA Brief History of Food Irradiation
1905 1905 Begins the era of food irradiation.Begins the era of food irradiation.1958 1958 Congress defines a source of radiation as a food Congress defines a source of radiation as a food additive.additive.1980 1980 Foods irradiated up to 10 kGy considered to be safe and Foods irradiated up to 10 kGy considered to be safe and wholesome.wholesome.1997 1997 Foods irradiated at any dose should be considered as Foods irradiated at any dose should be considered as safe and as wholesome as foods treated by any other safe and as wholesome as foods treated by any other conventional process.conventional process.2001 2001 Irradiation is used to eliminate possible traces of Anthrax.Irradiation is used to eliminate possible traces of Anthrax.1984-2009 1984-2009 FDA approves the use of irradiation in a variety of FDA approves the use of irradiation in a variety of foods.foods.
Why Irradiate?Why Irradiate?Low Dose (<1 kGy)Low Dose (<1 kGy)– Control insectsControl insects– Inhibit maturationInhibit maturation– Inhibit sproutingInhibit sprouting
Medium Dose (1-10 kGy)Medium Dose (1-10 kGy)– Extend shelf lifeExtend shelf life– Reduce microorganism levelReduce microorganism level
High Dose (> 30 kGy)High Dose (> 30 kGy)– Sterilize - analogous to canningSterilize - analogous to canning– Decontaminate certain food additives, e.g., spicesDecontaminate certain food additives, e.g., spices
Foods Permitted to Be Irradiated Foods Permitted to Be Irradiated Under FDA’s RegulationsUnder FDA’s Regulations
All foods Arthropod Control 1 kGy maxDry Enzyme Preps. Microbial Control 10 kGy maxFresh Foods Maturation Inhibition 1 kGy maxSpices/Seasonings Microbial Control 30 kGy maxPoultry Microbial Control 3 kGy maxSeeds for sprouting Microbial Control 8 kGy maxShell eggs Microbial Control 3 kGy maxMeat and meat byproducts Microbial Control 4 kGy/7 kGyMolluscan shellfishMolluscan shellfish Microbial Control 5.5 kGy maxFresh lettuce and spinach Microbial Control 4 kGy maxNASA Sterilization 44 kGy min
Other Irradiated SubstancesOther Irradiated Substances
Medical equipment Microbial Control
Laboratory animal Microbial Control diets 50 kGy max
Poultry feed Salmonella spp. 25 kGy max
Pet foods, treats and Salmonella spp. chews 50 kGy max
Best return on irradiationBest return on irradiation
Which foods do you think would benefit most from being Which foods do you think would benefit most from being irradiated? Either from a food safety point of view or a irradiated? Either from a food safety point of view or a commercial point of view.commercial point of view.
A)A) Ground beef Ground beef
B)B) Lettuce Lettuce
C)C) Shell eggs Shell eggs
D) FruitsD) Fruits
E)E) NASA beefsteak NASA beefsteak
Let’s Pause for Questions?Let’s Pause for Questions?
Irradiation ActionIrradiation Action
E-beam – shallow penetrationE-beam – shallow penetration– Converted to x-ray for more penetrationConverted to x-ray for more penetration
Gamma – ‘deeper’ penetrationGamma – ‘deeper’ penetration
All act All act via via similar mechanismssimilar mechanisms
Mammals > Insects > Single Celled Organisms > Viruses; (Prions Likely Resistant)
D10 – The radiation dose needed to inactivate 90% of the microbial load in the food medium
All bacteria have different susceptibilities All bacteria have different susceptibilities to radiation (values in kGy)to radiation (values in kGy)– Salmonella spp. – 0.36 - 0.77Salmonella spp. – 0.36 - 0.77– Listeria monocytogenes – 0.35 - 0.7Listeria monocytogenes – 0.35 - 0.7– E. coli E. coli O157:H7 – 0.25 - 0.39O157:H7 – 0.25 - 0.39
A 99.999% reduction = 5 x DA 99.999% reduction = 5 x D1010 value value
Which number Which number soundssounds better as a descriptor better as a descriptor for the reduction of a bacterial population? for the reduction of a bacterial population? And which one is the And which one is the greatest greatest kill? kill?
A) 5000 timesA) 5000 timesB) 99.99%B) 99.99%C) Reduced by 10C) Reduced by 10-5-5
D) A 4 DD) A 4 D1010 reduction reduction
E) I have a headache now E) I have a headache now
Let’s Pause for Questions?Let’s Pause for Questions?
Safety ConsiderationsSafety Considerations
Safety ConsiderationsSafety Considerations
Radiological Safety
Chemical Change and Potential Toxicity
Nutritional Adequacy
Potential Microbiological Hazard
Chemical ChangeChemical Change
Energy stimulates chemistry
Increases when liquid is present
Initiates reaction with air
Generally little – but not necessarily negligible change
Can be controlled by controlling conditions
Heated Lipid (180 Heated Lipid (180 ººC/1Hr) C/1Hr) vs Irrad (120 kGy)vs Irrad (120 kGy)
Nutrition IssuesNutrition Issues
Vitamins can be labile to heat and irradiation
MicrobiologicalMicrobiological
Radiation sensitivity varies with speciesSensitivity varies with environment– Temperature; water Activity; pH; Salt;
etc
Poll QuestionPoll Question
Has an explanation about Has an explanation about food irradiation made you food irradiation made you feel more or less feel more or less comfortable about comfortable about purchasing irradiated purchasing irradiated foods?foods?
Do you want more Do you want more information?information?
More Yes
Les No
Let’s Pause for Questions?Let’s Pause for Questions?
Foods Currently Under ReviewFoods Currently Under Review
CrustaceansCrustaceans
Multiple-ingredient productsMultiple-ingredient products
Non-refrigerated meat food productsNon-refrigerated meat food products
PoultryPoultry
Dietary supplementsDietary supplements
Labeling CriteriaLabeling Criteria
The FDA requires that irradiated foods bear The FDA requires that irradiated foods bear the radura label and state on the label the radura label and state on the label “Treated with radiation” or “Treated by irradiation”“Treated with radiation” or “Treated by irradiation”
There is no statutory requirement specific to There is no statutory requirement specific to irradiationirradiation
Poll QuesitonPoll Quesiton
Would you prefer to have food labeled if it Would you prefer to have food labeled if it were irradiated?were irradiated?
√ YesYes X X NoNo
Controversy and QueriesControversy and Queries
ObjectionsObjections– ConsumerConsumer– Public Citizen / Center for Food SafetyPublic Citizen / Center for Food Safety
Formal CorrespondenceFormal Correspondence
Let’s Pause for Questions?Let’s Pause for Questions?
Other non-Thermal Other non-Thermal Mitigation TechnologiesMitigation Technologies
High Pressure ProcessingHigh Pressure Processing
80k – 130k lb/in80k – 130k lb/in22
Effective at elimination of microbial Effective at elimination of microbial contaminationcontamination
Spores are resistantSpores are resistant
ExpensiveExpensive
Pulsed FieldPulsed Field
Short bursts of electricity used for microbial Short bursts of electricity used for microbial control.control.
Liquids, e.g., juice, milk, liquid eggs.Liquids, e.g., juice, milk, liquid eggs.
Low cost.Low cost.
UV RadiationUV Radiation
Effective at microbial decontamination in Effective at microbial decontamination in liquids.liquids.
Approved for use in surface decontamination.Approved for use in surface decontamination.
Approved for use in juices.Approved for use in juices.
Web Based Information ResourcesWeb Based Information ResourcesFood Safety and IrradiationFood Safety and Irradiation
Food Irradiation Processors Alliance – http://www.fipa.us/Food Irradiation Processors Alliance – http://www.fipa.us/
Kansas State University – http://www.foodsafety.ksu.edu/en/Kansas State University – http://www.foodsafety.ksu.edu/en/
USDA Fact sheet – USDA Fact sheet –
http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Fact_Sheets/Irradiation_and_Food_Safety/index.asphttp://www.fsis.usda.gov/Fact_Sheets/Irradiation_and_Food_Safety/index.asp
FSIS on labeling – http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/larc/Policies/IrradiationQA.htmFSIS on labeling – http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/larc/Policies/IrradiationQA.htm
Food Safety dot gov – http://www.foodsafety.gov/Food Safety dot gov – http://www.foodsafety.gov/
Printable informationPrintable information: Irradiated Lettuce and Spinach – : Irradiated Lettuce and Spinach –
http://www.fda.gov/downloads/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/UCM143389.pdfhttp://www.fda.gov/downloads/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/UCM143389.pdf
Recent NewsRecent News: : E. coliE. coli O145 in romaine lettuce – O145 in romaine lettuce –
http://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/2010/ecoli_o145/index.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/2010/ecoli_o145/index.htm
WSJ Blog on WSJ Blog on E. Coli E. Coli – –
http://blogs.wsj.com/health/2010/05/07/health-blog-qa-what-to-do-about-e-coli/http://blogs.wsj.com/health/2010/05/07/health-blog-qa-what-to-do-about-e-coli/
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