live interactive learning @ your desktop thursday, may 13, 2010 the mcmurdo dry valleys of...
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LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP
Thursday, May 13, 2010
The McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica: harshest place on Earth or a polar oasis?
Presented by: Dr. Cristina Vesbach, Dr. Michael Gooseff, and Dr. Jeb Barrett
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The McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica:
harshest place on Earth or a polar oasis?
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Dr. Jeb BarrettVirginia Tech
Dr. Michael GooseffPenn State Univ.
Overview
Dr. Cristina VesbachUniv. of New Mexico
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Poll question
• Antarctica is completely covered by snow and ice
√) Yes
X) No
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Not what you think…
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Monochrome Landscape
Victoria Valley, December 2006
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Dry Valley Research
• The Discovery Expedition (1902)• International Geophysical Year
(1959)• The McMurdo LTER (1994)
– Wall, McKnight, Fountain, Lyons, Priscu, Virginia, Doran, Wharton
• Many others• Hall, Hendy, Denton, Green, Vincent,
Hawes, Howard-Williams, Laybourn-Parry
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Dry Valleys hydrologic cycle
Precipitation
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Dry Valleys hydrologic cycle
Precipitation
Melt
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Dry Valleys hydrologic cycle
Precipitation
Melt
Runoff
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Dry Valleys hydrologic cycle
Precipitation
Melt
Runoff
EvaporationSublimation
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Seasonal snow cycle
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Seasonal snow cycle
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Snow ablation (melt + sublimation)
29 Oct 1999
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Snow ablation (melt + sublimation)
06 Nov 1999
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Snow ablation (melt + sublimation)
13 Nov 1999
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Snow ablation (melt + sublimation)
22 Nov 1999
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Snow ablation (melt + sublimation)
08 Dec 1999
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Snow ablation (melt + sublimation)
04 Jan 2000
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Stream flow comes from glaciersGreen Creek – short stream
Canada Glacier
GreenCreek
LakeFryxell
01 Nov 01 Dec 01 Jan 01 Feb
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Longest record from the longest river Onyx River
N
LakeVanda
LakeBrownworth
Lower Wright Gauge (LWRT) (1972-today)Low Flow: 1978Missing: 1987, 1988, 1992
Vanda Gauge (1969-today)Low Flow: 1978 (NO flow)Missing: 1992, 1994, 1995
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Longest record from the longest river Onyx River
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Longest record from the longest river Onyx River
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Longest record from the longest river Onyx River
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Gooseff et al., 2007, ISAES
Longest record from the longest river Onyx River
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Barrett et al., 2009, GCB
Lake levels are integrators of hydrologic processes
Lake Bonney - January, 2006
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Lake levels are integrators of hydrologic processes
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Evaporation/Sublimation
Measured rate:6.17 mm/d
Gooseff et al., 2003, HP
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Where do you find wet soil?
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• The closed basin lakes in the Dry Valleys maintain their water levels by stream water inflow and losses of water through:
A) precipitation
B) melting ice cover
C) evaporation
D) none of the above
Poll Question
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Let’s Pause for Questions
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Dry Valleys Habitats
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Habitats
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Glaciers
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Cryoconite Holes
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Blood Falls
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Blood Falls
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Streams
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There’s life in them thar streams!
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Lakes
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Lakes
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Lake Ice
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Lakes-water column
Solutes increase down stream, from glaciers to streams to lakes.
•Salt dissolution•Mineral weathering•Evaporative concentration•Cryo-concentration
2006-07 data
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Ice
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Plankton
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Microbial Mats
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Pause for your questions
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Dry Valley Soil Environments
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Soils of the McMurdo Dry Valleys
•Cold
•Dry
•Saline
•Poorly weathered
•Low organic matter
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Patterned ground formations near Commonwealth Glacier, Taylor Valley, Antarctica
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Patterned ground formations on Spritzbergen Island, Norway
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Heterogeneity of Antarctic Soil Environments is Driven By:
Water and Surface Exposure Age.
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High and Dry Environments Have Oldest Surface Exposure Ages on Earth.
Up to 3% NO3-N by wt.
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Antarctic soils are a model system for understanding life in extreme environments; analog for Martian soils
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“We have seen no living thing, not even a moss or a lichen; all that we did find,” …”was the skeleton of a Weddell seal, and how it came there is beyond guessing”
Robert F. Scott, 1903
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Antarctic Food Webs Are Simple Antarctic Food Webs Are Simple (lower biomass and diversity than non-polar ecosystems)(lower biomass and diversity than non-polar ecosystems)
Microbial Community
Scottenema lindsayae
Eudorylaimus antarcticus
Algae
Tardigrades (Water Bears)
Rotifers
““Antarctica’s nematodes Antarctica’s nematodes are the equivalent of are the equivalent of elephants and lions” elephants and lions”
- E.O. Wilson- E.O. Wilson
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What controls distribution of biodiversity in Antarctica?
Plectus spp.Wall Nematology Lab
Response to climate variation?S. lindsayaeWall Nematology Lab, CSU
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Poll Question
What’s going on with Antarctic climate?
A) no observed change
B) warming
C) cooling
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Antarctic Peninsula
+ 2.0 ° C since 1950
0.4 ° C/decade
(Vaughan et al. 2001)
West Antarctica (including the Peninsula) Have Experienced Significant Warming Since mid-20th Century
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East Antarctica, including The McMurdo Dry Valleys Experienced A Cold Period Between
1986 and 2002
Cooling temperatures led to:– Increased ice-thickness on lakes– Decreased stream flow– Decreased aquatic NPP
Annual = -0.7oC/decadeSummer = -1.2oC/decade
Doran et al. 2002. Nature
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R.F. Scott Expedition 1906 A. G. Fountain PSU 2006
20th Cent. Lake Levels Rise Provides Evidence of Regional Warming.
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Regional Cooling Has Been Linked To Ozone Loss (Thompson and Solomon 2002
What happens has ozone levels recover?
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What Regions of Antarctica Have Exhibited the Most Significant Warming?
A) The McMurdo Dry Valleys
B) East Antarctica
C) The Antarctic Peninsula
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What Is the Likely Future Climate For the McMurdo Dry Valleys?
Observed
•Sustained periods of warming and cooling•Pulse of meltwater during warming events•Significant hydrological and ecological responses
Predicted
•Sustained periods of warming?•Increased frequency of melt?
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To sum it up…
• Unique communities-dominated by microbes
• Many endemic species
• Perfectly adapted
• One of the most diverse bacterial communities on Earth
• Predicted climate change will affect ecosystem and diversity
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Polar Trec
To learn more about Polar Trec go to:
http://www.polartrec.com/
PolarTREC (Teachers and Researchers Exploring and Collaborating in the Arctic and Antarctic) is a program funded by the National Science Foundation in which K-12 teachers participate in polar research, working closely with scientists as a pathway to improving science education.
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Acknowledgements
• Susan Kelly
• National Science Foundation– MCMLTER – Snow project– Hydrologic Margins
project
• For more info:mcmlter.org
water.engr.psu.edu/antsnow/
Dr. Jeb BarrettVirginia Tech
Dr. Michael GooseffPenn State Univ.
Dr. Cristina VesbachUniv. of New Mexico
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Thank you to the sponsor of tonight's Web Seminar:
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http://learningcenter.nsta.org
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http://www.elluminate.com
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National Science Teachers AssociationDr. Francis Q. Eberle, Executive Director
Zipporah Miller, Associate Executive Director Conferences and Programs
Al Byers, Assistant Executive Director e-Learning
LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP
NSTA Web SeminarsPaul Tingler, Director
Jeff Layman, Technical Coordinator