lithosphere and groundwater lithosphere w solid rocky crust of the earth w rocks on the surface are...
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Lithosphere and Groundwater
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Lithosphere solid rocky crust of the earth rocks on the surface are
classified in 3 types igneous-cooled, molten rock,
granite
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Lithosphere Sedimentary- sediments deposited
in water and later made solid. Metamorphic-Igneous and
sedimentary rocks changed by hear &/or pressure Ex: marble, slate
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Groundwater groundwater- water occurring
beneath the surface used mostly as well water most occurs within lithosphere water table- the surface of ground
water in a well
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Groundwater point in the ground that is
completely saturated with water.
Water fills all spaces between soil and rock particles. (pores)
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Groundwater Porosity- portion of the ground
that contains spaces or voids. The total porosity of the material and size and continuity determine the volume of groundwater that is held available.
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Groundwater U.S. gets 1/2 of our drinking
water from groundwater
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Groundwater Groundwater pollution 1988- EPA published a report 46 pesticides found in
groundwater in 26 states only 9 were in concentrations
higher than health advisory levels
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Groundwater World Health Organization
(WHO) each year 1/2 million people are poisoned by pesticides
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Groundwater Herbicides & Insecticides are
used in “large quantities” by farmers- one billion pounds of active ingredient per year
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Groundwater Nitrates- EPA standard of no
more than 10mg/liter of Nitrate Nitrogen in groundwater used for drinking.
More than 21% of samples contained more than 10mg per liter in Kansas and Rhode Island
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Groundwater 10-19% were in excess in
California, Arizona, Oklahoma, and New York
5-9% were in excess in Colorado, South Dakota, Nebraska, Texas, Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware
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Groundwater in all of the other 50 states less
than 5% tested high.
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Controlling Groundwater pollution 1990 National Fertilizer and
Environment Research Center set up 20 demo sites to control pesticide and nitrate pollution.
Pierre, South Dakota Cone Ag Service
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Problems of greatest concern metallic impurities in
phosphoric acid fertilizer gypsum pond leakage treatment of contaminated soil reducing pollution from liquids
rinsed from application equipment
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Problems of greatest concern
microbial techniques for waste treatment
nitrate inhibitors for area techniques for sampling and testing
groundwater developing better containments for
chemigation and fertigation
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Pesticides and groundwater most pesticides are synthetic
organic compounds
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Processes for loss from soil volatilization decomposition retention by soil transport by H2O
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Fumigants relatively volatile vaporize at low temperature and
move as gases through the soil Ethylene dibromide - used for
nematode control
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Ethylene dibromide very soluble in water not retained by soil commonly found in ground
water
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Synthetic Organics may be decomposed in different
ways many are broken down rapidly
in sunlight
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Some pesticides react in water to form new
compounds fungicide Captan reacts rapidly
with water to form a hamless product
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Some chemicals decompose very slowly and
may persist for years example - DDT
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Organic Matter is the most important soil
particle in binding pesticide in the soil rather than going into the water
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Primary transport of pesticides through the soil is
by percolation of water down
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Health Advisory Concentrations each of two animals is treated with
a range of doses of the pesticide maximum dosage that produces no
adverse effects in the more sensitive of the two species is divided by a safety factor (100)
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Concentrations for a substance for which a safety
factor of 100 has been used a 22 pound child would have to
drink 26 gallons of water with the health advisory concentration per day every day
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Continued to ingest an amount of pesticide
equivalent to the max daily intake that produced no observable effect in the test animal of the same average weight
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Avoiding pesticides in h2o alternative h2o sources distilling h2o ultraviolet light activated carbon filter
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Nitrates and groundwater mostly from plant fertilizers introduction of legumes
(alfalfa) plants that take Nitrogen from
the air and put it into the soil
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Nitrates and groundwater commercial fertilizers are used
to supplement naturally occurring nutrients
production of ag crops has increased due to the use of fertilizers
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Nitrates and groundwater plants absorb only part of each
nutrient present in the soil as the concentration of nutrients in
the soil increases, % of total amount absorbed decreases
greater residues are left in the soil
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Nitrates and groundwater most chemical ions of fertilizers
are bonded to and retained by the soil
Nitrogen is not
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Human Health Issues Problems related to Nitrates birth defects cancer migraines
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Human Heath Issues nervous system impairment methomoglobinemia
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Methomoglobinemia type of anemia hemoglobin carried Nitrogen
instead of Oxygen to the body cells
common cause of infant deaths
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Groundwater use over drafts when more water is removed
than is replaced by water from the surface
57% of water resource regions have over drafts
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Groundwater use water table is falling in these areas most serious over draft is at the
Ogallala Aquifer nations largest under parts of 8 states