rene uelekiostin uoreni

* * *

literaturis Teoria

literaturis Teoria

rene uelekiostin uoreni

* * *

ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba

Tbilisi 2010

literaturis Teoria. ganaxlebuli gamocema.rene ueleki, ostin uoreniTheory of Literature: New Revised Edition. Rene Wellek, Austin Warren

kritikis klasika, romelic ikvlevs literaturis bunebas, funq­cias, formasa da Sinaarss. `yvelaze mowesrigebuli, mravlismomcve­li da mizandasaxuli mcdeloba... literatu ris Seswavla erTdrou­lad sazriani da Tavisufali gaxados~ (niu iork taimsi)

avtorebma scades daekavSirebinaT poezia (lite ra tu r u li Teo­ria) kritikasTan (literaturis Se fa seba), mecnierebasTan (kvle va) da literaturis TeoriasTan (literaturis TEeoriis dinamika da Teoriisa da kritikis statistikuroba). avtorTa mcde loba warmate­biYT dasrulda da wignma moulodneli popularoba moipova, gansa­kuTrebiT, rogorc studentTa saxelmZRvanelom. wigni mravaljer gamoica da mraval ena ze iTargmna.

wigni saintereso iqneba humanitaruli fakultetebis stu­dentebisa da farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis.

wignis Targmani dafinansda saqarTvelos mecnierebisa da ga­naTlebis saministros programiT _ `sauniversiteto saxelmZR­vaneloebis ganviTareba~. wigni momzadda ilias saxelmwifo univer­sitetis mier. ISBN 978-9941-9085-8-3

ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemlobaqaquca ColoyaSAvilis 3/5, Tbilisi, 0162, saqarTvelo

Ilia State University Press3/5 K. Cholokashvili Ave, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia

3

Sinaarsi

winasityvaoba pirveli gamocemisTvis .................................... 5

winasityvaoba meore gamocemisTvis ........................................ 9

winasityvaoba mesame gamocemisTvis ........................................ 10

nawili pirveliganmartebani da gansxvavebani ................................................ 11

1. literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba......................... 13

2. literaturis buneba ...............................................................22

3. literaturis funqcia .............................................................36

4. literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria ....................... 51

5.zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli

literaturaTmcodneoba ............................................................63

nawili meoremosamzadebeli stadiebi ...........................................................75

6. faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTeba .................................... 77

nawili mesameliteraturis Seswavlis garegani meTodi ......................... 97

Sesavali ............................................................................................99

7. literatura da biografia .....................................................102

8. literatura da fsiqologia ..................................................111

9. literatura da sazogadoeba .................................................131

10. literatura da ideebi ...........................................................157

11. literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi ........................180

nawili meoTxeliteraturis Sinagani Seswavla ............................................199

Sesavali ...........................................................................................201

12. literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis

wesi .....................................................................................................205

4

13. evfonia, ritmi da metri ........................................................228

14. stili da stilistika .............................................................252

15. saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi ............................................270

16. naratiuli literaturis buneba da modusebi ................309

17. literauruli Janrebi ...........................................................329

18. Sefaseba ......................................................................................347

19. literaturis istoria ...........................................................367

SeniSvna.....................................................................393SeniSvna ............................................................................................395

bibliografia.......................................................453indeqsi......................................................................511

5

winasityvaoba pirveli gamocemisTvis

*winamdebare naSromisTvis saTauris SerCeva sakmaod

rTuli aRmoCnda. iseTi jerovani `mokle saTauric~ ki, rogoricaa `literaturis Teoria da litera turaTm cod­neobis meTodologia~, albaT, metis metad tlanqia. Ees wigni mecxramete saukunemde rom daweriliyo, yvelaferi iolad mogvardeboda, radgan maSin vrceli, analitikuri saTauri satitulo furcels daikavebda, wignis yuaze ki, ubralod, warwera `literatura~ aRmoCndeboda.

Cven davwereT wigni, romelsac, ramdenadac viciT, uSualo analogi ar moeZebneba. es wigni ar gaxlavT saxelmZ­Rvanelo, romelic axalgazrdebs pirvel bilikebs ukvalavs literaturis gagebis gzaze, da arc (moricis `miznebisa da meTodebis~ msgavsad) mecnieruli kvlevis meTodebis mi­moxilvas warmoadgens. SesaZloa, is mainc yvelaze metad enaTesavebodes `poetikas~ da `ritorikas~ (aristoteledan moyolebuli, bleris, kempbelisa da keimis CaTvliT), anda beletristikis Janrebisa da stilistikis sistemur gamokv­levebs, anda iseT wignebs, rogoricaa `literaturuli kri­tikis principebi~. SevecadeT, `poe tika~ (anu literaturis Teoria) da `kritika~ (literaturis Sefaseba) `mecniere­basTan~ (anu `kvlevasTan~) da `literaturis istoriasTan~ (literaturis ̀ dinamika” Teo riisa da kritikis ̀ statikuro­bis~ sapirispirod) dag vekavSirebina. Cveni wigni, garkveul­wilad, uaxlovdeba zogierT germanul da rusul naSroms, magaliTad, valcelis `Gehalt und Gestalt”, iulius peterse­nis ‘‘Die Wissenschaft von der Dichtung~, an tomaSevskis `liter­aturis Teorias~. Tumca, germanelebisagan gansxvavebiT, moverideT sxvaTa Tvalsazrisebis ubralo reproduqcias da, miuxedavad imisa, rom viTvaliswinebT sxvaTa xedvasa da meTodebs, winamdebare naSromi myarad dasabuTebul Tval­

6

sazriss efuZneba. tomaSevskisagan gansxvavebiT, ar vis­wrafviT, warmovadginoT elementaruli ganmarteba iseTi sakiTxebisa, rogoricaa prosodia. Cven arc germanelebiviT ekleqtikurebi varT da arc rusebiviT dogmaturni.

SedarebiT adreuli periodis amerikuli mecniere bis standartebis mixedviT, literaturaTmcodneobiTi kvle­vis amosaval debulebaTa formulirebis yoveli mcdeloba (amgvari kvlevisas ki uTuod unda gavcdeT `faqtebs~), pre­tenziuli da `aramecnierulic~ kia, xolo am metad special­izebuli gamokvlevebis mimoxilva da Sefaseba, garkveul­wilad, sxva araferia, Tu ara kadniereba. udavoa, rom yovel specialists rodi daakmayofilebs misi specialobis Cve­neuli Sefaseba. magram amomwurav ganxilvas miznad sulac ar visaxavdiT: Cven mier moyvanili literaturuli mag­aliTebi yovelTvis mxolod magaliTebs warmoadgens da ara raimes `dasabuTebas~; bibliografiebic `SerCeviTi~ xasi­aTisaa. arc is gvicdia, Cven mier dasmuli yvela kiTxvisT­vis gagveca pasuxi. migvaCnia, rom CvenTvisac da sxvisTvisac amosavali iyo is, rom Cvens kvlevebs internacionaluri Ri­rebuleba hqonoda, dagvesva swori kiTxvebi da SegvemuSave­bina meTodTa garkveuli sistema.

am wignis avtorebma, romlebic pirvelad 1939 wels aiovas universitetSi Sexvdnen erTmaneTs, umalve aRmoa­Cines, rom literaturis Teoriisa da meTodologiis sfer­oSi Tanamoazreebi iyvnen.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxvagvari aRzrda­gana­Tleba hqondaT miRebuli, orive maTganma ganviTarebis ms­gavsi gza ganvlo, Seiswavla istoriuli gamokvlevebi da `ideaTa istoria~ da mivida im daskvnamde, rom literatu­ris Seswavla mkacrad literaturuli unda iyos. orive mi­iCnevda, rom `mecnieruloba~ da `kritika~ korelaciuri cnebebia; orive maTganisTvis miuRebeli iyo `Tanamedrove~ da warsuli drois literaturis gamijvna.

1941 wels maT daweres ori Tavi _ `istoria~ da `kri­tika~ _ saerTo wignisTvis `literaturuli mecniereba~. misi iniciatori da redaqtori iyo Nnorman forsteri, rom­

winasityvaoba pirveli gamocemisTvis

7

lis naazrevsa da Tanadgomasac avtorebi didad afaseben. swored mas uZRvnian avtorebi am wigns (Tumca ar surT, rom amiT mkiTxvels mcdari STabeWdileba Seeqmnas Tavad for­steris doqtrinis Sesaxeb).

winamdebare wignis Tavebis dawera am sakiTxebisadmi amJamad arsebulma interesma ganapiroba. miuxedavad imisa, rom batonma uelekma umTavresad 1­2, 4­7, 9­14 da 19 Tavebze imuSava, batonma uorenma ki 3, 8 da 15­18 Tavebi dawera, wig­ni or avtoris mWidro TanamSromlobis da TvalsazrisTa Tanxvedris namdvil magaliTs warmoadgens. imis miuxeda­vad, rom es avtorebi iyeneben sxvadasxvagvar terminolo­giasa da stils, da gansxvavebul sakiTxebs ikvleven, maTi az­riT, ori gansxvavebuli midgomis arsebiTi SeTanxmeba amis kompensirebas axdens.

Cven isRa dagvrCenia, madloba gadavuxadoT doqtor stivenss da rokfeleris fondis humanitarul ganyofile­bas, romelTa dauxmareblad am wignis Seqmna SeuZlebeli iqneboda. madlobas vuxdiT aseve aiovas universitetis prezidents, dekanebs da departamentis Tavmjdomares dax­marebisa da imisaTvis, rom dro ar daiSures CvenTvis.; r. p. bleqmursa da j. k. rensoms _ TanadgomisTvis; uoles fou­lis, roman iakobsons, jon makgaliards, jon s. poups da robert pen uorens, romlebmac zogierTi Tavi waikiTxes; miss elison uaits, romelmac gansakuTrebuli daxmareba gagviwia am wignze muSaobis ganmavlobaSi.

avtorebs surT, agreTve, aRniSnon zogierTi redaq­torisa da gamomcemlis gulisxmiereba, romelTac neba dagvrTes, Cveni adreuli naSromebidan zogierTi monakve­Ti Segvetana winamdebare wignSi: didi madloba luizianas universitetis gamomcemlobas da klinT bruqss, Southern Review­s yofil redaqtors (`liter aturuli nawarmoe­bis arsebobis modusis~ am wignSi CarTvis gamo); CrdiloeT karolinis universitetis gamomcemlobas (imis gamo, rom winamdebare wignSi CavrTeT mcire nawili `literaturis istoriisa~ `literaturul mecnierebaSi~, red. forsteri, 1941); kolumbiis universitetis gamomcemlobas (romelmac

winasityvaoba pirveli gamocemisTvis

8

neba dagvrTo am wignSi Segvetana monakveTebi naSromebidan `periodebi da mimdinareobebi literaturis istoriaSi~ da `paralelebi literaturasa da xelovnebas Soris~, ro­melic gamoqveynda `inglisuri institutis matianeSi” 1940 da 1941 wlebSi); filosofiur biblioTekas (romelmac neba dagvrTo am wignSi Segvetana monakveTebi naSromebidan `am­boxi pozitivizmis winaaRmdeg~ da `literatura da sazoga­doeba~, romelic Tavis droze gamoqveynda `meoce saukunis inglisurSi~, red. knikerbokeri, 1946).

niu heiveni, 1 maisi, 1948 weli rene ueleki ostin uoreni

winasityvaoba pirveli gamocemisTvis

9

winasityvaoba meore gamocemisTvis

*meore gamocema, arsebiTad, imeorebs pirvels, Tumca

teqstSi mcireodeni Sesworebebi da ganmartebebi SevitaneT.A amas garda, moviyvaneT ramdenime damatebiTi argumenti da mivaniSneT im axal mimdinareobebze, romlebic bolo dros gaCnda literaturis TeoriaSi. amasTan, gadavwyviteT, wig­nidan amogveRo pirveli gamocemis bolo Tavi (`literatu­ris Seswavla aspiranturaSi~), radgan gamocemidan (1946) aTi wlis Semdeg is ramdenadme moZvelda _ nawilobriv imitom, rom am TavSi SemoTavazebuli ramdenime reforma bevrgan ukve ganxorcielda. garda amisa, ganvaaxleT bibliografia _ naklebad mniSvnelovani da naklebad xelmisawvdomi naS­romebis nacvlad masSi SevitaneT garkveuli raodenoba am sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili im uamravi gamokvlevisa, romle­bic bolo rva wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoqveynda.

Soba, 1955 rene ueleki ostin uoreni

10

winasityvaoba mesame gamocemisTvis

*sasixaruloa, rom wignma ukve mesamed ixila dRis sina­

Tle amerikasa da inglisSi, agreTve is, rom igi ukve iTargm­na espanurad, italiurad, iaponurad, koreulad, germanu­lad, portugaliurad, ebraulad da gujaraTis enaze. Cven amjeradac ganvaaxleT bibliografia. teqstSi SevitaneT mcireodeni SeniSvnebi da Sesworebebi. TumcaRa, mesame ga­mocema, mniSvnelovanwilad, meoris xelaxal gamocemas war­moadgens. zogierT sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Sevecade, Cemi ideebi ganmexila da ganmeviTarebina ielis universitetis presis mier `kritikis konceptebis~ saxelwodebiT 1963 wels gamocemul gazeTebSi, rac SeniSvnebSia miTiTebuli. Cemi `Tanamedrove kritikis istoria~ warmoadgens mcdelo­bas, gaamyaros aq Ca moyalibebuli Teoriuli pozicia, ro­melic, Tavis mxriv, `literaturis TeoriaSi~ wamoyenebul kriteriumebsa da Rirebulebebs efuZneba.

niu heiveni, koneqtikuti, seqtemberi, 1962 weli

rene ueleki

11

nawili pirveli

ganmartebani da gansxvavebani

12

13

Tavi pirveli

literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba

*upirveles yovlisa, erTmaneTisagan unda gavmijnoT

literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba. Ees ori sxvadasxva sferoa: pirveli maTgani SemoqmedebiT saqmianobas ukavSir­deba, meore ki Tu mecnierebas (am sityvis zusti mniSvne­lobiT) ara, Seswavlis an Semecnebis nairsaxeobas mainc war moadgens. rasakvirvelia, istoriis manZilze berjer sca des, es gansxvavebebi gaeqarwylebinaT. magali Tad, zogi­erTi mkvlevari amtkicebda, rom SeuZlebelia gaigo liter­atura, Tu Tavad ar qmni mas, rom poups verafers gaugeb, Tu Tavad ar SegiTxzavs heroikuli ortaepedebi, verc dedo­fali elisabedis droindeli dramas gaigeb, Tuki Tavad ar Seecdebi drama TeTri leqsiT dawero1*. TumcaRa, miuxeda­vad imisa, rom literaturul SemoqmedebiT pro cesze dak­virveba mis Semswavlel mecniers sasargeblo gamocdilebas sZens, sakuTriv am mecnieris amocana mainc sxvagvar aqtivo­bas gulisxmobs.Mman Tavisi literaturu li gamocdileba inteleqtualuri terminebiT unda gadmos ces da Tanamim­devrul sqemaSi moaqcios, romelic auci leb lad racio­naluri unda iyos, radgan codna garduvalad ukavSirdeba racionalurobas. SeiZleba isic iTqvas, rom misi Seswavlis sagani iracionaluria, an iracionalur elementebs Sei­cavs, magram, am TvalsazrisiT, literaturis Semswavleli mecnieris mdgomareoba didad ar gansxvavdeba mxatvrobis istorikosis, musikaTmcodnis, TuU gnebavT, sociologis an anatomiis specialistis mdgomareobisagan.

*SeniSvnebi ix. Ggv. 273­313

14

rasakvirvelia, amgvari urTierTmimarTeba ramdenime

rTul problemas warmoSobs, romelTa gadasaWrelad ara­

er Ti Tvalsazrisi iqna moxmobili.zogierTi Teoretikosi

ubralod uaryofda, rom literaturaTmcodneoba codnis

dargia da `kvlavSemoqmedebis~ ideas gvTavazobda, Tumca

Tanamedrove Teoretikosebis umravlesoba dRes miiCnevs,

rom amgvarma Tvalsazrisma mniSvnelovani Sedegebi ver

mogvca. magaliTisaTvis sakmarisia gavixsenoT `mona li­

zas~ peiteriseuli daxasiaTeba, an saimondsis Tu si monsis

maRalfardovani stiliT dawerili pasaJebi. msgavsi `Semo­

qmedebiTi kritika~ Cveulebriv gulisxmobs an usargeblo

gameorebas, an xelovnebis erTi nimuSis meore, bevrad ufro

mdare nawarmoebad gardaqmnas. roca Cven vcdilobT erTma­

neTisagan gavmijnoT literatura da misi Seswavla, zogi­

erT Teoretikoss amis safuZvelze sxvadasxvagvari skep­

tikuri daskvnebi gamoaqvs: magaliTad, isini amtkice ben,

rom literaturis `Seswavla~ saerTod SeuZlebelia; rom

Cven mxolod misi wakiTxvis, aRqmisa da misiT tkbobis unari

Segvwevs. sxva danarCen SemTxvevebSi mxolod is SegviZlia,

rom garkveuli informacia Sevagro voT literaturis ̀ Sesa­

xeb~. amgvari skepticizmi bevrad ufro metadaa gavrcele­

buli, vidre Cven warmogvidgenia. praqtikaSi es gulisxmobs

aqcentis gadatanas mxolod da mxolod im garemos `faqteb­

ze~, romelSic literatura arsebobs, da ugulebelyofas

yvela mcdelobisa, gavcdeT am faqtebs. iseTi faqtorebi,

rogorebicaa mkiTxvelis mier nawarmoebis saTanadod aRqma,

gemovneba da gulmodgineba _ individualuri gemovnebis

sferos ganekuTvneba da miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi arseboba

gardauvalia, maT araferi aqvT saerTo mkacr mecnierulo­

basTan. miuxedavad amisa, diqotomia _ `mecnieruloba~ da

`aRqma~ _ mTlianad gamoricxavs literaturis WeSmariti,

anu iseTi Seswavlis SesaZleblobas, romelic erTdroulad

iqneba `literaturulic~ da `sistematuric~.

literaturis Teoria

15

problema isaa, Tu rogor unda ganvixiloT inteleq­

tualuri meTodebiT xelovneba, kerZod _ literatura.

saer Tod, SesaZlebelia Tu ara es? da Tu SesaZlebelia _

rogor? erT­erTi Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, amis ganxor­

cieleba SesaZlebelia maSin, Tuki sabunebismetyvelo mec­

nierebaTa mier SemuSavebuli meTodebi dainergeba lite­

raturaTmcodneobis sferoSi. ganasxvaveben amgvari ga­

datanis ramdenime tips. erT­erTi maTgani emyareba iseT

zogadmecnierul idealebs, rogorebicaa obieqturoba,

miukerZoebloba da sicxade, rac, TavisTavad, neitra luri

faqtebis Segrovebas gulis xmobs.Mmeore Tvalsazrisis

mixedviT, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa mier SemuSave­

buli meTodebis imitireba mizezobrivi wanamZRvrebisa da

pirvelwyaroebis Seswavlis gziT aris SesaZlebeli. praq­

tikaSi es `genetikuri meTodi~ ga mosadegia nebismieri urT­

ierTmimarTebis dadgenisas, Tuki es SesaZlebelia qro­

nologiuri TvalsazrisiT. Uufro mkacri gagebiT, kauza­

lur meTods mimarTaven imisaTvis, rom literaturuli

fenomenebi axsnan ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri

pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. aq, isev da isev, saqme gvaqvs rao­

denobrivi meTodebis SemotanasTan, romelTac aqtiurad

iyenebs zogierTi mecniereba, mag., statistikaSi, agreTve,

cxrilebisa da grafikebis Sedgenis dros. dabolos, lit­

eraturis ganviTarebis procesebis Seswavlisas cdiloben

gamoiyenon biologiuri cnebebi.2

dResdReobiT, sayovelTao aRiarebiT, amgvarma mid­

gomam ar gaamarTla Tavdapirveli molodini. mTel rig Sem­

TxvevebSi mecnieruli meTodebis nayofiereba gamovlinda

mxolod mkacrad SezRudul sferoSi an mxolod garkveuli

meTodis gamoyenebisas. magaliTad, statistikas iyeneben

teqstis kritikis zogierT skolaSi an metrikis Seswavli­

sas. magram literaturaTmcodneoba Si amgvari mecnieru­

li `SeWris~ momxreTa umravlesoba an marcxs aRiarebs da

literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba

16

skeptikurad ganewyoba xolme, an Tavs imiT imSvidebs, rom

amgvari mecnieruli meTodi momavalSi mainc gaamarTlebs.

magaliTad, a. e. riCardsi (I. A. Richards) miiCnevda, rom mo­

mavali warmatebebi nevrologiis sferoSi ganapirobebda

literaturuli problemebis gadaWrasac.3

Cven davubrundebiT im problemebis ganxilvas,

romelTac warmoSobs literaturaTmcodneobaSi sabu­

nebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa meTodebis danergvis farTod

gavrcelebuli tendencia. aRniSnuli sakiTxi gaazrebas

saWiroebs da, rasakvirvelia, xSir SemTxvevaSi, es ori me­

Todologia erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba da kveTs kidec. iseTi

fundamenturi meTodebi, rogorebicaa induqcia da deduq­

cia, analizi, sinTezi da Sedareba, saerToa sistematuri

codnis yvela tipisTvis. magram aq angariSi unda gavuwioT

sxva garemoebasac: literaturaTmcodneo bas sakuTari

mniSvnelovani meTodebi aqvs, romlebic, miuxedavad imisa,

rom yovelTvis sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebisgan ar aris

nasesxebi, mainc inteleqtualur meTodebs warmoadgens.

WeSmaritebis mxolod ukiduresad SezRuduli gagebisas

SeiZleba ugulebelvyoT huma nitarul mecnierebaTa mier

codnis sferoSi Setanili wvlili. Tanamedrove mecnierebis

ganviTarebamdeBbevrad adre filosofiam, istoriam, iuris­

prudenciam, Teologiam da TviT filologiam SeimuSaves

Semecnebis nayofieri me Todebi. SesaZloa, am mecnierebaTa

miRwevebi Tanamedro ve fizikuri mecnierebebis Teoriulma

da praqtikulma war matebebma daCrdila, magram, amis miuxe­

davad, es meTode bi kvlavac inarCunebs Rirebulebas da ad­

vili SesaZlebelia _ mTel rig SemTxvevebSi garkveuli cv­

lilebebiT – maTi gacocxleba da ganaxleba. magram saWiroa

erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT sabunebismetyvelo da humanita­

rul mecnie rebaTa meTodebi da miznebi.

am gansxvavebebis gansazRvra rTuli amocanaa. jer

kidev 1883 wels vilhelm dilTaim (Wilhelm Dilthey) erTma­

literaturis Teoria

17

neTisagan gamijna sabunebismetyvelo da istoriul mec ni­

erebaTa meTodebi da aRniSna, rom maT Soris arsebobs gan­

sxvaveba ganmartebisa da gagebis TvalsazrisiT.4 dilTai

amtkicebda, rom mecnieri mizezobrivi pirvel wyaroebis

gaTvaliswinebiT ganmartavs movlenebs, istorikosi ki

cdilobs, gaigos maTi mniSvneloba. gagebis es procesi yo­

velTvis individualuri da subieqturic kia. erTi wlis

Semdeg filosofiis cnobili istorikosi, vilhelm vindel­

bandi (Wilhelm Windelband) aseve daupirispirda Tvalsazriss,

romlis mixedviTac istoriul mecnierebebSi sabunebism­

etyvelo mecnierebaTa meTodebi unda iq nes gamoyenebuli.5

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi zo gadi kanonebis dadge­

nas cdiloben, maSin, roca istorikosebisTvis ufro mniS­

vnelovania unikaluri da ganumerebeli faqtis aRmoCena. Ees

Tvalsazrisi Semdgom ganaviTara hainrix rikertma (Heinrich

Rickert), romelmac erTmaneTisagan ganasxvava ara imdenad

ganzogadebisa da individualizaciis meTodebi, ramdenadac

_ sabu ne bismetyvelo da kulturis Semswavleli mecniere­

bebi.6 kulturis Semswavlel mecnierebs, misi mtkicebiT,

kerZo da individualuri faqtebi ainteresebT, individua­

luri SemTxvevebi ki SeiZleba aRmoCenili da gagebuli iqnes

mxo lod garkveuli Rirebulebebis fonze, rac, isev da isev,

kulturas ukavSirdeba. safrangeTSi a. d. qsenopoli (A. D.

Xenopol) erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebda sabunebismetyvelo

mecnierebebs, romlebic `ganmeorebad faqtebs~ Seiswav lian

da istorias, romelsac `Tanmimdevruli faqtebi~ aintere­

sebs. italiaSi benedeto kroCem (Benedetto Croce) mTeli Ta­

visi filosofia daafuZna istoriul meTodze, romelic ra­

dikalurad gansxvavdeba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis

meTodisagan.7

am problemebis srulfasovani ganxilva gulisxmobs is­

eTi problemebis gadaWras, romlebic miemarTeba sabunebi­

smetyvelo mecnierebebis, istoriis filosofiisa da Seme­

literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba

18

cnebis Teoriis klasifikaciis sferos.8 Tumca, ramdenime

konkretulma magaliTma SeiZleba cxadyos, rom arsebobs

erTi realuri problema, romelsac literatu ris Semswav­

leli studenti awydeba. ratom SeviswavliT Seqspirs? xom

aSkaraa, rom Cven ar gvainteresebs is, Tu ra saerTo aqvs mas

mTel kacobriobasTan, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi SegveZlo

nebismieri sxva pirovneba Segveswavla; arc is gvainteresebs,

Tu ra saerTo aqvs mas TiToeul ingliselTan, Tundac rene­

sansis epoqis an elisabedis mefobis droindel adamianeb­

Tan, yvela poetTan, yvela dramaturgTan, an Tundac elisa­

bedis mefobis droindel yvela dramaturgTan, radgan, aseT

SemTxvevaSi, SegveZlo dekeri an heivudi Segveswavla. Cven

ufro imis gageba gvsurs, ra aris Seqspiris unikalurobis

mizezi, ra aqcevs mas Seq spirad, es ki ukve individualuro­

bisa da Rirebulebis problemaa. romelime erTi periodis,

moZraobis an erovnul literaturis Seswavlis drosac

ki literaturaTmcodnes ainteresebs is individualuri,

dama xasiaTebeli niSan­Tvisebebi, romliTac es periodi Tu

moZraoba sxva msgavsi movlenebisgan gansxvavdeba.

individualobis sakiTxi kidev erTi argumentiT Sei­

Zleba gavamyaroT: literaturaSi zogadi kanonebis aRmoCe­

nis mcdelobebs arasodes gamouRia nayofi. luis kazamianis

(Louis Cazamian) e.w. inglisuri literaturis kanoni, romlis

mixedviTac `inglisuri erovnuli gonebis ritmi meryeobs~

or poluss, ganwyobasa da inteleqts Soris (am debulebas­

Tan erTad, miTiTebulia, rom msgavsi ryevebis tempi miT

ufro Cqardeba, rac ufro vuaxlovdebiT Tanamedrove epo­

qas) an trivialuria, an _ mcdari. viqtorianul periods is

saerTod ver esadageba.9Aam `kanonTa~ umravlesoba warmoad­

gens mxolod da mxolod iseTi regularuli fsiqologiuri

mdgomareobebis gamo xatulebas, rogorebicaa moqmedeba

da reaqcia, an tradicia da amboxi, romlebic, maSinac ki,

roca maTi ar seboba eWvs ar iwvevs, mniSvnelovans verafers

gveubneba li te raturuli procesebis Sesaxeb. maSin, rode­

literaturis Teoria

19

sac fizikaSi zogadi Teoriis umaRles miRwevad SeiZleba

CaiTvalos eleqtrobisa da siTbos, mizidulobisa da sinaT­

lis gamosaxva formulebis meSveobiT, literaturaTm­

codneobis miznebis misaRwevad ver gamoviyenebT verc erT

zogad kanons: rac ufro zoga di iqneba es kanoni, miT ufro

abstraqtuli da amdenad, uSinaarso aRmoCndeba is; da miT

ufro gagviZneldeba xelovnebis konkretuli nimuSis arsis

wvdoma.

amdenad, Cveni problemis gadasaWrelad ori ukidure­

si gamosavali arsebobs. pirveli maTgani, ro melmac popu­

laroba moipova sabunebismetyvelo mecnie rebebis presti­

Jis wyalobiT, aRiarebs samecniero da istoriuli meTodis

igiveobriobas, ris Sedegadac saWiro xdeba an, ubralod,

faqtebis Segroveba, an metismetad ganzogadebuli istori­

uli `kanonebis~ dadgena. meores mixedviT, literaturaTm­

codneoba saerTod ar aris mecniereba, xolo literaturis

`gageba~ subieqturi xasiaTisaa, TiToeul literaturul

nawarmoebs ki `in dividualuroba~, ufro metic, `unika­

luroba~ axa siaTebs. Mmagram antimecnieruli midgomis am

ukidures gamoxatulebas sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT. `in­

tuiciam~, SesaZloa, mxolod da mxolod emociur ̀ aRqmamde~,

anu srul subieqturobamde migviyvanos. yoveli nawarmoebis

`individualurobis~ da Tundac `unikalurobis~ sagangebo

xazgasma (romelic sasargebloa imdenad, ramdenadac mimar­

Tulia zedapirul ganzogadebaTa winaaRmdeg) niSnavs im

faqtis ugulebelyofas, rom xelovnebis verc erTi nimuSi

ver iqneba mTlianad `unikaluri~, vinaidan, aseT SemTxveva­

Si, is mTlianad gaugebari iqneboda CvenTvis. rasakvirvelia,

arsebobs mxolod erTi `hamleti~ da jois kilmeris erTad­

erTi “xeebi”. magram, amave logikiT xom nagvis grovac uni­

kalurobiT xasiaTdeba, ramdenadac misi proporciebis, gan­

lagebis da qimiuri Semadgenlobis zusti asli samyaroSi ar

moipoveba. ufro metic, yovel literaturul nawarmoebSi

yvela sityva Tavisi arsiT `zogadia~ da ara `kerZoobiTi~.

literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba

20

literaturaSi `universalurisa~ da “kerZos” urTierT­

dapirispireba mimdinareobs mas Semdeg, rac aristotelem

Tqva, rom poezia istoriasTan SedarebiT meti universa­

lurobiT da, amdenad, filosofiurobiT xasiaTdeba, xolo

istorias mxolod kerZo detalebi ainteresebs, da, agreTve,

mas Semdeg, rac doqtorma jonsonma (R. Johnson) ganacxada,

rom poeti `ar unda iTvlides, Tu ramdeni ZarRvia titas

furcelze~. romantikosebisa da Tanamedrove kritikosTa

umravlesobis mtkicebiT, poezia specifikuri bunebiT,

`faqturiTa~ da konkretulobiT xasiaTdeba.10 magram isic

unda aRiniSnos, rom yoveli literaturuli nawarmoebi

erTdroulad zogadicaa da kerZoc, an, ufro zustad rom

vTqvaT, individualuricaa da zogadic. individualuro­

ba SeiZleba gavmijnoT absoluturi kerZoobiTobisagan

da unikalurobisagan.11 rogorc yoveli adamiani, yoveli

literaturuli nawarmoebic individualuri Tavisebure­

bebiT gamoirCeva; magram mas aseve aerTianebs xelovnebis

sxva nawarmoebebTan zogadi Taviseburebebi, swored ise,

rogorc yovel calkeul adamians aqvs is Tvisebebi, romle­

bic saerToa mTeli kacobriobis, misi sqesis, eris, klasisa

da profesiis warmomadgenlebisTvis. Aamdenad, Cven Segvi­

Zlia ganvazogadoT is, rac exeba xelovnebis nawarmoe­

bebs, elisabedis mefobis droindel dramas, da, saerTod,

mTel dramaturgias, mTel literaturas, mTel xelovnebas.

lite raturis kritika da literaturis istoria cdiloben

daaxasiaTon is individualuri Tvisebebi, romlebic niSan­

doblivia mo cemuli nawarmoebis, avtoris, periodisa da

erovnuli literaturisTvis, magram es SesaZlebelia mx­

olod uni versaluri terminebis meSveobiT, literaturis

Teoriis safuZvelze. Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneo­

bisTvis gansakuTrebiT aucilebelia literaturis Teoria,

ro gorc mecnierul meTodTa erToblioba.

rasakvirvelia, es ideali ar akninebs nawarmoebis `sa­

kuTari~ gagebisa da aRqmis mniSvnelobas, rac literaturis

literaturis Teoria

21

Sesaxeb Cveni codnis da misdami Cveni mimarTebis Camoyali­

bebis winapirobas warmoadgens. magram ar unda dagvaviwydes,

rom es mxolod da mxolod winapirobaa. imis Tqma, rom lite­

raturaTmcodneoba mxolod kiTxvis xelovnebas emsaxure­

ba, mcdar warmodgenas Segviqmnis sistematizebuli codnis

idealze, Tumca mas didi mniSvneloba aqvs literaturis

SemswavlelTaTvis. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom `kiTxva~ far­

To gagebiT kritikul gagebasa da Semecnebas gulisxmobs,

kiTxvis xelovneba mainc SeiZleba ideals warmoadgendes

mxolod im adamianisTvis, ro melsac surs Tavisi unarebis

ganviTareba. es ideali me tad popularulia da ganviTarebu­

li literaturuli kulturis safuZvels warmoadgens. Tum­

caRa, igi ver Caenacvleba `literaturis kvlevas~, rogorc

zogad tradicias, rome lic codnis, intuiciiT mignebuli

WeSmaritebebisa da Tval sazrisTa dagrovebas gulisx mobs.

literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba

22

Tavi meore

literaturis buneba

*pirveli problema, romelic Cven winaSe wamoiWreba,

literaturaTmcodneobis sagans ukavSirdeba. ra aris li­teratura? ra ar aris literatura? rogoria li te ra turis buneba? Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom es SekiTxvebi er Ti SexedviT SeiZleba martivad JRerdes, maTze pasuxis ga cema arc ise ioli saqmea.

SesaZlebelia, `literatura~ vuwodoT yvelafers, rasac beWduri saxe aqvs. maSin SevZlebT SeviswavloT ise­Ti nawarmoebebi, rogorebicaa `medicina meToTxmete sau­kuneSi~, `warmodgena planetebis moZraobis Sesaxeb ad­reul Sua saukuneebSi~ an `jadoqroba Zvelsa da axal ing­lisSi~. rogorc edvin grinlou (EEdwin Greenlaw) amtkicebda, `yvelaferi, rac civilizaciis istorias ukavSirdeba, Cveni Semecnebis sferoSi Sedis~; `rodesac romelime calkeuli periodis an civilizaciis arsis wvdomas vcdilobT, Cveni mcdeloba scildeba beletristikis, an Tundac nabeWdi an xelnaweri matianeebis sferos~, `Cveni nawarmoebi unda gan­vixiloT im TvalsazrisiT, Tu ra adgili SeiZleba daika vos man kulturis istoriaSi~1Ggrinlous Teoriisa da bev ri sxva mecnieris naSromebis mixedviT, literaturaTmcodneoba ara mxolod mWidrod ukavSirdeba civilizaciis is torias, aramed isini identur movlenebadac ki ki miiCne vian. am­gvari midgoma literaturulia mxolod im az riT, rom mas saqme aqvs dabeWdil an xelnawer masalasTan, rac, saer­Tod, istoriis umTavres wyaros warmoadgens. rasakvirve­lia, amgvari Tvalsazrisis dacvis mizniT, SeiZleba imisi mtkiceba, rom istorikosebi, umTavresad, dip lomatiuri, samxedro da ekonomikuri istoriiT arian dainteresebuli da Cveulebriv, ugulebelyofen xolme am problemebs, amde­

23

nad, literaturis mkvlevars ufleba aqvs momijnave sfer­oSi SeiWras. bunebrivia, aravis un da aekrZalos nebismieri sferos kvleva da, rasakvirvelia, mxolod misasalmebelia, Tuki civilizaciis istorias farTo perspeqtivaSi Seiswav­lian. Tumca, amgvari Seswavla literaturuli veRar iqneba. imis mtkiceba, TiT qos saqme aq mxolod terminologiur davasTan gvaqvs, aradamajereblad JRers. civilizaciis istoriis kom pleqsuri Seswavla namdvilad gamoricxavs mxo lod da mxo lod literaturul Seswavlas. aq yvelanairi gansxvaveba qreba; literaturaSi ucxo kriteriumebi Semo­dis, ris ga moc literatura Rirebulad miiCneva mxolod im SemTxveva Si, Tu is garkveul nayofs gamoiRebs am, an momij­nave dis ciplinisaTvis. literaturis gaigiveba civiliza­ciis is toriasTan niSnavs literaturaTmcodneobis sfero­sa da meTodebis specifikurobis ugulebelyofas.

zogierTi ganmartebis mixedviT, literatura aris mxo lod da mxolod `diadi~ nawarmoebebi, romlebic, Temis miu xedavad, gamoirCevian `maTi literaturuli formisa Tu gamoxatvis saSualebebis TvalsazrisiT~. Aaq kriteriumi an mxolod esTetikuri Rirebulebaa, anda esTetikur Rire­bulebasTan Serwymuli zogadi inteleqtualuri Tvisebebi. Llirikul poeziaSi, dramasa da mxatvrul lite raturaSi diad nawarmoebebs esTetikuri kriteriumebis mixedviT ga­moarCeven; sxva SemTxvevaSi wignebs arCeven imis mixedviT, Tu ra reputaciiT sargebloben isini, an ra inteleqtualuri TvisebebiT gamoirCevian esTetikur RirebulebasTan (viwro gagebiT) erTad: aq, upiratesad, gamoarCeven stils, kompozi­cias da, zogadad, gadmocemis maneras. tradiciulad, swored am kriteriumebis safuZ velze saubroben xolme literatu­ris Taobaze. rodesac romelime literaturis Sesaxeb vam­bobT, rom `es ar aris literatura~, swored amgvari Rirebu­lebebi gvaqvs xolme mxedvelobaSi; msgavs msjelobas miv­marTavT ma Si nac, rodesac istorikosis, filosofosis, an romelime bunebismetyvelis wignze vsaubrobT da mas `lite­raturas~ mivakuTvnebT.

literaturis buneba

24

unda aRiniSnos, rom literaturis istoriis saxelmZ­Rvaneloebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, garkveul adgils uTmoben filosofosebis, istorikosebis, Teologebis, moraliste­bis, politikosebisa da TviT bunebismetyvelebis rome­lime specialistis Sesaxeb msjelobas. magaliTad, Zneli warmosadgeni iqneboda meTvramete saukunis inglisis lit­eraturis istoria berklisa (Berkeley) da iumis (Hume), epis­kopos batlerisa (Bishop Butler) da gibonis (Gibbon), burkisa (Burke) da adam smitis (Adam Smith) naazrevTa ganxilvis ga­reSe. miuxedavad imisa, rom am avtorebs, poetebTan, drama­turgebTan da romanistebTan SedarebiT, Cveulebriv, ufro naklebi yuradReba eTmoba, maT Sesaxeb msjeloba iSviaTad daiyvaneba maTive Txzulebebis mxolod esTetikuri Rire­bulebis ganxilvaze. praqtikaSi amgvari msjeloba mxolod ze re le da araprofesiuli mimoxilviT Semoifargleba da saTanadod ver asaxavs am avtorTa moRvaweobas. DmarTlac, hiumi unda ganvixiloT mxolod rogorc filosofosi, gibo­ni – rogorc istorikosi, episkoposi batleri – rogorc qristianobisa da zneobis damcveli, adam smiti ki ­ rogorc moralisti da ekonomisti. magram literaturis istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebi am avtorebs, tradiciulad, mxolod fragmentulad da saTanado konteqstis, maTi sagnis isto­riis gareSe ganixilaven. aqedan gamomdinare, ar xorcield­eba filosofiis istoriis, eTikis, isto riografiis da eko­nomikis Teoriis namdvili gageba. Lliteraturis istorikosi avtomaturad rodi gardaiqmneba am disciplinaTa istor­ikosad. is mxolod da mxolod Tavdajerebuli kompilato­ria, romelic ucxo sferoSi iWreba.

calkeuli `diadi wignebis~ Seswavla, SesaZloa, metad mniSvnelovani aRmoCndes pedagogiuri miznebisTvis. Cven yvelani unda SevTanxmdeT imaze, rom studentebi, gansa­kuTrebiT ki damwyebi studentebi, diad (an yovel SemTx­vevaSi, karg) wignebs unda kiTxulobdnen da ara kompila­ciebs Tu uCveulo istoriul movlenaTa aRwerebs.2 Tumca, saeWvoa, rom es principi gamosadegi iyos sabunebismetyve­lo mecnierebebSi, istoriasa an sxva romelime discipli­

literaturis Teoria

25

naSi, romelic emyareba faqtebis Segrovebas da cnobilidan ucnobisken moZraobas. mxatvruli literaturis istoriis farglebSi mxolod didebuli wignebiT Tu Semovifargle­biT, garTuldeba literaturuli tradiciis Tanmimdev­robis, literaturul JanrTa ganviTarebis da Tavad lite­raturuli procesebis bunebis gageba. amas garda, bundovani gaxdeba Tanmxlebi socialuri, enobrivi, ideologiuri da sxva ganmapirobebeli garemoebani. istoriaSi, filosofiasa da msgavs sagnebSi, am princips, upiratesad, `esTetikuri~ Tvalsazrisi Semoaqvs. rodesac yvela inglisel mecniers Soris mxolod Tomas haqslis (Thomas Huxley) gamovarCevT da vityviT, rom misi nawarmoebebis wakiTxva Rirs, rasakvirve­lia, Cvens arCevans mxolod da mxolod naTeli `stili~ da kompozicia gansazRvravs. Tu ramdenime gamonakliss ar mi­viRebT mxedvelobaSi, es kriteriumi gvaiZulebs, upirate­soba mivaniWoT mecnierul aRmoCenaTa popularizatorebs da ara mecnierebs, romelTac ganaxorcieles es aRmoCenebi. aqedan gamomdinare, haqsli ufro mniSvnelovan moRvawed warmogvidgeba, vidre darvini (Darwin), bergsoni (Bergson) da kanti (Kant).

termin `literaturis~ arsi yvelaze ukeT maSin gamoi­xateba, rodesac is mxolod mxatvrul sityvierebas, anu mx­atvrul literaturas aRniSnavs.… Tumca, terminis amgvari gamoyenebiT garkveul problemebs vawydebiT; magram ing­lisur enaSi misi iseTi SesaZlo alternativebi, rogori­caa `proza~ da `poezia~, an viwro mniSvnelobisaa, an kidev, `mxatvruli literaturisa~ da `beletristikis~ msgav sad, tlanqi da bundovania. isini, vinc ewinaaRmdege bian termins `literatura~ (romelic momdinareobs sityvidan litera), sa­kuTar mosazrebas asabuTeben imiT, rom es termini mxolod da mxolod werilobiT an dabeWdil literaturas asaxavs, miuxedavad imisa, rom, sayovelTao aRiarebiT, nebismieri Tanmimdevruli koncefcia literaturis Sesaxeb `zepir­sityvierebasac~ unda gulisxmobdes. Aam TvalsazrisiT, germanuli termini Wortkunst da rusuli slo­vesnost ukeTe­

literaturis buneba

26

sad gamoxatavs literaturis arss, vid re ma Ti inglisuri Sesatyvisi.

es problema yvelaze martivad gadawydeba maSin, Tu ganvsazRvravT, ra Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs enas lite­raturaSi. ena literaturis masalaa, iseve, rogorc brin­jao _ skulpturaSi, saRebavebi _ mxatvrobaSi an bgerebi _ musikaSi. Mmagram saWiroa imis gacnobierebac, rom ena, qvis msgavsad, mxolod inertuli masala ki ar aris, aramed adamianis mieraa Seqmnili da, amdenad, romeliRac enobrivi jgufis kulturuli memkvidreobis matarebelia.

saWiroa, erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT enis lite ra­turuli, yofiTi da mecnieruli gamoyeneba. miu xedavad imi­sa, rom marTebulad migvaCnia Tomas klark polokis (Thomas Clark Pollock) mier Aam sakiTxis ganxilva wignSi `literaturis buneba~ (The Nature of Literature),3 is mainc aradamakmayofile­blad gveCveneba, gansakuTrebiT iq, sa dac saubaria lite­raturuli enisa da yofiTi metyvele bis urTierTgansx­vavebulobis Sesaxeb.Ees uaRresad mniSvne lovani problemaa da misi gadaWra sulac ar aris ioli, radgan literaturas, xelovnebis sxva dargebisagan gans xvavebiT, komunikaciis sakuTari saSualebebi ar gaaCnia da udavoa, rom arsebobs bevri Sereuli da gardamavali forma. literaturuli da samecniero enis erTmaneTisagan gamijvna Zneli rodia. Tumca, aq sakmarisi ar aris mxolod `azrsa~ da `emocias~ an `grZnobas~ Soris arsebuli martivi kontrastis warmoCena. literaturisTvis ucxo araa azri, meore mxriv ki emoci­uri metyvelebis elementebi mxo lod literaturaSi rodi gvxvdeba: amis sailustraciod sakmarisia warmovidginoT, rogoria Seyvarebulebis sau bari, an Cveulebrivi kamaTi. magram idealuri samecniero ena wminda `denotaturi~ xasi­aTisaa: misi mizania miaRwios maqsimalurad zust Sesatyvi­sobas niSansa da aRsaniSns So ris. niSani mTlianad pirobiTi xasiaTisaa da, amdenad, SesaZlebelia misi Canacvleba ekviva­lenturi niSnebiT. amas garda, niSani gamWvirvalea, anu is uSualod da erTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTebs referentze.

aqedan gamomdinare, samecniero ena uaxlovdeba niSan­Ta iseT sistemebs, rogorebicaa maTematika an sim boluri

literaturis Teoria

27

logika. Mmisi idealia characterististica univer salis, anu iseTi universaluri enis Seqmna, romelze mu Sa obac laibnicma wamoiwyo jer kidev meCvidmete saukunis miwuruls. samec­niero enasTan SedarebiT, literaturu li ena garkveul­wilad SeiZleba naklovani Candes. masSi di dia bundovanebis wili; bevri istoriuli enis msgavsad, masSi uamravi omoni­mi, pirobiTi niSani an iseTi aralogikuri kategoriaa, ro­goricaa, magaliTad, gramatikuli sqesi; literaturul enaSi bevri istoriuli movlena, mogoneba da asociaciaa Semonaxuli. erTi sityviT, literaturuli ena uaRresad `konotatiuria~. ufro metic, literaturuli ena ar aris niSanTa martooden referenciuli sistema. mas eqspresi­uli mxarec aqvs da mosaubris an avtoris intonaciasa da damokidebulebas gadmocems. is, amas garda, ubralod ki ar ambobs da gamoxatavs saTqmels, aramed miiswrafvis, zegav­lena moaxdinos mkiTxvelis ganwyobaze, mis Sexedulebebze da, saboloo angariSSi, gardaqmnas is. literaturulsa da samecniero enas Soris kidev erTi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba arsebobs: pirvel maTganSi yuradReba TviT niSanze, sityvis bgeriT simbolizmzea gadatanili. Aam mizniT uamravi iseTi saSualeba iqna gamogonebuli, rogoricaa, metri, alitera­cia da bgerwera.

literaturuli enis gansxvaveba samecniero enis gan sxvadasxva xarisxiT vlindeba sxvadasxva tipis literatu­rul nawarmoebebSi: magaliTad, romanebSi bgerweras gaci­lebiT umniSvnelo roli ganekuTvneba, vidre lirikuli poeziis zogierT qmnilebaSi, romelTa adekvaturi Targm­nac Znelia. eqspresiuli elementi SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba `obieqtur romanSi~, sadac SesaZloa SeiniRbos da sulac ar gamovlindes avtoris damokidebuleba, e.w. `pirovnul~ lirikaSi ki yvelaferi piriqiT xdeba. prag­matuli elementi, rac `WeSmarit~ poeziaSi odnav Tu Sei­niSneba, romanSi an satirulsa da didaqtikur nawarmoebebSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli. ufro metic, enis inteleqtua­lizaciis xarisxi sxvadasxvagvaria, imisda mixedviT, Tu ra tipis nawarmoebTan gvaqvs saqme: arsebobs filosofiuri,

literaturis buneba

28

didaqtikuri poemebi da problemuri romanebi, romelTa ena nawilobriv mainc uaxlovdeba mecnierul enas. rogori Sereuli modusebic unda warmoaCinos romelime calkeuli literaturuli nawarmoebis Seswavlam, aSkaraa gansxvaveba enis literaturul da samecniero gamoyenebas Soris: lite­raturuli ena bevrad ufro metad asaxavs enis istoriul struqturas; is xazs usvams TviT niSnisadmi gacnobierebul damokidebulebas da sakuTari eqspresiuli da pragmatuli aspeqtebi gaaCnia, samecniero ena ki gamudmebiT cdilobs am elementebis minimumamde dayvanas.

ufro rTulia davadginoT, riT gansxvavdeba erTma­neTisagan literaturuli da yofiTi ena. termini `yofiTi ena~ erTmniSvnelovani cneba rodia: masSi moiazreba enis is­eTi mravalferovani variantebi, rogorebicaa sasaubro ena, vaWrobisa da komerciis ena, oficialuri ena, religiis ena, studenturi Jargoni. Mmagram sagulisxmoa, rom is, rac iTqva literaturuli enis Sesaxeb, yofiTi enis saxesxvaobebis mimarTac samarTliania; gamonakliss warmoadgens mxo lod samecniero ena. yofiT enasac aqvs eqspresiuli funqcia, Tumca is, SesaZloa, sxvadasxvagvarad vlindebodes _ daw­yebuli uferuli oficialuri gan cxadebis eniT, da dam­Tavrebuli mgznebare mowodebebiT emociuri aRgznebis momentSi. yofiT enaSi mravlad gvxvdeba istoriuli enis iracionaluri elementebi da mniSvnelobis konteqsturi cvlilebebi, Tumca mTel rig SemTxvevebSi is miiswraf­vis mecnieruli sizustisadmi. yofiT metyvelebaSi TviT niSnebis gacnobiereba iSviaTad xdeba. Tumca, amgvari gac­nobiereba zogjer mainc iCens Tavs, magaliTad, saxelebisa da moqmedebebis aRmniSvnel sityvaTa bgeriT simbolizmSi an kalamburebSi. udavoa, rom yofiTi ena yvelaze xSirad cdilobs miaRwios garkveul Sedegebs, gavlena moaxdinos garkveul moqmedebebsa da mimarTebebze. miuxedavad amisa, swori ar iqneboda imis Tqma, TiTqos salaparako ena mxo­lod komunikaciur fun qcias asrulebdes. Tu gavixsenebT, rom bavSvs saaTobiT SeuZlia ilaparakos, roca msmeneli ar hyavs, srul wlovani adamianebisaTvis ki sulac ar aris

literaturis Teoria

29

ucxo TiTqmis uazro `laqlaqi~, cxadi gaxdeba, rom xSirad enis gamoyeneba wmin da komunikaciur mizans ar emsaxureba.

amdenad, literaturuli ena unda gavmijnoT yofi Ti enis saxesxvaobebisgan, upirveles yovlisa, raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. enis resursebis gamoyeneba bev­rad ufro mizanmimarTulad da sistemurad xdeba. poe tis `pirovneba~ mis qmnilebebSi bevrad ufro Tanamimdev ru lad da srulad warmoCndeba, vidre is pirovnebebi, romelTac yoveldRiur situaciebSi vxvdebiT. zogierTi tipis poe­ziaSi gamiznulad gamoiyeneba paradoqsi, orazrovneba, mniSvnelobebis konteqsturi cvlilebebi, TviT gramati­kuli kategoriebis iseT iracionaluri asociaciebic ki, rogorebicaa sqesi an dro. Ppoeturi ena awesrigebs yofiTi enis resursebs da zogjer erTgvar Zaladobasac ki axor­cielebs maTze, raTa Cveni cnobiereba da yuradReba mTli­anad nawarmoebisa da saTqmelisaken mi marTos. Mmwerals mra­vali resursi ukve Camoyalibebuli xvdeba misi winamorbedi Taobebis Cumi da anonimuri muSao bis Sedegad. zogierT me­tad ganviTarebul literaturaSi da, gansakuTrebiT zogi­erT epoqaSi, poeti mxolod da mxolod ukve Camoyalibebul tradicias misdevs: aseT SemTxvevaSi SemoqmedebiTi aqtivo­ba ufro enis funqciaa, vidre _ TviT xelovanisa. miuxeda­vad amisa, xelovnebis TiToeuli nawarmoebi Taviseburad axdens masalis mowesrigebas, organizebasa da gamTlianebas. mTel rig SemTxvevebSi, magaliTad bevr sketCsa da saTav­gadasavlo moT xrobaSi, es arc ise TvalSi sacemia, magram zogierTi poeturi nawarmoebis struqtura imdenad myaria, rom erTi romelime sityvis an sityvis adgilis Secvlac ki daazia nebda mTlianobis efeqts.

literaturul enasa da yofiT enas Soris pragmatuli gansxvavebebis gamokveTa bevrad ufro iolia. yvela nawar­moebs, romelic garegani moqmedebisken gvibiZgebs, Cven an usargeblo `leqsebad~, an _ cariel ritorikad miviCnevT. WeSmariti poeziis zemoqmedeba gacilebiT meti sifaqiziT gamoirCeva. xelovneba garkveul CarCos gvTavazobs, rom­lis farglebSic realuri samyaros gan msazRvreli niSnebi aRar moqmedebs. aqedan gamomdinare, Cvens semantikur ana­

literaturis buneba

30

lizSi xelaxla unda SemovitanoT zogierTi mniSvnelovani esTetikuri principi, magaliTad, `ganyenebuli Wvreta~, `esTetikuri distancia~ da “Car Co”. miuxedavad amisa, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom gan sxvaveba xelovnebasa da araxe­lovnebas, literaturasa da araliteraturul enobriv gam­onaTqvams Soris metad aramdgradia da gamudmebiT ganic­dis cvlilebebs. SesaZ loa, esTetikuri funqcia hqondes sxvadasxva tipis enob riv gamonaTqvamebsac. mxolod lite­raturis cnebis viwro mniSvnelobiT gagebisas aris Sesa­Zlebeli misi farglebi dan propagandistuli xelovnebis, an kidev didaqtikuri da satiruli poeziis gamoricxva. arsebobs iseTi gardamava li formebic, rogoricaa ese, bio­grafia da, xSir SemTxveva Si, ritorikuli literaturis didi nawili. sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi esTetikuri funqciis areali xan farTovdeba, xan mcirdeba: erTxans pi­radi werili da qa dageba mxatvrul formebad iTvleboda, dRes ki, rodesac dauSveblad miiCneva JanrTa aRreva, es­Tetikuri funqciis sfero Seviwrovda da xelovnebis si­wmindeze gadaitanes aqcenti, rac, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens reaqcias mecxrame te saukunis dasasruls esTetikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli panesTetizmis da misi moTxovnebis winaaR­mdeg. albaT, umjobesi iqneba, Tu literaturad miviCnevT mxolod iseT nawarmoebebs, romlebSic esTetikuri funqcia war mmarTvelia, Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom iseT sruliad gansxvavebuli, araesTetikuri daniSnulebis mqo ne nawar­moebebSic ki, rogorebicaa samecniero Sromebi, filosofi­uri disertaciebi, politikuri pamfletebi da qadagebebi, SesaZloa monawileobdes esTetikuri ele mentebi, magali­Tad, stili da kompozicia.

magram literaturis buneba yvelaze ukeT mimarTebi­Ti aspeqtebis fonze ikveTeba. literaturuli xelovnebis arsi vlindeba iseT tradiciul JanrebSi, rogorebicaa lirikuli, epikuri da dramatuli nawarmoebebi. yoveli maTganis wyaros warmoadgens warmosaxva, gamonagoni. ro­manSi, leqsSi an dramatul nawarmoebSi gamoTqmuli azrebi sityvasityviTi mniSvnelobiT ar unda gavigoT, radgan isini

literaturis Teoria

31

ar Seesabameba simarTles _ ar warmoadgens logikur pro­poziciebs. arsebobs Zireuli gansxvaveba im or SemTxvevas Soris, rodesac romelime faqtobriv movlenas vecnobiT, erTi mxriv, istoriul nawarmoebSi an balzakis (Balzac) ro­manSi da, meore mxriv, istoriis an sociologiis saxelmZ­RvaneloSi. subieqtur lirikaSic ki poetis `me~ warmosa­xuli, dramatuli `subieqtia~. romanis gmiri gansxvavdeba istoriuli figurisagan an realuri adamianisgan. romanis gmiris saxe warmogvidgeba mxolod im winadadebebis meS­veobiT, romlebiTac is xasiaTdeba nawarmoebSi an romleb­sac avtori aTqmevinebs mas. amgvar gmirs arc warsuli aqvs, arc momavali da zogjer arc misi cxovreba warmogvidgeba srulad. Ees elementaruli dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom azrs­moklebulia kritikosTa is naSromebi, romlebSic saubaria vitenbergSi hamletis cxovrebis Sesaxeb, hamletze mamis zemoqmedebis Taobaze, agrTve _ gamxdari da axalgazrda falstafis, `Seqspiris gmiri qalTa siymawvilis~ an `ledi makbetis Svilebis raodenobis Sesaxeb~.4 romanis dro da sivrce ar emTxveva realuri cxovrebis drosa da sivrces. TviT yvelaze realisturi romani an naturalisturi nawar­moebic ki, romelic TiTqosda pirdapir cxovrebidanaa gadmoRebuli, garkveuli mxatvruli tradiciebis mixed­viT aigeba. Soreu li istoriuli perspeqtividan CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT naTeli xdeba, Tu ramdenad erTgvarovania naturalistu ri romanebi Temebis, personaJTa daxasia Tebis xerxebis, movlenaTa SerCevisa da dialogTa agebis saSua­lebebis mixedviT. zustad aseve, CvenTvis cxadi xdeba, rom yvelaze naturalisturi dramis SemTxvevaSic ki pirobiTo­ba Tavs iCens ara mxolod scenuri CarCos gaazrebaSi, aramed imaSic, Tu rogor aris SerCeuli da gadmocemuli sivrce da dro, TiTqosda yvelaze realisturi dialogebi da per­sonaJebis gadaadgileba scenaze (rac Seexeba romanis dro­sTan dakavSirebul mosazrebebs, ix. Eedvin muiris (Edwin Muir) wigni “romanis struqtura” (The Structure of the Novel”), lon­doni, 1928. bolo periodSi (nawilobriv egzistencia luri filosofiis gavleniT), mniSvnelovani yuradReba eqceva

literaturis buneba

32

literaturaSi drois problemas. ix. a. a. mendilous (A. A. Mendilow) wigni `dro da romani (Time and the Novel), londoni, 1952; hans meierhofis (Hans Meyerhoff) “dro literaturaSi~ (Time in Literature).5 ra mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebic unda iyos Seqspiris `qariSxalsa~ (The Tempest) da ibsenis (Ibsen) `To­jinebis saxls~ (A Doll’s House) Soris, maT saerTo dramatuli tradicia akavSirebs.

Tuki `mxatvrulobas~, `gamogonebas~, an `warmosax­vas~ literaturis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebad miviCnevT, maSin literaturas unda mivakuTvnoT homerosis (Homer), dantes (Dante), Seqspiris (Shakespeare), balzakis, kitsis (Ke-ats) Semoqmedeba da ara ciceronis (Cicero), montenis (Mon-taigne), bosiues (Bossuet) an emersonis (Emerson) Txzulebebi. rasakvirvelia, arsebobs `zRvruli~ SemTxvevebic (maga­liTad, platonis (Plato) `respublika~ (Republic), romlebic udavod Seicavs (yovel SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saubaria didi miTebis Sesaxeb) `gamonagonis~ an `mxatvrulobis~ ele­mentebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvari nawarmoebebi, uwi­naresad, filosofiuri xasiaTisaa. literaturis Sesaxeb amgvari Tvalsazrisi aRweriTia da ara Semfasebluri. Tu ro melime mniSvnelovani nawarmoebis Sesaxeb vityviT, rom igi ritorikuli an filosofiuri xasiaTisaa an politiku ri pamfletis Janrs ganekuTvneba, es sulac ar daakninebs mis Rirsebebs. Mmeore mxriv, aq SesaZloa wamoiWras esTetiku­ri analizis, stilistikis da kompoziciis problemebi, rac literaturis mier wamoWrili problemis msgavsi an iden­turia, Tumca am Janrebis safuZvels ar warmoadgens mxat­vrulobis umTavresi Tviseba _ gamonagoni. amdenad, ECveni koncefciiT, literatura moicavs yvela tipis mxatvrul nawarmoebebs, maT Soris, yvelaze mdare ro manebs, leqsebs da dramatul qmnilebebs. klasifikaciis xelovneba unda gaimijnos Sefasebisagan.

aq Tavidan unda aviciloT erTi tradiciuli gau­gebroba. xSir SemTxvevaSi `mxatvruli literatura~ mxat­vrul saxeebs saerTod ar mimarTavs xolme. Ppoeturi ena mTlianad xatovania, dawyebuli umartivesi poeturi xer­

literaturis Teoria

33

xebiT da damTavrebuli bleikisa (Blake) da ieitsis (Yeats) poeziisTvis niSandoblivi monoliTuri da yovlismomcve­li miTologiuri sistemebiT. Tumca, mxatvruli saxeebi prozis da, amdenad, mTlianad literaturis arsebiTi Tvi­seba ar aris. bevr karg leqsSi erT mxatvrul saxesac ki ver naxavT; ufro metic, arsebobs e. w. `gancxadebis poe ziac~6

amas garda, xatovaneba unda gavmijnoT uSualo, grZno­badi da vizualuri xatqmnisagan. hegelis gavleniT, mecx­ramete saukunis esTetikosebi, magaliTad, fiSeri (Vischer) da eduard fon hartmani (Edward von Hartmann) amtkicebdnen, rom nebismieri xelovneba `ideis grZnobad gamovlenas~ war­moadgens, xolo meore skola (fidleri (Fiedler), hildebrandi (Hildebrand), rili (Riehl)) miiCnevda, rom ne bismieri xelovneba `wminda mWvretelobaa~.7M miuxeda vad amisa, didi literatu­ra grZnobad saxeebs ar warmoqmnis aRmqmelis cnobierebaSi an Tu warmoqmnis, mxolod Sem TxveviT, drodadro da gauc­nobiereblad.8 mxatvruli per sonaJis asaxvisas ki mweralma, SesaZloa, saerTod ar ga mo iyenos vizualuri xatebi. Mmiuxe­davad imisa, rom kar gad vic nobT dostoevskis an henri jeim­sis personaJebis sulier mdgomareobas, maT motivebs, Se­fasebebs, damokidebule bebsa da survilebs, gagviWirdeba maTi warmodgena vi zu a lurad.

mwerali umeteswilad gamoyofs sqematur monaxazs an erTaderT fizikur niSans – amgvar teqnikas xSirad iyeneben tolstoi (Tolstoy) da Tomas mani (Thomas Mann). is, rom xSirad ar gvsurs wignSi ilustraciebis xilva, maSinac ki, rodesac isini kargi mxatvrebis, zogjer ki Tavad avtoris mieraa Seq mnili (mag., Tekerei (Thackeray), cxadyofs, rom avtori mx­olod sqematur monaxazs gvTavazobs da is bolomde ar unda iqnes Sevsebuli detalebiT.

poeziaSi gamoyenebuli yvela metaforis vizualizacia rom mogvexdina, sul agvebneoda Tavgza. arian mkiTxvelebi, romlebic xSirad mimarTaven vizualizacias da zogierTi literaturuli pasaJi amas TavisTavad iTxovs, magram es fsiqologiuri sakiTxia, romelic poetis mier Seqmnil me­

literaturis buneba

34

ta foraTa analizis xerxebSi ar unda avurioT. Ees xerxebi mniSvnelovanwilad im gonebrivi procesebis mowesrigebas isa xaven miznad, romlebic literaturis farglebs gare ­Tac mimdinareobs. amdenad, metafora Cvens yofiT metyve­le baSi, umeteswilad, faruli saxiT monawileobs, Jargonsa da xalxur andazebSi ki _ aSkarad iCens Tavs. metaforuli gadatanis gziT fizikuri urTierTmimarTebebi yvelaze abstraqtuli cnebebis (Semecneba, gansazRvra, gamoricxva, arsi, subieqti/sagani, hipoTeza) meSveobiT gamoixateba. poezia enis am metaforul bunebas ganaaxlebs da xelSesa­xebs xdis CvenTvis. amas garda, poezia iyenebs Cveni civi­lizaciis (misi klasikuri, tevtonuri, kelturi da qris­tianuli periodebis) simboloebsa da miTebs.

yvela is gansxvaveba literaturasa da araliteratu­ras Soris, romelic Cven ganvixileT, _ masalis orga­nizacia, eqspresia, komunikaciis saSualebaTa gacnobiereba da gamoyeneba, praqtikuli miznis ararseboba da, rasakvirve­lia, gamonagoni, _ semantikuri analizis farglebSi iseTi uZvelesi esTetikuri terminebis gameorebas warmoadgens, rogorebicaa `erTianoba simravleSi~, `ganyenebuli Wvre­ta~, `esTetikuri distancia~, `CarCo~ da “gamonagoni”, “war­mosaxva” da “Semoqmedeba”. TiToeuli maTgani literatu­ruli nawarmoebis erT romelime aspeqts, misi semantikuri struqturis erT romelime maxasiaTebels asaxavs. Aarc erTi maTgani TavisTavad sakmarisi ar aris. yovel SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom literaturuli nawarmoebi aris ara martivi, aramed rTuli, mravalSreobrivi, maRalorganize­buli obieqti, romelic mravali mniSvnelobiTa da mravali mimarTebiT xasiaTdeba. tradiciuli termini `nawarmoebis organizmi~, garkveulwilad, damabnevelia, radgan is xazs usvams mxolod erT aspeqts, anu `erTianobas simravleSi~, da mimarTavs usargeblo biologiur paralelebs. damab­nevelia, agreTve, termini `Sinaarsisa da formis erTianoba~ (miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvari formulireba xelovnebis nawarmoebis SigniT arsebul mWidro urTierTkavSirze miuTiTebs), imdenad, ramdenadac metismetad amartivebs

literaturis Teoria

35

sakiTxs. is qmnis iluzias, TiTqos nawarmoebis nebismieri elementis analizi, iqneba es Sinaarsi Tu teqnika, erTnairad sasargeblo SeiZleba iyos da, amdenad, gvaTavisuflebs imis aucileblobisagan, rom es nawarmoebi aRviqvaT rogorc mTlianoba. terminebi `Sinaarsi~ da `forma~ imdenad farTo mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba, rom SeuZlebelia maTi ubralo Sepirispireba nayofieri aRmoCndes. da marTlac, detaluri ganmartebis Semdegac ki, es terminebi mxolod xelovnebis nawarmoebis martiv diqotomias asaxaven. xelovnebis nimu­Sis Tanamedrove analizi iseTi rTuli kiTxvebiT unda dai­wyos, rogoricaa misi arsebobis modusi da Sinagani mraval­Sreobrivi sistema.9

literaturis buneba

36

Tavi mesame

literaturis funqcia

*literaturis buneba da funqcia nebismier logiku rad

gamarTul diskursSi urTierTSesabamisi unda iyos. poe ziis funqcia misi bunebidan gamomdinareobs: nebismieri sagani an saganTa klasi yvelaze efeqtianad da gonivrulad swored maSin gamoiyeneba, rodesac gaTvaliswinebulia misi buneba an ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba. MdamatebiT fun­qcias is mxolod maSin iZens, roca pirvelad funqcias yavli gasdis: Zveli sarTavi jara xSirad ga moiyeneba dekoratiu­li daniSnulebiT, oTxkuTxa pianino ki, romelmac bgerebis gamocemis unari dakarga, SeiZleba samuSao magidad iqces. swored aseve, sagnis bunebac misi daniSnulebis Sesabami­sia: sagani swored isaa, risTvisac is gankuTvnilia. adamia­nis mier Seqmnili raime nivTi iqmneba garkveuli funqciis realizebisTvis, agreTve _ damatebiTi funqciebisTvis, rasac TviT masalis SesaZleblobebi da individualuri ge­movneba ganapirobebs. nebismier lite raturul nawarmoe­bSi SeiZleba iyos bevri iseTi ram, rac misi literaturuli funqciisTvis ar aris arsebiTi, Tumca saintereso da sagu­lisxmoa sxva TvalsazrisiT.

Seicvala Tu ara Tvalsazrisi literaturis bune bisa da daniSnulebis Sesaxeb istoriis ganmavlobaSi? Ees ar gax­lavT martivi SekiTxva. Tuki istorias Tvals mivadevnebT, am kiTxvas dadebiTi pasuxi unda gaeces; SeiZ leba gavix­senoT uZvelesi dro, roca literatura, fi losofia da religia ganuyofeli iyo: antikuri epoqidan SeiZleba dava­saxeloT, magaliTad, esqile (Aeschylus) da hesiode (Hesiod). magram platoni ukve saubrobs poetebsa da filosofosebs Soris arsebuli uZvelesi ganxeTqilebis Sesaxeb da CvenT­vis dRes ukve gasagebia, risi Tqma surs mas. garda amisa,

37

literaturis funqcia

gadaWarbebuli mniSvneloba ar unda miva niWoT, erTi mxriv, mecxramete saukuneSi damkvidrebul popularul doqtri­nas, romlis mixedviT, `xelovneba xelovnebisTvisaa~, meore mxriv ki ufro gviandel, poésie­ pure-is, anu `wminda poeziis~ Tvalsazriss. edgar po “didaqtikur eress” uwodebda im Tvalsazriss, rom poezia Segonebis instruments warmoad­gens. es Tvalsazrisi ar unda gavaigivoT tradiciul rene­sansul doqtrinas Tan, romlis mixedviTac poezia tkbobisa da Semecnebis wya roa, an tkbobis miniWebis gziT codnas awvdis mkiTxvels.

saerTod, Tu gadavxedavT esTetikis an poetikis is­torias, iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos literatu ris buneba da funqcia, Tu maT sxva adamianur moqmedebebTan da RirebulebebTan Sedareba­Sepirispirebis mizniT far­To konceptualuri terminebiT gamovxatavT, arsebiTad ar Secvlila.

esTetikis istoria SeiZleba daviyvanoT dialeqtikur dapirispirebamde, romelSic Tezissa da antiTeziss war­moadgens horaciusis (Horace) dulce (saamuri) da utile (sasarge­blo): poezia saamuricaa da sasargebloc. uTuod Sevcdeb­iT, Tuki CavTvliT, rom poezia unda iyos mxolod sasarge­blo an mxolod saamuri. iqneb, ufro martivi iyos, dulce­ et­utile erTmaneTs mivusadagoT poeziis funqciis da ara misi bunebis Sesabamisad. Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad, poezia gvaniWebs siamovnebas (romelic ar gansxvavdeba nebismieri sxvagvari siamovnebisgan), iseve mcdaria, rogorc Tvalsaz­risi, TiTqos poezia raRacas gvaswavlis (riTac is nebismier saxelmZRvaneloSi arsebul miTiTebebs enaTesaveba).1 mosaz­reba, romlis Tanaxmad, yvelanairi poezia aris an unda iyos propaganda, analogiuria Tval sazrisisa, romlis mixed­viT, poezia warmoadgens an unda warmoadgendes mxolod xatovanebas an bgerweras, anu pirobiT figuras, romelsac araferi aqvs saerTo adamianur grZnobebTan. am ori sapir­ispiro Tezisis niuansebi yvelaze ukeT albaT iseTi Tval­sazrisebSi vlindeba, romelTa mixedviTac xelovneba, erTi mxriv `TamaSia~, meore mxriv _ `Sroma~ (mxatvruli Txzvis

38

literaturis Teoria

`xeloba~, xelovnebis “nawarmoebi”). Acal­calke ganxilvi­sas, am TvalsazrisTagan arc erTi araa misaRebi. roca am­boben, rom poezia `TamaSi~, erTgvari spontanuri garTobaa, vgrZnobT, rom amiT aknineben xelovanis gulmodginebas, ostatobasa da Canafiqrs, iseve, rogorc Tavad leqsis Ri­rebulebasa da mniSvnelobas; magram roca gveubnebian, rom poezia `Sroma~ an `xelobaa~, vgrZnobT, rom ugulebelyofen poeziis Tvisebas, sixaruli mianiWos mkiTxvels (anu imas, rasac kantma `umiznoba~ (purposelessness) uwoda). xelovnebis funqciis gansazRvrisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT rogorc misTvis damaxasiaTebeli dulce, ise utile.

dasawyisisTvis, SesaZloa, Tavad horaciusis formu­lam gagviwios mniSvnelovani samsaxuri. Tu gavixsenebT, rom kritikuli terminebis gamoyenebisas sizustis dacva bolo­droindeli tendenciaa, SegviZlia imdenad gan vavrcoT horaciusis terminebi, rom maT moicvan rogorc romauli, ise renesansis periodis poetTa SemoqmedebiTi praqtika. Aar unda vifiqroT, TiTqos xelovnebis rogorc sasargeblo saqmianobis gageba ewinaaRmdegeba im zneobriv princips, romelmac, le bosius (Le Bossu) azriT, homeross `iliada~ (Iliad) daawerina, an romelic hegelma (Hegel) Tavis sayvarel tragediaSi _`antigoneSi~_ aRmoaCina. termini `sasargeb­lo~ miuTiTebs, rom ar xdeba `drois uqmad flangva~, `dros tareba~, anu aq saubaria iseT rameze, rac seriozul yurad­Rebas imsaxurebs. termini `saamuri~ ki aRniSnavs `aramosaw­yens~, `arasavaldebulos~, “imas, rac Tavad warmoadgens sa­kuTari Tavis gamarTlebas”.

aq Cndeba Semdegi kiTxva: SegviZlia Tu ara, rom am or­magi kriteriumis safuZvelze ganvsazRvroT li teratura, Tu es ufro metad diadi literaturis kriteriumia? Zveli drois esTetikur paeqrobebSi gan sxvaveba didebul, karg da `mdare~ literaturas Soris iSviaTad vlindeba. sakamaTo araa, rom mdare literatura (anu e.w. iaffasiani Jurnalebi) arc `sasargebloa~ da arc `didaqtikuri~. xSirad miiCneven, amgvari literatura mxo lod da mxolod imisaTvis iqm­neba, rom `mowyvitos~ mkiTxveli arasasurvel sinamdviles

39

literaturis funqcia

an `gaarTos~is. mag ram es sakiTxi ganxilul unda iqnes ara `kargi literaturis~, aramed mdare literaturis mkiTxve­lis Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare.M mortimer adleris (Mor-timer Adler) azriT, TviT yvelaze naklebad inteleqtualuri romanis mkiTxvels Semecnebis Canasaxobrivi survili mainc amoZravebs. rac Seexeba `gasarTob literaturas~, kenet berkma (Kenneth Burke) Segvaxsena, rom amgvari gansazRvra Sei­Zleba sruliad usafuZvlo aRmoCndes. amgvari literatu­ris meSveobiT mkiTxvelma SeiZleba gaicnobieros sakuTari uaryofiTi damokidebuleba Tavisi garemocvis mimarT. maSinac ki, roca xelovani mxolod da mxolod mouwodebs mkiTxvels, gaataros dRe mdinare misisipis napiras, man Sei­Zleba biZgi misces amgvar procesebs.2

albaT yvelaze marTebuli iqneboda gveTqva, rom nebis mieri xelovneba `saamuricaa~ da `sa sar geb loc~ imaT­Tvis, visac misi saTanadod gamoyeneba SeuZlia. is, rasac xelovneba gamoxatavs, aRemateba calkeuli mkiTxvelisa Tu msmenelis fiqrsa da ocnebas; xelovneba xelovanis ostato­bis wyalobiT siamovnebas aniWebs recipients imiT, rom misi individualuri fiqrisa da ocnebis msgavs realobas asa­xavs, riTac Svebas hgvris mas.

literaturul nawarmoebSi, romelic srulad Seesa­bameba Tavis funqcias, sasiamovno da sasargeblo ubralod ki ar Tanaarseboben, aramed erTmaneTs erwymian. unda aRiniSnos, rom literaturiT moniWebuli tkboba gansa­kuTrebul, `maRal tkbobas~ warmoadgens _ misi wya ro maRali tipis qmedebaa, kerZod, Wvreta, romelic ara vi Tar materialur sargebels ar ukavSirdeba.D rac Seexeba lite­raturis gamoyenebiT aspeqts – seriozulobasa da didaqti­kurobas, aqac iseT `saamur~ seriozulobasTan gvaqvs saqme, romelic valdebulebaTagan Tavisufalia da esTetikuri aRqmis seriozulobas efuZneba. xelovnebi sadmi relativis­turi midgomis momxres, romelsac rTuli Tanamedrove poe­zia moswons, yovelTvis SeuZlia esTetikuri Tvalsazrisi arafrad Caagdos da Tavisi pozicia imiT daasabuTos, rom misi arCevani pirovnuli gemovnebis sakiTxia. ganaTlebis

40

literaturis Teoria

sferoSi moRvawe adamianma SeiZleba araswori daskvna gaake­Tos da CaTvalos, rom romelime didi poema an romani imde­nadaa seriozuli, ramdenadac is mkiTxvels raime Rirebul istoriul informacias an zneobriv gakveTils awvdis.

aq unda ganvixiloT kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiT­xi: aqvs Tu ara literaturas funqcia, an funqciebi? wignSi `kritikosTa saxelmZRvanelo~ boesi (Boas) ironiulad acxadebs, rom arsebobs nairgvari interesebi da, Sesa­bamisad, sxvadasxva tipis kritika; xolo elioti Tavisi naS­romis _ `poeziis daniSnuleba da kritikis daniSnuleba~ _ bolos sevdianad askvnis, rom `poezia mravalgvaria~ da sxvadasxva epoqaSi poeziis sxvadasxva saxeobebi nairgvar miznebs emsaxureboda. magram es mxolod gamonaklisi SemTx­vevebia. literaturisadmi seriozuli midgoma gu lisxmobs (yovel SemTxvevaSi tradiciulad mainc) imis aRiarebas, rom mas garkveuli daniSnuleba aqvs. rac Seexeba arnoldis (Ar-nold) Tvalsazriss imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom poezia SeiZle­ba religiasa da filosofias Caenacvlos, elioti wers: “... arc amqveynad da arc im qveynad araferi arafers ar enacv­leba”.3 sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, arc erTi kategoriis Ri­rebulebas ar gaaCnia WeSmariti ekvivalen ti. Semcvlelebi ar arsebobs. realurad, SesaZloa, li teratura bevr rasme Seenacvlos – magaliTad, kiTxvis dros Cven TiTqos vmogza­urobT da ucxo qveynebs vecno biT, ganvicdiT imas, rac ar gangvicdia, aRviqvamT sxva adamia nis cxovrebas ise, TiTqos es Cveni cxovreba iyos. amas gar da, mTel rig SemTxvevebSi istorikosebisTvis literatura socialur dokuments warmoadgens. magram aqvs Tu ara literaturas sakuTari _ unikaluri _ daniSnuleba, Tu is warmoadgens filosofiis, istoriis, musikisa da mxatvruli xerxebis naerTs, romelic Tanamedrove pirobebSi SeiZle ba daiSalos Semadgenel nawilebad? swored es aris mTavari sakiTxi.

literaturis damcvelebi ityvian, rom literatura yovelTvis aucilebeli iqneba da ar miiCneven mas uZvelesi drois gadmonaSTad. es Tvalsazrisi misaRebia imaTTvi­sac, vinc arc poetia, arc sityvierebis maswavlebeli. li­

41

literaturis funqcia

teraturis unikaluri Rirebulebis aRiareba auci lebelia yvela im TeoriisTvis, romelic ikvlevs Rirebulebis arss. msgavsi Teoriebi sul ufro metad iTvaliswineben litera­turis am specifikur mxares.

erT­erTi Tanamedrove Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, poezia sasargeblo da seriozulia imdenad, ramdenadac is garkve­ul codnas iZleva. poezia codnis formaa. aristotele ra­Rac amgvars amtkicebda Tavisi im cnobili gamonaTqvamiT, rom poezia ufro filosofiuria, vidre istoria, radga nac istoria `momxdar movlenebs aRwers, poezia ki mogviTxrobs im movlenebze, romlebic SeiZleboda momxdariyo~, anu _ zogadze da SesaZlebelze. Tumca amJamad, rodesac isto­ria, literaturis msgavsad, warmoadgens Tavisufal disci­pli nas, romelSic ver naxavT zust definiciebs da romlis meto qeebs axla ukve sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi warmoa ­dge nen, gamoaSkaravda, rom poezia yuradRebas amaxvilebs iseT detalebze, romlebic tradiciulad sabunebismetyve­lo mecnierebebisa da filosofiis yuradRebis miRma rCeba xolme. Tu neoklasicist Teoretikosss, magaliTad, doq tor jonsons, jer kidev SeeZlo emsjela imis Sesaxeb, rom poezia `zogadis didebulebas~ warmoadgens, sxvadasxva skolis war­momadgeneli Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi (magaliTad, berg­soni, gilbi (Gilby), rensomi (Ransom) da steisi (Stace), erTx­mad aRniSnaven, rom poezia asaxavs kerZoobiTs. magaliTad, steisi amtkicebs, rom Seqspiris `oteloSi~(Othello) asaxulia ara zogadad eWvianoba, aramed otelos eWviano ba, anu iseTi grZnoba, romelic SeiZleboda gasCenoda mxo lod veneciel qalze daqorwinebul mavrs.4

ra warmoadgens literaturis sagans _ zogadi Tu kerZoobiTi? literaturis Teoria da misi damcvelebi, ro­gorc wesi, an erT Tvalsazriss emxrobian, an meores. SeiZle­ba iTqvas, rom literatura ufro zogadia, vidre istoria da biografia, magram ufro kerZoobiTi xasiaTisaa, vidre fsiqologia an sociologia. magram literaturul Teoriis cvalebad debulebaTa garda, arsebobs sxva sagulisxmo faq­torebic. literaturul praqtikaSi zogadisa Tu kerZos

42

literaturis Teoria

urTierTmimarTeba ama Tu im nawarmoebSi an istoriul pe­riodSi sxvadasxvagvaria. magaliTad, piligrimi da evrime­ni (Everyman) SeiZleba ganasaxierebdnen mTel kacobriobas. magram jonsonis `episinis~ (Epicoene) `iumoristi~ morouzi (Morose) metad uCveulo da Taviseburi adamiania. daxasia­Tebis principi literaturaSi yovelTvis moiTxovda `tipi­uris~ Serwymas `individualurTan~ _ individSi warmoaCen­da tips, tipSi ki _ individs. am principis an mis safuZvelze warmoSobili kanonebis ganmartebis mcdelobebi unayofo aRmoCnda. literaturuli tipebis klasifikacia momdi­nareobs horaciusis doqtrinidan `dekorumis~ Sesaxeb da romauli komediis tipebidan (mag., trabaxa jariskaci, Zunwi kaci, mflangveli da Seyvarebuli vaJiSvili, sando msaxuri). meCvidmete saukunis qaraqterologiur wignebsa da mo li e­ris komediebSi aseve vawydebiT Cveul tipebs. magram SeiZle­ba Tu ara tipTa Teoriis farTod gamoyeneba? Aaris Tu ara julietas gadia `romeosa da julietaSi~ (Romeo and Juliet) tipi? da Tu asea, risi tipizacia xdeba am saxeSi? warmoad­gens Tu ara hamleti tips? rogorc Cans asea, doqtori timo­Ti braitis (Dr Timothy Bright) ganmartebiT, dedofali elisa­bedis droindeli mayureblisaTvis, is melanqoliuri tipia. Mmag ram melanqoliis garda, mas sxva Tvisebebic axasiaTebs. hamletis melanqolia gansakuTrebuli mizezebidan mom­dinareobs da gansakuTrebul pirobebSi viTardeba. garkve­uli TvalsazrisiT, xasiaTi, romelic individualuri da, imavdroulad, tipuricaa, araerT tips moicavs Tavis TavSi: hamleti aris mijnuri, an yofili mijnuri, swavluli, dra­mis xelovnebaSi gaTviTcnobierebuli adamiani da kargi mo­farikave. evrimeni sxvadasxvagvar tipebs aerTianebs Tavis TavSi. Ee.w. saxasiaTo tipebi `erTganzomilebian~ tipebad miiCneva, iseve, rogorc Cven “erTganzomilebian” adamia­nebad miiCnevT imaT, visTanac mxolod erTi garkveuli saxis urTi erToba gvakavSirebs; `moculobiT~ xasiaTebs, rom­lebic sxva dasxvagvar Tvalsazrisebsa da urTierTobebs moicaven, sxva konteqstSi gviCveneben, mag., sazogadoebriv­sa da pirad cxovrebaSi, ucxoeTSi mogzaurobisas.5

43

literaturis funqcia

dramasa da romanebs, yvelaferTan erTad, Semecnebi­Ti Rirebulebac aqvT. sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli Tval­sazrisis mixedviT, `romanistebs meti SeuZliaT aswavlon adamians adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb, vidre fsiqologebs~. horni (Horney) miiCnevs, rom dostoevski, Seqspiri, ibseni da balzaki codnis amouwurav wyaros warmoadgenen. i. m. fors­teri (E. M. Forster) (`romanis aspeqtebi~ – “Aspects of the Novel”) saubrobs imaze, rom Cven mxolod iSviaTad Tu SegviZlia CavwvdeT adamianTa Sinagan cxovrebasa da mo tivaciebs.6 amdenad, misi azriT, swored romanis didi dam saxurebaa is, rom misi meoxebiT warmoCndeba personaJe bis introspeqciu­li cxovreba. SesaZloa, personaJebis Sinagani cxovrebis aR­wera emyareba avtoris fxizel TviTdakvirve bas. SeiZleba imisi Tqmac, rom didi romanebi fsiqologe bis Tvis codnis mniSvnelovan wya ros warmoadgens. garda ami sa, romanebSi moTxrobili cal keuli SemTxvevebi Rire bu li daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva. magram aq un da davubrundeT im faqts, rom fsiqologebi romans mxo lod masSi gamokveTi­li ganzogadebuli tipuri Rirebulebis gamo kiTxuloben. maga liTad, fsiqologi ganixilavs mama gorios (Pére Goriot) xasiaTs moqmedebis saerTo adgilidan (vokes saxlidan – the Maison Vauquer) da sxva personaJebTan misi damokidebulebe­bidan gamomdinare.

maqs istmeni (Max Eastman), romelic Tavad poeti (Tumca, arc ise mniSvnelovani) gaxldaT, Tvlida, rom mec­nierebis saukuneSi `literaturul cnobierebas~ veRar eqneba WeSmaritebis aRmoCenis pretenzia. `literaturuli cno biereba~, ubralod, araspecialistis diletanturi cnobierebaa, romelic winaremecnieruli epoqis dones See­satyviseba, Tavis gadarCenas cdilobs da, amdenad, surs Ta­visi enobrivi unaris wyalobiT Seqmnas iseTi STabeWdileba, TiTqos friad Rirebul `WeSmaritebebs~ Ra Radebdes. WeS­mariteba literaturaSi iseTivea, rogoric WeSmariteba mis farglebs miRma, anu _ sistematuri da sazogadod damowme­buli codna. romanisti jadoqari araa. mas ar SeuZlia myi­sierad moipovos socialuri mecniere bebis mier dagrove­

44

literaturis Teoria

buli codna, romlis meSveobiTac romanistis `samyaros~, misi warmosaxviTi sinamdvilis realuroba mowmdeba. magram meore mxriv, istmenis azriT, didi fantaziis mqone mwerali, gansakuTrebiT ki poeti, arasworad Seafasebs sakuTar Tavs, Tuki CaTvlis, rom misi umTavresi daniSnulebaa codnis aR­moCena da gadacema. sinamdvileSi misi funqciaa, dagvexma­ros ufro Rrmad aRviqvaT is, rasac vxedavT; warmoidginos is, rac Cven, konceptualurad an praqtikulad, ukve viciT.7

rTulia, mkveTrad gavmijnoT ori Tvalsazrisi poe zi­is Sesaxeb, romelTa mixedviT, poezia an ukve cnobilis xe l a­xal xorcSesxmas warmoadgens, an ̀ mxatvrul wvdomas~. xelo­va ni imas gvaxsenebs, rasac odesRac vxedavdiT da dRes ve Rar aRviqvamT, an dagvanaxvebs imas, rac, gamudmebiT Cven Tval ­win iyo, magram ver vamCnevdiT. aq uneburad is Sav­TeTri naxa tebi gvaxsendeba, romlebzec gamosaxulia wertilebi­sa da texili xazebisagan agebuli figurebi da saxeebi: miu xeda vad imisa, rom mravaljer gvinaxavs es figurebi da xazebi, Cven ver aRviqvamdiT maT rogorc mTlianobas, ro­gorc garkve ul formebs. nawarmoebSi `ganzraxvani~ (Inten-tions) uaildi (Wilde) saubrobs imaze, rom uistlerma (Whistler) nislSi aRmoaCina esTetikuri Rirebuleba, prerafaelitebma (Pre-Raphaelites) ki silamaze iseTi tipis qalebSi dainaxes, rom­lebic iqamde lamazebad ar iTvlebodnen. aq Cndeba kiTxva, ra vlindeba msgavs SemTxvevebSi _ `codna~ Tu `WeSmariteba~. amasTan dakavSirebiT ar arsebobs mkveTrad gamokveTili Tvalsazrisi. SeiZleba aseT SemTxvevaSi vimsjeloT axali `aRqmiTi Rirebulebebis~, axali `esTetikuri Tvisebebis~ aRmoCenis Sesaxeb.

gasagebia, ratomaa Zneli esTetikosebisTvis `WeSma­ritebis~, rogorc xelovnebis Tvisebisa da kri teriumis ugulebelyofa:8 nawilobriv, es sapatio terminia, rom­lis meSveobiTac adamiani Rrma pativiscemas gamoxatavs xelovnebis mimarT, imas, rom xelovneba erT­erT umaRles Rirebulebaa. garda amisa, Cven usafuZvlod vSiSobT, rom Tuki xelovneba `araWeSmaritia~, maSin is, rogorc plato­ni fiqrobda, is `tyuili~ yofila. mxatvruli literatu­

45

literaturis funqcia

ra aris `gamonagoni~, `cxovrebis mxatvruli, verbalu ri imitaciaa~. gamonagonis sapirispiro cneba ki aris ara `WeS­mariteba~, aramed `faqti~, anu `arseboba drosa da sivrce­Si~. `faqti~ ufro uCveuloa, vidre albaToba, ra sac lit­eratura asaxavs.9

xelovnebis sxva dargebs Soris literatura, ker­Zod, pretenzias acxadebs `WeSmaritebaze~ im msoflaRqmis (Weltanschauung) safuZvelze, romelic Tavs iCens nebismier mxatvrulad srulyofil nawarmoebSi. filosofosma an kritikosma SeiZleba zogierTi am SexedulebaTagani uf ro `WeSmaritad~ miiCnios, vidre sxva mosazrebebi (maga liTad, eliots miaCnia, rom dantes Sexedulebebi ufro WeSmari­tia, vidre Selis (Shelley) an Tundac Seqspirisa); magram nebismieri filosofiuri Sexeduleba cxovrebis Sesaxeb an garkveul WeSmaritebas unda Seicavdes, an amis pretenzia mainc hqondes. Lliteraturis WeSmariteba, Cve ni gagebiT, warmoadgens WeSmaritebas literaturaSi – es aris filoso­fia, romelic, miuxedavad imisa, rom sistematuri koncep­tualuri formiT literaturis farglebs gareT arsebobs, SesaZloa literaturas miesadagebodes an vlindebodes masSi. am TvalsazrisiT, WeSmariteba dantes nawarmoebebSi aris kaTolikuri RvTismetyveleba da sqolastikuri fi­losofia. poeziis eliotiseuli xedva `WeSmaritebasTan~ mimarTebiT, arsebiTad, emTxveva Cvensas. WeSmariteba siste­maturi moazrovneebis sferoa; xelovanebi ki amgvari tipis moazrovneebi ar arian, miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZloa, maT scadon, aseTebad iqcnen im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ver moaxerxeben maTTvis xelsayreli filosofiuri koncefciebis aRmoCe­nasa da SeTvisebas.10

zogadad rom vTqvaT, mTeli es winaaRmdegoba mniSv­nelovanwilad semantikuri xasiaTisaa. mainc ras vgu­lisxmobT, rodesac vsaubrobT `codnis~, `WeSmaritebis~, `Semecnebis~, ̀ sibrZnis~ Sesaxeb? Tu nebismieri WeSmariteba konceptualuri da damtkicebadia, maSin xelovneba, TviT literaturuli xelovnebac ki, SeuZlebelia WeSmaritebis formebs warmoadgendes. arsebobs kidev erTi garemoeba:

46

literaturis Teoria

Tu iseT martiv pozitivistur ganmartebebs daveyrdno­biT, romelTa mixedviT, WeSmariteba aris is, risi Semowme­bac yovel Cvengans SeuZlia, maSin xelovnebas ver miviCnevT WeSmaritebis imgvar formad, romel sac eqsperimentuli gziT moipoveben da amowmeben. problemisadmi sapirispiro midgoma gulisxmobs `Semec nebis mravalgvari gzebis~ arsebobas da imis aRiarebas rom WeSmaritebis wvdoma SesaZlebelia ori an mravali xerxiT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, arsebobs codnis ori ZiriTadi tipi, romelTagan TiToeuli niSanTa sakuTar enobriv sistemas iyenebs: sabunebismetyvelo mec­nierebani iyeneben `diskursul~ moduss, humanitaruli mec­nierebebi ki _ `reprezentaciuls~.11 aris Tu ara codnis orive tipi WeSmariteba? pirveli maTgani aris is, romelsac filosofosebi tradiciulad emyarebodnen, meore ki re­ligiur `miTsa~ da poezias efuZneba. albaT ufro upriani iqneba, Tu meore tips `WeSmarits~ vuwodebT da ara _ `WeS­maritebas~. zedsarTavi miuTiTebs imas, rom wonasworobis centri unda gadavanacvloT: xelovneba arsobrivad mSve­nieria da gansazRvrebis mixedviT _ WeSmariti (e. i. ar up­irispirdeba WeSmaritebas). nawarmoebSi `ars poetika~ (Ars Poetica), makleiSi (MacLeish) cdilobs, erTmaneTs SeuTavsos literaturuli mSvenierebisa da filosofiis moTxovnebi formuliT, romlis Tanaxmad, leqsi `WeSmaritebis tolfa­sia da ara WeSmariti~: poezia iseTive seriozuli da mniS­vnelovania, rogorc filosofia (mecniereba, codna, si­brZne), da WeSmaritebis tolfasi Tvisebebi aqvs, anu is WeS­maritebis msgavsia.

qalbatoni langeri (Mrs Langer) gamoyofs xelovnebis plastikur saxeobebs da kidev ufro metad, musikas, romelT­ac literaturaze maRla ayenebs, rodesac acxadebs, rom reprezentaciuli simbolizmi codnis formaa. ro gorc Cans, igi miiCnevs, rom literatura, garkveulwilad, `diskursu­li~ da `prezentaciuli~ elementebis nazavs war moadgens. magram, qalbatoni langeris TvalsazrisiT, reprezentaci­uli elementi literaturis miTur ele ments an arqetipul saxeebs Seesatyviseba.12

47

literaturis funqcia

im or TvalsazrisTan erTad, romelTa mixedviT, xe­lovneba an WeSmaritebis Semecneba an misi wvdomaa, arsebobs mesame Sexedulebac. am ukanasknelis Tanaxmad, xelovneba, kerZod ki literatura, propagandas warmoad gens. amgvarad, mwerali WeSmaritebas ki ar Seimecnebs, aramed cdilobs, daarwmunos mkiTxveli, rom mis mier gadmocemuli azrebi WeSmaritebas Seesabameba. termini `propaganda~ metismetad zogadia da ganmartebas saWiroebs. yoveldRiur situacieb­Si `propagandas~ uwodeben yo velive imas, rac sazogadoebi­sTvis zianis momtania da rasac saeWvo adamianebi avrcele­ben. es sityva gulisxmobs angariSianobas, garkveul winaswar ganzraxvas da, Zi riTadad, konkretul, sakmaod SezRudul doqtrinebTan da programebTan dakavSirebiT gamoiyeneba.13 ase rom, Tu am sityvis mniSvnelobas davaviwrovebT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom zogierTi (mdare xarisxis) xelovneba propagan­daa, magram didi xelovneba, an kargi xelovneba, an ubralod `xelov neba~ ar SeiZleba propaganda iyos. Tumca, Tu am termins ganvazogadebT da vigulisxmebT, rom esaa `mkiTx­velze gavlenis mosaxdenad gamiznuli gacnobierebuli Tu gau cnobierebeli mcdeloba, romlis Sedegad mkiTxvelma unda gaiziaros garkveuli cxovrebiseuli pozicia~, maSin isic SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela xelovani aris an unda iyos propagandisti. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT (Tu mTlianad ugulebelvyofT zemoTqmuls), yvela gulwrfeli xelova­ni, romelic pasuxismgebelia sakuTari nawarmoebebisTvis, zneobrivad valdebulia, propagandisti iyos.

montgomeri beljionis (Montgomery Belgion) ganmarte­biT, mwerali ̀ upasuxismgeblo propagandistia~. ̀ yvela mwerali garkveul

cxovrebiseul Sexedulebas an Teorias iTvisebs... nawarmoebs yovelTvis is

daniSnuleba aqvs, rom mkiTxvelmac irwmunos es Sexeduleba Tu Teoria. ma­

gram es darwmuneba yovelTvis farulia, anu avtors mkiTxveli yovelTvis

TandaTanobiT mihyavs raRacis aRiarebamde da es procesi hipnozuri xasi­

aTisaa – reprezentaciis xelovneba acdunebs mkiTxvels...~.

elioti, beljionis am azrebis citirebisas, erT­maneTisagan ganasxvavebs `poetebs, romelTac Zali an Znelia propagandisti uwodo~, `upasuxismgeblo pro pagandistebs~,

48

literaturis Teoria

da mesame jgufs, romlebic, lukreciusisa (Lucretius) da dantes msgavsad, `Segnebul propagandistebs~ warmoadge­nen; eliotis azriT, pasuxismgebloba damo kidebulia rogorc avtoris ganzraxvaze, ise istoriul efeqtze.14 termini `Segnebuli propagandistebi~ bevr Cvengans urTi­erTSeuTavsebeli sityvebis kombinaciad moeCveneba. seri­ozuli xelovneba gulisxmobs iseT cxovrebiseul msof l­xedvas, romelic SeiZleba filosofiuri cnebebiT an sulac saTave daudos filosofiur sistemebs.15 mxatvrul Tanmim­devrulobasa (romelsac zogjer `mxatvrul logikas~ uwo­deben) da filosofiur Tanamimdevrulobas Soris garkveu­li Sesabamisoba arsebobs. Segnebuli xelovani erTmaneTSi ar aurevs emociasa da azrs, grZnobierebasa da inteleq­tualur Semecnebas, grZnobaTa siwrfeles, da, meore mxriv, gamocdilebisa da azrovnebis Sesatyvisobas. msoflmxed­veloba, romelsac amgvari xelovani Tavisi nawarmoebiT gamoxatavs, iseTi martivi araa, rogorc `propagandad~ miCneuli zogierTi popularuli Sexedu leba. meore mxriv, cxovrebis rTulma xedvam ar unda gvibiZgos naCqarevi an gu­lubryvilo qmedebisaken.

axla isRa dagvrCenia, literaturis funqciis is kon­cefciebi ganvixiloT, romlebic sityva `kaTarsiss~ ukav­Sirdeba. es termini, romelic aristotelem Semoitana Ta­vis `poetikaSi~, xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. kaTarsisis ar­istoteleseuli gageba jer kidev iwvevs polemikas. magram amjerad gvainteresebs ara am cnebis aristoteleseuli gaazreba, aramed is mniSvnelobebi, romlebiTac aRiWur­va kaTarsisis cneba antikuri epoqis Semdgom. zogierTis azriT, literaturis funqcia aris Cveni _ mwerlebis an mkiTxvelebis _ gaTavisufleba emociaTa zemoqmedebisgan. emociebis gamoxatva niSnavs imas, rom gavTavisufldeT am emociebisagan, iseve, rogorc, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, goeTe gaTavisuflda Tavisi Weltschmerz­isgan, rodesac `verTeris vnebani~ (The Sorrows of Werther) dawera. amboben, rom tragediis mayurebeli an romanis mkiTxvelic aseve ganicdis am gaTavi­suflebasa da Svebas. xdeba misi emociebis zustad gamoxatva da esTetikuri gancdis Sedegad mayurebelsa da mkiTxvels `sulieri simSvide~ eufleba.16

49

literaturis funqcia

magram aq unda daisvas kiTxva – literatura emociebi­sagan gvaTavisuflebs Tu, piriqiT, emociebs iwvevs CvenSi? platonis azriT, tragedia da komedia `kvebavs da asazrdoebs Cvens emo ciebs, Tumca umjobesi iqneboda maTi CaxSoba~.Mmeore mx riv, roca literatura emociebisagan gvaTavisuflebs, gana umiz nod ar xdeba maTi gadmoRvra poetur fantaziebSi? wmida avgus tine aRiarebs, rom axalgazrdobaSi is momakvdinebel codvaSi cxovrobda; miuxedavad amisa, `ar vtirodi amis gamo, Tumca didonas sikvdilis gamo cremlebs vRvridi...~ SeiZleba Tu ara iTqvas, rom zogierTi tipis literatura propagandis­tulia da zogi _ kaTarsisuli, Tu ufro mniSvnelovania, erT­maneTisagan gavmijnoT mkiTxvelTa jgufebi da maTi reaq ciis buneba?17 unda iyos Tu ara yvelanairi literatura kaTarsi­suli? am problemebs ufro detalurad ganvixilavT TavebSi `literatura da fsiqologia~ da `literatura da sazogadoe­ba~; amJamad ki mxolod vasaxelebT maT.

daskvnis saxiT vityviT, rom sakiTxs literaturis fun­q ciis Sesaxeb xangrZlivi istoria aqvs dasavlur samyaroSi, platonidan moyolebuli dRemde. es ar aris SekiTxva, ro­melic poets an poeziis damfasebels SeiZleba uneburad dae­bados; erT xel emersons wamocda: `silamaze sakuTari Tavis gamarTlebas warmoadgens~. am sakiTxs ufro xSirad wamoW­rian xolme utilitaristebi da moralistebi an saxelmwifo moxeleebi da filosofosebi, anu adamianebi, romelTaTvisac ufro faseulia araesTetikuri Rirebulebebi. da maT surT icodnen, mainc ra aris poeziis daniSnuleba? Aam problemas arsebiTi socia luri da humanisturi mniSvneloba aqvs. Aaqedan gamomdinare, poe tic da poeziis moyvarulic, rogorc zneo­brivi da Segnebuli moqalaqeebi, iZulebuli arian, sazogadoe­bas kargad dasabuTebuli pasuxi gascen. swored ase iqcevian isini morigi `poetikis~ romelime pasaJSi. isini icaven an xot­bas asxamen poezias: esaa literaturuli analogia imisa, rasac TeologiaSi `apologia~ ewodeba.18 dasa xelebuli miznidan ga­momdinare da mkiTxvelis tipis Sesabamisad, isini, bunebrivia, upiratesad saubroben literaturis `daniSnulebaze~ da ara am literaturiT `moniWebul tkbobaze~; amdenad, semantikuri TvalsazrisiT, dResdReo biT iolia literaturis “funqciis”

50

literaturis Teoria

dayvana mis ga reSe funqciebze, Tumca, romantizmidan moyole­buli, am SekiTxvaze poeti iZleoda sxvagvar pasuxs, romelsac a.s. bredli (A. C. Bradley) uwodebs `poezias poeziisaTvis~;19 Teoretikosebi ki marTebulad aRniSnaven, rom termini `lit­eraturis funqcia~ imdenad farToa, rom aucilebeli aRaraa veZeboT gamarTleba poeziis arsebobisTvis. amdenad, roca am termins viyenebT, igulisxmeba, rom poezias bevri SesaZlo fun­qcia aqvs. misi mTavari da umniSvnelovanesi funqcia is aris, rom ar uRala tos Tavis bunebas.

51

Tavi meoTxe

literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria

*radgan literaturis Seswavlis miznis Sesaxeb ukve

visaubreT, axla ganvixiloT literaturis sistematuri da integrirebuli Seswavlis SesaZlebloba. inglisuri ena Sesatyvis termins ar gvTavazobs saamisod. albaT, yvelaze uke Tesi iqneboda, gamogveyenebina iseTi terminebi, ro­gorebicaa `literaturaTmcodneoba~ da `filologia~. am terminTagan pirveli sakamaToa mxolod imitom, rom TiTqos gamoricxavs `kritikas~ da xazs usvams Seswavlis akademiur bunebas. es termini, rasakvirvelia, misaRebi gaxdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sityvas `mkvlevari~ ise far­Tod ganvixilavT, rogorc es emersonma gaakeTa. Mmeore ter­minma _ `filologiam~ _ SesaZloa, ara erTi gaugebroba gamoiw vi os. istoriulad am terminSi moiazreboda ara mxolod yvela saxis literaturuli da enaTmecnieruli studiebi, aramed adamianis gonebis mier Seqmnili nebis­mieri produqtis Seswavla. miuxedavad imisa, rom es termini yvelaze metad iyo modaSi mecxramete saukunis germaniaSi, is dRes jer kidev gvxvdeba iseTi mimoxilvebis saTaurebSi, rogorebicaa Modern Philology, Philological Quarterly da Studies in Philology. Bbexma (Boeckh), romelmac dawera uaRresad mniS­vnelovani naSromi `filologiur mecnierebaTa enciklope­dia da meTodologia~ (“Encyclopedie und Methodologie der Philolo-gischen Wissenschaften~) (daiwera 1877 wels, Tumca, nawilobriv, 1809 wels Catarebul leqciebs eyrdnoba),1 filologia ganmarta, rogorc `cnobilis codna~, romelic, amdenad, moicavs enisa da literaturebis, religiisa da socialuri tradiciebis Seswavlas. bexis filologia, faqtobrivad, grinlous `literaturis istoriis~ (Literary History) iden­

52

literaturis Teoria

turia, da, rogorc Cans, iTvaliswinebs saWiroebebs kla­sikuri filologiisa, romlisTvisac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs istoriisa da arqeologiis daxmarebas. bexisTvis literaturaTmcodneoba mxolod erTi dargia filologiisa, romelic gagebulia, rogorc mTliani mec­niereba civilizaciis Sesaxeb, kerZod ki civilizaciis im aspeqtis Sesaxeb, romelsac man, germaneli romantikosebis msgavsad, `erovnuli suli~ uwoda. amJamad, nawilobriv am sityvis etimologiidan gamomdinare da TviT am sferos specialistTa mecadineobis Sedegad, filologiad xSi rad moiazreben enaTmecnierebas, gansakuTrebiT ki is toriul gramatikas da enebis ganviTarebis adreuli formebis Ses­wavlas. ramdenadac am termins mravali da sxvadasxvagvari mniSvnelobebi aqvs, umjobesi iqneba, Tu ar SevudgebiT maT ganxilvas.

arsebobs literaturaTmcodnis muSaobis kidev er­Ti alternatiuli saxelwodeba `kvleva~. es sityva gansa­kuTrebiT Seusabamoa, radgan TiTqosda xazs usvams mxolod masalebis winaswari moZiebis mniSvnelobas da umar Tebulod gulisxmobs, rom arsebobs gansxvaveba advilad mosaZiebel da Znelad xelmisawvdom masalebs Soris. magaliTad, roca adamiani britaneTis muzeumSi midis imisaTvis, rom iSviaTi wigni waikiTxos, is `kvlevas~ awar moebs. im SemTxvevaSi ki, roca adamiani sakuTar saxl Si, savarZelSi mokalaTebuli kiTxulobs imave wignis asls, mis gonebaSi sul sxva gonebri­vi procesi mimdinareobs. ter mi ni `kvleva~ gulisxmobs mxo­lod da mxolod garkveul wi nas war operaciebs, romelTa masStabi da buneba gansxvavebulia imis mixedviT, Tu ra saxis problemaa gadasaWreli. mag ram literaturaTmcodneobi­saTvis, rodesac ganixileba ise Ti mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa ganmarteba, daxasiaTeba da Sefaseba, is ar aris sakmarisad zusti.

Cveni naSromis farglebSi yvelaze mniSvnelovania, gamovkveToT gansxvaveba literaturis Teorias, kritikasa da istorias Soris. upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos gan­sxvaveba literaturis orgvar xedvas Soris. pirveli maTga­

53

literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria

nis mixedviT, literatura aris nawarmoebTa erT droulad arsebuli erToblioba, meore TvalsazrisiT ki literatu­ra, upiratesad, nawarmoebTa qronologiuri mimdevrobaa da, amdenad, istoriuli procesis Semadgenel nawils war­moadgens. Aamas garda, aRsaniSnavia, rom, erTi mxriv, SeiZle­ba visaubroT literaturis principebisa da kriteriumebis, meore mxriv ki calkeuli literaturuli nawarmoebebis Ses­wavlis Taobaze, kerZod _ imis Sesaxeb, izolirebulad mox­deba maTi Seswavla, Tu qronologiu rad. umjobesi iqneba, Tu arsebuli gansxvavebebis ganxilvisas gaviTvaliswinebT, rom `literaturis Teoria~ literaturis principebis, kat­egoriebis, kriteriumebis da a. S. Seswavlas warmoadgens. amas garda, xelovnebis calkeuli nawarmoebebis Seswavlas an `literaturis kritika~ (romelic ZiriTadad statikur midgomas warmoadgens) unda vuwodoT, an _ `literaturis istoria~. rasakvirvelia, xSirad, termini `literaturis kritika~ mTlianad literaturis Teorias moicavs, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi saTanado yuradReba ar eTmoba erT mniSvnelo­van garemoebas; aristotele Teoretikosi iyo, sent­bevi (Sainte-Beuve) ki upiratesad _ kritikosi. kenet berki, mniS­vnelovanwilad, literaturuli Teoretikosia, xolo r. p. bleqmuri (R. P. Blackmur) _ literaturis kritikosi. termi­nma `literaturis Teoria~ Tavisuflad SeiZleba moicvas (rogorc es am wignSia) `literaturis kritikis Teoria~ da `literaturis istoriis Teoria~.

es gansxvavebebi aSkaraa da farTodaa miRebuli. ga­cilebiT ufro iSviaTad aRiareben, rom ar SeiZleba lite­raturis kvlevis zemodasaxelebuli meTodebis izo­lirebulad gamoyeneba _ maTi urTierTkavSiri imdenad mWidroa, rom literaturis Teoria warmoudgenelia kri­tikisa da istoriis gareSe, kritika _ Teoriisa da isto­riis gareSe, xolo istoria _ Teoriisa da kritikis gare Se. aSkaraa, rom literaturis Teoria ar arsebobs konkretu­li literaturuli nawarmoebebis Seswavlis ga re Se. kri­teriumebi, kategoriebi da sqemebi SeuZlebelia mi Rebul iqnes in vacuo. meore mxriv, SeuZlebelia arsebobdes kri­

54

literaturis Teoria

tika da istoria garkveuli kiTxvebis, cnebaTa sistemis, mimarTebebisa da ganzogadebebis gareSe. rasakvirvelia, aq gadauWrel dilemas rodi vawydebiT: kiTxvis dros Cven mu­dam garkveuli principebiT vxelmZRvanelobT da es princi­pebi ganuwyvetliv icvleba da zustdeba axali literatu­ruli nawarmoebebis gacnobisas.Ees dialeqtikuri procesia: Teoriisa da praqtikis urTierTgamsWvalva.

araerTxel ucdiaT literaturis istoriis gamijvna Teoriisa da kritikisagan. magaliTad, rogorc f. v. beitso­ni (F.W. Bateson)2 amtkicebda, literaturis istoria mxolod gviCvenebs, rom `a~ momdinareobs~ `b~­sgan, maSin, rodesac kritika amtkicebs, `a~ `b~­ze ukeTesiao. pirvel SemTxveva­Si daskvna emyareba iseT faqtebs, romelTa gadamowmebac SesaZlebelia, meoreSi ki _ subieqtur Sexedulebebsa da rwmenas efuZneba. magram amgvari gamijvna marTlzomieri araa. Lliteraturis istoriaSi ubralod ar arsebobs iseTi monacemebi, romelTac SeiZleba absoluturad neitraluri `faqtebi~ vuwodoT. Semfasebluri Tvalsazrisebi masalis SerCevaSic ki monawileobs _ maSin, rodesac erTmaneTi­sagan ganvasxvavebT, ubralod, beletristikasa da, meore mxriv, literaturas, an rodesac ama TuU im avtors vuT­mobT gverdebis garkveul raodenobas. saTauris an TariRis ubralo damowmebac ki winaswar gulisxmobs Semfaseblur midgomas, radgan am dros xdeba erTi romelime wignisa Tu movlenis gamorCeva milionobiT sxva wignisa da movlenisa­gan. davuSvaT, arsebobs SedarebiT neitraluri faqtebi, magaliTad, TariRebi, saTaurebi, biografiuli monacemebi, magram maTi meSveobiT SeiZleba mxolod literaturuli matianis Sedgena. nebismieri ufro rTuli kiTxva, iseTic ki, romelic teqstis kritikas, an wyaroebsa da gavlenebs ukavSirdeba, gamudmebiT moiTxovs garkveul Sefasebas. is­eTi gancxadebebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `poupi draidenis gavlenas ganicdis~, pirvelad doneze, rasakvirvelia, gu­lisxmobs, rom draidensa da poups gamovarCevT maTi epoqis uricxvi versifikatorisgan. Semdgom, aucilebeli xdeba imis garkveva, Tu ra gansakuTrebuli niSnebiT gamoirCeva

55

literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria

am avtorebis nawarmoebebi. Aamis dasadgenad aucilebelia, gamudmebiT mimdinareobdes Sedarebisa da SerCevis pro­cesi, rac arsebiTad kritikul saqmianobas warmoadgens. Tu ganvixilavT TanaavtorebisB _ bomontisa da fletCe­ris sakiTxs, is gadauWreli darCeba, sanam ar gaviTavisebT erT mniSvnelovan princips, romlis Tanaxmad, garkveuli sti listuri Tvisebebi (an xerxebi) ukavSirdeba erT­erTs dasaxelebul mweralTagan, sxva Tvisebebi ki _ meores. Tu ase ar moviqceviT, maSin mogvixdeba, ubralod, am Tanaav­torebis piesebSi arsebuli stilistu ri Seusabamobebis miTiTeba maTi mizezis ganmartebis gareSe.

miuxedavad amisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom xSir SemTxve­va Si, literaturis istoriis literaturis gancalkeveba kritikisagan sxva kriteriumebis safuZvelze xdeba. Aaravin uaryofs, rom literaturis kritikosma da istorikosma unda gamoitanon TavianTi daskvnebi nawarmoebTa Sesaxeb, magram xSirad imasac amtkiceben, rom literaturis istor­ikoss aqvs istoriis sakuTari standartebi da kriteriume­bi. am meTodologiis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom literatu­ris istoriis rekonstruqcia moiTxovs warsuli periodebis msoflaRqmisa da mimarTebebis gaTavisebas, da, amasTan, Ta­namedrove epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli msoflaRqmisa da mimarTebebis ugulebelyofas. es Tvalsazrisi, romelic `istorizmis~ saxeliTaa cnobili, germaniaSi mTeli me­19 saukunis ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda, Tumca iqac ki gaakri­tikes igi istoriis iseTma gamoCenilma Teoretikosebma, rogoric iyo Eernst troltSi (Ernst Troeltsch).3 rogorc Cans, ukanasknel xanebSi am Tvalsazriss, romelmac pirdapir TuU arapirdapir, SeaRwia inglissa da SeerTebul StatebSi, bevri Cveni `literaturis istorikosi~ iziarebs. magali­Tad, hardin kreigi (Hardin Craig) ambobda, rom Tanamedrove mecnierebis uaxlesi da saukeTeso tendencia aris `arais­toriuli azrovnebisagan gaTavisufleba~4. i. i. stoli (E. E. Stall), romelic dedofali elisabedis droindeli Teatris tradiciebsa da misi auditoriis gemovnebas swavlobs, amJa­mad muSaobs iseT Teoriaze, romlis mixedviTac, literatu­

56

literaturis Teoria

ris istoriis mTa vari mizania avtoris Canafiqris rekon­struqcia.5 amgvari Teoria, garkveulwilad, safuZvlad udevs im uamrav mcdelobas, romelTa mizani iyo elisabedis droindeli iseTi fsiqologiuri Teoriebis Seswavla, ro­goricaa magaliTad, iumoris doqtrina an poetebis mecni­eruli an fsevdomecnieruli koncefciebi.6 rozmond tuvi (Rosemond Tuve) cdilobda metafizikuri mxatvruli saxee­bis warmoSoba da mniSvneloba aexsna ramistuli logikis safuZvelze, romelic donisa da mis TanamedroveTa mier iyo miRebuli.7

imdenad, ramdenadac amgvari Seswavla SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom gansxvavebul periodebSi sxva­dasxva kritikuli Tvalsazrisi da tradicia moqmedebs, Sei­Zleba iTqvas, rom yoveli epoqa iseT TviTkmar erTianobas warmoadgens, romelic sakuTari tipis poezias qmnis da es poezia sxva romelime epoqis poeziis sazRvrebSi ver Tavsde­ba. am Tvalsazriss gansakuTrebuli gulmodginebiT uWerda mxars frederik a. potli (Frederick A. Pottle).8 Tavis wignSi `poe­ziis ena~ is sakuTar Tvalsazriss `kritikul relativizms~ uwodebs da `aRqmis sferoSi momxdar Rrma cvlilebaze~, poe­ziis istoriaSi `uwyvetobis sru li darRvevaze~ saubrobs. Mmisi Tvalsazrisi kidev uf ro Rirebuli gaxdeba, Tu gaviT­valiswinebT, rom igi darw mu nebulia eTikuri da religiuri postulatebis uryevobaSi.

saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, `literaturis istoriis~ es koncefcia moiTxovs warmosaxvis daZabvas, `empaTias~, war­sulTan da gardasuli epoqis gemovnebasTan siRrmiseul naTesaobas. iyo ramdenime warmatebuli cda imisa, rom momxdariyo cxovrebis, sxvadasxvagvari koncefciebis, ada­mianis mamoZravebeli motivebis Sesaxeb im SexedulebaTa rekonstruqcia, romlebic SemuSavebul iqna civilizaciis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze. Cven bevri ram viciT, ra damokidebuleba hqondaT berZnebs RmerTebis, monebisa da qalebis mimarT; SegviZlia detalurad davaxasiaToT Sua saukuneebis kosmologia; unari Segvwevs, rom aRviqvaT is me­tad gansxvavebuli xedva an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, gansxvavebu­

57

literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria

li mxatvruli tradiciebi da wesebi, romlebic bizantiur an Cinur mxatvrobaSi iyo gavrcelebuli. germaniaSi ganxor­cielebul iqna uamravi kvleva (maT umravlesobazec Speng­lerma (Spengler) moaxdina gavlena). am naSromebSi saubari iyo gotikis an barokos epoqis adamianis Sesaxeb, amasTan, es epo­qebi ganixileboda Tanamedroveobisgan mowyvetiT, rogorc gansakuTrebuli, Caketili samyaro.

rac Seexeba sakuTriv literaturul kvlevebs, aq is­toriuli rekonstruqciis meTodma xeli Seuwyo aqcen tis gadatanas avtoris Canafiqrze, romlis wvdoma, am meTo dis avtorTa TvalsazrisiT, SesaZlebelia literaturuli kri­tikisa da literaturuli gemovnebis istoriis Ses wav lis gziT. Cveulebriv, iTvleba, rom Tu amovicnobT avtoris Canafiqrs da gamovarkvevT imasac, ramdenad SeZlo man am ganzraxvis xorcSesxma, amiT kritikis problemac mogvar­deba. Aavtoris mizani gasagebia TanamedroveTaTvis da ar arsebobs arc imis aucilebloba da arc Sesa Zlebloba, rom momavalSi kidev erTxel gavakritikoT misi wigni. am meTods Sedegad mohyveba iseTi kritikuli standartis aRi­areba, romelsac Tanamedrove mkiTxvelTa mier nawarmoebis aRiareba ewodeba. amdenad, arsebobs ara mxolod erTi an ori, aramed asobiT damoukidebeli, mravalferovani da urTierTgamomricxavi koncefcia literaturis Sesaxeb, romelTagan TiToeuli Taviseburad `marTebulia~. poeziis ideali isea danawevrebuli, rom misgan aRaraferi rCeba, amas ki Sedegad mosdevs zogadi anarqia an yvela Rirebu­lebis gacamtvereba. literaturis istoriisgan calkeuli da, saboloo angariSiT, gaugebari fragmentebis grovaRa rCeba. ufro zomieri formulirebiT, arsebobs polaru­lad imdenad gansxvavebuli poeturi idealebi, rom maT So­ris saerTo Tvisebebis aRmoCena SeuZlebelia: klasicizmi da romantizmi, poupisa da uor dsuorTis ideali, aSkarad gacxadebuli azris poezia da implikaciis poezia.

savaraudod, umarTebuloa Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, avtoris `Canafiqri~ literaturis istoriis Ses­wavlis sagans warmoadgens. xelovnebis nawarmoebis mniS­

58

literaturis Teoria

vneloba avtoris CanafiqriT ar amoiwureba da arc utol­deba mas. nawarmoebi faseulobaTa garkveuli sis temaa da damoukideblad arsebobs. mTlianobaSi, xelov nebis nawar­moebis Sinaarsi ar SeiZleba ganisazRvros mxo lod imiT, Tu ras niSnavs igi misi avtorisa da Tana medroveTaTvis. es, ufro metad, nawarmoebis mniSvnelobis gafarToebis, anu sxvadasxva epoqis mkiTxvelTa mier misi sxvadasxvagvari aR­qmis Sedegia. albaT, usargeblo da SeuZlebelic ki iqneboda istoriis rekonstruqciis momxreebis msgavsad imisi Tqma, rom es procesi umniSvne loa da Cven mxolod mis dasawyiss unda mivubrundeT. maSi nac ki, roca warsulis memkvidreo­baze vmsjelobT, Cven meoce saukunis adamianebad vrCebiT da SeuZlebelia, sxvagvarad iyos: SeuZlebelia daviviwyoT Cveni sakuTari enis asociaciebi, axleburi Sefasebebi, war­suli saukuneebis gavlena da mniSvneloba. SeuZlebelia, davemsgavsoT ho merosisa da Coseris Tanamedrove mkiTxve­lebs an aTenSi dionises, londonSi ki `globusis~ Teatris msaxiobebs an mayureblebs. yovelTvis iqneba mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba warmosaxviTi rekonstruqciis aqtsa da rome­lime istoriuli epoqis droindel Tvalsazrisis realur ga ziarebas Soris. SeuZlebelia, dionisesi gvwamdes da Tan davcinodeT mas, rogorc amas, SesaZloa, evripides “Bacchae”­s mayurebeli akeTebda;9 mxolod zogierT Cven­gans SeuZlia uryev WeSmaritebad miiRos dantes jo joxeTis Sreebi da gansawmendelis mTa. Nnamdvilad rom SegvZleboda aRgvedgina is Sinaarsi, romelic `hamlets~ hqonda Se­qspiris Tanamedrove mayureblisTvis, Cven mxolod da mx­olod gavaRaribebdiT mas, radganac amiT davakninebdiT im aranakleb saintereso da angariSgasawev Sinaarsebs, rom­lebic “hamletSi” momdevno Taobebma aRmoaCines. amiT ki gamovricxavdiT am nawarmoebis axleburi interpretaciis SesaZleblobas. es ar gaxlavT TviTneburi mowodeba nawar­moebis subieqturi da aramarTebuli wakiTxvisken: `swori~ da `araswori~ wakiTxvis problema, yvelafris miuxedavad, kvlav darCeba da yovel calkeulO SemTxvevaSi axleburad unda gadaiWras. istoriuli periodis mkvlevrisTvis ar

59

literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria

iqneba sakmarisi, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi mxolod Cveni drois perspeqtividan ganixilebodes – es kritikosis pri­vilegias warmoadgens, radgan am ukanasknelis movaleobaa, gadaafasos warsuli Tanamedrove stilisa Tu mimdinareo­bis saWiroebebis safuZvelze. misTvis, SesaZloa, sasargeb­lo aRmoCndes xelovnebis nawarmoebis ganxilva e. w. mesame drois Tvalsawieridan, romelic arc misi da arc mocemuli avtoris realuri dro ar aris. kritikosisTvis aranakleb saintereso iqneba Sesaswavli nawarmoebis Sesaxeb arsebuli interpretaciebisa da kritikis srul istoriis gacnoba, risi meSveobiTac is SeZlebs, srulad Caswvdes mis sazriss.

realurad, rTuli warmosadgenia istoriuli da Ta­namedrove Tvalsazrisebis amgvari urTierTgamijvna. Cven Tavi unda avaridoT rogorc yalb relativizms, ise yalb ab­solutizms. faseulobaTa damkvidrebas Sefasebis istoriu­li procesi ganapirobebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, aiolebs Cvens aR­qmas. istoriuli relativizmis pasuxi ̀ ucvleli adamianuri bunebisa~ Tu `xelovnebis universalurobis~ Sesabamisi doqtrineruli absolutizmi ar gaxlavT. Aamis nacvlad um­jobesia miviRoT iseTi Tvalsazrisi, romelsac miesa dageba termini `perspeqtivizmi~. unda SegveZlos xelovnebis nawarmoebi misive droisa da Semdgomi epoqebis Rirebu­lebebs mivusadagoT. xelovnebis nawarmoebi, erTi mxriv, `maradiulia~ (e. i. inarCunebs garkveul TviT myofobas), meore mxriv ki _ `istoriuli~(e. i. SesamCnevi ganviTarebis process gadis). relativizmi akninebs li teraturis isto­rias da mas calkeuli, urTierTSeusabamo fragmentebis nakrebad aqcevs, maSin, rodesac umetes SemTxvevaSi abso­lutizmi an mxolod amJamindel war maval situacias miesa­dageba, an damokidebulia (axali hu manistebis, marqsistebis da neoTomistebis standartebis SemTxvevaSi) iseT abstraq­tul araliteraturul idealze, romelic literaturis istoriul mravalferovnebas ar iTvaliswinebs. `perspeq­tivizmi~ gulisxmobs, rom va RiarebT arsebobas erTiani poeziis da erTiani lite ra turisa, romelic yvela sauku­neSi Sedarebas eqvemdebareba, viTardeba, icvleba da uamrav

60

literaturis Teoria

SesaZleblobas moicavs. Lliteratura arc erTmaneTTan dau­kavSirebeli calkeuli nawarmoebebis nakrebia, da arc iseTi nawarmoebebis wyeba, romlebic romantizmis an klasicizmis, poupis da uordsvorTis epoqebis droiTi ciklis CarCoSia moq ceuli. literatura, rasakvirvelia, arc igiveobisa da ucvlelobis samyaroa, rac gviandeli klasicizmis ideals warmoadgenda. Aabsolutizmica da relativizmic yalbia, ma­gram dResdReobiT, yovel SemTxvevaSi inglissa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, ufro seriozul safrTxes warmoad­gens iseTi relativizmi, romelic RirebulebaTa anarqias efuZneba da kritikis amocanas Tavdayira ayenebs.

literaturis istoriis Sedgenisas, avtorebi yo­velTvis iTvaliswineben SerCevis, daxarisxebisa da Se­fa sebis principebs. literaturis istorikosebi, rom­lebic kritikis mniSvnelobas uaryofen, Tavadac gauc­nobiereblad iqcevian xolme kritikosebad (Cveulebriv, naklebad angariSgasawev kritikosebad), romlebic mxo­lod da mxolod tradiciul standartebsa da Sexedulebebs aRiareben. dRes isini, Cveulebriv, dagvianebuli roman­tikosebi arian, romlebic ugu le belyofen yvela sxva ti­pis xelovnebas, gansakuTrebiT ki Tanamedrove literatu­ras. Mmiuxedavad amisa, rogorc marTebulad aRniSna r. g. kolingvudma (R. G. Collingwood), is, `visac hgonia, rom icis, Tu ratom aris Seqspiri poeti, gulis siRrmeSi fiqrobs, rom icis isic, aris Tu ara mis staini (Miss Stein) poeti (da Tu ara, ratom ar aris)~.10

is, rom bolo periodSi Seqmnili literatura aRar warmoadgens seriozuli Seswavlis sagans, swored am `mec­nieruli~ damokidebulebis uaryofiTi Sedegia. aka demiuri tipis mkvlevrebi termins `Tanamedrove li teratura~ imde­nad farTod ganmartavdnen, rom miltonis Sem deg, faqto­brivad, arc erTi nawarmoebi ar iTvleboda Seswavlis Sesa­feris obieqtad. im droidan moyolebuli, li teraturis istoriaSi meTvramete saukune, Cveulebriv, miiCneoda yvelaze myari reputaciis mqone periodad da misi kvleva modadac ki iqca, radganac es saukune TiTqosda uf ro dax­

61

literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria

vewili, stabiluri da ierarqiulad mowesrigebu lia. roman­tikuli periodi da, mogvianebiT, mecxramete sauku ne aseve TandaTanobiT ipyroben mecnierTa yuradRebas, ris Sedega­dac akademiuri orientaciis yvelaze gabedul ma mecniereb­ma ganacxades Tanamedrove literaturis mec nieruli Ses­wavlis aucileblobis Sesaxeb da TviTonac mohkides xeli am saqmes.

erTaderTi angariSgasawevi argumenti Tanamedrove avtorTa Semoqmedebis Seswavlis winaaRmdeg aris Tval­sazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, Cven ar SegviZlia vims jeloT am Semoqmedebis rogorc mTlianobis Sesaxeb, radgan jer­jerobiT ar vicnobT maT mier mogvianebiT Seqmnil nawar­moebebs, romelTa meSveobiT SevZlebdiT ufro adreuli qm­nilebebis faruli arsis wvdomas. Tumca, uxerxuloba, ro­melic mxolod Tanamedrove avtorebis nawarmoebTa mimarT SeimCneva, umniSvneloa im upiratesobasTan Seda rebiT, ro­goricaa avtoris nawarmoebSi asaxuli moqmedebis adgilisa da drois codna, agreTve _ avtorTan piradi, an mimoweri­Ti nacnoboba, es ki mxolod Tanamedrove mwerle bis SemTx­vevaSia SesaZlebeli. Tuki warsuli periodis bevri meore­xarisxovani an Tundac meaTexarisxovani av to ri Seswavlas imsaxurebs, igive unda iTqvas Cveni drois pir velxarisxovan an meorexarisxovan avtorebze. akademi ur mkvlevrebs ar SeuZliaT saTanadod gaiazron Tanamedrove mwerlebis mem­kvidreoba an gaubedaoba uSliT xolme xels mis gaazrebaSi. isini acxadeben, rom `drois ganaCens~ elodebian da ver ac­nobiereben, rom es swored sxva kri tikosTa da mkiTxvel­Ta, maT Soris sxva profesorebis ganaCenia. literaturis istorikosis tradiciuli uyurad Reboba kritikis mimarT gaumarTlebelia erTi ubralo mizezis gamo: xelovnebis nebismieri nawarmoebi arsebobs axlandel droSi; igi uSua­lod eqvemdebareba dakvirvebas da warmoadgens garkveuli mxatvruli problemebis gada wyvetas miuxedavad imisa, guSin Seiqmna igi Tu aTasi wlis winaT. nawarmoebis analizis, daxasiaTebis an Sefasebis dros gamudmebiT unda vemyarebo­deT garkveul kritikul principebs. `literaturis isto­

62

literaturis Teoria

rikosi kritikosi unda iyos Tundac imisaTvis, rom isto­rikosi iyos~.11

meore mxriv, literaturis istorias aseve uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs literaturuli kritikisaTvis, Tuki es ukanaskneli gadalaxavs piradi simpaTiisa da antipaTi­is subieqtur farglebs. kritikosi, romelic kmayofilia imiT, rom araferi ar icis literaturaSi istoriulad Camoyalibebuli mimarTebebis Sesaxeb, xSirad gaakeTebs mcdar daskvnebs. mas gauWirdeba erTmaneTisagan ganasxva­vos Moriginaluri da mimbaZvelobiTi nawarmoebi; imis gamo, rom ar icnobs istoriul garemoebebs, is ver SeZlebs adek­vaturad Seafasos calkeuli nawarmoebebi. Kkritikosi, ro­melic saerTod ar icnobs istorias, an cudad icnobs mas, gamudmebiT akeTebs zedapirul daskvnebs an kmayofildeba `SedevrTa samyaroSi~ sakuTari mogzaurobis aRweriT, cdi­lobs Tavidan aicilos Soreul warsulSi qeqva; warsulis Seswavlas igi an antikurobiT gatacebul pirs gadaabarebs, an `filologs~.

sainteresoa, aq mimovixiloT Sua saukuneebis literatu­ra, gansakuTrebiT ki Sua saukuneebis inglisuri literatura, romelsac, SesaZloa Coseris gamoklebiT, iSviaTad Tu Seis­wavlian romelime esTetikuri an kritikuli Tvalsazrisis safuZvelze. Tanamedrove esTetikuri standartis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia anglosaqsur poeziisa da Sua saukuneebis mdi­dari lirikis axleburi Sefaseba; meore mxriv, istoriuli perspeqtivis kvleva da genetikuri problemebis sistematuri Seswavla naTels mohfens Tanamedrove literaturas. lite ra­turis kritikisa da literaturis istoriis tradiciuli gami­jvna orive maTganisaTvis saziano aRmoCnda.

63

Tavi mexuTe

zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba

*literaturaTmcodneobis farglebSi erTmane Ti sa gan

gavmijneT Teoria, istoria da kritika.A axla ki, dayofis sxva principis safuZvelze, SegviZlia war mo vadginoT Sepiri­spirebiTi, zogadi da erovnuli lite ra turaTmcodneobis sistematuri gansazRvra. ter mini `SedarebiTi~ literatu­raTmcodneoba Zalze tlanqia, da, rogorc Cans, swored aman ganapiroba akademiuri mecniere bis naklebi interesi Sedar­ebiTi kvlevebis mimarT. meTiu arnoldma, romelmac amperis (Ampere) “histoire comparative” (SedarebiTi istoria) Targm­na, pirvelad gamoiyena es termini inglisur enaze (1848). frangebi upiratesobas aniWebdnen vilemenis (Villemain) mier ufro adre gamoyene bul termins, rodesac igi kiuvies (Cuvi-er) Anatomie comparee-is (SedarebiTi anatomia) (1800) analo­giiT, Litterature comparee­s (`SedarebiTi literaturaTmcod­neobis~) Taobaze saubrobda (1829). germanelebi “vergleichende Literaturgeschichte”­ze msjelobdnen.1 am zedsarTavTagan verc erTi ver aSuqebs am problemas srulad, radgan Sedareba is meTodia, romelsac yvela mecniereba da kritikuli Teoria iyenebs da romelic adekvaturad ver asaxavs literaturaT­mcodneobis Taviseburebebs. sxvadasxva li te raturis, Tun­dac literaturuli mimdinareobebis, xerxebisa da nawar­moebebis formaluri Sedareba iSviaTad warmoadgens lite­raturis istoriis centralur sagans. amasTan, iseTi wigne­bi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, f. s. grinis (F. C. Green) `menueti~,2 romelSic Sedarebulia meTvramete saukunis franguli da inglisuri literatu ris damaxasiaTebeli niSan­Tvisebebi, SesaZloa sasargeblo aRmoCndes, radgan masSi gamovleni­lia ara mxolod pa ralelebi da naTesaoba, aramed gansxvave­bebic sxvadasxva eris literaturebs Soris.

64

literaturis Teoria

realurad, termini `SedarebiTi~ literatura yo­velTvis gulisxmobda Seswavlis gansazRvrul sferoebs da problemaTa jgufebs. pirvel yovlisa, is SesaZloa moicavdes zepirsityvieri literaturis Seswavlas, gansa­kuTrebiT folklorul Temebs da maT migracias, imas, Tu rogor da rodis miiCnies es sfero `maRal~, `mxat vrul~ literaturad. folkloris problemebi mxo lod nawilob­riv warmoadgens esTetikur problemebs, vinaidan mec­nierebis es mniSvnelovani sfero mxolod nawilobriv aris dainteresebuli esTetikuri faqtebiT; folklorisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, Seiswavlos ro melime `xalxis~ civi­lizacia, misi tradiciuli samosi da tradiciebi, cru­rwmenebi da iaraRebi, iseve, rogorc misi xelovneba. Tumca, xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom zepirsityvieri literaturis Seswavla literaturuli mecnierebis ganuyofeli nawilia, vinaidan ar SeiZleba misi gamijvna werilobiTi literatu­ris Seswavlisagan, radgan yovelTvis arsebobda kavSiri zepirsityvier da werilobiT literaturebs Soris. sulac ar aris saWiro, folkloristi hans naumaniviT (Hans Nau-mann)3 (romelsac miaCnia, rom gviani periodis zepirsityv­ieri literatu ra xSir SemTxvevaSi “gesunkenes Kulturgut”­s warmoadgens) ukiduresobaSi gadavvardeT da vaRiaroT, Tu raoden di dadaa davalebuli werilobiTi maRali lite­ratura ze pirsityvieri literaturisagan. meore mxriv, savaraudoa, rom bevri ZiriTadi literaturuli Janri da Tema folkloruli warmoSobisaa da, amgvarad, eWvs ar iwvevs folkloruli literaturis mzardi sazogadoebrivi ro li. Dda mainc, udavoa, rom folklori bevri ramiT dae­sesxa sagmiro­saraindo romansa da trubadurTa lirikas. es Tvalsazrisi miuRebelia romantikosebisTvis, romelTa azriT, folklori SemoqmedebiTi bunebisaa da xalxuri xe lovnebis fesvebi antikurobaSi unda veZioT. miuxeda­vad amisa, cnobilia, rom popularuli baladebis, CvenTvis nacnobi zRaprebisa da legendebis warmoSoba xSirad ukav­Sirdeba ufro gviandel periodsa da sazogadoebis maRal klass. da mainc, zepirsityvieri literaturis SeswavlisT­

65

zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba

vis unda zrunavdes literaturis yvela is mkvlevari, vi­sac surs Caswvdes literaturuli ganviTare bis proce­sebs, literaturuli Janrebisa da xerxebis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebas. samwuxarod, zepirsityvieri literaturis kvleva dRemde mxolod garkveuli Temebisa da sxvadasxva qveyanaSi maTi gavrcelebis, e.i. Tanamedrove literaturis `nedleulis~ SeswavliT Semoifargleboda.4 amasTan, bolo dros folkloris mkvlevrebi sul ufro xSirad miapyroben yuradRebas sxvadasxva modelis, formisa da xerxis Seswav­las, literaturuli formebis morfologias, mTxroblis an naratoris da zRapris msmen lebis funqciebs, ris wyalo­biTac maTi kvleva mWidrod daukavSirda literaturuli kvlevis zogad koncefcias.5 Tumca, zepirsityvieri lite­raturis Seswavlisas vawyde biT specifikur _ magaliTad, gadacemisa da socialuri garemos6 _ problemebs, magram isini, rasakvirvelia, didad ar gansxvavdeba werilobiT literaturaSi arsebuli problemebisagan; yovelTvis ar­sebobda naTesaoba ze pirsityviersa da werilobiT litera­turebs Soris. Tana medrove evropuli literaturebis mkv­levrebi am sa kiTxebs saTanado yuradRebas ar uTmobdnen, ramac, sabo loo angariSiT, maTve Seuqmna problemebi. meore mxriv, sla vur da skandinaviur qveynebSi, sadac folklori xSir Sem TxvevaSi jer kidev cocxalia, literaturis isto­rikosebi ufro mWidro kavSirs inarCuneben am kvlevebTan. miuxeda vad amisa, termini `SedarebiTi literaturaTmcod­neoba~ mainc damainc zustad ver gadmocems zepirsityvieri li teraturis Seswavlis Sinaarss.

`SedarebiTi~ literaturaturaTmcodneobis meore ga geba mxolod or an met literaturas Soris arsebuli urTierTmimarTebebis SeswavliT Semoifargleba. am gva ri gageba daamkvidra frangi `komparatistebis” popularulma skolam, romelsac aw gardacvlili fernan baldenspergeri (Fernand Baldensperger) xelmZRvanelobda da romelic “Revue de Littérature comparée’’­is irgvliv iyo Semokrebili.7 am sko­lam gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmo iseTi sakiTxebis Seswavlas, rogorebicaa goeTes (Goethe) reputacia da mi­

66

literaturis Teoria

si nawarmoebebis gavrceleba, gavlena da popularoba saf­rangeTsa da inglisSi, osianis (Ossian), karlailis (Carlyle) da Sileris (Schiller) popularoba safrangeTSi. skolam Sei­muSava meTodologia, romelic scildeba nawarmoebis mimo­xilvebis, Targmanebisa da gavlenis Seswavlas, dain teresda ama Tu im avtoris reputaciiTa da koncefciiT romelime mocemul periodSi da yuradReba miaqcia nawar moebis gavrcelebis iseT faqtorebs, rogorebicaa pe rioduli ga­mocemebi, mTargmnelebis moRvaweoba, salone bi da mogzaur­Ta Canawerebi; amas garda, gamoikveTa e. w. `aTvisebis faq­toric~, ese igi, gansakuTrebuli ga remo da literaturuli situacia, romelSic ucxoeli avtoris `gadanergva~ xdeba. sabolood, dagrovda da savleTevropuli literaturebis mWidro kavSiris dama dasturebeli bevri sabuTi, ris Sede­gadac ganuzomlad me ti gavigeT literaturebis `eqspor­tis~ Sesaxeb.

unda vaRiaroT, rom `SedarebiTi litera tu raT­mcodneobis~ amgvari gagebac winaaRmdegobrivia, da ro ­gorc Cans, mis safuZvelze SeuZlebelia raime das ru­lebuli sistemis Seqmna.8 erTi da imave meTodologiiT Seis wavlian `Seqspirs safrangeTSi~, `Seqspirs meTvramete saukunis inglisSi~, pos zegavlenas bodlerze (Baudelaire) da draidenisas (Dryden) _ poupze. rodesac ar xdeba, mT lianad, erovnuli literaturebis Sepirispireba, maSin litera­turebs Soris Sedarebebi umeteswilad mxolod iseTi gare­gani problemebiT Semoifargleba, rogoricaa wyaroebisa da gavlenebis, reputaciisa da popularobis sakiTxebi. amgvari kvlevebi saSualebas ar gvaZlevs, Sevis wavloT da ganvsajoT romelime calkeuli nawarmoebi an misi warmoSo­bis rTuli sawyisi; amis nacvlad msgavsi naSromebi, ZiriTa­dad, an romelime Sedevris Targmanze, an mibaZvaze (xSirad meorexarisxovani avtorebis mier) amaxvilebs yuradRebas, an Sedevris winaistorias, misi Temebisa da formebis moZ­raobasa da gavrcelebas Seiswavlis. amdenad, `SedarebiT literaturaTmcodneo ba Si~ Aaqcenti garegan faqtorebzea gadatanili da misi dakni ne ba bolo aTwleulebSi metyvelebs

67

zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba

imaze, rom dRes kvleva veRar dakmayofildeba, ubralod, faqtebis, wyaroebisa da gavlenebis SeswavliT.

Tumca, mesame koncefcia gverds uvlis yvela am kri­tikas da `SedarebiT literaturaTmcodneobas~ aigi vebs mTlianad literaturis, `msoflio literaturis~, `zoga di~ an `universaluri~ literaturis SeswavlasTan,. msgavsi gai­giveba, rasakvirvelia, garkveul sirTuleebs badebs. ter­mini `msoflio literatura~ goeTes Weltliteratur-is Targ mans warmoadgens.9 SesaZloa, es metismetad farTo cnebaa da gu­lisxmobs imas, rom literaturas unda Seiswavlidnen xuTive kontinentze, axali zelandiidan islandiamde. goeTes, faq­tobrivad, aseTi ram arc ufiqria. terminiT ̀ msoflio lite­ratura~ igi im momaval droze mianiSnebda, roca sxvadasxva xalxebis literaturebi erT literaturad iqceoda.E es aris yvela literaturis diadi sinTezis ideali, romelSic yoveli eri sakuTar wvlils Seitanda. magram Tavad goeTe xvdeboda, rom es Zalian Soreuli perspeqti vaa, radgan arc erT ers ar surs uari Tqvas sakuTar TviTmyofobaze. dRes, amgvari gaerTianebis perspeqtiva albaT kidev ufro Soreu­lia da albaT, seriozulad arc ki movindomebT, rom aR­movfxvraT arsebuli gansxvavebebi erovnul literaturebs So ris. `msoflio literatu ris~ cnebas xSirad mesame mniS­vnelobiTac iyeneben. Eam termi niT, SesaZloa, aRniSnaven klasikosebs _ homeross, dantes, servantess, Seqspirsa da goeTes, romelTa reputacia mTel msoflioSi uryevia. amde­nad, es termini iqca `Sedevris~ sinonimad da niSandoblivia iseTi procesisTvis, romlis Sedegadac xdeba garkveuli nawarmoebebis gamorCeva gar kveuli kritikuli da pedagogi­uri TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, msgavsi seleqcia ver daakmayofi­lebs im mkvlevaris in teresebs, romelsac ufro farTo su­raTis danaxva surs, istoriuli procesebsa da cvlilebebs akvirdeba da, am denad, mxolod Sedevrebis SeswavliT ver Semoifargleba.

SesaZloa, ufro misaReb termins _ `zogadi lite­raturaTmcodneoba~ _ sxva uaryofiTi mxareebi hqon des. Tavdapirvelad masSi igulisxmeboda poetika an literatu­ris Teoria da principebi; ukanasknel aT wle ulebSi pol van

68

literaturis Teoria

tigemi (Paul van Tieghem)10 cdi lobda is iseTi koncefciisT­vis daepirispirebina, ro goricaa `SedarebiTi literatu­raTmcodneoba~. mi si ganmartebiT, `zogadi literaturaT­mcodneoba~ Seis wavlis im mimdinareobebsa da literatu­rul modas, romlebic erovnul sazRvrebs scildeba, maSin, rodesac `SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba~ Seiswavlis urTi erTmimarTebebs or an met literaturas Soris. Mmagram rogor unda ganvsazRvroT, magaliTad, osianizmi “zo gadi” literaturaTmcodneobis Seswavlis sagania Tu `Sedare­biTi literaturaTmcodneobisa~? SeuZlebelia, jerovnad gavmijnoT erTmaneTisagan uolter skotis (Walter Scott) gav­lena ucxoeTSi da istoriuli romanis saerTaSoriso popu­laroba. terminebi `SedarebiTi~ da `zo gadi~ literatu­raTmcodneoba erTmaneTs gadakveTs. Se saZlebelia, ufro upriani iyos, vilaparakoT, ubra lod, ̀ literaturaTmcod­neobis Sesaxeb~, romelic ganixi lavs mTel literaturas.

ra sirTuleebsac unda waawydes universaluri li­teraturis istoriis koncefcia, literatura unda mo­viazroT rogorc mTlianoba da literaturis zrda­gan­viTareba ganvixiloT ise, rom yuradReba ar mivaqcioT enobriv gansxvavebebs. yvelaze mniSvnelovani argumenti `SedarebiTi~ an `zogadi~ literaturaTmcodneobis, an ub­ralod `literaturis~ sasargeblod aaSkaravebs im mcdar azrs, TiTqos arsebobs TviTkmari erovnuli literatura. yovel SemTxvevaSi, dasavluri literatura erT mTliano­bas warmoadgens. sakamaTo araa, rom literatura uwyvetad viTardeboda berZnuli da romaul literaturebidan Sua saukuneebis dasavleTevropuli literaturebisken da, Sem­deg, ZiriTadi Tanamedrove literaturebisken. da Tu saTa­nadod SevafasebT aRmosavluri gavlenis, gan sakuTrebiT ki bibliis, mniSvnelobas, maSin unda aRiniSnos, rom mWidro kav Siri aerTianebs mTlianad evropis, ruseTis, SeerTe­buli Statebisa da laTinuri amerikis literaturebs. es ideali literaturis istoriis Semqmnelebma mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi Camoayalibes (maT xelT arsebuli Sez­Ruduli SesaZleblobebis miuxedavad): aseTi moRvaweebi

69

zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba

iyvnen Slegeli (Schlegel), bouterveki (Bouterwek), sismondi (Sismondi) da halami (Hallam).11 miuxedavad amisa, naciona­lizmis gaZlierebam, rasac specializaciis zrdac daemata, gamoiwvia erovnuli literaturebis sul ufro viwro pro­vinciuli Seswavlis damkvidreba. Tumca, mecxramete sauku­nis meore naxevris ganmavlobaSi evolucionizmis gavleniT aRorZinda literaturis universaluri istoriis ideali. `SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis~ pirveli praq­tikosebi fol kloris mkvlevrebi da eTnografebi iyvnen, romlebic, upiratesad herbert spenseris (Herbert Spencer) gavleniT, Seiswavlidnen literaturis warmomavlobas, imas, Tu rogor moxda misi gamravalferovneba zepirsity­vieri literaturuli formebiT da rogor iqca is adreul epikad, dramad da lirikad.12 Tumca, evolucionizmma mci re kvali datova axali literaturebis SeswavlaSi da, rogorc Cans, marcxi ganicada biologiur evoluciasTan literatu­ris ganviTarebis dakavSirebis mcdelobam, ise ve, rogorc universaluri literaturis istoriis idealma. sabedni­erod, bolo wlebSi bevri ram migvaniSnebs imas, rom zogadi literaturuli istoriografiis ideali kvlav aRmavlobas ganicdis. ernst robert kurciusi (Ernst Robert Curtius) Tavis wignSi `evropuli literatura da laTinuri Sua saukunee­bi~ (1948) gasaocari erudiciiT asaxavs dasavlu ri tradici­isTvis niSandobliv zogad niSan­Tvisebebs. erix auerbaxis (Erich Auerbach) `mimezisi~ (1946) warmoadgens realizmis is­torias homerosidan moyolebuli _ joisam de da calkeuli pasaJebis faqiz stilistur analizs efuZneba;13 orive es naSromi mecnierebis iseT miRwevebs warmoadgens, romle­bic gadalaxavs nacionalizmis Car Coebs da damajerebeli argumentebiT asaxavs dasavluri civilizaciis erTianobas, klasikuri antikurobisa da Sua saukuneebis qristianobis memkvidreobis mniSvnelobas.

xelaxla unda daiweros literaturis istoria ro­gorc sinTezi, literaturis istoria _ zeerovnuli kuT­xiT. Aam TvalsazrisiT, literaturaTa SedarebiTi Seswavla mkvlevarTagan udides enobriv kompetencias moiTxovs.

70

literaturis Teoria

Aamgvari kvlevisTvis saWiroa perspeqtivis gafarToeba, kuTxuri da provinciuli ganwyobebis daZleva, rac, Ta­visTavad, rTulad misaRwevi amocanaa. miuxedavad amisa, literatura erT mTlianobas warmoadgens, iseve rogorc xelovneba da kacobrioba da swored amgvari xedviT ikveTe­ba istoriuli literaturaTmcodneobis momavali.

am uzarmazari sferos farglebSi, rac, faqtobrivad, mTeli literaturis istorias moicavs, rasakvirvelia, unda gaviTvaliswinoT enobrivi qvejgufebic. uwinaresad, arsebobs sami umTavresi evropuli enobrivi ojaxis jgufi – germanuli, romanuli da slavuri literaturebi. roma­nuli literaturebis urTierTkavSirs mkvlevrebi gansa­kuTrebiT xSirad Seiswavlidnen, dawyebuli bou tervekiT vidre leonardo olSkimde (Leonardo Olschki),14 romelic Seecada daewera Sua saukuneebis periodis yvela am lite­raturis istoria. rac Seexeba germanul literaturebs, maTi Seswavla xSir SemTxvevaSi ifargleboda adreuli Sua saukuneebis periodiT, rodesac gansakuTrebuli simZaf­riT aRiqmeboda maTi (saerTo tevtonuri civilizaciiT gan­pirobebuli) naTesaoba.15 miuxedavad poloneli mec nierebis tradiciuli winaaRmdegobisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sla­vuri enebis naTesaoba im saerTo saxalxo tradiciebis gaT­valiswinebiT, romlebic metrikaSic ki vlindeba, sa erTo slavuri literaturis safuZvels warmoadgens.16

Temebisa da formebis, mxatvruli xerxebisa da Jan­rebis istoria rom saerTaSoriso istorias warmoad gens, udavoa. marTalia, Cveni Janrebis umravlesoba berZnuli da romauli literaturisagan momdinareobs, magram Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi maT mniSvnelovani modificireba ganicades da daixvewnen. Tumca metrikis istoria calkeul enobriv sistemebTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli, magram is mainc saerTaSoriso fenomens warmoadgens. Uufro metic, Ta­namedrove evropis ara erTi mniSvnelovani literaturuli mimdinareoba da stili (renesansi, baroko, neoklasicizmi, romantizmi, realizmi, simbolizmi) mniSvnelovnad scil­deba erTi romelime eris sazRvrebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom

71

zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba

arsebobs angariSgasawevi erovnuli gansxvavebani am mimdin­areobaTa individua lur gamoxatulebebs Soris.17 SeiZleba, gansxvavdebodes maTi geografiuli gavrcelebis masStabic. renesansma, magaliTad, poloneTSi SeaRwia, magram ver gavr­celda ruseTsa da bohemiaSi. Bbarokos stili farTod gavr­celda mTel aRmosavleT evropaSi, maT Soris ukrainaSic, magram ruseTs TiTqmis ar Sexebia. SesaZlebelia, arsebobdes qronologiuri gansxvavebebi: barokos stili aRmosavleT evropis e. w. `samiwaTmoqmedo~ civilizaciebSi meTvramete saukunis bolomde SemorCa, maSin rodesac dasavleTma am pe­riodis ganmavlobaSi ganvlo ganmanaTlebloba da a. S. saer­Tod ki, enobrivi barierebis mniSvneloba mecxramete sauku­nis ganmavlobaSi umarTebulod iyo gazviadebuli.

es imiT aixsneba, rom literaturis Tanamedrove sistematuri istoria Caisaxa romantikul (ZiriTadad, eno­briv) nacionalizmTan metad mWidro urTierTkavSir Si. amis Sedegebi dResac SeimCneva iseTi praqtikuli tendenciebis gavleniT, rogoricaa (gansakuTrebiT Seer Tebul Stateb­Si) literaturis Seswavlisa da enis Seswavlis faqtobrivi gaigiveba. amis Sedegad, SeerTebul StatebSi inglisuri, germanuli da franguli literatu ris SemswavlelTa So­ris TiTqmis ar aris kontaqti. am jgufebs sxvadasxvagvari Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs da TiToeuli maTgani gansxvave­bul meTodologiebs iyenebs. Aam gansxvavebebis arseboba, rasakvirvelia, nawilobriv gardauvalia im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom adamianebis umravlesoba mxolod erT enobriv garemoSi cxovrobs. magram groteskul Sedegebs iZleva literaturuli problemebis ganxilva mxolod erT rome­lime enaze arsebul teqstebis an dokumentebis safuZvelze. Tumca lingvisturi gansxvavebebi evropul literaturebs Soris Tavs iCens mxatvruli stilis, metris, da TviT Jan­ris zogierT sakiTxis ganxilvisas, magram aSkaraa, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi ideebis (maT Soris, esTetikuri ideebis) isto­riis araerTi problemis gadaWrisas amgvari gansxvavebani araarsebiTia; manam, sanam Warb yuradRebas davuTmobT am gansxvavebebs, Cvens literaturis istorieb Si xelovnu­

72

literaturis Teoria

rad iqneba gaerTianebuli is movlenebi, ro melTa bune­brivad gaerTianeba savsebiT SesaZlebelia, da iZulebulni viqnebiT SemovifargloT ideologiuri xasiaTis zogier­Ti gamoxmaurebis moxseniebiT, romlebic SemTxveviT iqna aRniSnuli inglisur, germanul an frangul literaturaSi. gadaWarbebuli yuradReba ro melime calkeuli erovnuli enis mimarT gansakuTrebiT sazianoa Sua saukuneebis isto­riis Seswavlisas, radgan Sua saukuneebSi laTinuri iyo um­Tavresi saliteraturo ena da evropa mWidro inteleqtua­lur aspeqtSi erT mTlianobas warmoadgenda. Sua saukunee­bis inglisuri literaturis Sesaxeb dawerili istoria, ro­melic xSirad gverds uvlis laTinursa da anglo­normanul enebze daweril didi raodenobis nawarmoebebs, im periodis inglisSi arsebuli literaturuli da zogadad, kulturu­li viTarebis mcdar suraTs qmnis.

SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis es principi, rasakvirvelia, ar gulisxmobs, rom ugulebelyofil un­da iqnes erovnuli literaturebis Seswavla. marTlac, aq, upirveles yovlisa, saqme gvaqvs swored `erovnulo­bis~ sakiTxTan, imasTan, Tu ra wvlili Seitanes calkeulma erebma saerTo literaturul procesSi. imis nacvlad rom momxdariyo misi Teoriuli eqsplikacia, problema bundo­vani gaxda nacionalisturi ganwyobebiTa da ra sistuli Teoriebis wyalobiT. Tuki SevecdebiT, ga movkveToT in­glisuri literaturis zusti wvlili zogad literatu­raSi, rac TavisTavad mniSvnelovan sirTules warmoadgens, SeiZleba perspeqtivis Secvla mogvixdes da gansxvavebulad SevafasoT mniSvnelovani mwerlebis wvlilic ki. TiToeu­li erovnuli literaturis farglebSi wamoiWreba msgavsi problemebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ramdenadaa warmod­genili regionebi da qalaqebi saerTo literaturis farg­lebSi. iozef nadlerma (Josef Nadler)18 metad gazviadebuli Teoria wamoayena. is acxadebs, rom una ri Seswevs, erTma­neTisagan ganasxvavos TiToeuli germanu li tomisa da re­gionis niSan­Tvisebebi, da gamoavlinos am niSan­TvisebaTa asaxva literaturaSi.A amgvarma Tval sazrisma xeli ar unda

73

zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba

SegviSalos im problemebis gan xilvaSi, romelTac iSviaTad ikvleven faqtebisa da Tanmimdevruli meTodis gamo yenebiT. bevri ram daiwera ima ze, Tu ra roli Seasrula axalma in­glisma, Sua dasavleTma da samxreTma amerikuli lite­raturis istoriaSi, mag ram regionalizmis suliskveTebiT gamsWvaluli amgvari naS romebis umravlesoba, saboloo an­gariSSi, mxolod da mxolod did imedebis, adgilobrivi sia­mayisa da cent ralizaciis procesiT gamowveuli siZulvi­lis nazavia. Nnebismieri obieqturi analizis dros, saWiroa avtorTa rasobrivi warmomavlobisa da sociologiuri sakiTxebi gai mijnos im sakiTxebisagan, romlebic exeba landSaftis realur gavlenas, agreTve _ literaturuli tradiciisa da modis problemebs.

`erovnulobis~ problemebi gansakuTrebiT rTuldeba maSin, rodesac saqme gvaqvs erT enaze Seqmnil sxvadas xva erovnul literaturasTan, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ameri­kuli da Tanamedrove irlandiuri literaturebi. saWiroa gairkves ratom miekuTvnebian ietsi da joisi irlandiul literaturas, xolo goldsmiti, sterni da Seridani ki ara. Aarsebobs Tu ara belgiuri, Sveicariuli, avstiuli Tavisu­fali literatura? Aar aris advili imis gansazRvra Tu ra­tom aRiqmeboda amerikaSi Seqmnili literatura ̀ koloniur inglisurad~ da rodis gaxda is Tavisufali, erovnuli li­teratura. Aigulisxmeba Tu ara masSi mxolod politikuri damoukidebloba? Aaris es mxolod erovnuli Tema da xom ar dakravs mas `iqauri adgilobrivi elferi~? Tu es gansaz­Rvruli erovnuli li teraturuli stilis aRmasvlaa?

Mmxolod maSin rodesac es problemebi gadaiWreba, Cven SevZlebT SevqmnaT da davweroT erovnuli literatu­ris istoria, romelic ar iqneba mxolod geografiuli da lingvisturi kategoriebiT Semofargluli, maSin Tu SevZlebT analizs im gzebisa Tu meTodebisa romelTa meS­veobiT TiToeuli erovnuli literatura gaiziarebs evropul tradiciebs. Uuniversaluri da erovnuli li­te raturebi erTmaneTs gulisxmobs. sayovelTaod gavr­celebeuli evropuli pirobiToba TiToeul qveyanaSi sxva­

74

literaturis Teoria

dasxva saxiT gvevlineba. Aarsebobs aseve e.w. `gamosxivebis centrebi~ yvela qveyanaSi anu igulisxmeba eqscentriu li da gansakuTrebulad didi figurebi romlebic amkvidre ben erovnul tradiciebs sx va tradiciebidan gamomdinare. Dda imisaTvis rom TiToeulis wvlili ganisazRvros, saWi roa ganisazRvros risi codnaa aucilebeli mTels literatu­ris istoriaSi.

75

nawili meore

mosamzadebeli stadiebi

76

77

Tavi meeqvse

faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTeba

*kvlevis erT­erTi upirvelesi amocanaa masalis Seg­

roveba, drois uaryofiTi efeqtebis aRmofxvra, avtorobis, avTenturobisa da TariRebis sakiTxis gadaWra. am proble­mis mogvareba gansakuTrebul ostatobasa da gulmodgine­bas saWiroebs; amasTan erTad, literaturis Seswavlisas aucilebelia imis gacnobierebac, rom esaa mxolod sawyisi etapi kvlevis saboloo miznisaken mimaval gzaze. xSirad ganuzomlad didia am sawyisi nabijebis mniSvneloba, radgan maT gareSe metad garTuldeboda kri tikuli ana lizi da istoriuli perspeqtivis gaazreba. es gansakuTrebiT exeba iseT naxevrad daviwyebul lite raturul tradicias, ro­goricaa anglosaqsuri l iteratura; miuxedavad amisa, ar Rirs sawyisi samuSaoebis mniSvnelobis gazviadeba Taname­drove literaturis Seswavlisas, romlis mizans warmoad­gens nawarmoebTa saz risis interpretacia. Aamgvari kvleve­bi, aucilebeli pe dan tizmis gamo, zogjer dacinvas iwvevs, xan ki maT ga nadideben moCvenebiTi an WeSmariti mecnieruli sizustis ga mo. aku ratuloba da gulmodgineba, romelTa meSveobi Tac SeiZleba gadaiWras zogierTi problema, yo­velTvis izidav da iseT moazrovneebs, romelTac xiblavT Tanmimdevru li kvle va, masalis saguldagulo damuSaveba da gansakuTre bul mniSvnelobas ar aniWeben imas, Tu sabo­lood rogori sa xe SeiZleba miiRos am kvlevebma. msgavsi kvlevebis gakriti ke ba SeiZleba mxolod maSin, roca isini gaumarTleblad ikaveben analizis sxva saxeobaTa adgils da iqcevian nebismieri literaturaTmcodnisTvis savalde­bulo saqmed. xSirad xdeba literaturuli nawarmoebebis iseTi detalebis redaqtireba da imgvari pasaJebis Seswore­ba, romlebic sulac ar imsaxurebs ganxilvas literaturu­

78

literaturis Teoria

li an Tundac istoriuli TvalsazrisiT. xolo rodesac es detalebi ganxilvas imsaxurebs, mkvlevrebi mxolod mini­malur interess iCenen maT mimarT. adamianis sxva moqmede­baTa msgavsad, es kvlevebic zogjer TviTmiznad gadaiqceva xolme.

winaswar etapebs Soris unda ganvasxvavoT ori donis operaciebi, rogoric aris: (1) teqstis Segroveba da momza­deba, agreTve _ (2) qronologiis, avTenturobis, avtoro­bis, TanamSromlobis, reviziisa da sxva msgavsi sakiTxebi, romelTac xSirad `umaRles kritikad~ miiCneven xolme. unda aRiniSnos, rom es termini, romelic bibliismcodneo­bis sferodan aris aRebuli, friad arazustia.

aqedan aucileblad ramdenime etapi unda gamovyoT. uwinaresad, xdeba xelnaweri Tu nabeWdi masalebis erTad Tavmoyra. inglisuri literaturis istoriaSi es amocana TiTqmis zedmiwevniT Sesrulda, Tumca Cvens saukuneSi ing­lisuri misticizmisa da inglisuri poeziis Sesaxeb codnas daemata ramdenime iseTi friad mniSvnelovani wigni, ro­goricaa `marjeri kempis wigni~ (The Book of Margery Kempe), me­duolis (Medwall) “Fulgens and Lucrece” da kristofer smartis (Christopher Smart) “Rejoice in the Lamb”.1 magram, rasakvirvelia, amas garda aRmoCenil iqna uamravi piradi da iuridiuli dokumenti, romelTac SesaZloa bevri ram gviTxran lite­raturaze an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, inglise li mwerlebis cxovrebaze. am mxriv gansakuTrebul yuradRe bas imsa­xurebs bolo aTwleulebSi lesli hotsonis (Leslie Hotson) mier aRmoCenili dokumentebi marlos Sesa xeb da bosuelis (Boswell) dokumentebis aRdgenis faqti.2 sxva erovnul li­teraturebSi SesaZloa aRmoCenebis meti albaToba arse­bobdes, gansakuTrebiT im qveynebSi, romelTac werilobiTi wya roebis didi tradicia ar aqvT.

zepirsityvieri literaturis sferoSi masalebis Seg­roveba garkveul problemebs ukavSirdeba. imi saTvis, rom es literatura jerovnad Sefasdes, unda moiZebnos kompeten­turi momRerali, an mTxrobeli, maT dasayolieblad saWiroa gansakuTrebuli taqti da simarjve. Ggarda amisa, wakiTxuli

79

faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba

da namReri unda Caiweros an gramofonze, an fonetikuri simboloebis gamoyenebiT da a. S. xelnaweri masalebis mopo­vebis dros iseT wminda praqtikul problemebsac vawyde­biT, rogoricaa piradi nacnoboba mwerlis memkvidreebTan, sakuTari socialuri prestiJi, finansuri SezRudvebi da xSirad, erTgvari deteqtiuri unaric.3 amgvari Ziebis dros xSirad specifikuri codnaa saWiro. lesli hotsons, maga­liTad, Tavgza rom ar abneoda uamrav saarqivo dokument­ze muSaobisas, bevri ramis Seswavla dasWirda dedofali elisabedis droindeli sasamarTlo procedurebis Sesaxeb. ramdenadac literaturaTmcodneebs wyaroebis moZieba xSirad biblioTekebSi uxdebaT, maTTvis metad sasargebloa mniSvnelovani biblioTekebisa da maT katalogebis Sesaxeb informaciis qona.4

katalogebis Sedgenisa da bibliografiuli aRweris teqnikuri detalebi biblioTekarebsa da profesional bibliografebs mivandoT, magram zogjer wminda bib lio­grafiul faqtebs SeiZleba literaturuli mniSvneloba da Rirebuleba hqondes. Ggamocemebis raodenobam da zomam, SesaZloa, naTeli mofinos mwerlis warmatebasa da reputa­ciasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, gamocemebs Soris arse­bulma gansxvavebebma ki saSualeba mogvces, davadgi noT av­toris xelaxali Seswavlis etapebi da, amdenad, xelovnebis nawarmoebis warmoSobasa da evoluciasTan dakav Sirebuli problemebi. iseTi ostaturad redaq tirebuli bibliogra­fia, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `ing lisuri literaturis kem­brijis bibliografia~ (Cambridge Bibliography of English Litera-ture) kvlevis farTo are als moicavs; iseTi specializebuli bibliografiebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, gregis (Greg) `ing­lisuri dramis bibliografia~ (Bibliography of English Drama), jonsonis (Johnson) `spenseris bibliografia~ (Spencer Bibliog-raphy), makdonaldis (Macdonald) `draidenis bibliografia~ (Dryden Bibliography), grifitis (Griffith) `poupis bibliogra­fia~ (Pope Bibliography),5 SeiZleba saxelmZRvanelod gamodges literaturis istoriis araerT problemaze msjelobisas. Aamgvari bibliografiebis meoxebiT SesaZloa aucilebeli

80

literaturis Teoria

gaxdes gamomcemlobebis saqmianobis, wignis gamyidvelebi­sa da gamomcemelTa istoriebis Seswavla; am ukanasknelT ki sWirdebaT sabeWdi saSualebebisa da akinZvis codna. is­eTi sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad, romlebic TariRis, gamo­cemaTa Tanmimdevrobis da sxva TvalsazrisiT, SesaZloa, mniS vnelovani iyos literaturis istoriisTvis, erTgvari `literaturuli mecnieruloba~ an didi erudiciaa saWiro. amdenad, `aRweriiTi~ tipis bibliografia, romelic wig­nis Sida struqturas emyareba, unda ganvasxvavoT `aR­mricxveli ~bibliografiisagan, romlis mizania Sed genil iqnes wignebis nusxa, sadac mocemuli iqneba martivi iden­tifikaciisaTvis saWiro aRweriiTi monacemebi.6

rogorc ki masalis mogrovebisa da katalogebis Sed­genis pirveladi etapi dasruldeba, iwyeba redaq tirebis procesi. redaqtireba xSirad metad rTul sa muSaos gu­lisxmobs, romelic moicavs ganmartebasac da istoriul kv­levasac. Aarsebobs gamocemebi, romelTa Se savali da SeniS­vnebi ukve mniSvnelovan kritikis Sem cvelia. redaqtirebam umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula literaturaTmcodneo­bis istoriaSi: bolodroindeli magaliTi rom gavixsenoT, f. n. robinsonis (F. N. Robinson) mier Coseris nawarmoebTa redaqcia mniSvnelovan codnas iZleva am avtoris Sesaxeb. Mmagram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom redaqtirebis mTa­vari mizani nawarmoebis teqstis dadgenaa, am procesis dros garkveuli problemebi Cndeba, romelTa Soris gan­sakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia `teqstis kritika~, ramdenadac am ukanasknels daxvewili meTodebi da xangrZlivi istoria aqvs, gansakuTrebiT _ klasikur da bibliur kvlevebSi.7

erTmaneTisagan mkacrad unda gavmijnoT klasiku­ri an Sua saukuneebis xelnawerebis redaqtirebisas wamoW­rili problemebi da nabeWdi masala. xelnaweri masalebi, pirvel yovlisa, paleografiis, anu im mec nierebis codnas moiTxovs, romelmac metad frTxili kriteriumebi daad­gina xelnawerTa daTariRebasTan dakavSirebiT da abre­viaturebis gaSifrvas mniSvnelovani saxelmZRvaneloebi miuZRvna.8 bevri ram gakeTda imisaTvis, rom dadgeniliyo,

81

faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba

zustad romel periodSi Seiqmna xelnaweri da romel mo­nasterSi. Aaq SeiZleba wamoiWras metad rTuli sakiTxi imas­Tan dakavSirebiT, Tu kerZod ra mimarTebebi arsebobs am xelnawerebs Soris. kvlevis Sedegad unda miviRoT xelna ­werTa warmomavlobis klasifikacia grafikis saxiT.9 bolo aTwleulebSi dom henri quentinma (Dom Henri Quentin) da u. u. gregma10 SeimuSaves detaluri teqnika, romelsac, maTi azriT, mecnieruli sizuste axasiaTebs, Tumca, sxva mec­nierebi, magaliTad bedie (Bedier) da Separdi (Shepard)11 amt­kiceben, rom klasifikaciebis SemuSavebis absoluturad obieqturi meTodi ar arsebobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni wignis farglebSi msgavsi sakiTxebi ver gadawydeba, ufro meore Tvalsazrisisaken vixrebiT. migvaCnia, rom umetes SemTxvevebSi upriania, moxdes im xelnaweris redaqtireba, romelic yvelaze metad uaxlovdeba avtoris nawarmoebs da aRar vecadoT, rom aRvadginoT hipoTezuri `origi­nali~. redaqtireba, rasakvirvelia, Sejerebis Sedegebs daemyareba da Tavad xelnaweris arCeva xelnawerTa mTeli tradiciis Seswavlis Sedegad moxdeba. Piers Plowman­is Cve­namde moRweuli samo ci xelnawerisa da `kenterberiuli moTxrobebis~ (Canterbury Tales)12 oTxmocdasami xelnaweris arseboba gvafiqrebinebs, rom, samwuxarod, albaT ar arse­bobda is avtorizebuli varianti an arqetipi, romelic Ta­namedrove nawarmoebis saboloo redaqciis analogi SeiZle­boda yofiliyo.

nawarmoebis xelaxla gadaxedva, anu nawarmoebis war­momavlobis an wyaros aRdgena unda ganvasxvavoT teqstis kritikisa da Sesworebisagan, romelic, rasa kvirvelia, am klasifikaciebs gaiTvaliswinebs, magram, imavdroulad, mxedvelobaSi miiRebs im Tvalsazrisebsa da kriteriumeb­sac, romlebic xelnawerTa tradicias ar ukavSirdeba.13 teqstis Sesworeba SesaZloa `avTen turobis~ kriteriums daeyrdnos, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom romelime calkeuli sityva an pasaJi yvelaze Zveli da saukeTeso (anu avto­ritetuli) xelnaweridan aRvadginoT, magram am SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli gaxdeba `sizustis~ iseTi sazomebis gamoyeneba,

82

literaturis Teoria

rogoricaa lingvisturi kriteriumebi, istoriuli krite­riumebi da, bolos, aucilebeli fsiqologiuri kriteriume­bi. sxva SemTxvevaSi metad gaZneldeboda iseTi `meqanikuri~ Secdomebis aRmofxvra, rogorebicaa araswori wakiTxva, asociaciebi da Tavad gadamwerTa mier gaucnobiereblad Setanili cvlilebebi. Bbolos da bolos, bevri ram unda mi­vandoT kritikosis varauds, mis gemovnebasa da enobriv in­tuicias. Tanamedrove redaqtorebi, Cveni azriT, sul ufro eridebian amgvari savaraudo prognozis gakeTebas, magram roca saqme diplomatiur teqsts exeba, imisi Tqmac ki Sei­Zleba, rom redaqtori axdens TiToeuli Semoklebis, gad­amweris mier daSvebuli Secdomisa da Tavdapirveli punq­tuaciis srul rekonstruqcias. SesaZloa, zogierTi redaq­toris an enaTmecnierisaTvis amas garkveuli mniS vneloba hqondes, magram literaturis mkvlevrisTvis es mxolod da mxolod arafris momtani dabrkolebaa. Cven viTxovT ara modernizebul, aramed iseT teqstebs, romelTa wakiTxva SesaZlebelia. es saSualebas mogvcems, Tavidan aviridoT usargeblo marCieloba da cvlilebebi, agreT ve, dagvex­mareba imaSi, rom minimumamde daviyvanoT teqstis is ele­mentebi, romlebic mxolod gadamwerTa midrekilebe bisa da Cvevebis Sedegia.

Cveulebriv, dabeWdili masalis redaqtirebisas nakleb problemebs vawydebiT, vidre xelnawerTa redaq­tirebisas. arsebobs erTi gansxvaveba, romelsac winaT xSirad ver amCnevdnen xolme. klasikur xelnawerTa Soris TiTqmis yovelTvis gvxvdeba sxvadasxva drosa da adgi las Seqmnili dokumentebi, romelTa Seqmnis Semdeg saukunee­bia gasuli. amitom SegviZlia Tavisuflad gamoviyenoT am xelnawerTa umravlesoba, romelTagan TiToeuli, Sesa­Zloa, romelime uZveles wyaros emyareba. Tumca, wignebis SemTxvevaSi, Cveulebriv, mxolod erTi an ori gamocema sargeblobs xolme romelime damoukidebeli avtoritetiT. Cveni arCevani ZiriTad gamocemaze unda SeCerdes, romelic an pirveli gamocema iqneba, an avtoris meTvalyureobiT Sedgenili bolo gamocema. zogjer, magaliTad, uitmenis

83

faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba

(Whitman) `balaxis foTlebis~ SemTxvevaSi (Leaves of Grass), romelic araerTxel iqna gamocemuli da Sesworebuli, an poupis ‘‘Dunciad’’-is kritikuli gamocemisas, romlis sul mcire, ori, erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli versia arsebobs, SesaZloa saWiro gaxdes, orive maTga­nis an yvela versiis dabeWdva.14 mTlianobaSi, Tanamedrove redaqto rebs xSirad ar surT, gamoscen ekleqtikuri te­qstebi, Tumca saWiroa imis gacnobiereba, rom, magaliTad, `hamletis~ TiTqmis yvela gamocema meore kvartosa da fo­lios nazavs warmoadgens. dedofali elisabedis droin­deli piesebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mivideT daskvnamde, rom zogjer ar arsebobda is saboloo versia, romlis aRdgenac unda moxdes. igive SeiZleba iTqvas zepirsityvier poeziaze (mag. baladebSi), sadac erTi arqetipis Zieba unayofo Sro­maa. baladebis redaqtorebi mxolod gvianRa mixvdnen amas. persi (Percy) da skoti (Scott) Tavisuflad `amaxinjebdnen~ sxvadasxva versiebs (zogjer gadawerdnen kidevac), xolo pirveli mecnieruli gamomcemlebi, rogoric iyo, magali­Tad, mazerueli (Motherwell), erT versias irCevdnen, ro gorc sxvebze upiratessa da originalurs. sabolood Caildma (Child) gadawyvita daebeWda yvela versia.15

rac Seexeba dedofali elisabedis droindel piesebs, garkveulwilad unikalur teqstobriv problemebs vawy­debiT: xSirad, es piesebi ufro metad aris Secvlili, vid re Tanamedrove wignebis umravlesoba. es xdeboda nawilobriv imis gamo, rom piesebs didi yuradRebis Rirsad ar miiCnevd­nen da nawilobriv imitom, rom is xelnawerebi, romelTa mixedviTac es piesebi ibeWdeboda, xSirad avtoris an av­torebis `Savi piris~ metismetad gadamuSavebul variants an zogjer sakarnaxo egzemplars warmoadgenda, romelSic Sesuli iyo aseve Teatrebis mier Setanili SeniSvnebi da Sesworebebi. amas garda, arsebobda cud `kvartoTa~ gansa­kuTrebuli tipic, romelic, rogorc Cans, ibeWdebo da an mexsierebaSi aRdgenis gziT an msaxiobTa rolebis frag­mentebis da, SesaZloa, primitiuli stenografiuli ver­siis mixedviT. bolo aTwleulebSi didi yuradReba eT moba

84

literaturis Teoria

am problemebs da polardisa (Pollard) da gregis aRmoCenebis Semdeg, Seqspiris kvartoebis reklasificireba moxda.16 ase­Ti wminda `sagamomcemlo~codnis safuZvelze, polardma warmoaCina, rom Seqspiris piesebis zogierTi kvarto, Tumca realurad 1619 wels daibeWda da savaraudod mogvianebiT avtoris krebulSi unda Sesuliyo, ganzrax iq na ufro ad­reuli periodiT daTariRebuli.

dedofali elisabedis droindeli xelweris Seswav­las, romelic nawilobriv im varaudze iyo dafuZnebuli, rom piesis `ser Tomas moris~ (Sir Thomas More) gadarCenili xelnaweris sami gverdi Tavad Seqspiris xelweriTaa Ses­rulebuli,17 mniSvnelovani Sedegebi mohyva teqstis kri­tikis sferoSi, risi meoxebiTac SesaZlebeli gaxda elisa­bedis droindeli asoTamwyobis mier daSvebuli SesaZlo Secdomebis daxarisxeba, maSin, rodesac stambaTa saqmiano­bis Seswavlis Sedegad gamovlinda, Tu ra tipis Secdomebia mosalodneli. magram zogierTi redaq tori teqstis Ses­worebis dros jer kidev garkveuli TavisuflebiT sarge­blobs, rac cxadyofs, rom dRemde aravis aRmouCenia te­qstis kritikis `obieqturi~ meTodi. rasakvirvelia, dover uilsonis (Dover Wilson) mier kembrijis gamocemaSi Setanili bevri Sesworeba iseTsave ucnaur da usafuZvlo varauds warmoadgens, rogorc meTvramete saukunis redaqtorebis marCieloba. Mmiuxedavad amisa, sainteresoa, rom Teobaldis (Theobald) brwyinvale migneba (romlis mixedviT, falstafis sikvdilis misis quiqliseul (Quickly) aRweraSi A ''a table of green fields''­s Caenacvla “a babbled of green fields”) emyareba elisabe­dis droindeli xelwerisa da marTlweris Seswavlas: ‘‘a bab-bled’’ Tavisuflad SeiZleboda moCvenebodaT ‘‘a table’’­ad.

damajerebelma argumentebma imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom kvartoebi (ramdenime mdare gamonaklisis garda), sa­varaudod, an avtoris xelnaweridan iyo dabeWdili, an su­flioris komentarebidan, meti avtoritetuloba SesZi na adreul gamocemebs da ramdenadme gaanela is pativiscema, romelsac doqtori jonsonis periodidan moyolebuli, folios (Folio) miakuTvnebdnen. teqstis ingliseli mkvlev­

85

faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba

rebi, romlebic SecdomiT miiCneven sakuTar Tavs `bib­liografebad~ (McKerrow, Greg, Pollard, Dover Wilson da sxvebi), cdilobdnen, yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi daedastu rebi ­naT, romeli xelnaweri SeiZleboda miCneuliyo avtorite­tu lad TiToeuli kvartosaTvis. maT is Teoriebi gamoi ye ­nes, romlebic bibliografiuli kvlevis Sedegad nawilo b­riv iqna SemuSavebuli imisaTvis, raTa hipoTezebi gamoeTq­vaT Seqspiris piesebis warmoSobasTan, gadadamuSavebas Tan, cvlilebebTan da sxva avtorebis mier Setanil wvlil Tan dakavSirebiT. maT mxolod nawilobriv ainteresebT teqs­tis kritika; douver uilsonis nawarmoebi, SeiZleba iTq vas, marTebulad miekuTvneba `maRal kritikas~.

uilsoni did imedebs amyarebs am meTodze: `SegviZlia zogjer `SevZvreT asoTamwyobis kanSi~ da misi TvaliT da­vinaxoT, rom Seqspiris saxelosnos kari Riaa.~18 eWvs ar iw vevs is, rom “bibliografebma”, garkveulwilad, naTeli mohfines elisabedis droindeli piesebis kompozicias. maT sajarod ganacxades da, SesaZloa, daamtkices kidec, rom xe­laxali Seswavla da cvlilebebis warmoSoba Cveuli ambavi iyo. magram douver uilsonis uamrav hipoTezas TiTqosda fantaziasTan ufro meti aqvs saerTo, vidre realobasTan, radgan am hipoTezebis dasamtkiceblad argumentebi an Zal­ze mcirea, an saerTod ar arsebobs. amdenad, douver uil­sonma moaxdina `qariSxlis~ (The Tempest) warmoSobis rekon­struqcia. is amtkicebs, rom eqspoziciis xangrZlivi scena metyvelebs adreuli versiis arsebobaze, romelSic fabu­lis wina istoria, “The Winter’s Tale”­is msgavsad, Tavisufali stiliT dawerili dramis formiT aris gadmocemuli. magram strofikis mcire Seusabamobebic ki ver amarTlebs egzom ararealistur da fuW fantazias.19

dedofali elisabedis droindeli piesebis SemTxve­vaSi teqstis kritika metad warmatebuli iyo, magram, imav­droulad, bundovanic; magram is aseve aucilebelia im wignebisTvis, romlebSic avtoroba ukeTaa dadasturebuli. Ppaskalma (Pascal) da goeTem, jein ostinma (Jane Austen) da Ta­vad trolopmac (Trollope) ki, didad isargebles Tanamedrove redaqtorebis detalebisadmi erTgulebiT,20 miuxedavad

86

literaturis Teoria

imisa, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi es naSromebi mxolod da mx­olod imis CamonaTvals warmoadgens, Tu kerZod ra saqmi­anobas ewevian stambebi da asoTamwyobni.

gamocemis momzadebis dros gasaTvaliswinebelia misi daniSnuleba da SesaZlo mkiTxveli. teqstis mkvlevarTa au­ditoriisTvis redaqtirebis sxva standarti iqneba saWiro, radgan mkvlevrebi, ZiriTadad, dainteresebuli arian imiT, rom sxvadasxva versiebis umciresi detalebic ki Seadaron.rac Seexeba mkiTxvelTa farTo wreebs, maTTvis ki saWiro iqneba gansxvavebuli standarti imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom zemoxsenebuli sakiTxebiT farTo mkiTxveli naklebadaa dainteresebuli.

redaqtirebisas vawydebiT ufro rTul problemebs, vidre swori teqstis dadgenaa.21Tavs iCens nawarmoeb Ta kre­bulSi teqstSi Setanisa da teqstidan amoRebis, ganlagebis, anotaciisa Tu sxva sakiTxebi, romlebic Sem Txvevidan Sem­Txvevamde SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad gan s xva vdebodes. Sesa­Zloa, mkvlevrisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani gamocema iyos sruli gamocema, romelic mkac rad icavs qronologiur prin­cips, mag ram amgvari idealis miR weva an rTulia, an saerTod SeuZlebeli. qro nologiuri ganlageba SesaZloa an mxolod varauds em yarebodes, an gaauqmos leqsebis mxatvruli Tval­sazrisiT ganlageba erTi krebulis farglebSi. literatu­ris mkiTxvels ar moewoneba didebulisa da trivialuris Sezaveba, Tu erTmaneTis gverdiT davbeWdavT kitsis odas da Tanamedrove werilSi CarTul saxumaro leqss. SesaZloa, CvenTvis misaRebi iyos bodleris `borotebis yvavilebis~ (Fleurs du mal) an konrad ferdinand meieris (Conrad Ferdinand Meyer) `leqsebis~ (Gedichte) mxatvruli ganlageba, magram sxva sakiTxia, Rirs Tu ara SevinarCu noT uordsuorTis (Word-sworth) msatvruli klasifikaciebi. Mmeore mxriv, Tuki da­varRvevT uordsuorTis leqsebis avtoriseul ganlagebas da qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT davbeWdavT maT, gagvi­Wirdeba imisi gansazRvra, kerZod romeli versia unda dagve­beWda. SesaZloa, ufro swori iyos arCevanis SeCereba pirvel versiaze, radgan gviani, Sesworebuli versia rom adrindeli

87

faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba

TariRiT dagvebeWda, uordsuorTis mxatvruli ganviTarebis damaxinjebul su raTs miviRebdiT; miuxedavad amisa, albaT marTebuli ar iqneboda, rom mTlianad uargveyo poetis sur­vili da yu radReba aRar migveqcia gviandeli versiebisTvis, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi pirvelis gaumjobesebul vari­ants warmoadgens. amdenad, ernest de selinkurma (Ernest de Selincourt) gadawyvita, uordsuorTis sruli poemebis gamo­cemaSi SeenarCunebina tradiciuli Tanamimdevroba. araerTi sruli gamocema (magaliTad, Selis nawarmoebebis krebuli) yuradRebas ar aqcevs arsebul mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas xe­lovnebis dasrulebul nawarmoebsa da ama Tu im avtoris mier Sesrulebul mcire fragments Soris, romelic xSirad mxo­lod fragmentadve rCeba. bevri poetis literaturul repu­tacias SesaZloa Crdilic ki miadges, Tu romelime Tanamed­rove gamocemaSi warmodgenili iqneba maTi nawarmoebebis sruli krebuli, sadac dasrulebul nawarmoebebTan erTad yvelaze umniSvnelo, SemTxveviTi leqsebic ki Seva.

komentirebis sakiTxic gamocemis mizans unda daeqvem­debaros:22 Seqspiris yvelaze srul gamocemaSi ko mentari, SesaZloa, mniSvnelovnad aRematebodes teq sts moculobis TvalsazrisiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki ko mentarSi Seva yvela im adamianis mosazreba, visac ki odesme dauweria raime Seqs­piris Sesaxeb. Ees mkvlevars sagrZnoblad gauiolebs saqmes, radgan mas aRar mouwevs misTvis saWiro informaciis Zebna uamrav gamoqveynebul masalas Soris. Cveulebriv mkiTxvels bevrad naklebi dasWirdeba: misTvis sakmarisia mxolod is in­formacia, ro melic mas nawarmoebis aRqmaSi daexmareba. ra­sakvirvelia, mosazrebebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra aris saWiro, SesaZloa didad gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisgan: zogierTi gamomcemeli mkiTxvels eubneba, rom dedofali elisabedi protestanti iyo, uxsnis, Tu vin iyo devid gariki (David Garrick) da amiT Tavidan icilebs SesaZlo gaugebrobebs. rTulia, vimsjeloT imis Taobaze, vrceli unda iyos Tu ara komentari, Tuki gamomcemeli bolomde ar gaerkveva, kerZod ra tipis mkiTxvelisTvisaa gaTvlili gamocema da ra mizans emsaxureba is.

88

literaturis Teoria

komentari, am sityvis mkacri gagebiT, romelic te­qstis ganmartebas warmoadgens (iqneba es lingvisturi, istoriuli Tu a. S. komentari), unda gavmijnoT zogadi ko­mentarisagan, romelmac, SesaZloa, ubralod Tavi mouyaros masalas literaturis an enis istoriisTvis (mag., miuTiTos wyaroebi, paralelebi, sxva mweralTa mibaZvis faqtebi) da aseve im komentarisagan, romelic, SesaZloa, esTetikuri bunebisa iyos, Seicavdes mcire zomis statiebs garkveuli pasaJebis Sesaxeb da amdenad, asrulebdes an Tologiis funq­cias. SesaZloa, yovelTvis ioli ar iyos, am sferoebis urT­ierTgamijvna, Tumca teqstis kritikis, literaturis isto­riis (wyaroTSeswavlis sferoSi), enob rivi da istoriuli ganmartebis da esTetikuri komentaris nazavi bevr gamo­cemaSi saeWvo xasiaTis literaturul kvle vas ufro hgavs, romlis ZiriTadi Rirseba mxolod isaa, rom erT wignSi Tav­moyrilia yvelanairi informacia.

werilebis redaqtirebisas gansakuTrebuli prob le­mebis winaSe vdgebiT. unda moxdes Tu ara maTi sruli saxiT redaqtireba maSinac ki, Tu es werilebi mxolod banaluri xasiaTis saqmian mimoweras warmoadgens? iseTi mwerlebis reputacias, rogorebicaa stivensoni (Stevenson), merediti (Meredith), arnoldi da svinborni (Swinbourne), mniSvnelova­ni araferi Sematebia maTi werilebis gamoqveynebiT, radgan am werilebs literaturuli Rirebuleba arasodes hqonda. Usxva sakiTxia, unda daibeWdos Tu ara pasuxebic, romelTa gareSec, xSir SemTxvevaSi, warmoudgenelia korespon­dencia. amgvarad, ama Tu im avtoris nawarmoebebSi bevri araerTgvarovani masalaa CarTuli. es praqtikuli sakiTxe­bia, romelTa gadaWrac gonivrul midgomas, gar kveul Tana­mimdevrulobas, gulmodginebas da mTel rig SemTxvevebSi, iRbalsac saWiroebs.

teqstis dadgenis garda, winaswari kvlevis dros, didi mniSvneloba aqvs iseTi sakiTxebis gadaWras, rogoricaa qronologia, avTenturoba, avtoroba da nawarmoebis xe­laxali Seswavla. xSir SemTxvevaSi qronologiis dadgena xdeba wignis satitulo furcelze TariRis gamoqveynebiT

89

faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba

an publikaciis Tanamedrove dasabuTebiT. magram es wya­roebi (magaliTad, dedofali elisabedis droindeli pie­sebi da Sua saukuneebis xelnawerebi) xSirad xelmisawvdomi ar aris. SesaZloa, elisabedis droindeli piesa daibeWdos misi pirveli Teatraluri warmodgenidan didi xnis gav­lis Semdeg; Sua saukuneebis xelnaweri, xSirad warmoad­gens asls, romelic nawarmoebis Seqmnidan mniSvnelovani drois gasvlis Semdeg Seiqmna. maSasadame, garegani faqtebi Ca nacvlebul unda iqnes Tavad teqstidan aRebuli iseTi faqtebiT, rogoricaa miniSneba Tanamedrove movlenebze da sxva iseTi wyaroebi, romelTa daTariRebac SesaZlebelia.Ees Sinagani faqtebi, romlebic gareSe movlenaze miuTiTebs, mxolod im amosaval TariRze mianiSnebs, romlis Semdgo mac daiwera wignis es nawili.

aviRoT, magaliTad, Sinagani `mtkicebuleba~, ro­melic SeiZleba metruli statistikis Seswavlis Sede­gad gamoCn des saimisod, rom dadgindes Seqspiris pie se ­bis Tanamimdevro ba. Aamgvari mtkicebulebiT mxolod far ­dobiTi qronolo giis dadgena SeiZleba.23 Tumca SeiZ leba davuSvaT, rom Seqspiris piesebSi riTmebis raodenoba mcirdeba ‘‘Love’s Labour Lost’’­idan (sadac maTi raodenoba yvelaze metia) ‘‘The Winter’s Tale’’­mde (sadac riTmebi saer­Tod ar aris), magram dabejiTebiT ver vityviT, rom The Win-ter’s Tale maincadamainc `qariSxlis~ (The Tempest) (sadac sul ori riTmaa) Semdeg daiwera. radganac iseTi kriteriumebi, rogorebicaa riTmebis raodenoba, mded robiTi daboloe­bebi da a. S. yovelTvis erTsa da ima ve Sedegebs ar iZleva, amitom rTulia dadgindes myari da calsaxa mimarTeba qro­nologiasa da metrul cxrilebs So ris. sxva tipis mtkice­bulebisagan gansxvavebiT, es cxri lebi sxvagvarad SeiZleba iyos ganmartebuli. meTvramete saukunis kritikosi jeims hardisi (James Hurdis), 24 magaliTad, miiCnevda, rom Seq­spirma ‘‘The Winter’s Tale’’­is arasimetriuli leqsidan “the Comedy of Errors”­is simetriul leqsze gadainacvla. miuxe­davad amisa, yvela am tipis mtkicebulebis (garegani, Sida­garegani da Sida) frTxili kombinaciis Sedegad miviReT

90

literaturis Teoria

Seqspiris piesebis met­naklebad argumentirebuli qrono­logia. statistikuri me Todebi, romelTa saSualebiTac ZiriTadad ikvleven imas, Tu ramdenad xSirad Cndeba teqst­Si esa Tu is sityva, luis kempbelma (Lewis Campbell) da, gansa­kuTrebiT, vinsenti lutoslavskim (Wincenty Lutoslawski) (igi sakuTar meTods `stilometrias~ uwodebs) gamoiyenes pla­tonis dialogebis miaxloebiTi qronologiis dasadgenad.25

Tu dauTariRebeli xelnawerebi unda ganvixiloT, SesaZloa ufro met, mTel rig SemTxvevebSi gadauWrel qronologiur sirTuleebs wavawydeT. SeiZleba avtoris xelweris ganviTarebis Seswavla mogvixdes. zogjer au­cilebeli xdeba markebisa da werilebis Seswavlac, agreTve ­ kalendarze dakvirveba imisaTvis, rom dadgindes avtoris moZraobis marSruti, rac nawarmoebTa zusti da TariRebisas mniSvnelovnad dagvexmareba. qronologiuri sakiTxebi xSirad Zalze mniSvnelovania literaturis istorikosi­saTvis: sanam es sakiTxebi ar gadaiWreba, is torikosi ver moaxerxebs, daadginos Seqspiris an Coseris mxatvruli gan­viTarebis gza. mecxramete saukunis bolos malouni (Malone) da tirviti (Tyrwhitt) pionerebi iyvnen, magram mas Semdeg de­talebTan dakavSirebuli dava ar Sewyvetila.

avTenturobisa da atribuciis sakiTxebi SesaZloa ufro mniSvnelovanic ki iyos da maT gadasaWrelad saWiro gaxdes rTuli stilisturi da istoriuli kvlevebis war­moeba.26 Cven zustad gvaqvs dadgenili zogierTi nawarmoe­bis avtorobis sakiTxi Tanamedrove literaturaSi. Tumca, arsebobs agreTve didi raodenobiT fsevdonimuri da anoni­muri literatura, romelTa avtorebis gamxela zogjer mainc xdeba xolme, maSinac ki, Tu es saidumlo sxva arafe­ria, Tu ar mxolod arafrismTqmeli saxeli.

xSirad warmoiWreba avtoris nawarmoebTa avTen tu­robis sakiTxi meTvramete saukuneSi aRmoCnda, rom di di nawili imisa, rac Coseris nawarmoebebis beWdur gamocemeb­Si iyo CarTuli (rogoricaa, mag., The Testament of Creseid da The Flower and the Leaf), SeuZlebelia, namdvilad Coseris nawar­moebebi iyos. dResac ki Seqspiris nawarmoebebis avTen­

91

faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba

turobis sakiTxi jer kidev gadauWreli rCeba. rogorc Cans, isari meore ukiduresobisaken gadaixara im droidan moyolebuli, rodesac avgust vilhelm Slegelma (August Wilhelm Schlegel) Tavdajerebulad ganacxada, rom yvela apokrifi namdvilad Seqspiris nawarmoebs warmoadgens.27 bolo dros j. m. robertsoni (J. M. Robertson) TavgamodebiT uWerda mxars `Seqspiris dezintegracias~, anu im Tvalsaz­riss, romlis Sedegadac Seqspirs lamisaa yvelaze popu­laruli piesebis avtorobac ki CamoarTves. am Sexedulebis mixedviT, ̀ iulius keisari~(Julius Caesar) da ̀ venecieli vaWar­ic~ ki (The Merchant of Venice) TiTqosda mxolod marlos, gri­nis (Greene), pilis (Peele), kidis (Kyd) da am epoqis sxva ramde­

nime dramaturgis nawarmoebTa pasaJebis Sekowiwebis Sede­gad Seiqmna.28 robertsonis meTodi, Zi riTadad, arsebuli Seusabamobebisa da literaturuli paralelebis aRmoCenas cdilobs. es meTodi metad bun dovani da subieqturia. is mcdar Tvalsazriss efuZneba da mankieri wreSi ketavs mkvl­evars: Tanamedrove kvlevebis meoxebiT, Cven viciT, romelia Seqspiris nawarmoebebi (is, rac folioSi da im droindeli saavtoro uflebebis damcveli organizaciis CanawerebSia moxseniebuli); mag ram robertsoni, TviTneburi esTetikuri msjelobis sa fuZvelze, mxolod maRalfardovani stiliT dawerili zogierTi pasaJis avtorobas miawers Seqspirs da amtki cebs, rom Seqspiri mxolod am maRali standartiT wer­da da, amdenad, mas ar SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT ufro dabali donis nawarmoebebi an iseTi piesebi, romelic enaTesaveba Seqspiris Tanamedrove dramaturgTa nawarmoebebs. Tumca, safuZveli ar gvaqvs, vamtkicoT, TiTqos Seqspirs ar SeeZ­lo daewera susti an naklebad Rrma nawarmoebi, an sakuTari TanamedroveebisaTvis miebaZa da sxvadasxva stilis aRreva moexdina. meore mxriv, sarwmuno araa Zveli Tvalsazrisic, TiTqos folioSi yoveli sityva Seqspirs ekuTvnis.

am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT rTulia saboloo pa suxis migneba, radgan dedofali elisabedis droindeli drama mniSvnelovanwilad koleqtiuri xelovneba iyo da mWidro TanamSromloba gavrcelebuli praqtika gaxl daT. xSirad

92

literaturis Teoria

metad rTuli iyo stilis mixedviT erTi avtoris meorisagan garCeva. SeiZleba Tavad avtorebsac gaZnelebodaT nawar­moebSi sakuTari wvlilis odenobis zus tad gansazRvra.29 Ta­naavtorobis Seswavla literatu ris mkvlevrisTvis zogjer Zalze Znelia. bomontisa da fletCeris SemTxvevebSic, rodesac zustad viciT, rom saqme gvaqvs nawarmoebTan, ro­melic fletCerma bomontis sikvdilis Semdeg dawera, maTi individualuri wvlilis sakiTxi jer kidev azrTa sxvadasx­vaobas iwvevs. saqme kidev ufro garTulebulia The Revenger’s Tragedy­is SemTxvevaSi, romelic xan vebsters (Webster) mia­werdnen, xan turners (Tourneur), xan midltonsa (Middleton) da xan marstons (Marston). 30

msgavsi sirTuleebi wamoiWreba maSin, roca vcdi lobT davamtkicoT avtorobis sakiTxi iq, sadac gareSe monace­mebis uqonlobis pirobebSi gansazRvruli tra diciuli manera da erTferovani stili ganuzomlad arTu lebs nawarmoebTa erTmaneTisagan gamijnvis process. amisi mag­aliTebi uamravia trubadurebTan an meTvramete saukunis pamfletistebTan (Znelia damtkicdes defos nawarmoebTa avTenturobis sakiTxi)31, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT periodu­li gamocemebis anonim avtorebze, Tumca, xSir SemTxveva­Si, SesaZloa, am mxriv garkveul warmatebeb sac mivaRwioT. gamomcemlobebis Canawerebis an periodu li gamocemebis damuSavebuli aslebis Seswavlam SeiZleba gamoaaSkaravos axali gareSe faqtebi; amas garda, Tu saguldagulod Se­viswavliT imas, rogoraa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli ama Tu im avtoris statiebi (iseTi avtorebi, rogoricaa, mag­aliTad, goldsmiti, xSirad axdenen sa kuTari Tavis citire­bas), SesaZloa friad Rirebuli daskvnebi gavakeToT.32 g. adni uilma (G. Udny Yule), romelic statistikosi gaxldaT, metad rTuli maTematikuri me Todebi gamoiyena iseTi mwer­lebis sityvaTa maragis Se saswavlad, rogoricaa YToma kem­pieli (Thomas a Kempis). mas surda daedgina, rom ramdenime xelnaweri erTi da imave avtoris mier iyo Sesrulebuli.33 stilisturi meTodebis Tanmimdevruli gamoyenebis Sem­TxvevaSi SesaZlebelia iseTi faqtebis moZieba, romlebic,

93

faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba

miuxedavad garkveuli naklovanebisa, gazrdis identifika­ciis albaTobas.

literaturis istoriaSi avTenturobis da gayalbebis sakiTxma mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula da mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba Semdgomi kvlevebis warmoeba.A amdenad, makfer­sonis (Macpherson) `osianTan~ dakavSirebulma azrTa sxva­dasxvaobam xeli Seuwyo Sotlandiuri xalxuri poeziis Ses­wavlas, CetertonTan (Chatterton) dakavSirebulma azr Ta sx­vadasxvaobam gamoiwvia Sua saukuneebis inglisis istoriisa da literaturis ufro siRrmiseuli Seswavla, Seqspiris piesebisa da dokumentebis gayalbebas ki mohyva diskusiebi Seqspirze da elisabedis droindeli Teatris istoriaze.34 Cetertonis, Tomas uartonis (Thomas Warton), Tomas tirvi­tis da Eedmund malounis nawarmoebTa ganxil vam wina planze wamowia istoriuli da literaturuli argumentebi imis dasamtkiceblad, rom roulis (Rowley) leqsebi mxolod da mxolod Tanamedrove TaRliTobaa. ori Taobis Semdeg u. u. skitma (W. W. Skeat sistematurad Seiswavla Sua periodis in­glisuri gramatika da yuradReba gaamaxvila imaze, rom dar­Rveuli iyo elementaruli gramatikuli tradiciebi, rac misi azriT, swored ga yalbebis maniSnebeli unda yofiliyo. edmund malounma mkacrad gaakritika axalgazrda irland­ieli avtorebis uxeiro mcdeloba, sxvaTaTvis miebaZaT, Tumca, isinic ki, Cetertonisa da osianis msgavsad, im pirTa (magaliTad, cnobili mecnieris, Calmersis (Chalmers), mniS­vnelovani mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen, romlebsac myari reputacia hqondaT Seqspiris kvlevis istoriaSi.

rodesac gaCnda gayalbebis saSiSroeba, mkvlevrebi iZulebuli gaxdnen, daezustebinaT tradiciuli daTa­riRebisa da ama Tu im avtorisTvis mikuTvnebis argumen­tebi, ramac nayofieri polemika gamoiwvia: sagulisxmoa, magaliTad, hrosvitas SemTxveva: meaTe saukunis germaneli monazvnis nawarmoebebi, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, meTxuTmete saukunis germanelma humanistma, konrad celtesma (Conrad Celtes) gaayalba, rusul `Слово о полку Игореве~­s tradici­ulad meTormete saukuniT aTariRebdnen, magram, rogorc

94

literaturis Teoria

aR moCnda, nawarmoebi meTvramete saukunis damlevs iqna gayalbebuli.35 CexeTSi ori (savaraudod Sua saukuneebis droindeli) xelnaweris _ “Zelená hora” da “Kralove dvur”_ gay­albebis sakiTxi mwvave politikuri debatebis sakiTxi iyo 1880­ian wlebamde; da tomaS masarikma (Thomas Masaryk), ro­melic mogvianebiT Cexoslovakiis prezidenti gaxda, far­To popularoba nawilobriv im dapirispirebebisa da davis dros moipova, romelic lingvisturi sakiTxebiT da iwyo da imdenad gafarTovda, rom erTmaneTs daupirispi ra mecni­eruli sizuste da romantikuli TviTmotyueba.36

zogjer avTenturobisa da avtorobis sakiTxSi Car­Tulia `mtkicebulebis~ rTuli problemebi, romlebic iseT gansxvavebul sferoebs SeiZleba moicavdes, rogorebicaa paleografia, bibliografia, lingvistika da istoria. zo­gierT bolodroindel aRmoCenebs Soris aRsaniSnavia bib­liofil t. j. uaizis (T. J. Wise) saqme mecxramete saukunis 86 pamfletis gayalbebasTan dakavSirebiT: karterisa da polardis37 mier Catarebuli deteqtiuri kvlevebi iseT aspeqtebs Seexo, rogoricaa wylis niSnebi, melnis xarisxi, calkeuli asoebis moxazuloba SriftebSi da a.S. (Tumca, es sakiTxebi mxolod mcired aris dakavSirebuli pirdapir literaturasTan).

ar unda dagvaviwydes is, rom maSinac ki, rodesac avto­ris nawarmoebis TariRis Secvla xdeba, kritikuli ganxilva Tavis aqtualurobas ar kargavs. Cetertonis leq sebs arc araferi akldeba da arc emateba imiT, rom isini meTvramete saukuneSi daiwera. am garemoebas xSirad ar iTvaliswine­ben aRSfoTebuli literaturaTmcodne ebi, romlebic uaryofiTad ganewyobian xolme nawarmoe bis mimarT, Tuki damtkicdeba, rom misi warmoSobac uf ro gviandel periods ukavSirdeba.

unda aRiniSnos, rom morizis (Morize), rudleris (Rudler) da sandersis (Sanders)38 meToduri saxelmZRvaneloebi praq­tikulad mxolod am TavSi ganxilul sakiTxebs exe ba. amas garda, es is meTodebia, romelTac aswavlian ame rikis SeerTe­

95

faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba

buli Statebis kolejebSi. miuxedavad maTi mniSvne lobisa, unda vaRiaroT, rom kvlevis es tipebi mxo lod analizis, in­terpretaciisa da literaturis mizezobrivi axsnis sawyis etaps warmoadgens. imas, Tu ramdenad ga marTlebuli iqneba amgvari kvlevebi, Sedegebi gviCvenebs.

96

97

nawili mesame

literaturis Seswavlis garegani meTodi

98

99

Sesavali

*literaturaTmcodneobis yvelaze ufro gavrce­

lebuli da warmatebuli meTodebi mTavar yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, Tu sad da rodis xdeba moqmedeba, ra garemoSi da viTarebaSi daiwera nawarmoebi, anu imaze, ra­sac SeiZleba garegani mizezebi vuwodoT. garegani meTo­debi marto warsulis SeswavliT ar Semoifargleba. maT Ta­namedrove li teraturis Sesaswavladac iyeneben. ase rom, sworad mo viqceviT, Tu termins `istoriuli” gamoviyenebT literaturis imgvari Seswavlis mimarT, romelic, pirvel yovlisa, ganixilavs literaturis cvlilebas droSi, anu, ZiriTadad, Seiswavlis istoriul ganviTarebas. kvlevis ,,ga reganma“ meTodma SeiZleba miznad daisaxos literatu­ris interpretacia mxolod misive socialuri konteqstisa da misive warsulis TvalsazrisiT, magram umetes SemTx­vevaSi is mimarTavs kauzalur (mizezobriv) ganmartebebs, cdi lobs naTeli mohfinos yvela literaturul sakiTxs, axsnas isini da, sabolood, daiyvanos literatura mis pirvelwyaroebamde (`genetikuri cdomileba~). aravin uar­yofs im faqts, rom literaturis Seswavlas exmareba imis codna, Tu ra viTarebaSi Seiqmna esa Tu is mxatvruli teqs­ti. udavoa, rom literaturis amgvar Seswavlas bevri ramis axsna SeuZlia. da mainc, isic aSkaraa, rom Tu mxatvruli nawarmoebis Seswavlas mxolod kauzaluri kuT xiT mivudge­biT, verasodes SevZlebT nawarmoebis ana lizis, aRwerisa da Sefasebis sakiTxTa gadaWras. mizezi da Sedegi araTanazo­mieria, maT erTnairi sazomebiT ver ganvixilavT, radgan am garegani mizezebis konkretuli Sedegi _ Cvens SemTxvevaSi xelovnebis nimuSi _ yovel Tvis araprognozirebadia.

istoria, garegani faqtorebi, ra Tqma unda, moqme debs xelovnebis nimuSis Seqmnaze. es sadavo ar aris. magram namdvi­li Tavsatexi maSin iwyeba, roca nawarmoebis ganmsazRvreli

100

literaturis Teoria

damoukidebeli faqtorebis Sefasebas, Sedarebasa da gamo­yofas vaxdenT. mkvlevarTa umetesoba cdilobs calke ga­nixilos SemoqmedTa sulieri moR vaweoba da mxolod mas mia­weros gadamwyveti gavlena literaturis nimuSze. amdenad, mkvlevarTa erTi jgufi Tvlis, rom literatura ZiriTa­dad individualuri Semoqmedis naRvawia da, aqedan gamomdi­nare, askvnis, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebi unda SeviswavloT avtoris biografiisa da fsiqologiis safuZvelze. meore jgufi literaturuli Semoqmedebis ganmsazRvrel faq­torebs adamianis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi—ekonomikur, so cialur da politikur garemoebebSi _ eZiebs. arian ise­Ti mkvlevrebic, romlebic cdiloben literaturis mize­zobriv axsnas adgili gamouZebnon imgvar koleqtiur moR­vaweobaSi, rogoricaa ideaTa, Teologiis an xelovnebis sxva dargTa istoriebi. bolos, CvenTvis sainteresoa kidev er Ti jgufi, romelic literaturis interpretacias ax dens Zeitgeist–s (germ. epoqis suli) enaze, anu Seiswavlis ama Tu im periodisTvis damaxasiaTebel suliskveTebas, mocemu li periodis azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel garkveul in­teleqtualur atmosferos, `klimats~, erTgvar erTian Za­las, romliTac literatura didad gamoirCeva xelovne bis sxva dargTa damaxasiaTebeli niSnebisgan.

garegan meTodTa momxreebi metnaklebad gansxv av­debian erTmaneTisagan imiT, Tu ramdenad zedmi wevniT da mkacrad iyeneben literaturis kvlevisas ka u za lur de ter­ministul meTodebs da imiTac, Tu ramdenad dama je reblad gvarwmuneben TavianTi konkretuli meTodis warmatebu­lobaSi. maTgan yvelaze deterministulad isini arian gan­wyobilni, visac sjera, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebis axs na da Seswavla socialur mizezTa Seswavlis safuZvelze unda moxdes. amgvari radikalizmi imiT SeiZleba avxsnaT, rom isini TavianTi filosofiuri mrwamsiT Tavs me­19 s­is pozi­tivizmisa da mecnierebis mimdevrebad moiazreben; Tum­ca arc is unda dagvaviwydes, rom Geistesgeschichte­s (germ. humanitaruli sferos istoria) idealisti mxardamWerebi, romlebic TavianTi filosofiuri SexedulebebiT axlos

101

Sesavali

arian hegelianizmTan Tu romantizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli azrovnebis sxva formebTan, aseve gvevelinebian ukidures deterministebad da fatalistebadac ki.

im mkvlevarTa Soris, vinc zemoT naxseneb me To debs iyenebs, iseTebic mravlad arian, romelnic uf ro mokrZa­lebul ganacxads sjerdebian. maT isic daak mayofilebT, mxolod garkveul kavSirs Tu gamonaxaven mxatvrul nawar­moebsa da misi Seqmnis gare viTarebasa Tu wina pirobas So­ris. isini imasac daeTanxmebian, rom aseT kvlevas SeuZlia garkveuli sinaTle mohfinos kvle vis sagans, Tumca isic SesaZlebelia, rom am urTi erTdamokidebulebaTa kvlevam ise gaitacos isini, rom nawarmoebTa yvelaze mniSvnelovani da arsebiTi ni Sani SeumCneveli darCeT. es SedarebiT TavSe­kavebuli mec nierebi ufro gonivrulad iqcevian, radgan mxatvruli teqs tis mizezobrivi interpretaciis roli, cota ar iyos, gaz via debulia literaturaTmcodneobaSi. isic aSkaraa, rom am meTodiT ver gadaiWreba nawarmoebis analizisa da Sefa se bis problemebi. yvela im gansxvave­bul meTodTa Soris, romle bic literaturuli kvlevisas mizezTa Seswavlas aniWeben prioritets, albaT, upirate­soba ekuTvnis im meTods, ro melic mxatvrul nawarmoebs ikvlevs imdroindeli yofisa da garemos farTomasStabiani Seswavlis safuZvelze. sxva gvarad, aSkarad SeuZlebelia lite raturuli kvlevis dayvana mxolod erTi, romelime calkeuli mizeziT gamo wveuli Sedegis kvlevaze. Cven mx­ars ar vizia rebT ger manuli Geistesgeschichte­s konkretul koncefciebs, magram vaRiarebT, rom teqstis imgvari inter­pretacia, romelic gulisxmobs mxatvruli teqstis Seqm­nis yvela mizezis kvlevas, daculia kritikisgan, romelsac imsaxurebs danarCeni meTodebi. Semdeg TavebSi SevecadeT agvewon­dagvewona am gansxvavebul faqtorTa mniSvneloba da aseve mTeli rigi meTodebis Sefaseba; aris Tu ara mizan­Sewonili maTi gamoyeneba iseTi kvlevisaTvis, romelsac SeiZleba wminda literaturuli an `egocentruli~ ewodos.

102

Tavi meSvide

literatura da biografia

*mxatvruli nawarmoebis Seqmnis upirvelesi mizezi

TviTon misi Semqmneli avtoria. Aaqedan gamomdinare, li ­te raturuli kvlevis uZvelesi da yvelaze kargad dam­kvidrebuli meTodi swored mwerlis pirovnebisa da mi si cxovrebis Seswavlazea dafuZnebuli.

biografia CvenTvis im kuTxiTaa saintereso, Tu ramde­nad mohfens is naTels mwerlis naRvaws da gag viadvilebs mis gagebas. Mbiografiis gareSe nam dvi lad gagviWirdeboda, kvaldakval mivyolodiT gamor Ceuli, genialuri niWis mqone pirovnebis moraluri, inte leqtualuri da emociuri ganviTarebis gzas.D bolos, biografia SeiZleba iqces damx­mare masalad poetisa da poeturi SemoqmedebiTi procesis fsiqologiis Se sas wavlad.

Ees sami Tvalsazrisi kargad unda gavmijnoT erT­maneTisagan. `literaturuli kvlevis~ Cveneul koncefcias mxolod pirveli Tezisi upasuxebs. kerZod is, rom biogra­fia naTels hfens da gviadvilebs mwerlis Semoqmedebis gagebas. meore Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, yuradRebis centr­Si TviT mwerlis pirovneba eqceva. xolo mesame Sexedulebas Tu davujerebT, maSin gamodis, rom biografia mecnierebis­Tvis mxolod damxmare masala yofila, Tanac ufro momava­li mecnierebisaTvis, rogo ricaa mxatvruli Semoqmede bis fsiqologia.

biografia uZvelesi literaturuli Janria. qro no­logiisa da logikis kuTxiT Tu SevxedavT, igi, upirveles yov lisa, istoriografiis Semadgeneli nawilia. biografiul kvle vaSi aranairi meTodologiuri gansxvaveba ar arse bobs imisa, Tu vin aris kvlevis obieqti _ saxelmwifo moR vawe, generali, arqiteqtori, veqili Tu sazogadoebrivi saqmi­anobisgan Sors mdgomi adamiani. amis Taobaze sayuradReboa

103

literatura da biografia

kolrijis azri. igi ambobs, rom arafriT gamorCeuli adamia­nis cxovrebis istoriac ki saintereso gaxdeba mkiTxvelisT­vis, Tu is kargad da damajereblad iqneba moTxrobili (ix. s. t. kolrijis werili Tomas pulisadmi; S. T. Coleridge, Letters, London, 1895).1 biografisTvis poeti rigiTi adamiania, romlis moraluri Tu inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis gza, sazogadoe­brivi garemocva Tu emociebi SeiZleba Sefasebul iqnes qcevis garkveuli eTikuri sistemis Tu kodeqsis safuZvelze. misi Semoqmedeba Sedge ba nawarmoebebis publikaciebisgan, iseve, rogorc rome lime sazogado moRvawis cxovreba Sedgeba sx­vadasxvagvari movlenebisgan. Tu sakiTxs amgvarad davsvamT, biografis sa muSao istorikosisas uTanabrdeba. man unda Seiswavlos da axsnas dokumentebi, werilebi, TviTmxilvelTa monaTxrobi, mogonebebi da avtobiografiuli gancxadebebi; gadawyvi tos, ramdenad sandoa es wyaroebi, ramdenad Seeef­ereba isini sinamdviles. TviT biografiis weris procesSi av­toris winaSe ukve sxva amocana dgas _ rogor ganalagos mov­lenebi qronologiurad, romeli maTgani imsaxurebs ufro met yuradRebas an ramdenad gulaxdili Tu TavSekavebuli unda iyos movlenaTa gadmocemisas. es sakiTxebi ar miekuTvneba specifikur literaturul problemebs, magram maT gadawyve­tas mieZRvna mravali naSromi, romlebSic ganixileba bio­grafia, rogorc erT­erTi literaturuli Janri.2

CvenTvis literaturuli biografiis kvlevis sferoSi ori sakiTxia gadamwyveti: gamarTlebulia Yara biografis moqmedeba, rodesac Tavisi debulebebis dasadastureblad is iyenebs mwerlis nawarmoebebs? gvexmareba Tu ara lite­raturuli biografiis daskvnebi Tavad nawarmoebis ukeT gagebaSi? rogorc wesi, orive SekiTxvas dadebiTad upa­suxeben. swored ase upasuxebs pirvel SekiTxvas TiTqmis yvela biografi, romelTac gansakuTrebiT poetTa cxovreba izidavT. poetebi xom maT zRva masalas sTavazoben TavianTi piradi cxovrebis aRsawerad, rasac ver vityviT SedarebiT ufro gavlenian mraval istoriul pirovnebaze, romelTa Sesaxebac mwiri informacia gvaqvs an, saerTod, aranairi sa­buTi ar mogvepoveba. magram gamarTlebulia ki biograf Ta amgvari optimizmi?

104

literaturis Teoria

kacobriobis istoriul ganviTarebaSi gamoiyofa ori epoqa da aqedan gamomdinare, problemis gadaWris ori Sesa­Zlo gza. adreuli literaturis Sesaxeb TiTqmis ar gag­vaCnia kerZo xasiaTis Canawerebi, romlebiTac bio grafebi isargeblebdnen. Cven xelT aris mxolod sa zogadoebrivi daniSnulebis dokumentacia, dabadebisa da qorwinebis mow­mobebi, iuridiuli Canawerebi da msgavsi sabuTebi. da kidev, ra Tqma unda, TviTon nawarmoebebi. magaliTad, Seqspiris kvals Tu gavyvebiT, bevrs verafers aRmovaCenT, Tumca, arsebobs garkveuli informacia misi finansuri mdgomare­obis Sesa xeb. amasTan, xelT ar gvaqvs Seqspiris werilebi, dRiurebi Tu mogonebebi, garda saeWvo warmomavlobis ram­denime saxu maro istoriisa. literaturis sasargeblod mx­olod ramdenime faqti mo gvepoveba im marTlacda uzarmaz­ari Sromis Sedegad, ro melic Seqspiris cxovrebis Seswav­lisTvis gaweula. is, rac viciT, metwilad misi cxovrebis qronologiuri faqtebia da, agreTve, misi socialuri sta­tusi da profesiuli kavSirebis CamonacnobTa wre. aqedan gamomdi nare, SegviZlia or jgufad davyoT isini, visac ki odesme ucdia Seqspiris realisturi biografia daewera, misi eTikuri da emociuri ganviTarebis gza eCvenebina. pirvel jgufSi Sevlen isini, vinc saqmes mecnierulad miud­ga da, kerolain sperjenis (Caroline Spurgeon) msgavsad, poe tis mxatvruli saxeebi, saxismetyveleba Seiswavla. am Sromis Sedegia movlenebis ubralo, arafrismTqmeli CamonaTvali. meore jgufis mkvlevrebma, romlebic Seqspiris piesebsa da sonetebSi `Caeflnen~, romantikuli biografiebi SeTxzes. am jgufs miekuTvnebian georg brandesi da frenk harisi.3

yvela es mcdeloba emyareba mcdar princips (mas safuZveli Cauyares hezlitma da hegelma, xolo pirvelad _ sakmaod frTxilad _ is daudenma Camoayaliba). marTe­buli ar aris, SeTxzuli nawarmoebidan, miT ufro pie sebidan raime safuZvliani da myari ganacxadi gavakeToT avtoris realuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb. Zalze saeWvoa is aRiarebuli Sexedulebac, rom TiTqosda Seqspirma gadaitana depresiis periodi, romlis drosac Seqmna tra gediebi da tragikome­

105

literatura da biografia

diebi, xolo garkveul simSvides `qa ri Sxlis~ weris dros miaRwia. kategoriulad ver vit yviT, rom tragediebis Se­saqmnelad mwerals tragikuli ganwyoba esaWiroeba, an rom mxolod cxovrebisagan kma yofili iw yebs komediebis weras. ar arsebobs aranairi da mam tkicebeli sabuTi imisa, rom garkveul periodSi Seq spirs sevda dae ufla4 poets pasuxs ver movTxovT misi personaJebis azrebisaTvis. unda gavmi­jnoT Seqspirisa da misi per so naJebis, mag. timonisa da mak­betis Sexedulebe bi cxov rebaze; aseve, ver vityviT, rom Seqspiri eTanxmeba ia gos an dol terSitis (,,henri meoTxis” personaJi, ­­mTargmne lis SeniSvna) azrebs. an ra safuZveli gvaqvs vivaraudoT, rom prospero avtoris msgavsad msje­lobs? mwerlebs ar unda miva weroT maT mier gamogonili gmirebis ideebi, grZnobebi, Sexedulebebi, Rirsebebi Tu mankierebebi. es Tanabrad exe ba rogorc dramisa da romanis personaJebs, aseve _ liriku li leqsis gmirsac, romelic lirikuli `me­s~ miRma moiazre ba. kavSirs pirad cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebas Soris ver davarqmevT ubralo mizezSede­gobriv urTierTobas.

Tumca, biografiuli meTodis mxardamWerebi mainc Seedavebian am Cvens mtkicebulebebs. ityvian, rom bevri ram Seicvala Seqspiris epoqis Semdeg. uxvad dagrovda bio­grafiuli masala mravali poetis Sesaxeb. poetebma (mag., miltonma, poupma, goeTem, uordsvorTma Tu baironma) igrZnes pasuxismgebloba STamomavlobis winaSe. maT ar akl­daT TanamedroveTa yuradReba da TviTonac mravali av­tobiografiuli Canaweri datoves. biografiuli midgoma gamartivda, radgan SegviZlia cxovreba da moRvaweoba erT­maneTs SevadaroT da SevupirispiroT. unda iTqvas, rom Tvi­Ton poetis mxridanac igrZnoba amgvari midgomis survili da moTxovna. es, gansakuTrebiT, romantikos poetebs exe­baT, romlebic ar eridebian sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb weras da gulis siRrmeSic gvaxedeben, an baironis Tqmisa ar iyos, Ta­vianT `sisxlmdinare guls mTels evropas Semoatareben“. es poetebi TavianT Tavze marto kerZo werilebSi, dRiurebsa da avtobiografiebSi ki ar gviamboben, aramed _ yvelaze

106

literaturis Teoria

oficialur da formalur gancxadebebSic. uordsuor­Tis `preludia~ aris poeturi manifestis saxiT moTxro­bili avtobiografia. Znelia ar endo da ar daujero amgvar gancxadebebs, romlebic zog jer ara Tu SinaarsiT, toniTac ki ar gansxvavdeba avtor Ta kerZo mimoweridan. Cvenc meti ra dagvrCenia, garda imisa, rom poeziis interepretacia TviTon poetisave TvaliT ganvaxorcieloT. gavixsenoT goeTes cnobili naTqvami, romelSic is sakuTar Semoqmede­bas `didi aRsarebis frag mentebad“ aRiqvams.

arsebobs ori saxis _ obieqturi da subieqturi _ poetebi. pirvel jgufs ekuTvnian, mag., kitsi da T. s. eli­oti, romlebic xazs usvamen poetis `TviTuaryofas~, e.i. mis Riaobas samyarosadmi da sakuTari individualo­bis ugu lebelyofas. meore tipis poeti, piriqiT, Tavisi pirov nebis gamomzeurebas cdilobs, avtoportretis Seq­mna swadia da amgvarad cdilobs gamoxatos sakuTari Tavi da guli gadagviSalos5 literaturis istoriaSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi gvxvdeboda mxolod pirveli saxis poe­tebi. maT nawarmoebebSi TiTqmis miCqmalulia subieqturi azri, miu xedavad imisa, rom esTetikurad maT nawerebs SeiZleba udidesi Rirebuleba hqondeT. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba movi yvanoT italiuri novela, saraindo romanebi, aRorZinebis epoqis sonetebi, elisabedis xanis drama, natu­ralisturi romanebi, TiTqmis mTeli xalxuri poezia.

magram subieqturi poetis SemTxvevaSic ki gansxvave­ba avtobiografiuli bunebis pirad ganacxadsa da igive mo­tivis xelovnebis nimuSSi gamoyenebas Soris ar unda da ar SeiZ leba waiSalos. xelovnebis nimuSi mTlianobas warmoad­gens sul sxva doneze, sul sxva kavSirSi realobasTan, vid­re memuarebis wigni, dRiuri an werili. mxolod biografi­uli meTodebis damaxinjebiT SeiZleba avtoris cxovrebis yvelaze intimuri da xSirad SemTxveviTi dokumentebi gax­des mTavari Seswavlis sagani, maSin, roca namdvili poe mebi ganxiluli iqneboda dokumentebad da ganlagebuli iqne­boda poemebis kritikuli Sefasebisgan gamoyofili an sru­liad sapirispiro skaliT. amgvarad, brande „makbet“­s miiC­

107

literatura da biografia

nevs uinteresod, radgan is yvelaze naklebad ukav Sirdeba Seqspiris pirovnebis Sesaxeb mis warmodgenas; am gvarad, kingsmili ukmayofilebas gamoTqvams arnoldis Sohrab and Rustam­Tan dakavSirebiT.6

maSinac ki, roca xelovnebis nimuSi moicavs aSkara bio grafiul elementebs, isini namuSevarSi iseTi saxiT iq­neba Secvlili, rom dakargavs specifikur pirad mniSvne­lobas da iqceva ubralod adamianur masalad, namuSevris ganuy rel nawilad. ramon fernandesi amas damajereblad asabuTebs stendalTad kavSirSi. meierma aCvena ramdenad gansxvav deba aSkarad avtobiografiuli „preludia“ vords­vorTis realuri cxovrebisgan im procesis dros, romelsac poema aRwers.7

Sexeduleba, rom xelovneba wminda TviTgamoxatvaa, piradi grZnobebis da gamocdilebis asli, aSkarad mcdaria. Tundac axlo kavSiri iyos xelovnebis nimuSsa da avtoris cxovrebas Soris, es ar unda niSnavdes, rom xelovnebis ni­muSi ubralod cxovrebis aslia. biografiul midgomas avi­wydeba, rom xelovnebis nimuSi ubralod gamocdilebis gan­sxeuleba ar aris. is yvelaze boloa namuSevarTa seriaSi; es aris dra ma, romani, poema gansazRvruli literaturu­li tradiciebiTa da CveulebebiT. sinamdvileSi biblio­grafiuli midgoma bundovans xdis literaturuli proce­sis saTanado gagebas. is arRvevs literaturuli tradi­ciis wesrigs, raTa Caanacvlos pirovnebis sasicocxlo cikli. bibliografiuli midgoma, aseve, ignorirebas uke­Tebs martiv fsiqologiur faqtebs. xelovnebis nimuSi an­sxeulebs ufro avtoris „ocnebas“, vidre misi cxovrebis stils, an warmoadgens „niRabs“, „anti­me“­s, romlis ukanac misi namdvili pirovneba imaleba, an im cxovrebis suraTia, romelsac unda gaeqces. amasTan, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom xelovans SeuZlia cxovreba „ganicados“ sxvadasxva saxiT misi xelovnebidan gamomdinare: realuri gamocdilebebi da naxulia maTi literaturisadmi gamosadegobis mxridan.8

unda davaskvnaT, rom bibliografiuli interpreta­cia da xelovnebis nimuSebis gamoyeneba saWiroebs yuradRe­

108

literaturis Teoria

biT Seswavlas TiToeulASemTxvevaSi, radgan xelovnebis nimuSi ar warmoadgens biografiul dokuments. Cven eWvis qveS unda davayenoT gledis i. ueldis „trahernis cxovre­ba“, romelic misi poemis ganacxadebs biografiul simar­Tled aRiqvams, an bronteebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb mravali wigni, romlebSic pirdapir gadmotanilia nawyvetebi „jein eari“­dan an „vileti“­dan. arsebobs, aseve, virjinia muris „emili brontes sicocxle da mowadinebuli sikvdili“, ro­melic Tvlis, rom emilim hitklifis vnebebi ganicada; sx­vebi asabuTeben, rom qals ar SeeZlo daewera „qariSxliani uRelte xili“ da rom namdvili avtori Zma, patriki unda yofiliyo.9 am tipis arguments moyva Semdegi mosazrebebi: Seqspiri albaT ita liaSi iyo namyofi, albaT advokati iyo, jariskaci, maswavlebeli, fermeri. am yvelafers elen te rim gamanadgurebeli pasuxi gasca da ganacxada, rom igive kri­teriumiT Seqspiri qali unda yofiliyo.

Tumca, unda aRvniSnoT, rom maSinac ki, roca Seswavlis sagani subieqturi poetis Semoqmedebaa, aucileblad unda gavmijnoT erTmaneTisagan avtobiografiuli xasiaTis ker­Zo ganacxadi da zustad igive motivis gamoyeneba mxatv rul nawarmoebSi. mxatvruli nawarmoebi sul sxva mimarTeba­Sia realobasTan da sul sxvagvar mxatvrul mTlianobas qmnis, mogonebaTa wignis, dRiurisa Tu werilisagan `mil­tonuri~ an `kitsianuri~ magram es niSan­Tvisebebi gani­sazRvreba mxolod da mxolod maT nawarmoebebze da ara biografiul faqtebze dayrdnobiT. Cven viciT, ras niSnavs `virgiliusianuri~ an `Seqspiruli~, miuxedavad imisa, rom am ori udidesi poetis Sesaxeb, faqtobrivad, sarwmuno bio­grafiuli cnobebi ar mogvepoveba.

da mainc, miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, poetis cxovre­basa da mis qmnilebaTa Soris mainc arsebobs SemakavSirebe­li xazebi, paralelizmebi, faruli msgavsebebi Tu mrude sarkeebi. poetis Semoqmedeba SeiZleba hgavdes erTgvar ni­Rabs, dramatul pirobiTobaze agebul warmodgenas, magram ar unda gamogvrCes, rom Zalian xSirad es swored misi saku­Tari gamocdilebisa da saerTod cxovrebis gan zogadebaa. Tu

109

literatura da biografia

amgvarad ganvixilavT movlenebs, ma Sin mwerlis Semoqmedebis Seswavlas garkveuli azri eZ leva. pirvel yovlisa, ra Tqma unda, amas ganmartebiTi Ri rebuleba aqvs: biografiis dax­marebiT SeiZleba uamravi aluzia da sityva gasagebi gaxdes CvenTvis. biografiuli midgoma gviadvilebs literaturis istoriis anu avtoris SesaZleblobebis zrdis, momwifebis da aseve savaraudo dak ninebis Seswavlas. biografia liter­aturul kvlevas sa Wiro masaliTac uzrunvelyofs, romlis safuZvelze pasu xi gaecema Semdeg sakiTxebs: ras kiTxulob­da, ramdenad nakiTxi iyo poeti, ramdenad icnobda Tavisi drois sxva mwerlebsa Tu literatorebs, sad umogzauria, ra adgilebi unaxavs da sad ucxovria. pasuxebi am kiTxvebze Sei­Zleba Zalze sasargeb lo iyos literaturis istoriisTvis, mag., imis dasadgenad, Tu romel literaturul mimdinareo­bas SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT esa Tu is mwerali, ram moaxdina zegavlena misi, rogorc Semoqmedis Camoyalibebaze, ra saxis masaliT sargeblobda an ra warmoadgenda misi Semoqmedebis wyaros.

rogorc vnaxeT, zemoT CamoTvlili sakiTxebis ga­dasaWrelad biografiis Seswavlas SeiZleba marTlac mniS­vneloba hqondes. da mainc, rac unda didi iyos es mniSv­neloba, ar unda mivaweroT mas is roli, romelic kritikul gansjas akisria. kvlevis procesSi, xSirad, uad gilod gam­oyenebuli `gulwrfelobis~ kriteriumi Ta vidan bolomde mcdaria, Tu is cdilobs nawarmoebebi ganixilos biografi­is utyuarobis niSniT, an sarwmu nod miiCnios yvela arse­buli sabuTi Tu mogoneba avtoris gan cdebisa Tu grZno­bebis Sesaxeb. amgvar `gulwrfelobasa~ da nawarmoebis mxat­vrul faseulobas Soris aranairi kav Siri ar arsebobs. amis kargi sabuTia mozardebis mier TiT qos erTi amosunTqviT dawerili sasiyvarulo poezia da aseve uRimRamo (Tundac mgznebared gancdili) religiuri poezia, romliTac savsea biblioTekebi. baironis leqsi `gemSvidobebi~­s (Fare Thee Well…) Rirsebas arc arafers ma tebs da arc aklebs is, rom masSi asaxulia poetis realuri urTierToba colTan. verc pol elmer mors (Paul Elmer More) daveTanxmebiT, TiTqos `sam­

110

literaturis Teoria

wuxaro~ iyos is faqti, rom poe tis xelnawers ar etyoba im cremlTa kvali, romlebic (Tu Tomas muris `Canawerebs~ vendobiT) zed unda dascemoda.10 mTavaria, rom arsebobs leqsi. cremlebi _ Tundac marTla daRvrili _ gamqralia. gamqralia poetis gancdebic. maT veRar gavacocxlebT da es arc aris saWiro.

111

Tavi merve

literatura da fsiqologia

*rodesac ̀ literaturis fsiqologiaze~ viwyebT saubars,

mxedvelobaSi SeiZleba gvqondes Semdegi: mwer lis, rogorc fsiqologiuri tipisa da individis analizi; SemoqmedebiTi procesis Seswavla; nawarmoebSi warmodgenili fsiqologi­uri tipebisa da kanonzomierebis ganxilva, da bolos, lit­eraturis zegavlena mkiTxvelze (mkiTxvelTa fsiqologia). am ukanasknels ganvixilavT naSromis momdevno TavSi `lit­eratura da sazogadoeba~. pirveli sami sakiTxis Sesaxeb ki aqve vimsjelebT. ama T gan literaturaTmcodneobasTan yve laze axlos mesame moiazreba, pirveli ori ki xelovnebis fsiqologiis gan Stoebas warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi roli, rogorc pedagogiuri meTodebisa, SeiZleba lite­ra tu raTmcodneobisaTvis zogjer metad momgebianic iyos, mainc erTxel da samudamod uari unda vTqvaT literaturuli na warmoebebis Sefasebaze maTi warmoSobisa da Seqmnis Tval­sazrisiT (vgulisxmobT genetikur cdomilebas _ ‘‘genetic fallacy’’).

genialur mweralTa niWierebis arsi yovelTvis iwvevda interess. jer kidev Zveli berZnebi mas erTgvar `SeSlilo­bas~ uwodebdnen (iqidan moyolebuli, es Sefaseba meryeobs nevrozsa da fsiqozs Soris). poeti `Sepyrobili~ arsebaa: is sxvebs ar hgavs, igi erTdroulad aRemateba kidec maT da maT­ze naklebic aris; misi aracnobieri aRiqmeba, rogorc udab­lesi da, imavdroulad, umaRlesi donis cnobiereba.

meore _ odindeli da myari _ Sexedulebis Tanax­mad, poets `niWi~ raime naklisa Tu xinjis dasafaravad eZleva. mag. `odiseas~ mixedviT, muzam marTalia demo­dokoss Tva lisCini waarTva, magram, samagierod, `simRe­ris di debuli niWi uboZa~; dabrmavebulma tiresiasmac wi­

112

literaturis Teoria

naswarmetyvelebis unari SeiZina. magram, nakli da RvTiv bo­Zebuli niWi yovelTvis aseT mimarTebaSi ar aris; sne uleba Tu xinji SeiZleba fsiqologiuri an socialuri bunebisa iyos da ara fizikuri. poupi (Pope) kuziani da ju ja kaci iyo; baironi (Byron) _ koWli; naxevrad ebraeli prusti (Proust) astmuri nevroziT itanjeboda. kitsi Zalze dabali yofila, tomas vulfi (Thomas Wolfe) ki, piriqiT _ metad maRali. am Teoriis nakli misive TvalSisacemi simartivea. anu, `roca uremi gadabrundeba~, maSin Zalian advilia avxsnaT nebi­smieri warmateba misive gamawonasworebeli motivaciiT, radgan yvela adamians aqvs susti wertili, rac xelovanisT­vis, saboloo angariSiT SeiZleba stimulad da biZgad iqces. rasakvirvelia, saeWvoa is farTod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebac, romlis Tanaxmad, nevrozi da misi erTgvari `kompensacia~ xelovanT ganasxvavebs mec nierTagan da sxva `mWvretelTagan~. gansxvaveba is aris, rom mwerlebi TavianT problemebze xSirad weren da sakuTar sneulebas TavianTi nawerebis Temad aqceven xolme.1

mTavari kiTxva ki Semdegia: Tu mwerals nevrozi tanjavs, es sneuleba misi Semoqmedebis Temad iqceva Tu mxolod misi Semoqmedebis mizezad? Tu is mizezia, maSin mwerali ar unda gamovarCioT sxva mWvretelTagan. axla aseTi kiTxva davsvaT: Tu mwerlis nevrozi namdvilad ganapirobebs nawarmoebTa Temebis SerCevas (amis udavo magaliTia kafka), maSin rogor xdeba, rom misi Semoqmedeba mkiTxvelisaTvis gasagebia? mwe­rals imaze metis gakeTeba evaleba, vidre, ubralod, uCveu lo ambis Caweraa. is am problemas an arqetipuli modelis kuTxiT unda udgebodes (rogorc amas akeTebs, mag., dostoevski ro­manSi `Zmebi karamazovebi~) an unda irCevdes Cvens droSi far­Tod gavrcelebul `nevrozuli pirovnebis~ sqemas.

froidis (Freud) Sexeduleba mweralis Sesaxeb mTlad erTgvarovani ar aris. mravali Tavisi evropeli kolegis, kerZod, iungis (Jung) da rankis (Rank) msgavsad, froidic did kulturas naziarebi adamiani gaxldaT. rogorc es ganaTle­bul avstriels Seefereba, isic did pativs scemda klasikur xelovnebasa da germanul klasikur literaturas. froidi

113

literatura da fsiqologia

mraval Rrma azrs Cas wvda ufroGgviandel literaturaSic, rogoricaa: dos toevskis `Zmebi karamazovebi~, Seqspiris `hamleti~, did ros `ramos Zmiswuli~, goeTes nawarmoebebi, ramac SemdgomSi misi sakuTari mignebebis Camoyalibebasa da ganmtkicebas Seuwyo xeli. Tumca, amasTanave, igi mwe­rals miiCnevda nevroziT Sepyrobil adamianad, romelic sakuTari Semoqmedebis wyalobiT Tavs aRwevda pirovnul ga na d gurebas, magram saSualebasac ar aZlevda Tavis Tavs, srulad gankurnebuliyo.

xelovani, ambobs froidi, aris adamiani, romelic zurgs aqcevs realobas, radgan ver urigdeba imas, rom iZulebulia uari Tqvas Tavisi instinqtebis myisier dakmayofilebaze, Sem­deg ki Tavis warmosaxvasa Tu fan taziebSi srul Tavisufle­bas aZlevs sakuTar ero ti kul da gabedul survilebs. magram is mainc poulobs gzas am fantaziebis samyarodan realobaSi dasabruneblad; gansakuTrebuli niWis wyalobiT is Tavis fan­taziebs sru liad axleburi realobis yalibSi aTavsebs; adamia­nebi ki Tanaxma arian, maTSi realuri cxovrebis metad Rire­buli da mniSvnelovani asaxva povon. amgvarad, garkveuli gzis gavliT mwerali iqceva imad, razec ocnebobda _ igi xdeba namd­vili gmiri, mefe, Semoqmedi, mijnuri. mas aRar sWir deba grZeli, SemovliTi gza, raTa Seqmnas gare, obieq tu ri samyaros Secvli­li realuri saxe.

gamodis, rom poeti meocnebea, romlis arseboba sanq­cionirebulia sazogadoebis mier. imis nacvlad, rom Tavisi buneba Secvalos, igi Tavis fantaziebs ukvdavyofs da aqvey­nebs kidec.2

amgvari ganmarteba gulisxmobs, rom xelovans araferi scxia filosofosisa da `wminda wylis mecnierisa~. mWvre­teloba pozitivisturad `daiyvaneba~ ubralo dak virvebaze da saganTa saxeldebaze. aq gaTvaliswinebuli araa misi iri­bad moqmedi efeqti _ `gare, obieqturi samyaros Secvla~, rasac ganaxorcieleben romanebisa da filosofiuri Tx­zulebebis mkiTxvelebi. amave dros, ar xdeba mxatvruli Semoqmedebis, rogorc obieqturi samyaroSi SromiTi saqmi­anobis garkveuli saxeobis aRia reba; rodesac meocnebe

114

literaturis Teoria

kmayofildeba imiT, rom wers Tavisi ocnebebis Sesaxeb, WeS­mariti Semoqmedi miiswrafvis garegnuli TviTgamovline­bisadmi da cdilobs moergos sazogadoebas.

mweralTa umetesobisTvis miuRebelia orTodoq­suli froidizmi da Tumca bevrma maTganma daiwyo fsiqo­analitikuri mkurnaloba, magram ar daasrula mkur nalobis kursi. maTU umetesobas ar surs `gankurneba~ an `sazogadoe­basTan morgeba~, radgan SiSoben, rom amis Se degad weras Sew­yveten an Segueba mouwevT filisterul Tu burJuaziuli (maTi TqmiT) `normalur~ yofasTan. amasTan dakavSirebiT, odenma (Auden) ganacxada, rom xelovanma imden nevrozs unda gauZlos, ramdensac aitanso. bevri ki daeTanxma hornis, fromis da kardineris (froidizmis revizionisti fsiqolo­gebis) Sexedulebas imis Taobaze, rom froidistuli Sexe­dulebebi nevrozisa Tu normaluri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, romlebicmarTebuli iyo venisTvis X1X­XX saukuneTa mi­jnaze, unda gadaixedos da Seswordes marqsizmisa da anTro­pologiur moZRvrebaTa mixedviT.3

Teoria xelovnebis rogorc nevrozis Sesaxeb wa moWris warmosaxvisa da rwmenis urTierTmimarTebis sa kiTxs. Sesa­Zloa, romanistSi unda davinaxoT mxolod romantikuli yrma, romelic `ambebs mogviTxrobs~, anu rogorc moe­surveba ise acocxlebs da warmosaxavs sakuTar Tavga­dasavals. meore mxriv, SeiZleba is aris haluciiinaciebiT datanjuli adamiani, romelic ver ga nar Cevs realobas sa­kuTari imedebisa da SiSebis fan tasmagoriuli samyarosgan. zog romanists (maT Soris, dikenss) usaubria imis Sesaxeb, rom cxadad xedavda da usmenda Tavisi gmirebs, romlebic xSirad TviTon war marTavdnen Txrobas iseTi dasasru­lisken, romelic avtors arc ki mosvlia azrad. fsiqolo­gebis mier moyvanil verc erT magaliTs halucinaciurs ver vuwodebT; ubralod, zogierT romanists aqvs bavSvebisaT­vis damaxasiaTebeli fotografiuli mexsierebis unari, ro­melic mozrdilebSi Zalian iSviaTia (is aRqmiTi, sensoruli xasiaTisaa). erih iaenSis (Jaensch) azriT, es unari migvaniS­nebs xelovanis gamorCeul Tvisebaze, gaaerTianos percef­

115

literatura da fsiqologia

ciuli (aRqmiTi) da koncefciuri (gaazrebiTi). xelovani ara marto inarCunebs, aramed aviTarebs kidec am arqaul niSans: is grZnobs da xedavs kidec Tavis fiqrebs.4

kidev erTi unari, rasac mwerals, ufro konkretulad ki poets miaweren, aris sinesTezi, anu grZnobaTa ori meti orga nos sensoruli aRqmis dakavSireba. es umetesad exeba mxed ve lobiTsa da smeniT SegrZnebebs (mag., `feris xma~_ audition coloree, rodesac sayviris xma aRiqmeba, rogorc alis­feri). rogorc fsiqologiuri Tviseba, es aSkarad hgavs wi­Teli da mwvane ferebis ganusxvaveblobis unars, rac adrin­deli, SedarebiT ganuviTarebeli aRqmis gadmonaSTia. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom ufro xSirad sinesTezia literaturuli xerxia, metaforuli azrovnebis erTgvari forma, romelic cxovrebis mimarT metafizikur­esTetikuri damokidebule­bas stilizebulad gadmogvcems. istorias Tu gadavxedavT, amgvari damokidebuleba da stili barokos da romantizmis periodebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli da Sesabamisad, ufro racionalistur periodebSi mas metad amreziT uyurebdnen, radgan maSin ufro mniSvnelovani iyo `aSkara, gamokveTil~ formaTa Zieba, vidre `Sesabamisobebis~, analogiebis da saer­To niSnebis gamonaxvis mcdeloba.5

jer kidev Tavis adreul kritikul nawerebSi t. s. eli­oti (T. S. Eliot) xazgasmiT migvaniSnebda poetis krebsiT sa­xeze, romelic ajamebs an ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, xelux­leblad inaxavs Tavis kuTvnil adgils kacobriobis isto­riaSi, igi ar wyvets Ria kavSirs sakuTar da aseve poeziis sawyisebTan da amave dros axerxebs momavalsac miawvdinos Tvali: `xelovani,~ werda elioti 1918 wels, `Tavis Taname­droveebTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro primitiulic aris da aseve ufro civilizebulic...~. 1932 wels is ubrundeba am koncefcias, kerZod, `smeniTi warmosaxvis~ sakiTxs da ara marto mas. is msjelobs poetis vizualur xatTa samyaros da gansakuTrebiT im mxatvrul saxeebis Sesaxeb, romelTac poeti kvlav da kvlav ubrundeba. maT `SeiZleba aqvT kidec simboluri Rirebuleba, magram Cven amas ver mivxvdebiT, radganac Cvens winaSe isini grZnobaTa miuwvdomeli siR­

116

literaturis Teoria

rmeebidan warmodgebian~. Sejamebisas, elioti mowonebiT imowmebs kaies (Cailliet) da bedes (Bédé) naSromebs, romlebic ikvleven simbolisturi mimdinareobis mimarTebas primi­tiuli sulis (psyche) mimarT: `civilizebul adamianSi wi­narelogikuri mentaliteti kidev arsebobs, magram mxo­lod poetisTvis an poetis meSveobiT xdeba is gasagebi da misawvdomi~.6

Zneli ar aris, am naTqvamSi SevniSnoT karl iungis gav­lena da, aseve, iungiseuli Tezisis parafrazac imasTan da­kavSirebiT, rom individualuri `aracnobieris~ anu Cveni warsulis _ gansakuTrebiT, yrmobisa da bavSvobis _ miRma arsebobs `koleqtiuri aracnobieri~, Cveni warsulis(Cveni pirvelyofili warsulisac ki) avtonomiuri mexsiereba. iungis sakmaod rTuli fsiqologiuri tipologiis mi­xedviT, `eqstraverti` da `introverti~ oTx arsebul tips (imis mixedviT gamorCeuls, Tu ra sWarbobs maTSi: azrovneba, grZnoba, intuicia Tu mgrZnobeloba) kidev ufro akonkretebs. swori araa, rom iungi yvela mwerals in tuiciuri introvertis kategoriaSi miakuTvnebs. igi ki­dev ufro rTulad warmogvidgens suraTs, roca aRniSnavs, rom zogi mwerali Tavisi SemoqmedebiT amJRavnebs imas, Tu romel tips miekuTvneba, zogi ki, piriqiT, SemoqmedebaSi warmoaCens Tavis antitips, anu imas, rac TviTon aklia, rac Tavad ar aris.7

unda vaRiaroT, rom Homo scriptor anu `mwerali adami­ani~ ar aris erTgvarovani tipi. Tu romantikosi mwerlis xats SevqmniT kolrijis, Selis, bodleris da pos (Poe) sax­eebidan, aqve ar unda daviviwyoT rasini (Racine), miltoni (Milton), goe Te, an jein ostini da entoni trolopi. SeiZle­ba lirikuli da romantikosi poetebis gamorCevac a dra­matuli da epikuri poetebisgan da maTTan axlos mdgomi romanistebisgan. erT­erTi germaneli tipologi kreCmeri (Kretschmer) gamohyofs poetebs (leptosomaturebs _ susti, gamx­dari agebulebis mqoneT, romlebic midrekilni arian Sizo­freniisadmi) romanistebisgan (dabali tanis, Cafskvnili aRnagobis, ma niakalur­depresiuli temperamentis anu cva­

117

literatura da fsiqologia

lebadi guneba­ganwyobilebiani mqoneT _`cikloidebs~). ueWvelia, rom arsebobs erTgvari tipologiuri wyvili: `Sepyrobili~ e.i. avtomaturad moqmedi, poeti­ winaswarm­etyveli da `xelovani~ _ mwerali, romelic uwinaresad gan­swavluli pro fesionalia. aseT klasifikacias nawilobriv istoriu li fesvebi aqvs: `Sepyrobilebs~ uwodeben primiti­ul poe tebs, Samanebs (SemdgomSi _ romantikosebs, eqspre­sionistebs, siu realistebs). profesionali­`xelovanni~ arian ir lan dieli da islandieli mgosnebi, aRorZinebisa da neo klasicizmis xanis poetebi. Tumca, poetTa es ur Ti­erTsapirispiro tipebi rodi gamoricxaven erTma neTs. didi mwerlebi, magaliTad, miltoni, po, jeimsi, elio­ti, Seqspiri da dostoevski iTavseben `xelovansac~ da `Sepyrobilsac~. maT axasiaTebT akviatebuli Sexe du leba cxovrebaze da, aseve, sruliad gaazrebuli zrunva imis­Tvis, Tu rogor unda iqnes es Sexeduleba warmodgenili.8

albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rac am polarul da­pirispirebaze dawerila, aris apolonisa da dionises nic­Seseuli dapirispireba mis `tragediis dabadebaSi~. ber­Znuli panTeonis es RmerTebi ganasaxiereben xelov nebis sxvadasxva dargebs (qandakebasa da musikas) da, Sesabamis­ad, sxvadasxvagvar SemoqmedebiT principebs _ ocnebas da eqstazur Trobas. maT Soris TiTqmis iseTive mimarTebaa, rogorc klasikur `xelovansa~ da romantikul ,,Sepyrob­ils~, `STa gonebuls”, anu poeta vates­s Soris (laT. poeti, ro­melic RmerTebma winaswarmetyvelebis niWiT daajildoves _ mTargmnelis SeniSvna).

frangi fsiqologi ribo (Ribot) davalebuli unda iyos nicSesagan, Tumca TviTon amas mainc ar aRiarebs. es aSkaraa, Tu ganvixilavT mwerlebis miseul dayofas warmosaxvis unaris ori mTavari tipis mixedviT. pirveli maTgani, e.w. `plastikuri~, damaxasiaTebelia Zlieri warmosaxvis mqone SemoqmedisTvis, romlisTvisac weris upirveles stimuls warmoadgens gare samyaroze dakvirveba, misi grZnobadi aRqma. xolo e. w. `uformo~(smeniTi da simboluri) warmo­saxva damaxasiaTebelia simbolisti poetis an romantikosi

118

literaturis Teoria

mwer lisTvis (tiki, hofmani, po), romelic asaxavs Tavis ga­mocdilebas da grZnobebs, ritmiTa da xatebiT Seavsebs maT da aerTianebs sakuTari ganwyobilebiT (Stimmung).eWvs­gareSea, rom eliotma, dantes `vizualuri warmosaxvisa `da miltonis ,,smeniTi warmosaxvis Sepirispirebisas, gai­Tvaliswina ribos Sexedulebebi

Tanamedrove rumineli mkvlevari l. rusu (Rusu) ga­nasxvavebs xelovanis sam ZiriTad tips: pirveli _ ,, type sym-pathique’’ ,,simpaTiuri tipi” _ moiazreba, rogorc mxiaru li, spontanuri, laRi Tavis SemoqmedebaSi; meore _ ,,type demo-niaque anarchique “ _ demonuri, anarqiuli tipi da mesame _ ,,type demoniaque equilibre’’—demonuri, gawonasworebuli. ru­sus zogjer Seusabamo magaliTebi mohyavs, Tumca ZiriTadi azri nayofieria: Tezisis da antiTezisis, simpaTiuri da an­arqiuli tipebis urTierTqmedebas agvirgvinebs Se moqmedis uzenaesi tipis sinTezi, rodesac demonTan brZola trium­fiT mTavrdeba, xolo daZabulobas wonasworoba enacvleba. rusus am tipis magaliTad goeTe mohyavs. Tumca es Tviseba ar unda davukargoT sxva did mwerlebsac _ dantes, Seqs­pirs, balzaks, dikenss, tolstoisa da dostoevskis.9

`SemoqmedebiTi procesSi~ unda igulisxmebodes li­teraturuli nawarmoebis Seqmnis mTeli procesi, daw yebuli aracnobieri impulsebiT da damTavrebuli uka naskneli Ses­worebebiT, romlebic zogi mwerlisTvis mu Saobis yvelaze SemoqmedebiTi nawilia.

aucilebelia, gavavloT gamyofi xazi poetis menta­lur wyobasa da leqsis agebulebas Soris, STabeWdilebasa da gamoxatvas Soris. kroCem (Croce) ver moipova verc mwe­ralTa da verc kritikosTa mxardaWera, rodesac orive maTgani esTetikur intuiciamde daiyvana; k. s. luisi (Clive Staples Lewis) ki, piriqiT, damajereblad amtkicebs TiTqmis sruliad sapirispiros. magram ,,gancdilis~, `gadatanilis” (Erlebnis) da ,,mogonilis” (Dichtung) Sepirispirebis nebismieri mcdeloba (dilTais (Dilthey) modelis msgavsad), damakmayo­filebel Sedegs ar iZleva. mxatvari xedavs ise, rogorc es mxatvars Seefereba; naxati misi xedvis TvalsaCino Sedegia.

119

literatura da fsiqologia

poeti qmnis leqsebs, romelTa Sinaarsic mis mier aRqmuli gaazrebuli cxovrebaa. nebismier xelovans yvelanairi STabeWdilebis formas sakuTari xelovneba karnaxobs; is misTvis ucxo, gaurkveveeli gancdebis madevari ar aris.10

`STagoneba~ _ tradiciulad ase vuwodebT Semoq­medebiTi procesis aracnobier stimuls. antikuri droi­dan ve is dakavSirebulia muzebTan, zevsisa da mexsierebis qalRmerTs qaliSvilebTan _ muzebTan, xolo qristianul samyaroSi _ suliwmidasTan. rogorc saxeli gviCvenebs, ST­agonebuli mdgomareoba Samanis, winaswarmetyvelisa Tu poe­tisa gansxvavdeba misi Cveulebrivi mdgomareobisgan. primi­tiul sazogadoebaSi Samans SeeZlo sakuTari sur viliT Tavi transSi Caegdo an kidev piriqiT, Ta visda uneburad qceuli­yo `Sepyrobilad~ romelime mem kvidreobiT gadmosuli Tu totemuri spirituli Zalis mier. Tanamedrove epoqaSi, ST­agonebis mTavari niSnebia uca bedoba, moulodneloba (ro­gorc erTi mdgomareobi dan meoreSi gadasvla) da avtoris saxis miCqmalva: igrZnoba, rom nawarmoebi dawerilia STa­gonebiT da sul erTia vis mier.11

SeiZleba Tu ara, rom STagoneba xelovnurad gamo­viwvioT, movixmoT? ver uarvyofT, rom STagonebis `mox­mobaSi~ didi mniSvneloba aqvs mweralTa weris Cvevebs, ase ­ve _ stimulatorebs da ritualebs. alkoholi, opiumi da sxva saSualebebi aduneben gonebis cnobier nawils, am me­tad kritikul cenzors da swored maSin iwyebs aracnobieri Tavisuf lad moqmedebas. kolrijma da de quinsim (De Qiuncey) kidev ufro STambeWdavi da pretenziuli ganacxadi gaakeTes _ TiTqos, opiumis wyalobiT, literaturuli Semoqmedebi­sTvis STabeWdilebebisa da gancdebis mTeli axali samyaro iSleba. magram Tanamedrove samedicino gamokvlevebi gvarw­munebs, rom uCveulo, araordinaruli fragmentebi aseT po­etTa SemoqmedebaSi gamowveulia maTi nevroziT datanjuli sulieri mdgomareobiT da ara ama Tu im wamlis moqmedebis Sedegad. elizabeT Snaideri de quin sis Sesaxeb werda, rom ,,misi ,opiumis zmanebani’, ramac Zalze di di gavlena moaxdina Semdgom mwerlobaze, sinamdvileSi cotaTi Tu gansxvavdeba

120

literaturis Teoria

1803 wlis misive dRiuris Canawerebisgan, sanam is opiumis miRebas daiwyebda, Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom weris stili ufro CaxlarTuli, RvlarWnili xdeba...~ 12

ZvelTaganve garkveuli meTodebi arsebobda STa ­gonebis misaRwevad. primitiul sazogadoebaSi winas war­metyveluri niWiT dajildoebul poetebs aswavlidnen, Tu rogor unda mieyvanaT Tavi transis mdgomareobamde. aR­mosavleTis sulieri disciplinis kanonebis mixedviT, re­ligiur poetebs urCeven, rom locvisaTvis erTi da igive dro da adgili gamonaxon, da aseve SearCion specialuri `SeZaxilebi~ Tu mantra (sanskr. sityvebi an marcvlebi, romelTac iyeneben koncentraciisaTvis religiuri ritu­alis Sesrulebisas). ufro gviandeli xanis mwerlebi ki swav­loben an hgoniaT, rom swavloben ritualebs SemoqmedebiTi ganwyobis misaRwevad. mag., Sileri dampal vaSlebs awyobda Tavis samuSao magidaze, balzaki ki beris mosasxamSi gax­veuli werda. etyoba, bevri mwerali `horizontalur mdgo­mareobaSi~ ufro kargad azrovnebs da sawolSic ki wers, maT Soris erTmaneTisagan iseTi gansxvavebulnic ki, ro gorebic arian prusti da mark tveni. zog mwerals siCume da ganmar­toeba sWirdeba; zogsac ojaxur garemoSi an kafeSi nacno­bebs Soris urCevnia wera. aris ucnauri SemTxvevebic: zogi mwerali dRisiT iZinebs da RamiT muSaobs. albaT es erT­guleba Ramisadmi _ roca dgeba Jami fiqrisa, ocnebisa da qvecnobierisa _ romantikosi poetebis mier danatovari mTavari tradiciaa; Tumca, arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom ar­sebobda kidev erTi sapirispiro romantikuli tradicia _ uordsuorTiseuli, romelic Sehxaris da Tayvans scems ad­reul dilas, bavSvobis simbolos. zogi avtori gvarwmunebs, rom wera mxolod weliwadis garkveul dros SeuZlia. mag., miltoni amtkicebda, rom misi poeturi ZarRvi mxolod zam­Tris buniobidan zafxulis buniobamde Cqefda sixaruliT. dr­i jonsoni yvela aseT Teorias amreziT uyurebda da sje­roda, rom adamians nebismier dros SeeZlo wera, Tu sakuTar Tavs amas jiutad mosTxovda. Tavad mas, rogorc aRiarebda, materialuri gaWirveba aiZulebda weras. Tumca, SeiZleba

121

literatura da fsiqologia

vivaraudoT, rom zemoT CamoTvlil axirebul ritualebs aqvs raRac saerTo, rac _ Tu CvevaSi gadaizarda da aso­ciaciurma kav Sirmac imoqmeda _ xelis Semwyobi aRmoCndeba xelovanTa uwyveti SemoqmedebiTi nayofierebisaTvis.13

axla vikiTxoT: aqvs Tu ara naazrevis furcelze ga­datanis maneras raime TvalsaCino gavlena mwerlis lite­raturul stilze? aqvs Tu ara mniSvneloba imas, pirveli (Savi) piri kalmiT iwereba Tu pirdapir sabeWd manqanaze ibeWdeba? hemingueis azriT, mwerals sabeWd manqanis beWd­visas ̀ qaRaldze gadaaqvs ukve sabolood gamzadebuli fra­za~. aqedan gamomdinare, teqstis ga da keTeba rTuldeba, arada, es weris procesis metad mniSvnelovani nawilia. sx­vebi varaudoben, rom sabeWdi manqanis wyalobiT, mweralTa stili Zalze sityvamravali, an Tu gnebavT, Jurnalisturic ki gaxda. am sakiTxis Taoba ze ara nairi empiriuli gamokv­leva ar Catarebula. rac Seexeba karnaxiT weras, mraval mwerals gamouyenebia es meTodi. ukve gonebaSi SeTxzuli `dakarguli samoTxe~ miltonma Tavis mdivans ukarnaxa Ca­sawerad. Tumca, gacilebiT sainteresoa skotis, goeTes da henri jeimsis (James) gviandeli Semoqmedeba. nawarmoebis struqtura winaswar ganisazRvreboda, xolo sityvieri masala karnaxisas Seir Ceoda xolme. jeimsis SemTxvevaSi, mainc SesaZlebeli Cans, rom mizezobrivi kavSiri vipovoT karnaxsa da mis e.w. `gviandel maneras~ (‘‘later manner’’) Soris, romelic, Tavisi sakmaod rTuli mWevrmetyvelebiT, zepiri, sasaubro enis STabeWdilebasac ki tovebs.14

literaturis TeoriaSi arc ise bevri zogadi daskv­na mogvepoveba SemoqmedebiTi procesis Sesaxeb. CvenTvis cnobilia ramdenime avtoris gamonaTqvamebi, magram es Seda rebiT gviandeli avtorebia, romlebic bevr dros uT­mobdnen TavianT xelovnebaze fiqrsa da analizs (vgulisx­mobT goeTes da Silers, flobers (Flaubert), jeimss, eliotsa da valeris (Valéry). garda amisa, arsebobs fsiqologTa Zalze zogadi daskvnebi originalobis, gamomgoneblobis, warmo­saxvis Sesaxeb, mecnieruli, filosofiuri da esTetikuri Semoqmedebis `gaerTmniSvnelianebis~ mcdelbebi.

122

literaturis Teoria

SemoqmedebiTi procesis nebismieri Tanamedrove gamo­kvleva mTavar yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, Tu ra wvli­li Seaqvs am procesSi aracnobiersa da cnobiers. advi lia literaturuli periodebis urTierdapirispirebac: ro­man tikuli da eqspresionistuli periodebis _ (rom lebic ganadideben aracnobiers) gamijvna klasi ku ri da realis­turi periodebisagan (rodesac mTa vari aqcenti keTdeba gonivrul moqmedebaze, saqmis gul dasmiT gadasinjvaze, urTierTgagebis damyarebaze). am dapirispirebis gamwvave­bac Zalian advilad SeiZleba: klasicizmisa da romantizmis Teoriebi ufro metad gan sxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, vidre maTi saukeTeso war momadgenlebis qmnilebebi.

avtorebi, romelnic did dros uTmoben TavianTi xe­lovnebis gansjas, bunebrivia, ufro didi mondomebiT ga­nixilaven weris procesis gacnobierebul da teqnikur momentebs, vidre `garedan~ Tavsmoxveul, SeZenil gamo­cdilebas, rac maTTvis masalas, sarkesa Tu prizmas war­moadgens. Zneli ar aris imis gageba, Tu ratom msje lobs xe­lovani (romelsac sinamdvileSi sakuTari lite raturuli mowodebisa swams) sakuTari Semoqmedebis upirovnobis Sesaxeb; TiTqosda, redaqtoris davalebam an nayofierma esTetikurma problemam ganapiroba nawar moe bis Temis Ser­Ceva. am sakiTxze dawerili yvelaze cnobili naSromi _ pos `kompoziciis filosofia~ (‘‘Philosophy of Composition’’) _ cdilobs ganmartos, romeli meTo dologiuri strategiis Sedegad an romeli pirveladi esTetikuri aqsiomidan ga­momdinare daiwera misi `yorani~. rodesac misi `saSinele­baTa novelebi~ araoriginalur nawarmoebebad gamoacxades, Seuracxyofilma pom upasuxa, rom am saSinelebebis wyaro germanuli Tqmulebebi ki ara, adamianis suli iyo; Tumca, imis aRiareba, rom saSinelebebi missave sulSi budobda, man ver SeZlo. po acxadebda, literaturuli inJineri var, ro­melic sxvaTa sulebis manipulirebaSi aris daostatebulio. posTan Semzaravi srul yofilebiT aris mocemuli ufsk­ruli aracnobiersa da cnobierebas Soris. aracnobieridan modis bodvis, wamebisa da sikvdilis motivebi, xolo cno­

123

literatura da fsiqologia

biereba mxatvrulad avi Tarebs da gadmogvcems am Temebs.15 Cvens mizans rom warmoadgendes testebis Sedgena li­

teraturuli talantis gamosavlenad, isini ori saxisa iqne­boda: 1. Tanamedrove poetebisTvis _ sityvebi da maTi kom­binaciebi, xati da metafora, semantikuri da fonetikuri kav Sirebi (e.i. riTma, asonansi, aliteracia); 2. mwerlebisT­vis (romanistebisa da dramaturgebisTvis) ZiriTadi amo­cana iqneboda personaJebis saxeTa Seqmna da siuJetis ageba.

literatoris specialobas warmoadgens asociaciuri (`sazrianoba~) da disociaciuri (`gansja~) azrovneba, aseve _ rekombinacia (axali mTlianobis Seqmna im elementebisgan, romlebic gamocdilebaSi cal­calkea mocemuli). sit yvebi mwerlisTvis gamoxatvis saSualebaa. igi SeiZleba bavSvobi­danve agrovebdes sityvebs ise, rogorc misi Ta natolebi _ Tojinebs, markebs an patara Sinaur cxovelebs. poetisaTvis sityva, upirvelesad, `niSani~ ki ar aris, ara med _ `simbo­lo~, romelic TavisTavadac Rirebulia, garda imisa, rom SeuZlia raime cneba warmoadginos. sityva SeiZleba iyos `obieqti~ an `sagani~, romelic JReradobis anda garegnuli niSnis mixedviTaa SemoqmedisTvis Zvirfasi. zogi mwerali sityvebs iyenebs rogorc niSnebs (skoti), kuperi (Cooper), draizeri (Dreiser); aseT SemTxvevaSi isini SeiZleba sxva enaze iolad iTargmnon, an dagvamaxsovrdnen, rogorc miTuri struqturebi. poetebi ki sityvebs umete sad `simbolurad~ iyeneben.16

tradiciuli gamoTqma `ideaTa asociacia~ sizustiT ar gamoirCeva. sityvaTa asociaciuri kavSiri (rac zogierT po­etTan SeiniSneba) gulisxmobs im saganTa asociacias, romleb­sac Cveni gonebis `ideebi~ miemarTeba. amgvari asocia ciebis mTavari kategoriebia droisa da sivrcis uwyvetoba da, aseve, msgavsebebi an gansxvavebebi. romanisti albaT pirveli rigis kate goriebiT azrovnebs, poeti ki _ meore rigis kategoriebiT (msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis kategoriebi Sei Zleba metaforas gavuTanabroT). isic ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom kontrasti Za­lian ar unda gavaRrmavoT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme Tanamedrove literaturas exeba.

124

literaturis Teoria

jon l. louisi Tavis naSromSi `gza qsanadusaken~. brw­yinvale deteqtivisaTvis Sesaferisi gamWriaxobiT aRa dgens im asociaciaTa jaWvs, romelTac uaRresad nakiTxi, farTo ganaT lebis mqone kolriji erTi literaturuli aluziidan meorisaken mihyavda. rac Seexeba Teorias, aq avto ri male kmay­ofildeba: TiTo­orola wminda wylis stilistu ri terminiT aRwers SemoqmedebiT process; gvesaubreba `urTierTSeWide­buli atomebis~, anu (jeimsis frazas rom davesesxoT) im xatebi­sa da ideebis Sesaxeb, romlebic droe biT iZirebian `aracnob­ieri azrovnebis Rrma WaSi~, raTa iqidan, mkvlevarTa sayvareli gamoTqmisa ar iyos, `cvlilebebis zRva Si amovlebulni~ isev amovidnen zedapirze. rodesac kolri jis igavmiuwvdomel na­kiTxobas kvlav vubrundebiT, Sedegad zogjer `xeze inkrus­tacias~ an `mozaikas~ viRebT, zogjer ki _ `saswauls~. louisi formalurad mainc aRiarebs, rom `SemoqmedebiTi energia Ta­visi siZlieris zenitSi cnobieric aris da aracnobieric... igi cnobier doneze akontrolebs mozRvavebuli xatebis nakads, romelTac wyalsacavSi (aracnobieris `WaSi~) ara cnobieri metamorfoza ganicades.~

magram avtori ar uTmobs sakmaris yuradRebas imis gansazRvras, Tu ra aris SemoqmedebiTi procesis realuri miznobrioba da konstruqciuloba.17

roca saqme gvaqvs prozaikosTan, upirvelesad gvain­teresebs, rogor gamoZerwa man personaJebi da ra istorie­bi `gamoigona~. romantikuli periodidan moyo lebuli, es orive aspeqti metismetad martivad iyo gagebuli: es unda yofiliyo an `originaluri~ naazrevi, an realuri adamian­ebis asaxva (es Sexeduleba ufro adrindel literaturazec vrceldeba), an kidev _ plagiati. da mainc, dikensis msgavs uaRresad `originalur~ avtorTanac ki vnaxavT, rom per­sonaJTa tipebi da Txrobis teqnika ZiriTadad tradiciu­lia da momdinareobs profesiuli, aRiarebuli literatu­ruli masalidan.18

personaJTa Seqmnis procesSi avtori met­naklebi do­zebiT asaxavs tradiciul literaturul tipebsac, realur pirovnebebsac da sakuTar Tavsac. Tu realist mweralze

125

literatura da fsiqologia

vityviT, rom igi ZiriTadad adamianTa qcevas akvirdeba an `maT adgilas warmoidgens Tavs, raTa gaugos da TanaugrZ­nos maT~, romantikosi mwerali yvelafers sakuTar TavSi `gamoatarebs~. mainc, Zneli saTqmelia, rom ubralo dak­virvebis Sedegad SeiZleba damajerebeli, cxovrebiseuli saxe Seiqmnas. erTi fsiqologis TqmiT, goeTes personaJebi: fausti, mefistofeli, verTeri da vil helm maisteri `av­toris bunebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis proecirebas, gadata­nas axdenen nawarmoebebSi~. romanis tis sakuTari bunebis potenciuri mravalsaxeobidan _ aq igulisxmeba yvelaze uaryofiTi Tvisebebic _ ibadebian misi momavali person­aJebi. `erTi adamianis ganwyoba meoris xasiaTia~. dostoevs­kis sulieri Tvisebebi aisaxa oTxive Zmis (`Zmeb karamazoveb­Si)~ xasiaTSi. arc is iqneba swori, Tu vivaraudebT, rom ma­makaci romanisti raimeTi SezRudulia qali personaJebis Seqmnisas. `qalbatoni bovari me var~, acxadebs floberi. avtoris mxolod is Tvisebebi ,,gacocxldeba~ mis gmirebSi, romlebic potenciurad si coc xlisunarianni arian.19

ra saxis urTierToba arsebobs am `gacocxlebul~ per­sonaJebsa da mwerlis namdvil bunebas Soris? rac ufro mra­valricxovani da erTmaneTisagan gamorCeulia personaJebi, TiTqos ufro naklebad gansazRvruli unda iyos Tavad av­toris `pirovneba~. Seqspiris pirovneba uCinardeba mis pie­sebSi. verc maTi da verc anekdotebis saSualebiT ver war­movidgenT poetis ise mkveTrad daxatul, damaxasiaTebel suraTs, rogoric Seqmna ben jonsonma. rodesac poetis xa­siaTze msjelobda, kitsma erTxel dawera, poets sakuTari buneba ar gaaCniao: ,,mas aqvs yvelaferi da araferi... iagos saxis SeqmnaSic imdenive siamovneba miiRo, ramdenic imo­jenisa (Seqspiris piesis ,,cimbelinis~ (Cymbeline) personaJi)... poeti yvelaze arapoeturi arsebaa imaTgan, vinc odesme ar­sebula, radgan mas sakuTari `me~ ar gaaCnia — is, sxvaTa sxe­ulebSi mokalaTebuli, maradJam sxvebze mogviTxrobs~.20

Cven mier ganxiluli yvela Teoria mwerlis fsiqolo­gias ganekuTvneba. fsiqologebs SeuZliaT Ta vianTi mud­

126

literaturis Teoria

mivad maZiebeli cnobismoyvareoba avtoris Semoq medebiTi procesis SeswavliT daikmayofilon. am uflebas maT veravin waarTmevs. maT SeuZliaT moaxdinon poetebis klasifikacia fsiqologiuri tipebis mixedviT; SeuZliaT aRweron maTi sulieri aSlilobani da maTi qvecnobieri gonebac ki gamoi­kvlion. fsiqologisTvis sakvlev masalas SeiZleba aral­iteraturuli, ara mxatvruli wyaroebi warmoadgendes anda SeiZleba man TviT nawarmoebebiT isargeblos. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia maTi obieqturi interprtacia dokumentur masalasTan Sejerebis gziT.

sxva sakiTxia, SeiZleba Tu ara fsiqologiis ga moyeneba mxatvruli nawarmoebebis gasaanalizeblad da Sesafase­blad? eWvsgareSea, rom fsiqologias SeuZlia naTeli mohfi­nos SemoqmedebiT process. rogorc ukve vnaxeT, yuradReba iqna gamaxvilebuli kompoziciis sxva dasxva meTodze, imaze, Tu ra SemoqmedebiTi Cvevebi axa siaTebT mwerlebs, rogor amuSaveben da saboloo saxes aZleven TavianTi nawerebs. SevexeT nawarmoebebis Seqmnis etapebsac, kerZod, ganvixi­leT pirveli stadia, pirveli monaxazebi, dawunebuli ma­sala. da mainc, imis Tqma, rom am informaciis did nawils _ gansakuTrebiT, mraval anekdots mweralTa Cvevebis Sesaxeb _ mniSvneloba aqvs li teraturuli kritikisaTvis, namd­vilad gadaWarbebu li iqneba. literaturisaTvis SeiZleba ufro sasargeblo gamodges nawarmoebebis Sesworebuli, gadamuSavebuli variantebis yuradRebiT Seswavla, radgan maTi daxmarebiT SevamCnevT literaturuli kritikisaTvis gamosadeg raime zads, Seusabamobebs, sxva mimarTulebiT Sebrunebas da zogadad, siujetis damaxinjebas mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi. prustis romanebis ciklis kompoziciis analizisas, foiera naTels hfens bolo romanebs da Cvenc saSualeba gveZleva teqstSi ramdenime Sre ganvasxvavoT. nawarmoebis ramdeni me variantis SeswavliT, SesaZlebloba gvaqvs, mwerlis saxelosnoSi SevixedoT.21

da mainc, Tu kidev ufro meti yuradRebiT Seviswav liT nawarmoebTa Zvel Tu axal variantebs, uaryofil versiebsa

127

literatura da fsiqologia

Tu fragmentebs, im daskvnamde mivalT, rom sa boloo an­gariSiT, maT gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar aqvT dasrule­buli nawarmoebis gasagebad da mis Sesafaseblad Tu gasaa­nalizeblad. isini SeiZleba mxolod SesaZlo alternatiul versiebad ganvixiloT; anu maT SeiZleba saboloo varian­tis Camoyalibebis procesi dagvanaxvon. Tumca imave mizans SeiZleba Cveni warmosaxviTac mivaRwioT, warmo vidginoT SesaZlo variantebi, rac SeiZleba Tavad avtorsac mosv­loda gonebaSi. kitsis leqsis _oda bulbuls (“Ode to a Nightingale”) _ gagebasa da aRqmas iqneb waadges imis codna , rom kitsi `zRvebisTvis~ sxva epiTetebsac fiqrobda, mag. Semdegs: `umowyalo~, an `gemebisgan dacarielebuli~. magram SemTxveviT SemorCenili es ori varianti arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba im zedsarTavebisgan, rogoric aris, vTq­vaT: ,,saSiSi, ukacrieli, udaburi, sastiki~ da kidev mravali sxva, rac SeiZleba kritikosma Tavad moifiqros. es sityvebi nawarmoebSi ar Sevidnen, samudamod mis gareT darCnen (po­eti xmarobs zedsarTavs ̀ faTerakebiani~, ‘‘Perilous seas’’). mag­ram aseTi msjeloba ar gamogvadgeba ama Tu im nawarmoebis Sesafaseblad.22

Tavad `fsiqologiis~ Tema kvlav aqtualuria nawar­moebisTvis. piesebi iqneba, Tu romanebi, maTi per sonaJebi imiT arian saintereso, fsiqologiurad ram denad dama­jereblad gamoiyurebian. am kuTxiT xdeba siuJetisa da Sinaarsis Sefasebac. zogjer isec xdeba, rom romelime fsiqologiuri Teoria, romelsac cnobierad Tu gaucno­biereblad mihyveba avtori, TiTqosda ergeba personaJsa Tu situacias. lili kempbeli (Lily Campbell) hamlets miiCnevda `melanqoliiT Sepyrobili sangviniki adamianis~ tipad, ro­melic im drois fsiqologiuri Teoriebidan gamomdinare, kargad iyo cnobili elisabedis xanis mayureblisTvis. aseve, oskar kempbeli cdilobs dagvarwmunos, rom Jaki pie­sidan `rogorc geneboT~(As You Like It) `arabunebrivi melan­qoliiT itanjeba, rac flegmis mozRvavebas gamouwvevia~. imisi damtkicebac SeiZleba, rom uolter Sendi (lorens

128

literaturis Teoria

sternis romanis `jentlmen tristram Sendis cxovreba da Sexedulebani~ (The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentle-man) personaJi, mTargmnelis SeniSvna) daavadebulia lokis mier aRwerili lingvisturi asociaciurobiT. stendalis personaJs Julien sorels destiu de trasis (Destutt de Tracy) fsiqologiuri Teoriis mixedviT xsnian. isic aSkaraa, rom romanSi aRwerili gansxvavebuli sasiyvarulo urTierTo­bebi Tavad sten dalisave wignis _ `siyvarulis Sesaxeb~ (De l’amour) qargazea gamoWrili. rodion raskolnikovis moti­vacia da gancdebi isea gaanalizebuli, rom kargad Cans av­toris ganswavluloba klinikur fsiqologiaSi. prusts, ueW velia, SemuSavebuli aqvs mTeli fsiqologiuri Teoria mexsierebis Sesaxeb, romelic mniSvnelovania nawarmoebis organizaciisTvisac ki. froidiseul fsiqoanalizs sru­liad Segnebulad mimarTaven romanistebi, magaliTad, kon­rad aikeni Tu uoldo frenki.23

SeiZleba vikiTxoT: warmatebiT axerxebs Tu ara roma­nisti fsiqologiis gamoyenebas sakuTari gmirebisa da maTi urTierTobebis asaRwerad? fsiqologiuri Teoriebis Se saxeb ubralo ganacxadebi aq ar CaiTvleba. isini Seas­ruleben mxolod `masalis~ rols, rogorc nebismieri sxva saxis informacia, romelsac literaturaSi vxvdebiT, iqne­ba es faqtebi istoriis, astronomiisa Tu navigaciis Sesaxeb. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, nawarmoebis Tanamedrove Qfsiqologi­uri Teoriebis damowmeba SeiZleba saeWvoc iyos da sasurve­lia, isini minimumamde Semcirdes. ar aris gamarTlebuli Hhamletis an Jakis morgeba elisabedis droindeli romelime fsiqologiuri CarCosTvis, radgan maSindeli moZRvre­bani winaaRmdegobrivi, damabneveli da gaurkveveli iyo. xolo orive personaJi imaze bevrad metia, vidre ubralod fsiqologiuri tipebi. marTalia raskolnikovi da soreli garkveul fsiqologiur Teoriebs ergebian kidec, magram amas Zalian arasrulyofili da wyvetili xasiaTi aqvs. sore­lis saqcieli zogjer metad melodramatulia. raskolniko­vis Tavdapirvel danaSauls sakmarisi motivacia aklia. ar

129

literatura da fsiqologia

unda dagvaviwydes, rom es wignebi fsiqologiuri dakvirve­bebi an Teoriebis eqspozicia ki ar aris, aramed _ drama­tuli an melodramatuli nawarmoebebi, sadac efeqturi siuJeti ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre realisturi fsiqolo­giuri motivacia. Tu Sevis wavliT `cnobierebis nakadis~ literaturas, maleve aRmo vaCenT, rom maTSi gadmocemuli araa subieqtis gonebaSi mimdinare `realuri~ procesebi, cnobierebis nakadi ki uf ro dramatul xerxia, romlis sa­SualebiT mkiTxveli xvdeba, konkretulad ras warmoadgens benji, gonebasusti per sonaJi folkneris romanidan ̀ xmauri da mZvinvareba~ (The Sound and the Fury) an q-ni blumi (jeims joi­sis romanis `ulise~ (Ulysses) personaJi; mTargmnelis SeniS­vna). Tumca, am xerxs ver vuwodebT `mecnieruls~ an Tundac `realisturs~.24

davuSvaT, mwerali warmatebiT Zerwavs `fsiqo lo­giurad damajerebel~ personaJebs. am SemTxve vaSic ki sa e Wvoa, aqvs Tu ara am `damajereblobas~ mxatvruli Ri­re buleba. WeSmaritad didi xelovnebis mravali nimuSi ve­rasdros ver Tavsdeba fsiqologiis Tanamedrove Tu gvi­andel standartebSi. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia daujere­beli situaciebisa da fantastikuri motivebis gan viTareba. fsiqologiuri damajereblobis moTxovna (iseve, rogorc socialuri realizmis moTxovna) naturalisturi standar­tia, romelic sayovelTaod misaRebi ver iqneba. rasakvirve­lia, zog SemTxvevaSi fsiqologiuri intuicia aZlierebs nawarmoebis mxatvrul Rirebulebas. am dros igi ganamt­kicebs nawarmoebis iseT mniSvnelovan mxatvrul Tvise­bebs, rogoricaa sirTule da Tanamimdevruloba. mag ram aseT Rrma wvdomas SeiZleba fsiqologiis Teoriuli cod­nis gareSec mivaRwioT. fsiqologia, rogorc cnobieri da siste muri mecniereba gonebisa da misi muSaobis Sesaxeb, xe­lovnebisaTvis aucilebeli ar aris da TavisTavad mxatvru­li Rire bulebac ar gaaCnia.25

zogierT xelovans, romlebic gaazrebul (da ara qvec­nobier) Semoqmedebas eweva, fsiqologiam SeiZleba rea lobis

130

literaturis Teoria

SegrZneba ufro gaumZafros, dakvirvebis unari gau maxvilos da SemoqmedebiTi Zalebis gamouenebis axali sfe roebi aR­moaCeninos. Tumca, fsiqologia, TavisTavad, mxo lod mosamza­debeli etapia SemoqmedebiT procesSi. rac Seexeba mxatvrul nawarmoebSi mis rols, fsiqologiuri si marTle mxolod maSin CaiTvleba mxatvrul Rirebulebad, Tu is aZ lie rebs Tanamim­devrulobasa da sirTules, anu, sxva sit yve biT rom vTqvaT, Tu is Tavadac xelovnebas warmoadgens.

131

Tavi mecxre

literatura da sazogadoeba

*literatura socialuri movlenaa, romelSic gamo­

saxvis saSualebaa ena _ aseve socialuri fenomeni. Ta­vianTi bunebiT socialuria agreTve iseTi tradiciuli literaturuli aRniSvnebi, rogoricaa simbolika da leq­sis sazomi. isini iseT pirobiTobasa da normebs ganekuT­vnebian, romlebic mxolod sazogadoebaSi SeiZ leboda warmo So biliyo. ufro metic, literatura `asa xavs, war­mogvidgens~`cxovrebas~; `cxovreba~ ki farTo masStabiT aRebuli socialuri realobaa, miuxedavad imisa, rom bune­ba da ada mianis Sinagani anu subieqturi samyaroc lite­raturuli `imitaciis~ obieqtebia. poe ti Tavadac sazoga­doebis wevria da konkretuli so cialuri statusi aqvs: sazogadoebisgan aRiarebasa da jildos iRebs; misi Semoq­medeba, Tundac warmosaxviTi, mainc sazogadoebisTvisaa gamiznuli. literatura xom yovelTvis axlo kavSirSia garkveul so ci alur fenebTan; primitiul sazogadoebaSi ki SeiZleba verc gavmijnoT poezia ritualisgan, magiisgan, Sromisagan Tu Ta ma Sisgan. literaturas socialuri funq­ciac akisria, anu `sargebloba~ moaqvs, romelic mTlianad individualuri ver iqneba. ase rom, SekiTxvebis didi umrav­lesoba, ro melsac svams literaturaTmcodneoba, saboloo anga riSiT Tu sanaxevrod, mainc socialuri xasiaTisaa. isi­ni exeba tradiciasa da pirobiTobas, normebsa da Janrebs, simboloebsa da miTebs. SeiZleba daveTanxmoT tomarss, rom lis azriT, esTetikuri movlenebi ar aris dafuZnebuli so cialur movlenebze, maTi Semadgeneli nawilic ki ar aris: isini socialuri movlenebis erT saxeobas warmoadgenen da sxva danarCenTanac Zalian axlo, Zireuli kavSiri aqvT.1

Cveulebriv, sakiTxs `literatura da sazogadoeba~ ufro mcire masStabiT da garedan Seiswavlian. ZiriTadad

132

literaturis Teoria

ainteresebT, Tu ra saxis kavSiria literaturasa da mo­cemul socialur situacias _ ekonomikur, socialur da politikur sistemebs _ Soris. aseve cdiloben aRweron da gansazRvron sazogadoebis gavlena literaturaze da ase ve aRweron da ganixilon literaturis statusi sazoga doe baSi. literaturisadmi amgvar socialur midgomas gan sa kuT re biT emxrobian isini, vinc Tavs garkveuli socialuri filosofiis mimdevrad Tvlis. marqsisti kritikosebi ara mxolod Seiswav­lian literaturasa da sazogadoebas Soris urTierTobas, aramed aqvT sakuTari mkveTrad gamo xatuli da gansazRvruli koncefcia imis Taobaze, Tu rogori unda iyos es urTierToba Cvens axlandel da aseve momavlis ̀ uklaso~ sazogadoebaSic. maTi Semfasebluri, ,,miukerZoebeli~ kritika emyareba ara literaturul, aramed politikur da zneobriv kriteriumebs. isini gvamcnoben ara marto imas, Tu rogori iyo da aris avtoris naweris socialu ri kavSirebi da Sefaruli miniSnebebi, ar­amed imasac, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo an unda iyos is amJamad. 2 isini marto literaturas da sazogadoebas ki ar Seiswavlian, aramed momavlis winaswarmetyvelebasac cdiloben, monito­rings da propagandasac ewevian, da uWirT kidec am ori funq­ciis gamijvna.

rodesac literaturasa da sazogadoebas Soris urTi­erTobas ganixilaven, saubars Cveulebriv de bonaldis (De Bonald) naTqvamiT iwyeben: literatura sazogadoebis ga mo­xatulebaao. ki magram, ras niSnavs es aqsioma? is, rom lit­eratura nebismier mocemul droSi sarkesaviT `uSe cdomod~ aireklavs imdroindel viTarebas, mcdari debulebaa. metad banaluri, dromoWmuli da gaurkvevelic iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom literatura asaxavs socialuri realobis zog aspeqts.3 kidev ufro damabnevelia imis Tqma, rom literatura sarkesa­viT asaxavs da gadmogvcems cxov rebas. mwerali, ra Tqma unda, gverds ver auvlis sakuTari gamocdilebisa da aseve cxovre­baze mTeli Tavisi Sexedulebis gadmocemas; magram namdvilad araswori iqneba, Tu vityviT imas, rom igi cxovrebas mTlianad gamoxatavs, an imas, rom srulad da amomwuravad gadmogvcems erTi konkretuli periodis cxovrebas. Tu vityviT, rom av­

133

literatura da sazogadoeba

torma Tavisi drois cxovreba srulad unda gadmosces, rom is Tavisi epoqisa da sazogadoebis `warmomadgeneli~ unda iyos, es naTqvami Sefasebis konkretul kriteriumad unda miviRoT. Tanac, terminebs `srulad~ da `warmomadgeneli~ safuZvliani axsna sWirdeba: socialur kritikas Tu gadavxedavT, Zalze xSirad am terminebis miRma igulisxmeba, rom avtors unda es­modes konkretuli socialuri garemoebebi da grZnobdes maT (mag., proletaria tis mZime xvedri). garda amisa, avtors unda hqondes kritiko sis Sesaferisi konkretuli Sexedulebani da ideologia.

hegelisa Tu tenis moZRvrebaTa mixedviT, istoriuli Tu socialuri sidiade utoldeba mxatvrul sidiades. Ta visi xelovnebis wyalobiT, xelovans Cvenamde moaqvs WeS mariteba da ra Tqma unda, is aseve gvaziarebs istoriul da socialur WeSmaritebas. xelovnebis qmnilebebi warmoadgens ,,doku­mentebs, radgan maT aqvs maradiuli Rirebuleba~.4 harmoniis arseboba geniossa da epoqas Soris gar kve ul pos tulatsac warmoadgens. `warmomadgenloba~, `socialu ri WeSmariteba~ ki aris Sedegic da mizezic mxatvruli faseulobisa. saSualo donis, arafriT gamorCeuli xelov ne bis nimuSebi, romlebic Tanamedrove sociologebs iqneb ukeTes sabuTebadac ki miaC­niaT, tenis azriT, ar aris bevris momcemi da gamomxatveli, da, amdenad, warmomadgenlo bi Tic. literatura namdvilad ar aris socialuri procesis asaxva, igi mTeli istoriis arsis asaxva, mTeli istoriis Semoklebuli da Sejamebuli saxiT gadmocemaa.

jerjerobiT ki, sjobs, cota xniT gadavdoT Sefase­biTi kritikis problemebze saubari, sanam gavarkvevdeT literaturasa da sazogadoebas Soris sinamdvileSi ra damokidebuleba arsebobs. am TvalsaCino (normatiulisgan gansxvavebiT) mimarTebebis klasifikacia sakmaod iolia.

pirvel yovlisa, unda SeviswavloT mwerlis socio­logia, aseve literaturis arsi da instituti. Semdeg, literaturuli produqciis ekonomikuri safuZvlis sa­kiTxi mTlianad, agreTve mwerlis socialuri warmoSoba da statusi, misi socialuri ideologia, romelic SeiZle ba

134

literaturis Teoria

aisaxos samwerlo moRvaweobis garda, sxva saqmianobasa Tu ganacxadebSi. amas mohyveba socialuri Sinaarsis problema, kerZod, ras warmoadgens Tavad literaturuli teqstebis faruli azri da maTi socialuri mizani. gar da amisa, Sesas­wavlia iseTi sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa mkiT xveli sazogadoe­ba da literaturis realuri socia luri zegavlena. imas, Tu ramdenad aris literatura da mo kidebuli arsebul so­cialur viTarebaze, socialur cvlilebebsa da movlenebze, ganvixilavT ZiriTadi sakiT xis samive aspeqtis analizisas. es aspeqtebia: mwerlis so cio logia, Tavad nawarmoebTa so­cialuri konteqsti da li teraturis gavlena sazogadoe­baze. bolos, ganvixi lavT kulturuli integraciis prob­lemas da, saxeldobr, imas, Tu rogor aris integrirebuli Cveni sakuTari kultura.

yoveli mwerali sazogadoebis wevria. ase rom, igi unda SeviswavloT, rogorc socialuri piri. mTavari wyaro kv­levisaTvis misi biografiaa, magram aseve Za lian dagvexmareba, mTeli im garemos, sazogadoebis Ses wavla, romelmac igi war­moSva da sadac cxovrobda. am gziT SesaZlebeli iqneba sakma­risi masalis Sekreba av tor Ta socialuri warmoSobis, ojaxi­sa da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. aseve SegviZlia da­vadginoT, ramde ni mweralia aristokratiuli, burJuaziuli Tu proletaru li ojaxidan. amerikuli literaturis maga­liTiT SegviZ lia vaCvenoT, rom amerikuli literatura, ZiriTadad, Seqmna ganaTlebuli da, aseve, saqmosanTa fene­bidan gamosulma Taobam.5 statistikasac Tu moviSveliebT, vnaxavT, rom Ta namedrove evropaSi literaturiT ZiriTadad dakavebul ni iyvnen saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi, radgan aristokra tia mTlianad didebisa da garTobis ZiebaSi iyo, xolo ufro dabali fenis ojaxis Svilebs ganaTlebis miRebis naklebi SesaZlebloba hqondaT. amgvari ganzogadeba ingli­sisaTvis mTlianad ar gamogvadgeba, radgan bevri gamonak­lisis gaTvaliswineba mogviwevs. ufro adreul inglisur lite raturaSi iSviaTad gvxvdebian glexis an muSis ojaxidan gamosuli mwerlebi. bernsisa (Burns) da karlailis (Carlyle) SemTxvevebi gamonaklisia da demokratiuli Sotlandiuri

135

literatura da sazogadoeba

saskolo sistemiT aixsneba. aristokratiis roli inglisur literaturaSi uCveulod didi iyo. nawilobriv es mowmobs imas, rom sxva qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT (sadac saerTod ar iyo tradicia imisa, rom mSoblebis qonebaze ufleba mxolod ufros vaJiSvils hqonoda), inglisis aristokratia naklebad iyo mowyvetili ganaTlebul fenebs. rac Seexeba ruseTs, ram­denime gamonaklisis garda, yvela Tanamedrove rusi mwerali vidre gonCarovamde da Cexovamde, aristokratTa fenas ekuT­vnodnen. sabuTebis mixedviT, dostoevskic keTilSobilTa klass miekuTvneboda, Tumca mamamisma, mos kovelma eqimma, romelic RatakTaTvis daarsebul saa vad myofoSi muSaobda, miwa da ymebi mxolod gvianRa SeiZina.

aseTi informaciis Sekreba advilia, magram Znelia Semdgom maTi axsna. ganapirobebs Tu ara socialuri war­mo mavloba socialur ideologiasa da romelime moZRv­rebisadmi loialurobas? Selis, karlailisa da tolstois cxovrebas Tu gadavxedavT, xelSi SegvrCeba aSkara maga­liTebi imisa, Tu rogor ̀ uRalates~ maT saku Tar klass. sxva qveynebSi, ruseTisgan gansxvavebiT, ko mu nisti mwer lebis umetesoba warmoSobiT proletarebi ar arian. sabWoTa da sxva marqsistma kritikosebma metad mniSvne lovani gamokv­levebi Caatares, raTa daezustebinaT rus mweralTa so­cialuri warmomavloba da is, Tu romeli so cialuri fenis mimarT iCenen isini loialurobasa da erT gulebas. ase rom, p. n. sakulini bolodroindeli rusu li literaturis kvle­vas iwyebs imiT, rom ganasxvavebs lite raturas klasebisa da sazogadoebrivi fenebis mixedviT, iqneba es glexTa, wvrili burJuaziis, demokratiuli inte ligenciis, deklasirebuli inteligenciis, burJuaziis, aristokratiisa Tu revolu­ciuri proletariatis lite ratura.6 ufro adrindeli li­teraturis Seswav lisas, rusi mecnierebi cdiloben, Zalian mkveTrad gamokveTon sxvaoba rusuli aristokratiis mra­val jgufsa da dajgufebas Soris, romlebsac memkvidreo­biT miRebuli qonebis wyalobiTa Tu adrindeli kavSirebiT, SeiZleba miva kuT vnoT puSkini da gogoli, turgenevi Tu tolstoi.7 Tum ca, imis mtkicebac Znelia, TiTqos puSkini

136

literaturis Teoria

gaRatakebuli memamuleebis interesTa damcveli iyo, xolo gogoli _ uk raineli wvrili miwaTmflobelebisa; amgvar daskvnas Za la ekargeba maTi nawerebis zogadi ideologiis da im didi gav le nis gaTvaliswinebiTac, riTac isini gascd­nen TavianTi jgufis, klasisa Tu drois sazRvrebs.8

mwerlis socialuri statusis, socialuri loia lu­robisa da ideologiis Seswavlisas, mwerlis so cia luri fesvebis sakiTxs mcire yuradReba eTmoba. xom cno bilia, rom mwerlebs xSirad umsaxuriaT sxva klasTa interesebis gamosaxatavad da dasacavad. sakaro poetebis umetesoba ufro dabali fenis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, vidre maTi feodali patronebi, visi ideologiac da gemovnebac poe­tebma SeiTvises da miiRes.

mwerlis Sexedulebebi, ideologia da is, Tu romeli socialuri moZRvrebis mimdevrad Tvlis Tavs, SeiZleba SevityoT ara marto misi nawerebiT, aramed xSir SemTxveva­Si biografiuli cnobebidanac. mweralic xom erTi rigiTi moqalaqea, romelic gamoTqvams Tavis Sexedulebebs po­litikur Tu socialur sakiTxebze da monawileobas iRebs mimdinare movlenebSi.

konkretuli mwerlebis politikuri Tu socialuri Sexedulebebis Sesaswavlad bevri Sromaa gaweuli; bolo dros ki gansakuTrebiT didi yuradRebiT Seiswavlian am Sexedulebebis ekonomikur aspeqtebsac. magaliTad, l. s. naiTsi (Knights) amtkicebs, rom ben jonsonis ekonomikuri Sexedulebani Zirfesvianad Sua saukuneebis droindeli iyo, gviCvenebs, Tu rogori satiriT umaspinZldeba igi zogierTi Tavisi Tanamedrove dramaturgis msgavsad mevaxSeebis, mo­nopolistebis, gadamyidvelebisa da `mewarmeebis~ axalaR­zevebul klass.9 bevri mxatvruli na war moebi, mag. Seqspiris `istoriuli qronikebi~ da svif tis `guliveris mogzauro-ba~ (Gulliver’s Travels) ga da sinjuli iqna imdroindeli politi­kuri viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT.10 mweralTa oficialuri gancxadebebi, gadawyvetilebebi da moRvaweoba arasodes ar unda avurioT maTi nawerebis realur socialur mniSv­nelobaSi. balzaki TvalsaCino magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor

137

literatura da sazogadoeba

SeiZleba moxdes amgvari gamijvna; Tumca misi garegnuli simpaTiebi Zveli politikuri wesrigis, aristokratiisa da eklesiis mxares iyo, mis SemoqmedebiT instinqtsa da warmo­saxvas ufro metad momxveWeli tipi, gadamyidveli, burJua­ziis axali Zli eri adamiani ainteresebda. ase rom, SeiZleba arsebob des mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba Teoriasa da praqti­kas, rwme nis aRiarebasa da SemoqmedebiT unars Soris.

Tu sistemurad ganvixilavT socialuri warmoSobis, romelime moZRvrebisadmi erTgulebisa Tu ideologiis sa kiTxebs, es yvelaferi migviyvans mwerlis, rogorc kon­kretul drosa da sivrceSi arsebuli tipis so ciologiamde. mwerlebi SeiZleba ganvasxvavoT imisda mi xedviT, Tu ram­denad arian socialur procesSi integ rirebulni. po­pularul literaturaSi es gansxvaveba umniSvneloa, mag ram SeiZleba `socialuri distanciis~ ukidures zRvars miaR­wios bohemis warmomadgenlebTan, roca saqme gvaqvs e.w poète maudit –Tan (frang. `dawyevlili poeti~) da Tavisufal Semo­qmedebiT geniasTan. mTlianobaSi, Tanamedrove da savleTSi mweralTa Soris klasobrivi gansxvaveba Sem cirda. gaCnda `inteligencia~ _ profesionalTa Seda re biT damoukide­beli Sualeduri klasi. literaturis so cio logiam unda gansazRvros am klasis zusti socialu ri sta tusi, Tu ram­denad aris igi damokidebuli mmarTvel klasze, saidan mo­dis misi mxardaWeris zusti ekonomikuri saTave, da, aseve, mwerlis prestiJi TiToeul sazogadoe ba Si.

am istoriis zogadi konturebi ukve kargad aris ga­mo kveTili. xalxur zepirsityvierebaSi SesaZlebelia mom­Rerlis an saxalxo mTqmelis rolis Seswavla, romlis be­dic mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia msmenelis keTil­ganwyobaze; sul erTia, es antikuri samyaros aedosi iqneba, skopi uZveles tevtonur xanaSi, Tu profesionali mez Rap­re ruseTsa da aRmosavleTSi. tragikosebi da pindares msgavs mexotbeebi Tu himnebis mTxzvelebi Zveli saberZne­Tis qalaq­saxelmwifoebSi qurumebs utoldebodnen. Tu evri pides SevadarebT esqiles, gamovlindeba am profesiis

138

literaturis Teoria

TandaTanobiTi sekularizacia. romis imperiis sakaro po­etebi _ virgiliusi (Virgil), horaciusi Tu ovidiusi (Ovid) _ damokidebulni iyvnen avgustusisa da mecenatis keTilgan­wyobasa da xelgaSlilobaze.

sxva suraTia Sua saukuneebSi. beri Tavis sakanSia, trubaduri da minezingeri _ mefis karsa Tu Bbaronis cixe­koSkSi, moxetiale swavlulebi ki sxvadasxva gzebze mimofan­tulan. imdroindeli mwerali an saeklesio piria, an swavlu­li, an momRerali _ saxalxo gamrTobi, menestreli. Tundac moyvarulebi, magram mainc poetebi, ukve mefeTa Sorisac gvxvdebian. mag., CexeTis mefe vaclav meore an Sotlandiis mefe jeims pirveli. germanul `ostatis simReraSi~ (Meister-sang) xelosnebi gaerTianebuli arian poetur gildiebad. es arian biurgerebi, romlebic ise misdeven poezias, rogorc xelobas. aRorZinebis epoqaSi gamoCnda mweralTa SedarebiT damoukidebeli jgufi _ humanistebi, romlebic moxetiale cxovrebas eweodnen, zogjer sxva qveynebSic, da TavianT samsaxurs sxvadasxva patrons sTavazobdnen. petrarka (Pe-trarch) aris pirveli Tanamedrove poeti laureati (poeta lau-reatus), romelic TiTqmis Sepyrobilia Tavisi poeturi misiis sidiadiT, aretino (Aretino) ki prototipia im literaturu­li Jur nalistisa, romelic SantaJiT cxovrobs; misi ufro eSi ni aT, vidre afaseben da pativs miageben.

ufro mogvianebiT mwerlebis patronaJi iTaves uk ve Tavad gamomcemlebma, romelnic icnobdnen mkiT xvelTa ge­movnebas. Tumca, unda aristokratiuli mfar velobis siste­ma yvela sferos ar moicavda. eklesia da sul male Teatric literaturis gansazRvrul JanrTa mxardamWerebad mogvev­lina. inglisSi patronaJis sistemis aSkara daRmavloba me­18 s­is dasawyisSi SeimCneva. gar kve uli drois ganmavlobaSi literaturas Semoecalnen Zve li keTilismyofelebi. eko­nomiurad mas cudi dRe daudga, radgan jer kidev ar Sesw­evda unari, mTlianad mkiTx velTa xarjze earseba. dr. sam­uel jonsonis adreuli cxovreba grab stritze (Grub Street, cnobili quCa london Si, sadac ZiriTadad Raribi mwerlebi

139

literatura da sazogadoeba

cxovrobdnen. aqe dan gamomdinare, am saxels mdare nawar­moebis aRsaniSnavadac xmaroben. es quCa amJamad miltonis saxels atarebs. mTargmnelis SeniSvna) da mis mier lord Cesterfildis gamowveva am cvlilebebs simbolurad gamo­xatavs. Tumca Ra, erTi TaobiT adre poupma moaxerxa didi qonebis dagroveba _ keTilSobili didgvarovnebi da gana­Tlebuli adamianebi fuls ar iSurebda homerosis miseuli Targmanis SesaZenad.

namdvili finansuri warmateba mwerlebma mxolod me­19 saukuneSi igemes. skotma da baironma uzarmazari gavlena moaxdines mkiTxveli sazogadoebis gemovnebasa da Sexed­ulebebze. volteris da goeTes damsaxureba iyo, rom kon­tinentze uCveulod gaizarda mwerlis prestiJi da misi da­moukideblobis xarisxi. mkiTxvelTa ricxvma ima ta, daarsda iseTi mniSvnelovani perioduli mimomxilve li gamoce­mebi, rogorebicaa `edinburgi~ (Edinburgh) da `quorTerli~ (Quarterly), ris Sedegadac literaturam TiT qmis sruli da­moukidebloba moipova. Tumca, prosper de baranti (Prosper de Barante) 1822 wels werda, aseTi viTa re ba ukve me­18 sauku­neSi arsebobdao.11

rogorc eSli Tordnaiki (Ashley Thordnike) amtkicebda, me­19 s­Si gamosuli beWdviTi produqciis yvelaze Tval saCino niSania ara vulgaruloba da uferuleba, aramed _ specia­lizacia. beWduri produqcia amieridan aRar aris gamiznuli erTgvarovani mkiTxveli sazogadoebisaTvis. is ukve izidavs sxvadasxva tipis mkiTxvelebs da, Sesabamisad, interesis mra­val sferos, sakiTxsa da mizans akmayofilebs.12

analogiur Tvalsazriss aviTarebs q. d. livisi Tavis gamokvlevaSi `mwerloba da mkiTxveli sazogadoeba~:13 me­18 s­is glexs, romelmac kiTxva iswavla, ukve imis wakiTxva See­Zlo, rasac Tavadaznauroba da ganaTlebuli sazoga doeba kiTxulobda; meore mxriv, me­19 s­is mkiTxvel sazo gadoebas ukve damsaxurebulad uwode bden ara `mkiTxvel sazogadoe­bas~ aramed `mkiTxvel sazo ga do ebebs~. Cvens droSi saga­momcemlo anotaciebSi da Jur na lebis ydebze gamudmebiT vkiTxulobT: `9­10 wlis bavSve bisaTvis~, `ufrosklaseli

140

literaturis Teoria

vaJebisaTvis~, `martoxela ada mia ne bi sTvis~; gamodis dar­gobrivi Jurnalebi, calkeul fir maTa sakuTari perioduli gamocemebi, sakvirao skolis yo vel kvireulebi, vesternebi, saTavgadasavlo romanebi. ase rom, specializacia mimdi­nareobs yvela doneze; es exeba gamomcemlobebsac, Jurna­listebsac da mwerlebsac.

amrigad, literaturis ekonomikuri bazisisa da mwe r­lis socialuri statusis Seswavla ganuyofelia mkiT xveli sazogadoebis Seswavlisgan. swored maT mimarTavs mwerali Tavisi nawerebiT da maTzea damokidebuli misi finansuri warmateba (ix. Alfred A. Harbage, Shakespeare’s Audience, New York 1941).14 aristokrati mfarvelic ki mkiTxveli sazogadoebis nawilia da, xSirad, metismetad momTxovnic. mwerlisagan igi ara marto misadmi qedmodrekas moiTxovs, aramed konformi­zmsac misi klasis pirobiTobebis mi marT. kidev ufro adrin­del sazogadoebaSi, xalxuri poeziis epoqaSi, avtori mTli­anad damokidebuli iyo mkiT xvelisgan: misi Semoqmedeba ver damkvidrdeboda, ver gavrceldeboda, Tu is auditoriisT­vis Tavidanve maamebluri ar iqneba. aseTive sagrZnobia au­ditoriis roli TeatrSi. ramdenime gamokvlevac ki Catarda imis dasadgenad, Tu ramdenad imoqmeda Seqspiris Semoq­medebiTi periodebisa da sti lis cvlilebebma mayurebel­Ta Soris cvlilebaze; mayurebelic ar iyo erTgvarovani: `globusSi~, Ria cis qveS, TiTqmis yvela fenis warmomad­geneli dadioda, xo lo `bleqfraiers~­is daxurul darbazs ufro maRali wreebis warmomadgenlebi stumrobdnen. rac ufro izrde ba mkiTxvelTa raodenoba, rac ufro araerT­gvarovani xdeba igi, avtorsa da mkiTxvels Soris urT­ierTobis gamokvleva Zneldeba. amave dros izrdeba maT Sua mavalTa ricxvi. SesaZlebelia imis gaanalizeba, Tu ra socialuri datvirTva da roli hqondaT literaturul salons, kafes, klubs, akademiasa Tu universitets. ase ve SesaZlebelia, Tvali mivadevnoT kritikuli gamo cemebisa da Jurnalebis, gamomcemlobebis istorias. kri tikosi xde­ba angariSgasawevi Suamavali; literaturis moyvarulebi, bibliofilebi Tu koleqcionerebi SeiZleba literaturis

141

literatura da sazogadoeba

garkveuli Janrebis mfarvelebadac mo viazroT. mkiTxvelTa kidev erT gansakuTrebul fenas qmnis TviT literatorTa sazogadoebebic, romelTa wev rebic isev momavali Tu xel­mocaruli mwerlebi arian. veblenis (Veblen) TqmiT, amerikaSi mandilosnebi asruleben gansakuTrebiT aqtiur rols li­teraturuli gemovnebis gansazRvra­damkvidrebaSi.

da mainc, jer kidev moqmedebs literaturis gavrce le­bis Zveli meTodebi. met­naklebad yvela Tanamedrove mTav­roba mxars uWers da mfarvelobs literaturas. mfarvelo­baSi, rasakvirvelia kontroli da zedamxedvelo ba igulisx­meba.15 namdvilad gagviWirdeboda bolo aT wleulebis to­talitaruli saxel mwifos gaazrebuli ga v lenis gadaWarbe­biT Sefaseba. amas uaryofiTi Sede gic hqonda da dadebiTic. cudi is iyo, rom mwerals devnidnen, aiZulebdnen araferi ewera, uwvavdnen wignebs, cenzura gasaqans ar aZlevda. kargi is iyo, rom sabWoTa `socialistur realizms~, agreTve _ e.w. ,,sisxlis da miwis” regionalizms mxardaWera hqonda. saxelm­wifom ver SeZlo misi ideologiuri moTxovnebis Sesabamisi literaturis Seqmna, romelic didi xelovnebad darCeboda, magram is mainc axerxebs literaturis marTvas, rodesac mwerlebi sakuTari nebiT Tu iZulebiT emorCilebian ofi­cialur direqtivebs. ase rom, sabWoTa ruseTSi, Teoriulad mainc, literatura kvlav iqca sazogadoebriv xelovnebad, xolo xe lovani kvlav sazogadoebaSi iqna integrirebuli.

wignis warmatebis amsaxveli diagrama, maCvenebeli imi­sa, Tu ramdenad sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda wigni, an xom ar SeiZina man `meore sococxle~ gamoqveynebidan garkveuli periodis gavlis Semdeg, socialuri movlenaa iseve, ro­gorc mwerlis mier moxveWili saxeli da dideba. nawilo­briv, is rasakvirvelia ekuTvnis literaturis `istoria­sac~, radgan saxeli da dideba izomeba imiT, Tu ra arsebiT gavlenas axdens erTi mwerali meoreze, aseve _ imiT, Tu ramdenad Seswevs Zala konkretul mwerals, literaturuli tradicia Secvalos da mas Tavisi kvali daaCnios. mwerlis saxeli, misi reputacia nawilobriv kritikosTa gamoxmau­rebis Sedegia: dRemde ise xdeboda, rom mas ZiriTadad ad­

142

literaturis Teoria

gendnen ama Tu im periodis e. w. `sa Sualo mkiTxvelis~ met­naklebad oficialuri gancxa de bebis safuZvelze. aqedan gamomdinare, maSin, roca `gemov ne baTa karuselis~sakiTxi `socialuria~, mas SeiZleba ga mo vunaxoT ufro TvalsaCino sociologiuri safuZveli: saguldagulo muSaobis Sedegad SeiZleba gamovikvlioT, Tu ra realuri Sesabamisoba arse­bobs, erTi mxriv, nawarmoeb sa da, meore mxriv, mkiTxvels Soris, romelzec damokidebu lia wignis warmateba. gamokv­levaSi dagvexmareba gayi dul calTa raodenoba, aseve _ ga­mocemaTa ricxvi.

ramdeni fenac arsebobs TiToeul sazogadoebaSi, im­denive fenad SeiZleba daiyos am sazogadoebis gemovne bac. maRali klasi, miuxedavad Tavisi aRmatebulebisa, zogjer dabali klasis xelovnebiTac interesdeba. amis nimuSia in­teresi folklorisa da primitiuli xelovnebis mimarT. politikuri da socialuri winsvla yovelTvis ar gulisx­mobs esTetikur winsvlasac: burJuaziam manamde igdo xel­Si literaturuli asparezi, sanam politikaSi warmatebas miaRwevda. sazogadoebis fenebad dayofas SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos an sulac ugulebelyos gemovne bis sakiTxze ka­maTma, roca saqme gvaqvs gansxvavebuli asa kis an sqesis jgufTan, an garkveul jgufebTan Tu asociaciebTan. modac angariSgasawevi faqtoria Tana medrove literaturaSi, radgan mudmivad cvalebad, kon kurentunarian sazogadoe­baSi Zalian swrafad xdeba maRa li sazogadoebis normebis mibaZva da amitom maT mudmivad `axali sisxli~ sWirdebaT. cxadia, rom Cvens droSi ge movnebis amgvari swrafi cvlile­bebi bolo aTwleulebis swrafi socialuri cvlilebebis da aseve, zogadad, xelovansa da sazogadoebas Soris aramyari urTierTobis anarekli unda iyos.

sociologiur Seswavlas moiTxovs Tanamedrove mwer­lis sazogadoebisagan izolaciis problema. rus so cialist giorgi plexanovs swamda, rom doqtrina `xelovneba xe­lovnebisaTvis~ yalibdeba maSin, roca mwer lebi grZnoben `gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobas Tavis miznebsa da im sazoga­doebis miznebs Soris, romelsac isini ekuTvnian. mwerlebi

143

literatura da sazogadoeba

am dros metad mtrulad arian ganwyobilni sazogadoebis mimarT da misi Secvlis imedi ara aqvT~.16

levin l. Sukingma (Levin L. Schücking) Tavis `lite­raturuli gemovnebis sociologiaSi~ gamokveTa ram denime amgvari problema; sxva gamokvlevebSi mas Zalian dawvrile­biT aqvs Seswavlili ojaxisa da qalis, rogorc mkiTxveli sazogadoebis roli me­18 s­Si.17

Tumca bevri masala iqna moZiebuli da Segrovebuli, magram kargad dasabuTebuli daskvnebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu zus­tad ra damokidebuleba arsebobs literaturis Seq mnasa da mis ekonomikur safuZvlebs Soris, an raSi vlindeba sazoga­doebis zegavlena mweralze, mainc iSviaTad gv xvdeba. cxa­dia, es araa pirdapiri damokidebuleba da arc mfarvelisa Tu mkiTxveli sazogadoebis mier dadge nili direqtivebi­sadmi pasiuri morCileba. mwerlebma SeiZleba moaxerxon da Seqmnan TavianTi gansakuTrebuli mkiTxvelTa wre, es icoda kolrijmac: yovelma axalma mwe ralma unda Camoayalibos ge­movneba, romelsac igi Tavad daakmayofilebs.

ara marto sazogadoeba axdens gavlenas mweralze, ara­med sapirispiro procesic SeiniSneba; xelovneba ub ra lod ki ar asaxavs cxovrebas, aramed ayalibebs, for mas aZlevs mas. adamianebma SeiZleba sakuTari cxovreba warmarTon nawarmoebTa gmirebis msgavsad _ sasiyvarulo Tavgadasav­lebi iqneba es Tu borotmoqmedebebi. TviT mkvlelobac ki CaudeniaT wignSi aRwerilis msgav sad. ni muSad SegviZlia movixmoT diumas romanebi muSketerebze an goeTes `axal­gazrda verTeris vnebani~. mag ram nuTu SesaZlebelia zus­tad ganvsazRvroT wignis gavlena mkiT xvelze? SevZlebT ki odesme satiris gavlenis dadgenas? marTlac SeZlo adi­sonma (Addison) Tavisi sazogadoebis qcevis Secvla? an moax­dina Tu ara dikensma raime gav lena mevaleTa cixeebis, vaJTa skolebisa Tu RatakTa Tav Sesafrebis reformebze?18 marT­la iyo hariet biCer stou (Harriet Beecher Stowe) is `patara qali, romelmac didi omi wamoiwyo~? Secvala Tu ara roman­ma `qarwaRebulni~ (Gone with the Wind) CrdiloeTis Statebis mkiTxvelis damokidebuleba q­n stous omis mimarT? ro­

144

literaturis Teoria

gori zemoqmedeba moaxdines hemingueim da folknerma Tavi­anT mkiTxvelze? ramdenad didi iyo literaturis gavlena Tanamedrove nacionaliz mis aRzevebaze? ueWvelia, rom TavianTi romanebiT uol ter skotma SotlandiaSi, henrik senkeviCma (Henryk Sienkiewicz) poloneTSi, alois irasekma (Al-ois Jirásek) CexoslovakiaSi didi wvlili Seitanes erovnuli siamayis grZnobis gaZ lierebasa da istoriuli movlenebis saerTo mexsierebis ganviTarebaSi.

savaraudoa, rom axalgazrda mkiTxvelze litera tu­ra gacilebiT ufro uSualo da Zlier zemoqmedebas ax dens, vidre _ xandazmulze. udavoa isic, rom gamouc deli mkiTx­veli literaturas SedarebiT gulubryvilod aRiqvams; wignebi maTTvis ufro cxovrebis aRweraaa, vidre misi inter­pretacia. garda amisa, naklebad nakiTxi adamianebi wignebs gacilebiT ufro seriozulad aRiqva men, vidre kargad na­kiTxi, profesionali mkiTxvelebi. Seg viZlia am varaudebs gavcdeT da gza gavagrZeloT? SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom dasaxmareblad mivmarToT kiTxvarebs an sxva saxis socio­logiur gamokiTxvebs? da maSinac ki ver miviRebT zust, obieqtur suraTs, radganac aseTi gamokvlevebi emyareba gamokiTxulTa mexsierebasa da analitikuri azrovnebis unars, xolo gamokiTxulTa pasuxebis Seswavlisas da Se­fasebisas gamoricxuli ar aris Secdomis daSveba. magram Cveni SekiTxva, Tu ramdenad axdens literatura zegavle­nas mkiTxvelze, empiriulia, romelsac pasuxi mxolod eqs­perimentis Semdeg gaecema; Cven ki, radganac literaturas da sazogadoebas yve laze farTo gagebiT aRviqvamT, unda daveyrdnoT ara marto specialistisa Tu profesionalis, aramed mTeli kacobriobis gamocdilebas. aseTi sakiTxebis Seswavla ki Cven jer TiTqmis arc dagviwyia.19

literaturisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis da­sa dgenad yvelaze miRebuli meTodi aris is, rom lite­raturul nawarmoebebs miviCnevT sazogadoebriv doku­mentebad, rogorc socialuri realobis damadas tu rebul su raTebs; ueWvelia, rom literaturidan SegviZlia mi vi ­RoT gar kveuli warmodgena socialuri si nam dvilis Sesa­

145

literatura da sazogadoeba

xeb ama Tu im periodSi. uZvelesi droidan swored am miz niT iye nebd nen mkvlevrebi literaturul teqs tebs. to mas uor­tonma, romelic samarTlianad iTvleba inglisu ri poeziis pir vel namdvil istorikosad, daamtkica, rom lite raturas aqvs `ama Tu im epoqis erTguli mematianea, romelic xato­vnad, cocxlad warmogvidgens adamianTa manerebs, maT qce­vas.~20 misTvis da siZveleebiT dainteresebuli mom devno TaobebisTvis, literatura, upirveles yovlisa, warmoad­genda kostiumebisa da tradiciebis sacavs, ci vilizaciis istoriis, gansakuTrebiT, raindobis epoqisa da misi dasas­rulis erTgvar JamTaaRmwerels. rac Seexeba Tanamedrove mkiTxvels, bevri maTgani ucxo qveynebis mosaxleobas swored mxatvruli nawarmoebebis meSveobiT ecnoba, sin­kler liuisis (Sinclair Lewis) romani iqneba es, golzuorTis, balzakisa Tu turgenevis Txzulebebi.

rogorc socialuri dokumenti, literatura sasar­geblo unda gavxadoT socialuri istoriis Tvalsazrisi­Tac. Coseri (Chaucer) da lenglendi (Langland) me­14 s­is orgvar suraTs gvTavazoben. adreul wlebSi miiCneoda, rom `kenterberiuli moTxrobebis~ (Canterbury Tales) prologi imdroindeli socialuri tipebis srulyofil galereas gvTavazobda. Seqspiri Tavisi `uinZoreli mxiaruli qale­biT~ (Merry Wives of Windsor), ben jonsoni (Ben Jonson) ramdenime piesiTa da tomas deloni (Thomas Deloney) warmodgenas gviqm­nian elisabedis xanis sazogadoebriobis saSualo fenaze. adisoni, fildingi (Fielding) da smoleti (Smollett) me­18 s­is axal burJuazias aRweren; jein ostini umetesad me­19 s­is soflis Tavadaznaurobis da samRvdeloebis cxovrebiT in­teresdeba; xolo trolopi, Tekerei (Thackeray) da dikensi _ viqtorianuli xaniT. XIX_XX saukuneebis mijnaze gol­zuorTi (Galsworthy) gvacnobs inglisis saSualo fenis maRal sazogadoebas, xolo uelsi (Wells)—imave sazogadoebis da­bal fenas; beneti (Bennett) ki provinciis patara qalaqebze mogviTxrobs.

msgavsi suraTebi SeiZleba moviZioT amerikuli cxov­rebis Sesaxebac, dawyebuli hariet biCer stous (Harriet Beech-er Stowe) da houelsis (Howells) romanebiT, vidre farelamde

146

literaturis Teoria

(Farrell) da steinbekamde (Steinbeck). restavraciis Semdgomi parizi da safrangeTi samudamod Semogvinaxa balzakis `ada-mianuri komediis~ asobiT personaJma. prustma ki, SeiZleba iTqvas, amomwuravad warmogvidgina dakninebis gza ze dam­dgari franguli aristokratiis socialuri fe nebi. tur­genevisa da tolstois romanebSi aRwerilia me­19 s­is rusi memamuleebis cxovreba. Cexovis moTxrobebisa da piesebis wyalobiT maSindel vaWarTa da inteleqtualTa fenebs vec­nobiT, Soloxovi ki koleqtiur meurneobaSi Sesul gle­xebze gviambobs.

magaliTebi SeiZleba usasrulod moviyvanoT. Sesa­Zlebelia Tavi movuyaroT da vaCvenoT sxvadasxva `samyaro~, isic, Tu ra adgili ukavia iq siyvarulsa da qorwinebas, biz­ness, ama Tu im xelobasa Tu profesias, sasuliero wodebis dadebiT Tu uaryofiT aRweras; Sesa Z lebelia, calke jgu­fad gamovyoT da SeviswavloT jein ostinis is gmirebi, romlebic sazRvao samsaxurSi im yofebian, aseve prustis ar-rivistes (`fr. `axalbedebi~, mTargmnelis SeniSvna), gaTxo­vili qalebi houelsis roma nebSi. amgvari saxis dayofebiT SeiZleba Semdegi monog rafiebi SegvrCes xelSi: `memam­ulesa da moijares Soris urTierToba me­19 s­is amerikul prozaSi~, `mezRvauris sa xe inglisur prozasa da dramaSi~, `irlandiel­amerikel Ta saxeebi me­20 s­is mwerlobaSi~.

magram amgvar gamokvlevebs ara aqvT didi mniSvnelo­ba, radgan maT Tu davujerebT, literatura, ubralod, cxovrebis sarkea, cxovrebis asli da, amdenad, ra Tqma unda, socialuri dokumentia. aseT gamokvlevebs mxolod maSin aqvT fasi, Tu viciT Sesaswavli mwerlis mxatvruli meTo­di da SegviZlia ara zogadad, aramed konkretulad gan­vacxadoT, ramdenad Seesabameba wignSi aRwerili suraTi so­cialur realobas. aqvs Tu ara ganzraxuli mwerals realis­turi suraTis Seqmna? mimarTavs Tu ara is xandaxan satiras, karikaturas an romantikul idealizacias? kon­bramsteti (Kohn-Bramstedt) Tavis kargad gaazrebul mo nografiaSi `aristokratia da saSualo klasebi ger maniaSi~ samar­Tlianad gvafrTxilebs: `mxolod imas, vi sac sazogadoe­

147

literatura da sazogadoeba

bis struqtura ara wignebidan, aramed sxva wyaroebidan Seuswavlia, SeuZlia daadginos, aris Tu ara gadmocemuli nawarmoebSi konkretuli tipebi an maTi saqcieli... unda ga­varkvioT, sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdeba avtoris warmosaxva, rea listuri dakvirvebani an subi eqturi fiqrebi da sur­vilebi nawarmoebSi.~ 21

igive mkvlevari emyareba maqs veberis koncefcias ide­aluri `socialuri tipebis~ Sesaxeb, rodesac Seiswavlis iseT socialur gamovlinebebs, rogoricaa klasobrivi si­Zulvili, axlad aRzevebuli pirovnebis qceva, snobizmi, ebraelTa mimarT damokidebuleba. igi amtkicebs, rom ms­gavsi gamovlinebebi imdenad obieqturi faqtebi da qcevis wesebi ki ar aris, ramdenadac _ araerTgvarovani pozicie­bi da Sexedulebebi da isini yvelaze TvalsaCinod swored prozaSia warmodgenili. literaturuli masa la Zalian gamoadgeba imaT, visac gadawyvetili aqvs soci a luri Sexe­dulebebisa da miswrafebebis Seswavla, ra Tqma unda, Tu maT teqstis swori interpretacia SeuZliaT. ufro ad­reuli periodebis Sesaswavlad, faqtobrivad, sxva gza arc aqvT: romelime epoqis damaxasiaTebeli sa Wiro informa­ciis mosapoveblad maT mouwevT mxatvruli nawarmoebebis gamoyeneba an naxevrad mxatvrulisa mainc.

mxatvruli nawarmoebebis gmirebi _ aramzadebi da TavgadasavalTa maZiebelni, qalebic da mamakacebic, sa­in tereso miniSnebebs gvTavazoben amgvar socialur urT­ierTmimarTebebze.22 msgavs gamokvlevebs yovelTvis miv­yavarT eTikuri da religiuri ideebis istoriisken. Cve­nTvis cnobilia, rogori damokidebuleba iyo moRala tis mimarT Sua saukuneebSi, aseve _ mevaxSeobis mimarTac, ra­mac aRorZinebis epoqamdec gastana da mogvca Seilokis saxe (Seqspiris `venecieli vaWris~ personaJi, mTargmnelis SeniSvna), mogvianebiT ki molieris `Zunwi~ (L’ Avare). gva­interesebs sxva sakiTxebic: ZiriTadad, ra iTvleba aramza­da personaJis `momakvdinebel codvad~ Semdegi saukuneeb­Si? ra TvalsazrisiT xdeba misi aramzadobis Se faseba, indi­vidualuri Tu sazogadoebrivi moralis gaTvaliswinebiT?

148

literaturis Teoria

am mxriv klasikur magaliTs warmoadgens restavraci­is periodis inglisuri komedia. romel avtors davujeroT? lems (Lamb), romelic Tvlida, rom es iyo ubralod col­qmruli Ralatisa da fiqciuri qorwinebebis zRapruli qve­yana, sadac meuRleebi mudmivad Ralatoben erTmaneTs, Tu rogorc makolei (Macaulay) gvarwmunebs, es gaxldaT sura Ti imisa, Tu rogori dacemuli, fuqsavati da daundobeli iyo imdroindeli aristokratia?23 iqneb gvmarTebs orive Tval­sazrisi uarv yoT da is veZioT, Tu konkretulad romelma socialurma jguf ma Seqmna es xelovneba da romeli sazoga­doebisaTvis iyo is gamiznuli? aseve saWiroa davadginoT, naturalistur xelovnebasTan gvaqvs saqme Tu stilizeb­ulTan. mxedvelobidan arc satira da iro nia, avtoironia da fantazia unda gamogvrCes. rogorc saer Tod literatura, ise es piesebic ar aris ubralod imdroinde li dokumentebi; Cvens winaSea piesebi TavianTi tradiciu li personaJebiT, tradiciuli situaciebiT, gaTamaSebuli qorwinebebiTa da saqorwino garigebebis pirobebiT. e. e. stoli amgvarad aja­mebs Tavis msjelobas am sakiTxebze: `aSkaraa, rom es ar aris `realuri sazogadoeba~, da arc `feSenebeluri cxovrebis~ obieqturi asaxva; aSkaraa, rom inglisic _ Tundac sti­uartebis mefobis droindeli _ ar aris moqmedebis ad­gili, es ar aris revoluciamdeli an didi ajanyebiswina da arc Semdgomi periodi.~ 24

misasalmebelia, rom stoli Tavis nawerebSi xazs us­vams pirobiTobasa da tradicias, magram es mTlianad mainc ver wyvets literaturisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis sakiTxs. TviT yvelaze Znelad misaxvedr alegorias, yvelaze ararealur pastorals Tu yvelaze aRmaSfoTebel farssac ki _ Tu mas Sesaferisad SeviswavliT _ SeuZlia garkveuli informacia mogvawodos imdroindel sazogadoebaze.

literatura sazogadoebis gareSe ver iarsebebs; is saerTo kulturis nawilia da adamianur garemoSi iqmne­ba. tenis (Taine) cnobilma triadam _ rasa, garemo da dro (momenti) _ imis aucilebloba Seqmna, rom literaturuli garemo yvela kuTxiT Segveswavla. rasa, rogorc aseTi,

149

literatura da sazogadoeba

ucnobi ucvleli integralia, romelsac teni metad Tavi­suflad iyenebs. xSirad is SeiZleba inglisur `erov nul xa siaTs~ an frangul `suls~ gulisxmobdes. dro SeiZleba garemos cnebasTan erTianobaSi ganvixiloT. gansxvavebu li dro ubralod gansxvavebul fons, garemocvas niSna vs. Tum­ca, namdvili analizis aucilebloba maSin iCens Tavs, Tu termin `garemo~­s danawevrebas gadavwyvetT. ma Sin mogvix­deba imis aRiareba, rom literaturuli nawarmoe bis up­irvelesi foni misi lingvisturi da literaturu li tradi­ciaa, xolo am tradicias, Tavis mxriv, saerTo kulturuli `klimati~ moicavs. rac Seexeba konkretul ekonomikur, politikur da socialur viTarebas, lite raturas SeiZleba masTan mxolod gacilebiT naklebi kav Siri hqondes. rasak­virvelia, unda gaviTvaliswinoT urTierTdamokidebuleba adamianis moRvaweobis yvela sferos Soris. bolos, Segvi­Zlia davadginoT garkveuli kavSiri warmoebis pirobebsa da literaturas Soris, rad ganac ekonomikur sistemas Ta­visTavad aqvs Zalauflebis sistema da man erTgvarad unda gaakontrolos ojaxuri cxovrebis formebic. ojaxi ki Ta­vis mxriv mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs ganaTlebis sfero­Si; umetes SemTxvevaSi ojaxSi iRebs mozardi pirvelad in­formacias siyvarulisa da seqsualuri sferos Sesaxeb, imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor icvleboda an viTardeboda adamianuri grZnobebi istoriis ganmavlobaSi. amgvarad, SesaZlebeli xdeba, aRmovaCinoT kavSiri, erTi mxriv, lirikuli poeziasa da, meore mxriv, siyvarulis tradiciul gagebas, religiur crurwmenebsa da bunebis aRqmas Soris. magram es mimarTebe­bi SeiZleba damabneveli da arapirdapiri aRmoCndes.

miuxedavad amisa, Znelia daveTanxmoT azrs, TiTqos adamianis romelime konkretuli saqmianoba yvela sxva da­narCenis pirvelmizezi iyos: magaliTad, teni, adamianis Semoqmedebas klimaturi, biologiuri da socialuri faq­torebis erTobliobiT xsnis; hegelis da misi mimde vrebis azriT, `suli~ erTaderTi mamoZravebeli Zalaa istoriaSi; verc marqsistebs daveTanxmebiT, romlebic yvelafers warmoebis wesebis sazomiT sazRvraven. mravali saukunis

150

literaturis Teoria

manZilze, dawyebuli adreuli Sua saukuneebidan vid re kapitalizmis ganviTarebamde, aranairi radikaluri teq­nologiuri cvlileba ar momxdara, im dros, rodesac kul­turulma cxovrebam da, kerZod, literaturam metad Rrma cvlilebebi ganicada. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom epoqis te­qnologiur Zvrebs yovelTvis arc literatura ireklavs, miT umetes _ maSinve. industriulma revoluciam inglisur romanSi mxolod me­19 s­is 40­ian wlebSi SeaR wia elisabed gaskelis (Elizabeth Gaskell), kingslisa (Kingsley) da Sarlota brontes (Charlotte Bronte) romanebis saSualebiT, Tumca man didi xniT adre daaCnia aSkara kvali ekonomistTa da socio­logTa naazrevs.

unda vaRiaroT, rom socialuri situacia gana pi ro ­bebs garkveuli esTetikuri faseulobebis realiza ciis Sesa Zleblobas, magram ara Tavad faseulobebis arsebobas. zogadad, Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT mo cemul sazoga­doebaSi xelovnebis romel formebs SeuZ liaT arseboba da romels ara, magram namdvilad ver viwinaswarmetyvelebT, realurad gaCndeba Tu ara xe lovnebis es formebi konkre­tul sazogadoebaSi. mravali marqsisti da ara mxolod mar­qsisti, cdilobs, bevrad uf ro zereled da naCqarevad gada­vides ekonomikidan lite raturaze. magaliTad, jon meinard keinsma (Keynes) – romlisTvisac literatura namdvilad araa ucxo xili _ Seqspiris arseboba miawera im faqts, rom:

`Cven zustad iseTi materialuri mdgomareoba gvqon­da im dros, rom Tavisuflad SegveZlo Seqspiri gvyoloda. didi poetebi ibadebodnen sicocxlisunarian, mxiarul, ekonomikuri SeWirvebisagan Tavisufal atmosferoSi, rac esmoda mmarTvel klassac~.25

Tumca, sxvagan didi poetebi ar dabadebulan. gavix­senoT, mag., 20­iani wlebis samrewvelo bumi aSS­Si, da arc Seqspiris optimizmiT savse xatia mainc maincdamainc da­majerebeli. miuxedavad amisa, mainc ver daveTanxmebiT am mosazrebis sawinaaRmdego versias, romelsac erT­erTi rusi marqsisti gvTavazobs: `Seqspiris tragikuli Sexed­uleba samyaroze gamomdinareobda iqidan, rom igi Tavad

151

literatura da sazogadoeba

gaxldaT dramatuli simbolo feodaluri aris tokratiisa, romelsac elisabedis xanaSi adrindeli gaba to nebuli md­gomareoba ukve dakarguli hqonda.~26

bundovani kategoriebi _ optimizmi da pesimizmin _ da maTTan dakavSirebuli urTierTgamomricxavi mosazre­bebi konkretulad bevrs verafers gvauwyebs Seqspiris pie­sebis jer socialur Sinaarsze, didi dramaturgis politi­kur Sexedulebebze (romlebic aSkarad vlindeba mis isto­riul piesebSi) da misi, rogorc mwerlis statusze.

amasTan, msgavsi citatebi Zirs sulac ar urRvevs li­teraturisadmi Seswavlisadmi ekonomikur midgomas. Tavad marqssac, miuxedavad imisa, rom drodadro metad ucnauri msjeloba sCveoda, zogadad Zalze kargad esmoda, rom li­teraturasa da sazogadoebas Soris arsebuli damokidebu­leba arapirdapiri xasiaTisaa. `politikuri ekonomiis kri­tikis~ (The Critique of Political Economy) SesavalSi is aRiarebs: `xelovnebis ganviTarebis umaRlesi safexu re bi zogierT periodSi aranair kavSirSi ar aris sazogadoe bis zogad gan­viTarebasTan, materialur bazisTan da sazogadoebis Sina­gan struqturasTan. amas adasturebs ber Z nebis magaliTic, Tu maT Tanamedrove erebs an Tun dac Seqspirs SevadarebT.~27

marqss, aseve, kargad esmoda, rom Sromis Tanamedrove ganawilebas mivyavarT sam faqtors (anu `momentebs~, Tu Cvenc, mis msgavsad, hegelis terminologias moviSve liebT) Soris arsebul garkveul winaaRmdegobamde. ese nia: `sawar­moo Zalebi~, `socialuri urTierTobebi~ da `cnobiereba~. is moeloda (da mis molodins aSkarad uto piuri elferi dahkravs), rom momavlis uklaso sazo gadoebaSi Sromis amgvari ganawileba kvlav gaqreboda da rom xelovani kvlav integrirebuli gaxdeboda sazo gado ebaSi. marqsi fiqrob­da, rom yvelas SeeZlo yofi liyo brwyinvale, TviTmyofadi mxatvari. `komunistur sa zogadoebaSi ubralod mxatvrebi ki ar iqnebian, aramed, ume tesad, iseTi adamianebi, romel­Tac sxva unarebis garda, xatvis unaric eqnebaT~.28

`vulgaruli marqsistebis~ azriT, burJuad CaiTvleba

152

literaturis Teoria

is mwerali, romelmac gaaJRera reaqciuli an progresuli ideebi eklesiisa Tu saxelmwifos Sesaxeb. sakvirveli da­pirispireba SeimCneva am aRiarebul determinizmsa (rom­lis Tanaxmad, `yofiereba~ gansazRvravs `cnobierebas~ da, maSasadame, `burJuas ubralod ar ZaluZs ar iyos burJua~) da Cveulebriv eTikur msjelobas Soris (ro melic bur­Juas misi ideebis gamo amxels da kicxavs). ru seTSi Semdegi tendencia SeiniSneboda _ burJuaziuli warmoSobis mwer­lebs, romlebic proletariatis rigebSi erTiandebodnen, mudmivad eWvis TvaliT da undoblad uyurebdnen, ar sje­rodaT maTi gulwrfelobis da maT ne bismier SemoqmedebiT Tu sazogadoebriv marcxs maTsave klasobriv warmoSobas ukavSirebdnen. da mainc, Tu marqsistebs davujerebT da virwmunebT, rom progress feo dalizmidan burJuaziuli kapitalizmis gavliT pir dapir `proletariatis diqtatu­risken~ mivyavarT, ma Sin nebismieri marqsistis logikuri da Tanamimdevruli saqcieli unda yofiliyo xotbis Sesxma am gzis progresu li etapebisTvis. ase rom, wesiT, man qeba ar unda daiSuros im BburJuasTvis, romelic kapitalizmis ad­reul periodSi feodalizmis naSTebs ebrZoda. Tumca, xSi­rad isec xdeba, rom marqsistebi mwerlebs XX s­is Tvalsawi­eridan akritike ben an kidev (smirnovisa da gribis msgavsad, romlebic `vulga ruli sociologiis~ mimarT Zalze kri­tikulad arian ganwyobilni) indoben burJuaziul mwerals, radgan masac kacobriobis nawilad aRiareben. amgvarad, smirnovi midis im daskvnamde, rom Seqspiri yofila ̀ burJua­ziis humanisti ideo logi, am klasis ideebisa da programis gamomxatveli im dros, roca kacobriobam humanizmis sa­xeliT pirvelad Seitana eWvi feodalur wyobaSi.~29 magram xelovnebis humanizmis, misi universalurobis koncefcia eqvemdebareba marqsizmis centralur doqtrinas, romelic Tavisi arsiT relativisturi xasiaTisaa.

marqsistuli kritika saukeTesod avlens sakuTar arss, roca is aaSkaravebs nawarmoebSi Cadebul, xSirad Se­farul miniSnebebs. am kuTxiT Tu mivudgebiT, davinaxavT, rom es gaxlavT teqstis interpretaciis teqnika, romelic

153

literatura da sazogadoeba

analogiuria im meTodisa, romelic eyrdnoba froidis, nic­Sesa Tu paretos (Pareto) mignebebs, an Seler­manhaimis (Scheler-Mannheim) `codnis sociologias~. yvela zemoT naxsenebi in­teleqtuali undoblad ekideba inteleqts, mkafiod Camoya­libebul doqtrinas, arsebiT azrs. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba maT Soris is aris, rom nicSe da froidi fsiqologiuri meTo­debiT sargebloben, xolo paretoseuli `narCenebisa~ da `warmonaqmnebis~, agreTve _ Seler­man haimis `ideologiis~ analizis teqnika sociologiuri xasiaTisaa.

`codnis sociologia~, Tu davimowmebT maqs Seleris, maqs veberisa da karl manhaimis nawerebs, detalurad iq na SemuSavebuli da Tavis konkurentebTan SedarebiT gar­kveuli upiratesoba aqvs.30 is mkiTxvelis yuradRe bas amax­vilebs ara marto konkretuli ideologiuri Tvalsazrisis winapirobebsa da miniSnebebze, aramed xazs usvams Tavad mkvlevris farul varaudebsa da miker Zoebul msjelobas, imdenad, rom misi TviTkritika da TviTkontroli TiTqmis arajansaR iers iZens. garda amisa, `codnis sociologiaSi~, marqsizmTan da fsiqoanalizTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT naklebad gvxvdeba tendencia imisa, rom cvlilebaTa gan­mapirobeblad erTi romelime faqtori miviCnioT. maqs ve­beris gamokvlevis udavo xarvezi is aris, rom igi am rols reli giur faqtors miawers, magram misi naSromi religiis sociologiaSi mainc metad Rirebulia, radgan avtori cdi­lobs asaxos ideo logiuri faqtorebis gavlena ekonomi­kur qce vasa da sazogadoebriv dawesebulebebze; arada, manamde mTeli yuradReba mimarTuli iyo iqiTken, rom SeeswavlaT, ra gavlenas axdenda ekonomika ideologiaze.31 metad drouli da misasalmebeli iqneboda msgavsi gamokv­levis Catareba imis dasadgenad, Tu rogoria literaturis gav lena socialur cvlilebebze, Tumca iqac analogiur sirTuleebs wavawydebodiT. literaturuli faqtoris ga­mo yofa iseTive rTuli saqmea, rogorc religiurisa, da Zalze Znelia pasuxis gacema SekiTxvaze: aris Tu ara es gav­lena gamowveuli TviTon am konkretuli faqtoriT, Tu am procesSi sxva Zalebic arian CarTuli da Tavad es faqtori mxolod `arxis~ anu SemakavSireblis rols asrulebs?32

154

literaturis Teoria

`codnis sociologias~ Zalze azaralebs misi ga da­metebuli istorizmi; im Tezisis miuxedavad, rom `obi­eqturobas~ SeiZleba sinTezirebis gziT mivaRwioT da, amdenad, movaxdinoT konfliqturi Sexedulebebis neit­ralizaciac, mainc saqme gvaqvs ukiduresad skeptikur daskvnebTan. `codnis sociologia~ aseve zaraldeba li­teraturasTan mimarTebiT, radganac ver axerxebs `Si­naarsis~ dakavSirebas `formasTan~. marqsizmis msgavsad, ro melic saWiroze met yuradRebas uTmobs iracionalur axsna­ganmartebebs, `codnis sociologiac~ ver gvTavazobs racionalur safuZvels esTetikisaTvis da aqedan ga­momdinare, verc kritikisa da SefasebisaTvis. cxadia, es Seexeba literaturis Seswavlis yvela garegan meTods. Tu literaturul nawarmoebs kauzaluri (mizezobrivi) kuT­xiT SeviswavliT, jerovnad ver movaxdenT teqstis analizs, aRwerasa da Sefasebas.

Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom sakiTxi `literatura da sazogadoeba~ SeiZleba sxvagvaradac ganvixiloT, maT So ris _ simboluri, mravalmniSvnelovani terminebis meSveo biT. mag.: Tanmimdevruloba, harmonia, simwyobre, Sesabami so ba, struqturuli identuroba, stilisturi analogia an sxva romelime termini, riTac gvinda aRvniSnoT kul tu ri sa da adamianis sxvadasxva moRvaweobas Soris damokidebule bis integracia. sorokinma (Sorokin) gaaanaliza Sesa Zlo varian­tebi da mivida im daskvnamde, rom integraciis xarisxi sx­vadasxvagvaria sazogadoebrivi cxovre bis istoriaSi.33

marqsizmis moZRvrebaSi ver vipoviT pasuxs kiT­xvaze, Tu ramdenad aris damokidebuli literatura sazo­gadoebisgan. ase rom, mravali umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxis Seswavla jer dawyebulic ar aris. xandaxan SeiZleba mog­veCvenos, rom Janrebi socialuradaa ganpirobebuli, mag., rodesac saubaria romanis burJuaziuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, an kidev _ Janrebis formebisa da maTi ur Ti­erTdamokidebulebis Taobaze. amis nimuSia e. b. bergamis (Burgum) arcTu damajerebeli Sexeduleba, TiTqos tra­gikomedia`im gavlenis Sedegia, romelic saSualo klasis

155

literatura da sazogadoeba

seriozulobam moaxdina aristokratiis fuqsavatobaze.~ (ix. Edwin Berry Burgum, ‘Literary Form: Social Forces and Innova-tions’, The Novel and the World’s Dilemma, New York 1947).34 arse­bobs ki konkretuli socialuri winapirobebi iseTi farTo literaturuli stilisa, rogoric romantizmia? Tumca igi burJuaziasTan asocirdeboda, magram Tavidanve anti­burJuaziuli iyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi, germaniaSi mainc.35

aSkaraa, rom literaturuli ideologiebi da Temebi gar­kveuli saxiT damokidebulia socialur garemoebebze, magram ver vityviT, rom jerovnad iyos dadgenili li­teraturul nawarmoebTa formebisa da stilis, Janrebi sa da realur literaturul normaTa socialuri sawyisebi.

amgvari kvlevis mcdelobis yvelaze konkretuli Se­degi literaturis socialuri sawyisebis Seswavlam mogv ca. nimuSad SeiZleba moviyvanoT biuheris (Bücher) calmxri vi Teoria, romlis Tanaxmad, poezia warmoiSva Sromis simRere­bidan, aseve, anTropologebis mravali gamokvleva adreuli xelovnebis magiuri rolis Sesaxeb; jorj tomso nis (George Thomson) metad akademiuri mcdeloba, gamoenaxa konkre­tuli kavSiri, erTi mxriv, berZnul tragediasa da, meore mxriv, kultsa da ritualebsa da demokratiul socialur revolucias Soris esqiles epoqaSi; sakmaod gulubryviloa qristofer koduelis (Christopher Caudwell) mcdeloba, poe­ziis sawyisebi daeZebna pirvelyofili Temis emociebsa da burJuaziis indnvidualuri Tavisuflebis `iluziaSi~.36

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu udavod damtkicdeba liter­aturuli normebis ganpirobebuloba socialuri faqtore­biT, SevZlebT davsvaT kiTxva: SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom socialuri damokidebulebebi iqces xelovnebis nawarmoe­bis `Semadgenel nawilad~ da keTilismyofeli roli Seasru­los misi mxatvruli faseulobis ganmtkicebaSic? SeiZleba Semogvedavon da imis mtkiceba daiwyon, rom, marTalia, `so­cialuri WeSmariteba~, rogorc aseTi, ar warmoadgens mx­atvrul Rirebulebas, magram mainc ganamtkicebs iseT mxat­vrul Rirebulebebs, rogorebicaa sirTule da simwyobre. magram es namdvilad ar aris saWiro. arsebobs marTlac dide­

156

literaturis Teoria

buli literatura, romelsac aqvs umniSvnelo socialuri datvirTva an saerTod araviTari socialuri datvirTva ara aqvs. socialuri literatura literaturis mxolod erT­erTi nairsaxeobaa da arc literaturis TeoriaSi ukavia gad­amwyveti adgili, Tu, ra Tqma unda, ar gaviziarebT im Tval­sazriss, rom literatura, upirveles yovlisa cxovrebis, kerZod ki, socialuri cxovrebis `imitaciaa~ (rogorc aris kidec sinamdvileSi). magram literaturiT xom verc socio­logias CavanacvlebT da verc politikas. mas sakuTari daniS­nuleba da mizani aqvs.

157

Tavi meaTe

literatura da ideebi

*literaturisa da ideebis urTierTmimarTebas Sei­

Zleba ramdenime mkveTrad gansxvavebuli axsna moe Ze bnos. xSirad literaturas miiCneven filosofiis erT­erT for­mad, anu formaSi `SefuTul~ ideebad da misi analizis miza­nia `mowinave ideebis~ gamovlena. lite raturaTmcodneebic swored amgvarad ganazogade ben da ajameben nawarmoebebs. es meTodi absurdul ukidu re sobamde miiyvana mkvle­varTa gacilebiT adreulma sko lam. amis kargi magaliTia Seqspiris germaneli mkvlevari ul rici (Ulrici), romelmac `venecieli vaWris~ (The Merchant of Venice) centraluri idea Semdeg gamonaTqvamamde daiyvana: summum jus summa injuria1 (laT. upirobod aRsrulebuli samarTali (zogjer) udide­si usamarTlobis tolfasia, mTargmnelis SeniSvna);

miuxedavad imisa, rom umetesoba Cveni Tanamedrove mkvlevarebisa sifrTxiliT ekideba amgvar metismet in­teleqtualizacias, mainc SemorCa tradicia, romlis mixed­viTac literaturuli nawarmoebi filosofiur traqtatad unda miviCnioT.

amis sapirispiro Sexeduleba literaturas aTa­visuflebs yovelgvari filosofiuri datvirTvisagan. Ta­vis moxsenebaSi `filosofia da poezia~, jorj boasi pirda­pir acxadebs:

`poeziaSi gamoxatuli ideebi, Cveulebisamebr, mo­Z velebulia da arcTu iSviaTad _ mcdaric. 16 wels ga­dacilebuli arc erTi adamiani ar daxarjavs dros mxolod imis gasagebad, Tu ra azria masSi Cadebuli.~2

Tu davujerebT t. s. eliots, `Seqspiri da dante didi moazrovneebi rodi gaxldnen.~3 SeiZleba daveTanx moT boessac, romlis azriT, TiTqmis mTeli poeziis inteleq­

158

literaturis Teoria

tualuri Sinaarsi (boesi ki ZiriTadad lirikul poezias gulisxmobs), rogorc wesi, Zalze gazviadebulia. Tu ga­vaanalizebT bevr cnobil leqss, romlebsac swo red Tavi­anTi Rrma filosofiuri azrisTvis aqeben, xSirad xelSi SegvrCeba adamianis cxovrebis warmavlobaze an bedisweris Temaze Seqmnili Cveulebrivi, arafriT gamorCeuli nawar­moebebi. Tu yuradRebiT wavikiTxavT viqtorianuli epoqis lamis misnad Seracxuli poetis, brauningis gamonaTqvamebs, xSir SemTxvevaSi vnaxavT, rom isini sxva araferia, Tu ara moarul WeSmaritebaTa gamartivebuli versiebi.4 maSinac ki, Tu mogvwons iseTi zogadi debuleba, rogoricaa kitsis `si­lamazea WeSmariteba, WeSmariteba ki _ silamaze~ (fragmen­ti kit sis leqsidan `oda berZnul urnas~, Ode to a Grecian Urn, mTargmnelis SeniSvna), mainc mogviwevs bevri fiqri imaze, Tu rogor unda gavigoT es urTierTSeqcevadi debulebe­bi, sanam ar gaviazrebT maT, rogorc leqsis Semajame bel frazas xelovnebis maradiulobisa, bunebis silamazisa da adamianuri gancdebisa da warmavlobis Sesaxeb. rode­sac mxat vruli nawarmoebi dagvyavs ubralo dogmatur ga­nacxadamde, an izolirebulad ganvixilavT nawarmoebis nawyvetebs, amiT ispoba nawarmoebis unikalurobas, irRveva misi struqtura da SefasebisTvis gamoiyeneba sruliad Seu­sabamo kriteriumebi.

ueWvelia, rom literatura erTgvar sabuTs war mo­adgens ideebisa da filosofiis istoriaSi, radgan li­teraturuli istoria inteleqtualuri istoriis pa­ralelurad mimdinareobs da ireklavs kidec mas. poetis mier gakeTebuli pirdapiri ganacxadebebi Tu miniSnebebi xSirad imis maCvenebelia, rom is iziarebda, kargad icnob­da, an zogadi warmodgena hqonda ama Tu im konkretuli fi­losofiuri skolis Sexedulebebze.

bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi amerikeli swav­lulebis mTelma jgufma am sakiTxebis Seswavlas Tav­dauzogavi Sroma Sealia. TavianT meTods maT uwodes ̀ ideaTa istoria~, cota ar iyos damabneveli termini iseTi konkre­tuli da gansazRvruli meTodisaTvis, romelic ganaviTara a. o. lavjoim (A. O. Lovejoy) da xelic Seuwyo mis gavrcele­

159

literatura da ideebi

bas.5 man brwyinvaled warmoaCina am meTodis efeqtianoba Ta­vis wignSi `yofierebis diadi jaWvi~ (The Great Chain of Being). lavjoi Seiswavlis bunebis gradaciis ideas platonidan Selingamde (Schelling) da ganixilavs mas azrovnebis yvela sistemaSi, rogoricaa filosofia yvelaze zusti gagebiT, samecniero swavleba, Teologia da Tavad literatura. es meTodi filosofiis istoriisgan ori aspeqtiT gansxvavde­ba. lavjoi filosofiis isto ri is Seswavlisas didi moaz­rovneebiT ifargleba da sakuTar `ideaTa istoriaSi~ aer­Tianebs ufro mcire masStabis moazrovneT, maT Soris _ po­etebsac, romlebic, misi SexedulebiT, moazrovneTa klasi­dan warmosdgebian. la vjoi kidev ufro xazgasmiT aRniSnavs gansxvavebas, rodesac acxadebs, rom filosofiis istoria did sis temebs Seiswavlis, ideaTa istoria ki calkeul idee­bs, anu igi anawevrebs filosofiur sistemebs da Seiswavlis individualur motivebs.

lavjois mier SemoTavazebuli sazRvrebi, miuxeda­vad imisa, rom sruliad Sesaferisi safuZvelia iseTi kerZo gamokvlevisaTvis, rogoricaa `yofierebis diadi jaWvi~, ganzogadebuli saxiT damajereblad ar gamoiyureba. fi­lo so fiur cnebaTa istoria samarTlianad ekuTvnis fi ­losofiis istorias da didi xnis winaT hegelic da vin­delbandic mas ase moiazrebdnen. ra Tqma unda, calmxri vi iqneboda erTeuli ideebis Seswavla da sistemebis gamor­icxva. es igivea, rom literaturis Seswavlisas mxo lod ver­sifikaciis, diqciisa Tu saxismetyvelebis istoriiT Semov­ifargloT, uari vTqvaT mxatvruli na warmoebebis mTliano­baSi Seswavlaze da ar vcnoT maTi mTlianoba. `ideaTa is­toria~ azrovnebis zogadi istoriis Seswavlis mxolod erTi konkretuli meTodia, romelic literaturas iyenebs mxo lod rogorc sabuTsa da ganmartebas. es Tvalsazrisi naTlad Cans, rodesac lavjoi seriozul, Rrmaazrovan lite raturaSi gaSlil ideaTa umravlesobas moixseniebs, rogorc `filosofiur ideebs ganzavebul mdgomareobaSi~.6

miuxedavad amisa, `ideaTa istorias~ mainc keTil­mosurned unda moekidon literaturis mkvlevarni, da ara

160

literaturis Teoria

marto imitom, rom filosofiis istoriis ukeT gaazreba literaturas mxolod da mxolod gamoadgeba. lavjois meTodi mimarTulia azrovnebis istoriis mkvlevarTa um­ravlesobis Warbi inteleqtualizaciis winaaRmdeg. igi aRiarebs im faqts, rom azrovneba an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, azrovnebis sistemebs Soris gakeTebuli arCevani xSirad ganpirobebulia sxvadasxva SexedulebebiT da varaudebiT, met­naklebad gaucnobierebeli mentaluri CvevebiTa Tu qceviT. es meTodi aseve eTanxmeba im azrs, rom, rodesac ada­mianebi raime ideis mimdevarni xdebian, amaSi did rols as­rulebs maTi midrekileba metafizikuri paTosis sxvadasxva formebis mimarT da isic, rom ideebi, xSirad, gansakuTre­buli datvirTvis mqone sityvebi, xelSeuxebe li frazebia, romlebic semantikurad aris Seswavlili. leo Spicerma (Leo Spitzer), romelmac lavjois ̀ ideaTa istorias~ mravali nakli gamounaxa, Tavad SemogvTavaza saucxooo magaliTebi imisa, Tu rogor unda SevuxamoT erTmaneTs inteleqtualuri da semantikuri istoria iseTi sityvebis kvlevisas, rogore­bicaa ‘‘milieu’’(garemo), ‘‘ambience’’(garemocva) da ‘‘Stimmung’’ (germ. ganwyoba, at mosfero), enis istoriaSi maTi yvela aso­ciaciisa da cvli lebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT.7 bolos, lavjois sqemas aqvs erTi metad mimzidveli Tviseba. igi aSkarad ar eTanxmeba im mosazrebas, rom literaturuli da istoriuli kvlevebi daiyos erovnebisa da enebis mixedviT.

poeturi teqstis interpretaciisaTvis filosofiisa da zogadad, azrovnebis istoriis codna namdvilad ar aris zedmeti. amas rom Tavi davaneboT, literaturis istorias mudmivad uxdeba azrovnebis istoriis problemebis gan­xilva, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme gvaqvs iseT mwer­lebTan, rogoric aris paskali, emersoni, nicSe. marTlac, kritikis istoria, ubralod, erT­erTi nawilia esTetikuri azrovnebis istoriisa, yovel SemTxvevaSi Tu mas calke, gan­yenebulad ganvixilavT da ara mis Tanamedrove mxatvrul nimuSebTan erTad.

eWvi aravis Seepareba imaSi, rom Tavisuflad SegviZ­lia vaCvenoT, Tu rogor aisaxa inglisur literaturaSi fi losofia. elisabedis xanis poezia gamsWvalulia aRor­

161

literatura da ideebi

Zinebis droindeli platonizmis ideebiT: spenserma (Spe n ser) dawera oTxi himni, romlebSic aRwerilia aRmasvla mate­riidan RvTiur silamazemde neoplatonizmis moZRvrebis gaTvaliswinebiT. xolo Tavis `feriaTa dedofalSi“ (Fa erie Queene) poeti cvalebadobasa da bunebas Soris ka maTs mara­diuli, ucvleli wesrigis sasargeblod wyve ts. marlosTan imdroindeli italiuri aTeizmisa da skepticizmis gamo­Zaxils vxvdebiT. renesansuli pla tonizmis mraval niSans SeqspirTanac ki wavawydebiT. mag., `troilusSi“ (Troilus), ulises cnobil sityvaSi, sadac mon tenis azrebis eqoc ismis da stoikosTa gacveTili frazebic. donis (Donne) poeziaSi Cans, rom mas Seswavlili hqonda wminda mamaTa da sqolas­tikosTa nawerebi, da rom masze gavlena moaxdina axalma mecnierebam. miltonma Tavad Seqmna metad damoukidebeli sakuTari Teologia da kosmogonia, romelic, erTi inter­pretaciis mixed viT, Tavis TavSi aerTianebs materialis­tur da platonistur elementebs da, amasTan erTad, kavSiri aqvs rogorc aRmosavlur azrovnebasTan, ise maSindel seq­tebTan, mag., mortalistebTan.

draidenma dagvitova filosofiuri poezia, romelic imdroindel Teologiur da politikur winaaRmdegobebs gadmogvcems da gvidasturebs, rom avtori icnobda fide­izms, Tanamedrove mecnierebas, skepticizmsa da deizms. rac Seexeba tomsons (Thomson), man aRwera sistema, romelSic gaerTianebulia niutonianizmi da Saftsberis (Shaftesbury) ideebi. poupis `ese adamianze~ savsea eqoebiT mravali fi­losofiuri Teoriidan; rac Seexeba greis, man laTinuri heg­zametrebiT warmogvidgina lokis Teoriebi. lorens ster­nic lokis mxurvale Tayvanismcemeli gaxldaT da misi idee­bi asociaciebisa da xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb, uxvad gamoiyena (xSirad komikuri efeqtisaTvis) `tristram SendiSi~.

did romantikos poetebs Tu gadavxedavT, kolriji (Coleridge) Tavad gaxldaT sakmao gaqanebis da reputaciis mqone naswavli filosofosi. man dawvrilebiT Seiswavla kanti da Selingi da gadmogvca maTi Sexedulebebi, Tumca

162

literaturis Teoria

ver vityviT, rom yovelTvis kritikulad. kolrijis poe­zia, cota ar iyos, daazarala misma mudmivma CaZirvam fi­losofiaSi, magram, swored misi wyalobiT SeaRwia inglisur poeziaSi mravalma germanulma, ufro zogadad ki neopla­tonurma filosofiurma ideam. zogi maTgani manamdec ar­sebobda inglisuri poeziis tradiciaSi, magram kolrijma ufro aqtualuri gaxada. kantis kvali atyvia uordsuor­Tis poezias. isic Tqmula, rom igi Zalian kargad icnobda hartlis (Hartley) fsiqologiur Teoriebs. Tavdapirvelad Selim me­18 s­is frangi filosofosebisa da, aseve, maTi in­gliseli mowafis, godvinis didi gavlena ganicada; Tumca, mogvianebiT igi ufro metad spinozas, berklisa da plato­nis mimdevari gaxda.

viqtorianuli xanis winaaRmdegoba mecnierebasa da re­ligias Soris kargad aisaxa tenisonisa (Tennyson) da braunin­gis (Browning) poeziaSi. suinberni (Swinburne) da hardi (Hardy) asaxaven TavianTi drois pesimistur aTeizms. hofkinsi (Hop­kins) ki gviCvenebs, Tu ra gavlena moaxdina masze dans skotu­sis (Duns Scotus) ideebma. jorj eliotma (George Eliot) Targmna foierbaxi (Feuerbach) da Strausi (Strauss), Sou (Shaw) ki kar­gad icnobda semuel batlerisa (Samuel Butler) da nicSes naS­romebs. Tanamedrove poetebis umetesobas wakiTxuli aqvT froidis Sromebi an masze dawerili wignebi da gamokvlevebi. joisi (Joyce) kargad iyo ganswavluli ara marto froidisa da iungis moZRvrebebSi, aramed aseve kargad icnobda vikos (Vico), jordano brunosa (Giordano Bruno) da, ra Tqma unda, Toma aqvinelis (Thomas Aquinas) naazrevs; ieitsi Rrmad gaita­ca Teosofiam, misticizmma da berklimac ki.

sxva qveynebis literaturasac Tu mimovixilavT, amgvar magaliTebs kidev ufro uxvad vnaxavT. arsebobs dantes Teologiis uricxvi interpretacia. safrangeTSi e. Jilsonma (Gilson) Tavisi ganswavluloba Sua saukuneebis fi­losofiaSi gamoiyena rablesa (Rabelais) da paskalis (Pascal) teqstebis gasarCevad.8 pol azarma (Paul Hazard) didi profe­sionalizmiT dawera `evropuli azrovnebis krizisi~ me­17 s.­is bolosken (Crise de la conscience europeenne), sadac is aR­

163

literatura da ideebi

wers ganmanaTleblobis ideebis gavrcelebas da ufro gvi­andel naSromSi _ am ideaTa damkvidrebas mTels evropaSi.9

germaniaSi arsebobs uamravi gamokvleva, romlebic Seiswav­lian Silers, rogorc kantis ideebis mimdevars, goeTes kav­Sirs plotinTan da spinozasTan, klaistisas _ kantTan, he­belisas _ hegelTan da msgavs sakiTxebs. germaniaSi, filo­sofosebsa da poetebs, xSirad, marTlac uaRresad mWidro TanamSromloba akavSirebdaT, gansakuTrebiT _ romantiz­mis periodSi, rodesac fixte, Selingi da hegeli poetebTan cxovrobdnen da maSin, roca holderlinisTana wminda wylis poetic ki Tavs erTgvarad movaled Tvlida, rom sistematu­rad efiqra gnoseologiisa da metafizikis sakiTxebze. Tu ruseTs gadavxedavT, unda aRvniSnoT, rom dostoevskis da tolstois Zalze xSirad ise moixsenieben, rogorc mx­olod filosofosebsa da religiur moazrovneebs; puSkin­Tanac ki eZeben raRac, cota ar iyos, Znelad mosaxelTebel sibrZnes.10 simbolisturi moZraobis periodSi, ruseTSi asparezze `metafizikuri kritikosebis~ mTeli skola ga­moCnda, romlebic literaturas TavianTi sakuTari fi­losofiuri mrwamsis mixedviT aanalizebdnen. isini yvelani _ rozanovi, mereJkovski, Sestovi, berdiaevi da viaCeslav ivanovi _ werdnen dostoevskize da dostoevskis Sesaxeb.11 zogjer mas iyenebdnen rogorc ubralod teqsts, ra Ta eqa­dagaT sakuTari doqtrinebi. xdeboda, rosdesac mwe rals raRac filosofiur sistemis CarCoebSi aqcevdnen da mxo­lod Zalian iSviaTad axsendebodaT, rom masSi tragikosi romanisti daenaxaT.

amgvari Sromebis bolos, an umjobesia Tavidanve, unda davsvaT ramdenime kiTxva, romlebsac, rogorc wesi, yo­velTvis gasagebad ar upasuxeben. ramdenad SesaZlebelia, rom filosofosTa naazrevis ubralo gamoZaxilma poetis SemoqmedebaSi gansazRvros avtoris msoflmxedveloba, gansakuTrebiT ki iseTi dramatuli avtorisa, rogoric Seqspiria? iyvnen ki poetebi da saerTod mwerlebi aSkarad gamoxatuli da sistematuri mimdevrebi ama Tu im filoso­fiuri moZRvrebisa? gana dRes gamarTlebulia imis mtkice­ba, rom gasul saukuneebSi mwerals unda hqonoda sakuTari

164

literaturis Teoria

filosofia, amis moTxovnilebac ki unda egrZno an iseTi xalxis garemocvaSi unda ecxovra, romelnic ubiZgebdnen da mo ukidebeli azrovnebis sistemis Seqmnisaken, an gnebavT, dainteresebuli iqnebodnen amiT? gana xSirad metismetad gadaWarbebulad ar warmogvidgenen literaturis isto­rikosebi mweralTa (es Tanamedrove avtorebsac exebaT) fi­losofiuri mrwamsis erTianobas, sicxadesa Tu masStabs?

maSinac ki, Tu saubaria ganviTarebuli TviT cno­bierebis mqone mwerlebze, zogjer ki _ filoso fosebze, rom lebsac mWvretelobisadmi midreki leba axasiaTebT da TviTonac qmnian `filosofiur~ poezias, mainc mogviwevs Semdegi kiTxvebis dasma: aris Tu ara poezia miT ukeTesi, rac ufro filosofiuria igi? SegviZlia Tu ara poezia Se­vafasoT im filosofiis mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic masSia gadmocemuli an imis mixedviT, Tu ramde nad kar gad da Rrmad aris gagebuli im filosofiuri moZRvre ­bis arsi, romelsac is poeturad gamoxatavs? an iqneb im kuTxiT unda SevafasoT poezia, Tu ramdenad axali, origi­naluri saxiT gvawvdis tradiciul, ukve arsebul naazrevs? cnobilia, rom t. s. elioti dantes Seqspirze maRla ayeneb­da, radgan dantes filosofia uf ro jansaRad da logiku­rad miaCnda. germaneli filo sofosi herman glokneri (Her-mann Glockner) amtkicebs, rom poezia da filosofia arasodes ise daSorebuli ar yofila erTmaneTisagan, rogorc dantes SemoqmedebaSi, radganac misi azriT, dantem ukve arsebuli, dasrulebuli filosofiuri sistema Caibara da axali ara miumata ra.12 ideaTa namdvili urTierTgaziareba filoso­fiasa da poezias Soris moxda moazrovne poetTa xa naSi. aseTebi iyvnen _ empedokle (Empedocles) sokratemdel sa­berZneTSi, aRorZinebis epoqaSi fiCino (Ficino) da jordano bruno, romlebic poeziasac qmnidnen da filosofiasac, anu poetur filosofias da filosofiur poezias. mogvi­anebiT iyo goeTe germaniaSi, romelic poetic gaxldaT da TviTmyofi filosofosic.

sakiTxavi isaa, SevafasebT ki amgvari filosofiuri standartebiT literaturul nawarmoebebs? imis gamo xom

165

literatura da ideebi

ar unda daviwunoT poupis `ese adamianze~, rom poetma mra­vali gansxvavebuli wyaro gamoiyena da, mTlianobaSi, teq­s tis erTianoba darRveulia? Selim Tavisi cxovrebis erT etapze zurgi aqcia godvinis Camouyalibebel materializms da platonis idealizms miapyro Tvali. es TavisTavad prog­resuli nabiji Selis kargi poetobis maCvenebelia Tu cu­dis? ramdenad aqvs amas kavSiri Selis poeziasTan? Taname­drove mkiTxvelTa TaobaSi arsebobs Sexeduleba, rom Selis poezia bundovani, monotonuri da mosawyenia. SesaZlebelia Tu ara, uarvyoT es azri, Tu davamtkicebT, rom Selis fi­losofias Tavis droze garkveuli Rirebuleba hqonda da esa Tu is adgili mis nawarmoebebSi bundovani da uazro ki araa, aramed imdroindel mecnierul Tu fsevdomecnierul ideebze migvaniSnebs.13 yvela es kri teriumi ueWvelad da­fuZnebulia inteleqtualistur gaugebrobaze, radganac filosofiisa da xelovnebis funqciebi arasworad aris gagebuli. isic arasworad aris gagebuli, Tu rogor SeaR­wevs sinamdvileSi ideebi literaturaSi.

literaturis filosofiuri kuTxiT Seswavlas, ro­gorc aRvniSneT, gadametebuli inteleqtualizmi axa­siaTebs. am faqtis mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebuleba gamovlinda zogierT meTodSi, romlebic sxvadasxva qve­yanaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki germaniaSi SeimuSaves. rudolf ungerma (Unger) _ dilTais ideebis daxmarebiT _ mtkiced dauWira mxari im meTods, romelsac didi xnis istoria ki hqonda, magram sistematurad ar gamoiyeneboda.14 is samar­Tlianad acxadebs, rom literatura ar aris leqsTwyobiTa da mxatvruli saxeebiT gadmocemuli fi losofiuri ideebi, aramed gamoxatavs cxovrebisadmi zogad damokidebulebas; poetebi Cveulebisamebr pasuxs uZebnian, iqneb arasiste­muradac, im SekiTxvebs, romlebic Sinaar siT SeiZleba fi­losofiuric iyos, magram maTi poeturi reaqcia amgvari SekiTxvebze sxvadasxvagvaria droisa da viTarebis cvaleba­dobis mixedviT. ungeri am `sakiTxebis~, cota ar iyos, TviT­nebur klasifikacias gvTavazobs, ese nia: bedisweris sakiTxi, romlis miRmac igi Tavisuflebisa da garduvalobis, sulisa

166

literaturis Teoria

da bunebis urTierTobas gulisxmobs; religiuri `sakiTxi~, romelic moicavs qristes saxis interpretacias, aseve damo­ki debulebas codvisa da xsnis, gadarCenis mimarT; bunebis sakiTxi, romelic ara marto bunebisadmi damokidebulebaa, aramed moicavs miTosisa da magiis sakiTxebs. problemaTa sxva jgufs ungeri adamianis problemebs uwodebs: ra aris adamiani? rogoria misi damokidebuleba sikvdilis mimarT? rogor esmis siyvaruli? bolo jgufSi ki Sedis sazogadoe­bis, ojaxisa da saxelmwifos problemebi. ungeris mixedviT, mweralTa Sexedulebebi unda Seswavlil iqnes am sakiTxeb­Tan kavSirSi. iseTi SemTxvevebic iyo, rom gamovida wignebi, romlebic cdiloben am problemaTa istoriis Seswavlas maT­Tvis damaxasiaTebeli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT midgo­modnen. valter remma (Walther Rehm) dawera mozrdili wigni, romelic germanul poeziaSi sikvdilis problemas ikvlevs. paul klukhonma (Paul Kluckhohn) ki gamoikvlia, Tu rogor aisaxa siyvarulis Tema me­18 s.­isa da romantizmis epoqaSi.15

msgavsi Sromebi sxva enebzec Seiqmna. mario pracis (Ma-rio Praz) `romantikul agonias~ (Romantic Agony) SeiZleba vu­wodoT gamokvleva seqsisa da sikvdilis Temaze, rogorc amas misi italiuri saxelwodebac migvaniSnebs: ̀ sxeuli, sikvdili da eSmaki romantikul literaturaSi~16 k. s. luisis `siyvar­ulis alegoria~ (Alegory of Love), garda imisa, rom alegoriis Janris istorias warmoadgens, aseve bevrs mogviTxrobs, Tu rogor Seicvala da icvleba Ddamokidebulebebi siyvaruli­sa da qorwinebis mimarT. Teodor spensers (Theodore Spencer) ekuTvnis wigni `sikvdilis Tema elisabedis xanis tragedi­aSi“ (Death and Elizabethan Tragedy), romelic Sesaval nawilSi erTmaneTs upirispirebs sikvdilisadmi damokidebulebas Sua saukuneebsa da aRorZinebis epoqaSi.17 moviyvanT erT magaliTs: Sua saukuneebSi adamians yvelaze metad uecari sikvdilisa eSinoda, radgan es xels SeuSlida erTgvar momzadebasa da codvaTa monaniebaSi. monteni ki fiqrobs, rom uecari sikvdili yvelaze advilia. mas ukve aRar sjera im qristianuli Sexedulebisa, romlis mixedviT, sicocxle sikvdilisaTvis mzadebaa. h. n. fearCaildma gamoikvlia re­

167

literatura da ideebi

ligiuri Temebi me­18­19 ss. inglisur poeziaSi da mwerlebi daajgufa maTi religiuri gancdebis sicxovelis mixedviT18 safrangeTSi gamocemuli abat bremonis (Abbé Bremond) didi moculobis `franguli reli giuri grZnobis istoria me­17 saukuneSi~ (History of French Religious Sentiment in the Seventeenth Century) metwilad mxatvrul literaturas emyareba; mon­glonma (Monglond) da trarma (Trahard) dagvitoves mSvenieri gamokvlevebi, romlebic exeba sentimentalizms, romantiz­mis epoqamdel damokidebulebas bunebis mimarT da, aseve, frangi revolucionerebis mier gamomJRavnebul uCveulo mgrZnobiarobas.19

ungeris siaSi CamoTvlili zogi problema wminda fi­losofiuri, ideologiuri xasiaTisaa da Tu sidnis (Sid-ney) citatas moviSveliebT, poeti maT mimarT mxolod da mxolod `ubralod, popularuli filosofosis~ rols as­rulebda. danarCeni problemebi ufro mgrZnobiarobisa da grZnobis istorias ganekuTvnebian, vidre azrovnebis isto­riisas. xandaxan isec xdeba, rom sazRvari ide o logiursa da emociur problemas Soris Znelad gasavlebia. adamianis damokidebulebas bunebis mimarT Za lian Rrma kvals aCnevs kosmologiuri da religiuri mo sazrebebi, magram masze, aseve, uSualo zegavlenas axdens esTetikuri Sexedule­bebi, literaturuli pirobiTobebi da, SesaZloa, iseTi fiziologiuri momentic, rogoricaa misi mxedvelobis una­ris cvlileba, mag., mxedvelobis daqveiTeba.20 imas, Tu ro­gor SevigrZnobT peizaJs, garkveulwilad gansazRvraven ara marto mogzaurebi, mxatvrebi da baRis dizainerebi, ara­med iseTi poetebi da mwerlebi, rogorebic arian miltoni, tomsoni, Satobriani (Chateaubriand) da reskini (Ruskin).

grZnobis istoriis kvleva garkveul siZneleebs ukav­Sirdeba: grZnoba warmavalia, mouxelTebeli da imavdrou­lad mudmivi, ucvleli. ra Tqma unda, germanelma mkvleva­rebma gazviadebuli formiT warmogvidgines is cvlilebani, romlebic adamianTa Sexedulebebma ganicada da sqematura­dac warmogvidgines maTi ganviTarebis stadiebi, romelTa mowesrigebuloba, cota ar iyos, eWvs iwvevs. da mainc, sada­

168

literaturis Teoria

vo aRar unda iyos is faqti, rom grZnobebi icvleba; yovel SemTxvevaSi, Seicvala maTi gamoxatvis xerxebi da formebi. balzaki xumrobanarevi kiloTi aRniS navs, Tu rogor gansx­vavdeba siyvarulis mimarT b­ni iulos (Hulot) me­18 saukuni­saTvis damaxasiaTebeli fuqsavaturi damokidebuleba q­ni marnefis damokidebulebisagan, romelic restavraciis pe­riodis tipur sust qals _ `mowyalebis das~ warmoadgens.21

literaturis istoriisTvis uCveulo ar aris crem­lis niaRvrebi, raSic erTmaneTs tols ar udebdnen XVIII s­is mkiTxvelica da mweralic. gelertma (Gellert), inteleq­tualurma da maRali socialuri mdgomareobis mqone ger­manelma poetma, imdeni itira grandisonisa da klementinas ganSorebis scenis kiTxvisas (igulisxmeba samuel riCard-sonis (Samuel Richardson) romani `ser Carlz grandisonis istoria~ – The History of Sir Charles Grandison; mTargmnelis SeniSvna), sanam Tavisi cxvirsaxoci, wigni, magida da TviT iatakic ki cremliT ar daasvela. am faqtiT is Tavsac ki iwonebda erT­erT werilSi;22 dr­i jonsonic ki, romelic maincdamainc ar iyo cnobili Tavisi gulCvilo biT, Tavs uf lebas aZlevda, gacilebiT ufro daurideblad efrqvia cremlebica da emociebic, gansxvavebiT Cveni Tanamedrovee­bisgan, yovel SemTxvevaSi, imaTgan vinc in teleqtualTa So­ris moiazreba.23

ungeris Tvalsazriss, romelic ar gamoirCeva maRali inteleqtualuri doniT, upiratesoba aqvs konkretuli mwe rlis kvlevis drosac, radganac is cdilobs arcTu ise gasagebad da naTlad Camoyalibebuli Sexedulebebisa da ideebis gansazRvras. amdenad, imis saSiSroebac naklebia, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebis Semadgeneli nawilebi izoli­rebulad ganvixiloT da ubralo prozauli ganacxadis Tu formulis mniSvneloba vakmaroT.

am Sexedulebebis Seswavlam zogierTi germaneli fi­losofosi miiyvana im daskvnamde, rom SesaZlebeli iyo maTi dayvana ramdenime saxis msoflmxedvelobamde (Weltanschau-ung). es termini farTod gamoiyeneba da moicavs rogorc filosofiur ideebs, ise damokidebulebebs, romlebic emo­

169

literatura da ideebi

ciur sferos ganekuTvneba. yvelaze metad cnobilia mcd­eloba dilTaisa, romelic Tavis naSromebSi, rogorc li­teraturis istorikosi, yovelTvis xazs usvamda gansxvave­bas ideasa da gancdas (Erlebnis) Soris. az rovnebis istoriaSi avtori sam ZiriTad tips gamohyofs:24 pirvelia pozitivizmi, romlis warmoSobac dakav Si rebulia demokrites da lukre­ciusis saxelebTan da aerTianebs hobss, frang enciklope­distebs, Tanamedrove materialistebsa da pozitivistebs; Semdeg _ obieqturi idealizmi, romelic, dilTais azriT, moicavs heraklites, spinozas, laibnics, Selingsa da he­gels, da, bolos dualisturi idealizmi anu `Tavisuflebis idea lizmi“, romelsac miekuTvnebian platoni, qristiani Teologebi, kanti da fixte. pirveli jgufis moazrovneni sulier samyaros fizikuri samyaroTi xsnian; meoreni rea­lobas aRiqvamen rogorc Sinagani realobis gamoxatule­bas da Tvlian, rom ar arsebobs konfliqti yofierebasa da sargeblianobas Soris; mesameni ki amtkiceben, rom suli bunebisgan damoukideblad arsebobso. Semdeg dilTai konkretul avtorebs azrovnebis am sam tipTan akavSirebs. mag., balzaki da stendali pirvel jgufSi Sehyavs, goeTe _ meoreSi, Sileri _ mesameSi. es klasifikacia ar emyareba, ubralod, mweralTa mier gakeTebul ganacxadebs, anu imas, Tu romeli filosofiuri moZRvrebaa maTTvis yvelaze metad misaRebi. igulisxmeba, rom is SeiZleba iyo TviT yvelaze arainteleqtualuri xelovnebis analizis Sedegi. xsenebuli sami ZiriTadi tipi, aseve, asocirdeba zogad fsiqologiur midrekilebebTan: magaliTad, realizmSi War­bobs inteleqti, obieqtur realizmSi _ grZnoba, xolo du­alisturi idealizmis mTavari niSania neba, nebisyofa.

herman noli (Herman Nohl) Seecada eCvenebina msgavsi kav­Siri mxatvrobasa da musikasTan mimarTebaSic.25 rem branti da rubensi man miakuTvna obieqtur idealistebs, panTeistebs; velaskesi da halsi _ realistebs; miqe lanjelo ki _ subi­eqtur idealistad miiCnia. rac See xeba musikosebs, berliozi moazrovneTa pirvel tips mie kuTvneba, Suberti _ meores, beThoveni _ mesames. mxat vrobasTan da musikasTan dakavSire­

170

literaturis Teoria

buli es argumenti Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgan igulisx­meba, rom am tipebis arseboba SesaZlebelia literaturaSic, Tundac mas mkveTrad ga mo xatuli inteleqtualuri Sinaarsi arc gaaCndes. ungerma imis damtkicebac scada, rom gansxvave­bebi azrovnebis am sam tips Soris eCvenebina mcire moculobis nawarmoebebSic ki. mag., morikes (Mörike), s. f. maieris, lilien­kronis leqsebSi;26 man da nolma imis Cvenebac scades, rom av­toris msoflmxedvelo ba (Weltanschauung) SeiZleba aR movaCinoT nawarmoebis stil Sic an romanis iseT scenebSic, romelTac ara nairi pirdapiri inteleqtualuri datvirTva ar gaaC niaT. aq ukve es Teoria gadadis umniSvnelovanes mxatvrul stil­Ta TeoriaSi. val celi (Walzel) Seecada es ukanaskneli Teoria daekavSirebina volflinis `xelovnebis isto riis principeb­Tan~ da aseve msgavs tipologiebTan.27

aseTi varaudebi did interess iwvevs. germaniaSi Cven mier ganxiluli Teoriis mravali variacia Seiqmna. isini literaturis istoriis Sesaswavladac gamoiyeneba. mag. valcelma me­19 s­is germanul da saerTod evropul lit­eraturaSi SeamCnia Zalian mkafio evolucia, romelic azrovnebis meore tipidan (goeTesa da romantikosTa obieqturi idealizmi) pirvel tipis (realizmi) gavliT _ romelic Tavis mxriv impresionizmis saSualebiT Tan­daTanobiT acnobierebs samyaros fenomenalurobas _ gada­izrdeba mesame tipSi, romelic warmodgenilia eqspresio­nizmiT gamoxatuli subieqturi, dualisturi idealizmiT. valcelis sqema ubralod imas ki ar acxadebs, rom aseT cv­lileba marTlac xdeboda, aramed imasac, rom es cvlileba ramdenadme erTi meorisgan gamomdinarea da logikuri. ganviTarebis garkveul etapze panTeizmi gadadis natura­lizmSi, naturalizmi ki, Tavis mxriv, impresionizmSi, xolo impresionizmis subieqtiuroba sabolood erwymeba axal idealizms. es sqema dialeqturia da saboloo angariSiT _ hegelianuri.

fxizel Tvals am sqemebis mowesrigebuloba da si­zuste eWvis safuZvels gauCens. aradamajereblad moe­

171

literatura da ideebi

Cveneba mesame tipis xelSeuxebloba Tu gamorCeuloba. un­geri TviTonac obieqturi realizmis or tips ganasxvavebs: harmoniuls, romlis warmomadgenladac goeTes miiCnevs da dialeqtikurs _ boemes (Boehme), Selingisa da hegelis saxiT; kritikas imsaxurebs `pozitivizmic“, romlebic, TiTqosda, mraval (umetes SemTxvevaSi Zalian gansxvavebul) Sexedulebas moicavs. Tumca, am klasifikaciis detalebis dawunebaze ufro mniSvnelovnad gveCveneba imis garkveva, Tu ra igulisxmeba mTeli am msjelobis miRma.

amgvar tipologiis Sedegia mTeli literaturis Zal­ze miaxloebiTi daxarisxeba sam (an ara umetes xuT­eqvs) dajgufebad. Tu am gzas gavyvebiT, poetTa gamokveTili indi­vidualoba minimumamde iqneba Semcirebuli an sulac uaryo­fili. literaturis kuTxiT Tu mivudgebiT, bevrs verafers mivaRwevT, Tu iseT gansxvavebul poetebs, ro gorebic blei­ki, uordsuorTi da Seli arian, erT jgufSi movaqcevT da `obieqtur idealistebs~ vuwodebT. arc isaa mizanSewonili, Tu poeziis istorias msoflmxedvelobis (Weltanschauung) sami an meti tipis modifikaciiT Semov farglavT. da, bo­los, amgvari damokidebuleba gulisxmobs radikalur da gadaWarbebul relativizms. amiT iseTi STabeWdileba unda Seiqmnas, rom am samive tips Tanaswori Rirebuleba aqvT da poets isRa darCenia, amoirCios erTi maTgani, romelic yvelaze metad Seefereba mis temperaments an raime Rrmad iracionalur, winaswar mocemul damokidebulebas samyaros mimarT. igulisxmeba, rom arsebobs tipebis mxolod gansaz­Rvruli raodenoba da yoveli poeti erTi romelime maTga nis gamomxatvelia. ra Tqma unda, mTeli es Teoria damyarebu­lia istoriis zogad filosofiaze, romlis mixedviTac fi­losofiasa da xelovnebas Soris arsebobs Zalze mWidro da aucilebeli urTierTdamokidebuleba ara mxolod individ­ualur doneze, aramed aseve garkveul periodSi da zogadad, istoriaSi. msgavs msjelobas humanitaruli sferos isto­riis (Geistesgeschichte) hipoTezebis ganxilvisken miv ya varT.

Geistesgeschichte SeiZleba Tavisuflad gamoviyenoT, ro­gorc alternatiuli termini inteleqtualuri is to riis,

172

literaturis Teoria

ideaTa istoriis aRsaniSnavad, ise, rogorc es lav jois esmo­da; mas is upiratesobac aqvs, rom germanul ena ze, inglisur­Tan SedarebiT, naklebad inteleqtualurad JRers. Geist _ (`suli~) bevris momcveli terminia, romelic moicavs grZnobis istoriis problemebs. Geist­s arcTu sasurveli asociaciebi aqvs `obieqturi sulis“ cnebasTan. Tumca, germaniaSi Geistesge-schichte, rogorc wesi, kidev ufro specifikur mniSvnelobas iZens, romlis mixedviTac yovel periods Tavisi ̀ epoqis suli, suliskveTeba“ aqvs da misi mizania, aRadginos epoqis suli am ukanasknelis sxvadasxvagvari obieqtivaciebis safuZvelze, dawyebuli religiiT da damTavrebuli im droindeli samo­siT. Cven veZiebT simrTeles, mTlianobas calkeuli sagnebis miRma da yvela faqtis axsnas epoqis suliT, suliskveTebiT vcdilobT.28

zemoxsenebuli termini gulisxmobs adamianis saq­mianobis yvela (kulturuli an, saerTod, nebismieri) sfe ros metad mWidro urTierTSeTanxmebulobas, anu xe­lovnebisa da mecnierebis ganviTarebis srul pa ra lelizms. es meTodi kvlav gvabrunebs Slegelebis mier SemoTavaze­bul varaudebTan. mis yvelaze saukeTeso da, aseve, yvelaze ucnaur mimdevrad ki Spengleri gvevlineba. Tumca am meTods akademiuri mimdevrebic hyavs literaturis istorikosebis saxiT, romlebic am meTods aqtiurad iyenebdnen litera­turuli kvlevebis dros. mas iyeneben iseTi sakmaod zomieri dialeqtikose bi, rogoric aris korfi (Korff), (romelmac Seiswavla 1750­1830 wlebis germanuli literaturis isto­ria da aCvena literaturis dialeqtikuri gadasvla racio­nalurobidan iracionalurobamde, Semdeg ki sinTezamde, hegelianuri gagebiT), agreTve cisarJi (Cysarz), doiCbaini (Deutschbein), Stefanski (Stefansky) da maisneri (Meissner) Tavi­anT fantas tikur, sityvaTa TamaSze agebul, fsevdomisti­kur nawerebSi.29 es meTodi mniSvnelovanwilad warmoadgens analogiis meTods, rogoric aris negatiuri analogia, ram­denadac, rogorc wesi, is xazs usvams gansxvavebebs romeli­me konkretul epoqaSi da ugulebelyofs msgavsebebs, da aseve pozitiuri analogia, ramdenadac, aqac, rogorc wesi,

173

literatura da ideebi

is xazs usvams konkretuli periodSi momxdari movlenebis Tu Seqmnili nawarmoebebis msgavsebas da iviwyebs sxvao­bebs. romantizmisa da barokos periodebi gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli niadagi aRmoCnda ideaTa gamomgoneblobaSi savarjiSod.

amis mSvenier magaliTs warmoadgens maisneris naSromi `inglisuri barokos periodis literaturis humanitaruli safuZvlebi~ (Die geisteswissenschaftlichen Grundlagen des englischen Literaturbarocks“) (1934), romelic erTmaneTisadmi sruliad dapirispirebul tendenciebs Soris konfliqts epoqis su­lad naTlavs da Seupovrad, daucxromlad ganixilavs am formulas adamianis moRvaweobis yvela sferoSi _ teqno­logia iqneba es Tu gamokvlevebi, mogzauroba Tu religia. mTeli masala Zalian mowesrigebulad da saguldagulod aris daxarisxebuli Semdeg kategoriebad: eqspansia da kon­centracia, makrokosmosi da mikrokosmosi, codva da xsna, rwmena da goneba, absolutizmi da demokratia, `ateqtonika~ da `teqtonika~. amgvari universaluri analogiebis warmod­genis Semdeg, maisneri gamoaqvs sazeimo daskvna, rom baroko, nebismieri formiT gamovlinebisas, konfliqtis, winaaRmde­gobisa da daZabulobis maCvenebeli iyo. Tavisi kolegebis msgavsad, maisneri arasodes svams arsebiT kiTxvas: gana ar SeiZleba, rom dapirispirebaTa igive sqema TiTqmis nebis­mieri sxva epoqidanac miviRoT? avtori arc imas kiTxu­lobs, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom dapirispirebaTa sruliad sxva sqema gamovZebnoT XVII s­sTvis, Tundac imave citatebis safuZvelze, romlebic moy vanilia mis mier wakiTxuli uamravi wignidan.

zustad igivenairad, korfis sqeltanian wignebs yvela da yvelaferi dahyavT `racionalizmis~ Tezisamde, `ira cionalizmis~ antiTezamde da `romantizmSi~ maT sin Tezamde. korfTan racionalizmi xSirad iZens `kla­sicizmis~ formalur mniSvnelobasac, xolo iracionalizmi _ `qariSxlisa da Setevis~ gaurkvevel formas, germanul romantizms ki sinTezis roli ekisreba. germanul enaze daiwera bevri wigni, romlebic am da pi rispirebas ikvleven.

174

literaturis Teoria

mag. kasireris bevrad ufro saRi `Ta visufleba da forma~ (Freiheit und Form), cisarJis bundovani naSromi `gamoc­dileba da idea~ (Erfahrung und Idee).30 zog germanel mwe­ralTan es ideuri tipebi an mWidro kavSirSia erT maneTTan an ubralod gadaizrdebian rasobriv tipebad: germaneli (yovel SemTxvevaSi, WeSmariti tevtoni) grZno bis karnaxiT moqmedebs, xolo laTinuri rasis warmomadgeneli gonebis TvaliT Wvrets; tipebi SeiZleba, ZiriTadad, fsiqologiuri niSniT gansxvavdebodnen, iseve, rogorc arsebobs tradi­ciuli kontrastuli tipebi: demonuri da racionaluri. da, bolos, iTvleba, rom ideologiur tipebs stilisturi cnebebis datvirTva eZlevaT; isini erwymian klasicizmsa da romantizms, barokosa da gotikas, ramac saTave daudo uzarmazar literaturas, sadac eTnologia, fsi qologia, ideo logia da xelovnebis istoria erTmaneTSi isea gadax­larTuli, rom adamians Tavgza aebneva.

Sexeduleba drois, rasis, xelovnebis nawarmoebis sruli integraciis Sesaxeb metad saeWvoa. Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, xelovnebis formebi paralelurad vi­Tardeba, mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSia misaRebi. kidev ufro saeWvoa paralelizmi filosofiasa da poezias Soris. magaliTisTvis mxolod inglisuri romantikuli poeziac ki gveyofa, romelmac ayvavebas im dros miaRwia, roca inglisur da Sotlandiur filosofiaSi gabatonebu­li mdgomareoba ekava e. w. `jansaRi azris~ filosofias (common-sense philosophy) da utilitarizms. maSinac ki, roca filosofias TiTqosda erTi SexedviT axlo kavSiri aqvs literaturasTan, maTi realuri integracia gacilebiT naklebad sarwmunoa, vidre amas germanuli humanitaruli sferos istoria (Geistesgeschichte) varaudobs. romantizms germanul literaturaSi umetesad Seiswavlian im fi lo­sofiis fonze, romelic ganaviTares da Camoayalibes pro­fesionalma filosofosebma _ fixtem da Selingma, aseve, mwerlebma _ Slegelma, novalisma da sxvebma, romelTac germanul literaturaSi centralur adgils namdvilad ver mivuCenT: maTma nawarmoebebma didi kvali ver datoves

175

literatura da ideebi

da verc mxatvruli RirsebebiT gamoirCevian. germanuli romantizmis udides poetebsa da dramaturgebs, xSir Sem­TxvevaSi, mxolod da mxolod umniSvnelo urTierToba hqondaT imdroindel filosofiasTan (mag. e. T. a. hofmani da ai xendorfi (Eichendorff), romelic tradiciuli kaTolike gaxldaT), an aviTarebdnen iseT filosofiur Tvalsazriss, romelic gansakuTrebiT miuRebeli, sadavo iyo romantiz­mis filosofosebisTvis. gavixsenoT Tundac Jan­pol rix­teri (Jean Paul Richter), romelic gamudmebiT Tavs esxmoda fixtes, an klaisti, romelic kantis ideebis zegavlenas ganicdida. TviT germanuli romantizmis periodSic ki fi­losofiisa da literaturis mtkice kavSirs mxolod maSin davasabuTebT, Tu gamovikvlevT fixtes aRiarebuli mowa­feebis, novalisisa da fridrih Slegelis fragmentebs da Teoriul naSromebs. maT mosazrebebs ki, romelTac isini iSviaTad aqveynebdnen, konkretul literaturul nawar­moebebTan Zalian cota ram hqondaT saerTo.

Sexedulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom filosofiasa da li­teraturas Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobs, xSirad Sec­domaSi SevyavarT. am kavSiris damadasturebeli ar gu­mentebi gazviadebulia, radgan isini emyareba li teraturis ideologiis, sxvadasxva mrwamsisa da Tval sazrisis Seswav­las da, aseve, iseT programebsac, rom lebic, rogorc Cans, sazrdooben arsebuli, mza esTetikuri formulirebebiT da realur mxatvrul praqtikasTan mxolod mciredi Sexeba aqvT. Tumca, aseTi skepticizmi fi losofiasa da literatu­ras Soris arsebul mWidro in tegraciis mimarT, rasakvirve­lia, ar gamoricxavs maT So ris garkveul urTierTobas. isic SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom zogierT epoqaSi paralelu­rad viTardeboda filosofiu ri da literaturuli mimdi­nareobebi, rasac, albaT, metwi lad xels uwyobda Tavad epo­qaTa socialuri foni, sxvada sxva movlena, romlebic lite­raturaSic da filosofiaSic garkveul kvals tovebdnen. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic ki, bolomde ar unda daveyrdnoT zemoT aRniSnul saerTo, socialur fons. filosofiis esa Tu is mimdinareoba xSirad warmoiSoboda da viTardeboda

176

literaturis Teoria

sazogadoebis im garkveul klasSi, romelic SeiZleba Zalian gansxvavebuli yofiliyo poeziis SemqmnelTagan, ara marto sazogadoebrivi kavSirebiT, aramed socialuri warmomav­lobiTac. lite raturasTan SedarebiT, filosofia Tavisi arsiT kidev ufro metad aris dakavSirebuli eklesiasTan da akademi ur swavlebasTan. iseve, rogorc adamianis moR­vaweobis yvela sxva sferos, masac aqvs sakuTari istoria, sa kuTari dialeqtika: mis qvejgufebsa da mimdinareobebs, Cveni azriT, ara aqvT imdeni saerTo literaturul mimdi­nareobebTan, rogorc amas humanitaruli sferos istoriis (Geistesgeschichte) mravali mkvlevari miiCnevs.

literaturuli cvlilebebis axsna `epoqis sulis~ meSveobiT namdvilad yovelgvar safuZvels moklebulad gveCveneba maSin, roca es suli gadaiqceva raRac miTur in­tegralad da absolutad. arada, yvelaze didi funqcia, rac mas akisria, aris is, rom migvaniSnebs rTul da miCqma lul problemaze. germanuli Geistesgeschichte aqamde, Cveulebriv, mxolod imas axerxebda, rom erTi rigis (xelovnebis an fi­losofiis) kriteriumebs avrcelebda mTeli kulturuli Semoqmedebis sferoze. Semdeg epoqasac da calkeul li­teraturul nawarmoebsac axasiaTebda iseTi gaurkveve li da sapirispiro cnebebis saSualebiT, rogorebicaa: kla­sicizmi da romantizmi, racionalizmi da iracionalizmi. `epoqis sulis“ ideas xSirad damRupveli Sedegi moutania dasavluri civilizaciis uwyvetobis ideisTvis: miiCneoda, rom yoveli epoqa imdenad Taviseburi da izolirebulia, xolo maT mier asaxuli cvlilebebi imdenad radikaluria, rom Geisteswissenschaftler sabolood sruldeboda ara marto srul istoriuli relativizmiT (yvela epoqa Taviseburad kargia), aramed individualobisa da originalobis mcdari koncefciiTac, romelic ugulebelyofs adamianuri bu­nebis, civilizaciisa Tu xelovnebis fundamentur, yvela droi saTvis damaxasiaTebel, maradiul Rirebulebebs. Spen­gleris azriT, arsebobs Caketili kulturuli cikle bi, romelTa warmoSoba TiTqos fataluri movlenaa. esaa Tavis TavSi Caketili, magram mainc auxsnelad paraleluri perio­

177

literatura da ideebi

debi. gamodis, rom antikuroba ar grZeldeba Sua saukunee­bSi, xolo dasavluri civilizaciis uwyvetoba mTlianad uaryofilia an miviwyebuli.

am fantastikurma mosazrebebma, ra Tqma unda, ar unda miCqmalos kacobriobis zogadi istoriis problema, yov­el SemTxvevaSi, dasavluri civilizaciis problema mainc. Cven sruliad darwmunebuli varT, rom gamosavali, rasac tradiciuli Geistesgeschichte gvTavazobs, naCqarevi da moum­wifebelia; is metismetad did mniSvnelobas ani Webs kon­trastebsa da analogiebs; stilTa da azrovnebis for maTa cvalebadobas kritikis gareSe tovebs da mtkiced sw ams ada­mianis yvela saxis moRvaweobis sruli integraciisa.

literaturis mkvlevarma Tavi unda daanebos iseT masStabur problemebze fiqrs, rogoricaa istoriis fi­losofia da civilizaciis umTavresi integrali da yu­radReba unda miaqcios im sakiTxs, romelic araTu araa gadawyvetili, aramed jer wesierad arc ki ganxilula. es gaxlavT Semdegi: mainc rogor xdeba ideebis SeRweva li­teraturaSi? raTqma unda, es ar exeba ideebs romelTac teqstSi mxolod, ase vTqvaT, `saSeni masalis~ informaciis fun qcia akisria. Cven mxolod is SemTxvevebi gvainteresebs, roca es ideebi bunebrivad, Zaldautaneblad iqceva teqs­tis qsovilis nawilad, anu sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, isini ubralod ideebi ki aRar arian Cveulebrivi gagebiT, aramed simbolod, miTadac ki gadaiqcevian. arsebobs didaqtikuri poeziis sakmaod didi nawili, romelSic ideebi, ubralod, gadmocemulia da versifikaciis, metaforis an alegoriis saSualebiT aris gaformebuli. arsebobs ideaTa romanebic, mag. JorJ sandis da jorj eliotis, sadac msjeloben so­cialur, moralur Tu filosofiur `problemebze“. in­tegracia ufro maRal safexurs aRwevs iseT romanSi, ro­goricaa melvilis `mobi diki“ (Moby Dick), romlis mTeli Si­naarssac miTuri datvirTva aqvs. an aviRoT robert brije­sis (Bridges) `silamazis anderZi~ (Testament of Beauty), romlis ideac gadmocemulia erTi filosofiuri metaforiT. da, ra Tqma unda, arsebobs dostoevskic, romlis romanebSic ide­aTa drama TamaSdeba konkretul personaJTa da movlenaTa

178

literaturis Teoria

enaze, maTi saSualebiT. romanSi `Zmebi karamazovebi~ oT­xive Zma simbolurad ganasaxierebs ideologiur kamaTs, romelic imavdroulad pirovnuli dramac aris. kamaTis ideologiuri daskvna mTavari gmi rebis piradi ubedurebis ganuyofeli nawilia.

sakiTxavi is aris, CaiTvleba Tu ara xelovnebis diad ni­muSebad es filosofiuri romanebi da poemebi _ vTqvaT, dos­toevskis `Zmebi karamazovebi“ Tu goeTes `fausti“ _ mxolod TavianTi filosofiuri Sinaarsis gamo? xom ar sjobs, SevTanx­mdeT imaze, rom `filosofiur simarTles“, rogorc aseTs, ar gaaCnia mxatvruli Rirebuleba, zustad iseve, rogorc veca­deT dagvemtkicebina, rom arc fsiqologiur da arc socialur simarTles ara aqvs aranairi mxatvruli Rirebuleba? filoso­fia, ideologiuri Sinaarsi, Tu is gadmocemulia Sesaferis konteqstiT, ufro mkveTrad war moaCens nawarmoebis mxat­vrul Rirebulebas, radganac igi aZlierebs ramdenime mniS­vnelovan mxatvrul Tvisebas: sir Tules da simwyobres. Teo­riuli codna xelovans exmareba, ufro met siRrmeebsa da masS­tabebs SeeWidos. magram es sulac araa aucilebeli. xelovans xels SeuSlis zomagadasuli ideologia, Tu igi bunebrivad ar gaiSleba nawarmoebis qsovilSi, Tu is misi erTiani nawili ar gaxdeba. kroCe amtkicebs, rom `RvTaebriv komediaSi“ poeziis strofebs enacvleba ga riTmuli Teologiisa da fsevdomec­nierebis strofebi.31 aSkaraa, rom `faustis“ meore nawili Za­lze daazarala zedmetma inteleqtualizmma da igi mudmivad daufaravi alegoriis zRvarze imyofeba; dostoevskisTan ki xSirad igrZnoba SeuTanxmebloba mwerlis mxatvrul ostato­basa da azris simZimes Soris. zosime, romelic dostoevskis azrebs gadmogvcems, ivan karamazovTan SedarebiT naklebad damajerebeli saxea. imave winaaRmdegobas, oRond ufro dabali registriT, gamoxatavs Tomas manis `jadosnuri mTa“: pirveli Tavebi, sadac gacocxlebulia sanatoriumis samyaro, mxatvru­li ostatobiT bevrad aRemateba momdevno Tavebs, romlebic sxva araferia, Tu ara vrceli filosofiuri msjeloba. lite­raturis istorias iseTi iSviaTi SemTxvevebic axsovs, rode­sac ideebi gansakuTrebul datvirTvas iZenen, rodesac moq­

179

literatura da ideebi

medi pirebi da TviT moqmedebac ubralod ki ar warmoadgenen ideebs, aramed Tavad xdebian xorcSesxmuli ideebi; rodesac xdeba filosofiisa da xelovnebis garkveuli integracia. xati iqceva idead da idea iqceva xatad. magram gana es imas niS­navs, rom am dros xelovneba Tavis mwvervals aRwevs, rogorc miiCnevs mravali filosofiurad ganwyobili kritikosi? al­baT, marTalia kroCes Tvalsazrisi `faustis“ meore nawilis Sesaxeb: `rodesac poezia imgvarad aRmatebuli xdeba, rom Tavis Tavsac ki aRemateba, is kargavs Tavis raobas da albaT arasrulfasovnadac unda miviCnioT, radgan, rac mas aklia, es swored poeziaa“.32 yovel SemTxvevaSi, is mainc udavod unda vaRiaroT, rom filosofiuri poezia, rac unda integrirebuli iyos, is mainc poeziis mxolod erT­erT saxeobas warmoadgens da arc li teraturaSi ukavia mTavari adgili, Tu, ra Tqma unda, im azrs ar viziarebT, rom poezia Tavisi arsiT mistikuri, ga­mocxadebis msgavsi unda iyos. filosofiis Canacvleba poeziiT ar moxdeba; poezias Tavisi daniSnuleba da mizani aqvs. ideaTa poezia ki poeziis erT­erTi saxeobaa da fasdeba ara imiT, Tu ra ideebisgan Sedgeba, aramed teqstSi maTi integraciis xarisxisa da mxatvruli ostatobis siZlieris mixedviT.

180

Tavi meTerTmete

literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi

*literaturisa da xelovnebis sxva dargebis ur­

TierTmimarTeba (natifi xelovneba, musika) metad mra­valferovani da rTulia. poetebs TavianTi STagonebis wya­ro zogjer mxatvrobaSi, qandakebasa da musikaSi upoviaT. adamianebisa da bunebis sxva cocxal SvilTa garda, poeziis Temad SeiZleba xelovnebis nimuSebic iqces. literaturis Teorias aranair problemas ar uqmnis is faqti, rom poe­tebs xSirad aRuweriaT qandakebebi, mxatvruli tiloebi, musikaluri nawarmoebebi. zogi kritikosi varaudobs, rom spenserma isargebla zogierT gobelenze gamosaxuli Tu moZrav scenebze warmodgenili istoriis amsaxveli coc­xali suraTebiT da isini Tavis leqsebSi gamoiyena. klod lorenisa (Claude Lorrain) da salvatore rosas (Salvatore Rosa) ferwerulma tiloebma gavlena moaxdines me­18 s­is land­Saftur poeziaze; kitsma klod lorenis erT­erTi suraTi gamoiyena Tavisi leqsisTvis ̀ oda berZnul urnas“.1 stiven a. larabi ganixilavs aluziebs berZnul skulpturaze da amave rigis motivebs inglisur poeziaSi.2 alber tibodem (Thibau-det) daasabuTa, rom malarmes `favnis SuadRis“ Seqmna STa­agona londonis erovnul galereaSi nanaxma buSes (Boucher) tilom.3 mravalma poetma, gansakuTrebiT, me­18 s­is iseTma poetebma, rogorebic arian hiugo, gotie, parnaselebi da tiki, Seqmnes leqsebi ama Tu im mxatvruli tilos Sesaxeb. poetebs, ra Tqma unda, TavianTi Teoriebi aqvT ferweris Taobaze da sayvareli mxatvrebic hyavT. saWiroa am sakiTxis Seswavla imis dasasabuTeblad, rom zemoxsenebuli Teo­riebi garkveulwilad, ukavSirdeba poetebis Sexedulebebs literaturis Sesaxeb da maT literaturul gemovnebas. es

181

literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi

namdvilad didi, TiTqmis Seuswavleli sferoa, romelTa kv­leva mxolod bolo aTwleulebSi daiwyo.4

Tavis mxriv, rasakvirvelia, literaturac SeiZ leba iqces naxatis an musikaluri nawarmoebis Temad, gansa­kuTrebiT vokaluri da programuli musikisa. li teratura, yvelaze metad ki lirikuli poezia da drama Zalze mWidrod TanamSromlobdnen musikasTan. sul ufro matulobs im gamokvlevaTa ricxvi, romlebic yuradRebas amaxvileben Sua saukuneebis himnebisa da elisabedis xanis lirikuli poe­ziis axlo kavSirze musikasTan _ TiTqosda isini musikisT­vis aris dawerili.5 xelovnebis istoriis sferoSi gamoCnda mTeli rigi swavlulebisa (ervin panofski, fric saqsli da sxvebi), romlebic Seiswavlian xelovnebis nimuSTa koncef­ciur da simbolur mniSvnelobas (`ikonologias“) da, amasTan erTad, xSirad ikvleven maT kavSirs literaturasTan, imas, Tu ra iqca maTi avtorebis STagonebis wyarod.6

wyaroebisa da urTierTzegavlenis, TanamSromlobisa da STagonebis sakiTxebTan erTad, wamoiWreba gacilebiT ufro rTuli problema. kerZod, literaturis istorias axsovs iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca literaturulma nawarmoeb­ma scada mieRwia ferweruli an musikaluri efeqtisaTvis da qceuliyo sityvebSi gacocxlebul naxatad an musikad. iseTi SemTxvevebic gvaxsovs, roca poeziam scada qandakebis gancda aReZra mkiTxvelSi. kritikosisgan ar unda gagvikvirdes, Tu is mkacrad dagmobs JanrTa aseT aRrevas. asec moiqca lesingi Tavis `laokoonSi“ (Laokoön) da irving bebiti (Irving Babbitt) `axal laokoonSi“ (The New Laokoön), magram vervin uaryofs, rom xelovnebis dargebi erTmaneTs dasesxebian maTTvis damaxasiaTebel efeqtebs da Sedegic warmatebuli yofila. rasakvirvelia, aravin apirebs imis mtkicebas, rom SesaZle­belia metamorfoza pirdapiri gagebiT: poeziis gadaqceva qandakebad, musikad an ferwerul tilod. rodesac termins `skulpturuli“ viyenebT poeziis mimarT, Tundac es lando­ris (Landor), goties (Gautier) an heredias (Heredia) poezia iyos, es mxolod da mxolod arazusti metaforaa, romelic gulisx­mobs, rom konkretuli poeturi nawarmoebi garkveulwilad

182

literaturis Teoria

berZnuli qandakebis msgavs SegrZnebas gvitovebs, iqneba es TeTri marmarilosTan Tu TabaSirTan dakavSirebuli sigri­lis SegrZneba, an garindebis, siCumis gancda, sicxade, mkveTri konturebi. Tumca, unda vaRiaroT, rom sigrilis gancda poe­ziaSi sruliad gansxvavdeba im gancdisagan, rasac marmarilo aRZravs CvenSi. es exeba TeTri feris warmosaxviT gancdasac; garindebis SegrZneba poeziaSi sruliad gansxvavdeba qanda­kebiseuli garindebisagan. rodesac uiliam kolinzis nawar­moebs `oda saRamosadmi“ (Ode to Evening) uwodeben `skulptu­rul leqss“, amiT imisi Tqma rodi undaT, rom mas raime kavSiri aqvs qandakebasTan.7 erTaderTi, risi gaanalizebac obieqtu­rad SeiZleba, es aris neli, sazeimo metri da poeturi ena, romelic imdenad uCveuloa, rom iZulebuli vxdebiT mTeli yuradReba calkeul sityvebs mivapyroT da es kidev ufro anelebs kiTxvis temps.

magram imaze mainc ver davxuWavT Tvals, Tu rogori warmatebiT sargeblobs horaciusis formula ut pictura poe-sis (laT. sityva­sityviT `rac mxatvrobaa, isaa poe ziac~; rogorc mxatvrul tilos sWirdeba yoveli kuT xidan Ses­wavla, ise sWirdeba poetur nawarmoebsac. _ mTargmnelis SeniSvna).8 albaT, kiTxvis procesSi mkiT xvelis gonebaSi namdvilad ar xdeba scenebisa Tu suraTebis warmodgena im intensiurobiT, rogorc amas am tkiceben. magram xom arse­bobdnen poetebica da epoqebic, romlebic mkiTxvels go­nebis Tvals uxeldnen da TavianT poezias mxatvruli ti­losaviT uSlidnen. SeiZleba, lesingi samarTlianad akri­tikebda ariostos imis gamo rom es ukanaskneli CamoTvlida qalis silamazis atributebs, rac mkiTx velis gonebaSi ver warmoqmnida wakiTxulis STambeW dav vizualur xats (Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom ariostos striqonebi poeturobis kuTxi­Tac moikoWlebs). miuxedavad amisa, me­18 s­is xatovani weris ideiT SepyrobilT, ase, erTi xelis mosmiT, ver uarvyofT. Tanamedrove literaturaSi, Satobrianidan moyolebuli vidre prustamde, mravlad vnaxavT iseT scenas, romelTa efeqti ferweruli tilos efeqts utoldeba da mkiTx­vels Zalauneburad im droindeli mxatvrobis nimuSebi

183

literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi

war moudgeba Tvalwin. warmovidginoT iseTi mkiTxveli, romelic saerTod ver erkveva mxatvrobaSi. aseTi mkiTx­velis SemTxvevaSi ukve saeWvoa, SeZlebs Tu ara poeti, rom Tavisi poeziiT ferwerul efeqts miaRwios. da mainc, unda vaRia roT, rom kulturis istoriis ganmavlobaSi mwerleb­ma marTlac moaxerxes is, rom maT nawarmoebTa kiTxvisas mkiTxvelis gonebaSi cocxldeba erTgvari ferweruli sim­bolo, mimaniSnebeli me­18 s­is landSafturi ferwerisa Tu im impresionistuli mxatvrobis efeqtisa, romliTac cno­bilia jeims uistleri, Tu misi msgavsi sxva mxatvrebi.

Seswevs Tu ara poezias imis unari, rom moaxdinos Cven­ze iseTive zemoqmedeba, rogorsac axdens musika? es ufro saeWvod gveCveneba, Tumca farTodaa gavrcelebuli mosaz­reba, rom poezias es ZaluZs. Tu guldasmiT gavaa nalizebT imas, Tu ras vgulisxmobT leqsis `musi ka lu robaSi~, aR­moCndeba, rom mas araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs musikis `melodiasTan~; `musikaluroba~ gulisxmobs fo netikuri erTeulebis ganlagebas, Tavis aridebas Tan xmovanTa dajgufebisaTvis an, ubralod, garkveuli rit muli efeqtis arsebobas. iseTi romantikosi poetebi, rogoricaa tiki, mogvianebiT ki verleni, musikaluri efeq tis Seqmnis mizniT ugulebelyofdnen leqsis azrobriv simwyobresa da logi­kur konstruqciebs, da yuradRebas denotaciaze metad ko­notaciaze amaxvilebdnen. Tumca unda vTqvaT, rom aramka­fio konturebi, azris bundova neba da alogikuroba, pirda­piri gagebiT, sulac ar gaxlavT `musikaluri~ xelovnebis niSan­Tviseba. musikis struq turis literaturuli imi­taciebi, magaliTad, laitmotivi, sonata an simfonia ufro konkretul suraTs warmogvidgens. magram ratom ar Sei­Zleba, musikis gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebad aRiarebul ganmeorebad motivebSi, an ganwyobaTa kontrastulobasa Tu harmoniaSi amovicnoT iseTi nacnobi literaturuli sti­listuri xerxebi, rogorebicaa ganmeorebadoba, kontrasti da sxv., romlebic damaxasiaTebelia xelovnebis yvela dar­gisTvis.9 im SedarebiT iSviaTi SemTxvevebis ganxilvisas, rodesac poezia marTlac mogvagonebs garkveul musikalur

184

literaturis Teoria

bgerebs, mag., verlenis ̀ qviTini grZeli violinoTa~ (‘Les san-glots longs des violons‘ ) an pos `zarebi“ (‘Bells’), unda vaRiaroT, rom musikaluri instrumentis tembris Tu zarebis metad ganzogadebuli xmebis efeqti miRweulia sxva arafris, Tu ara bgeraTmibaZvis xarjze.

leqsebi iwereboda, ra Tqma unda, musikaluri nawar­moebebisTvisac. nimuSad SeiZleba moviyvanoT elisabe­dis xanis simRerebi da yvela saopero libreto. istorias axsovs iseTi iSviaTi SemTxvevebic, roca poetica da kom­pozitoric erTi da igive pirovneba yofila; Tumca, gagvi­Wirdeba imis damtkiceba, rom musikisa da leqsis Seqmna odesme sinqronul process warmoadgenda. zogjer vagneric ki Tavis `dramebs~ mravali wliT ufro adre qmnida, vidre maT sasurvel musikas moargebda; isic cnobilia, rom mrava­li leqsi ukve mza melodiisTvis dauweriaT. da mainc, urT­ierTdamokidebuleba musikasa da marTlac didebul poezi­as Soris sakmaod umniSvnelo Cans, Tu Tvals gadavavlebT im mcirericxovan warmatebul SemTxvevebsac, rodesac kargi musika da aseve kargi teqsti erTmaneTs harmoniulad es­adageba. kompoziciurad da ideurad srulyofili, kargad Sekruli leqsebi advilad ar emorCilebian musikis enas, im dros, roca arafriT gamorCeul Tu uxeiro poeziaze (mag. haines Tu vilhelm miuleris mravali adreuli leqsi) Su­bertisa Tu Sumanis umSvenieresi simRerebi Seiqmna. Tu saqme marTlac maRalmxatvrul poeziasTan gvaqvs, musikis enaze mis Targmnas xSirad ziani moaqvs misTvis. radganac, am dros xSiria poeturi nawilis damaxinjeba an sulac miCq malva, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca musika TavisTavad marTlac Rire­bulia. amisTvis bevri magaliTis moyvana arc aris saWiro. gavixsenoT Tundac verdis musikiT gadmocemuli Seqspiris `otelo~. Cvens Tvalsazriss adasturebs aseve musika, ro­melic daiwera goeTes mravali leqsisTvis da fsalmu­nisTvis. mtkiceba aRar sWirdeba imas, rom musika da poezia urTierTmoqmedeben, magram poeziis saukeTeso nimuSebi musikisadmi didi midrekilebiT ar gamoirCeva, zustad ise­ve, rogorc yvelaze didebul musikas namdvilad ar sWird­eba sityvebi.

185

literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi

rodesac msjeloben natif xelovnebasa da lite­raturas Soris arsebuli paralelebis Sesaxeb, xSirad gavigonebT aseT frazas: mavani suraTi da mavani leqsi erT­sa da imave ganwyobas iwvevs; mag., mxiarulad da uzrunve lad vgrZnob Tavs, rodesac mocartis menuets vusmen, vatos peizaJs vumzer an anakreonul leqss vkiTxulobo. Cveni mizani ki zusti analizia, romelsac amgvari saxis para­lelizmebi didad ver waadgeba: musikaluri nawarmoebiT mogvrili sixaruli gansxvavdeba, zogadad, sixarulisgan da mas verc raime konkretuli mizeziT aRZrul sixaruls SevadarebT, Tumca, es mainc musikiT gamowveuli emociaa da misi aRqma konkretuli musikis SinaarsTan aris da­kavSirebuli. musikiT gamowveul da cxovrebiseul emociebs mxolod saerToBbuneba akavSirebT. Tu Cven mainc vecdebiT da SeZlebisdagvarad ganvsazRvravT am emociebs, mainc sruliad daSorebulni aRmovCndebiT im konkretuli sag­nisgan, romelmac es SegrZneba gamoiwvia. paralelebi xelovnebis or romelime dargs Soris, sanam isini emyare­ba mxolod mkiTxvelisa Tu mayureblis individualur reaqciebis, agreTve _ xelovnebis am ori dargis msgavsi aRqmis aRweras, arasdros daeqvemdebareba Semowmebasa da dazustebas da, amdenad, am ori dargis Cveneuli gagebac Tanazomierad ar ganviTardeba.

xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebis mimarT kidev erTi saerTo midgoma gulisxmobs xelovanTa Canafiqrisa da maTi Teoriebis Seswavlas. cxadia, SeiZleba davamtkicoT, rom xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargs miRma arsebul Teoriebsa da formulebs, aseve _ klasicizmisa Tu romantizmis mim­dinareobebs, garkveuli msgavseba akavSirebs. sxvadasxva dargis xelovanTa gancxadebebSic mravali ram SeiZleba ms­gavsad da identurad mogveCvenos. TumcaRa, `klasicizmi~ musikaSi literaturuli `klasicizmisagan~ gansxvavebiT sul sxva rames unda niSnavdes ubralo mizezis gamo: Tu ar CavTvliT mcirericxovan fragmentebs, namdvilad araferi viciT antikuri musikis Sesaxeb, romelic iseve daudebda saTaves musikis ganviTarebas, rogorc Camoayaliba da ga­

186

literaturis Teoria

naviTara literatura antikuri xanis nimuSebma da mxat­vrulma normebma. igive SeiZleba iTqvas mxatvrobis Sesaxeb. pompeisa da herkulanumis freskebis aRmoCenamde saxviT xelovnebaze did gavlenas rodi axdenda klasikuri mxat­vroba, miuxedavad imisa, rom masTan mimarTebaSi xSirad axsenebdnen klasikur Teoriebsa da berZen mxatvrebs, mag­aliTad, apeless, aseve _ uZveles ferwerul tradiciebs, romelTac antikuri xanidan Cvenamde Sua saukuneebis gav­liT unda moeRwia. Tumca, qandakebisa da arqiteqturisT­vis klasikuri modelebi da gacilebiT ufro Rirebuli iyo, vidre xelovnebis sxva romelime dargisTvis (lite­raturis CaTvliT). gamodis, rom Teoriebi da gaazrebuli Canafiqrebi sxvadasxvagvaria xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargSi da, saboloo angariSSi. Zalian cotas, an saerTod arafers gvauwyebs xelovanis Semoqmedebis realuri Sedegebis, anu misi qmnilebisa da am qmnilebis konkretuli Sinaarsisa da formis Sesaxeb.

avtoris Canafiqris codna didad ver gvexmare­ba konkretuli teqstis ganmartebaSi. amaSi is mcire­ricxovani SemTxvevebi dagvarwmunebs, rodesac mxa t va ric da poetic erTi da igive pirovnebaa. mag., Tu Se va darebT uiliam bleikis poezias missave mxatvrobas an imaves movi­moqmedebT dante gabriel rose tis (Rossetti) mimarT, davi­naxavT, rom maTi mxatvroba da poe zia buneba Zalze gansx­vavdeba erTmaneTisagan, xSirad ki urTi erTsapirispiro xasiaTisaa, Tanac ara marto teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT. bleiki xatavs groteskul patara cxovels da esaa ilus­tracia misi cnobili leqsisTvis: `vefxvo, uRranSi daZ­rwi euli,/ nislad gexveva Rame grZneuli,/ dauokebel Za­lad qceuli/ vin gamoZerwa Seni sxeuli?~ (leqsis Targmani ekuTvnis maia jijeiSvils –mTargmnelis SeniSvna). Tekereim TviTon daasuraTa sakuTari `amaoebis bazari~ (Vanity Fair), magram miseul Tavmomwoned, sulelurad momRimari beki Sarpis karikaturul saxes saerTo araferi aqvs romanis rTul personaJTan. miqelanjelos `soneteb sa“ da mis qanda­kebebsa Tu naxatebs Soris mcireodeni msgav seba SeiniSneba

187

literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi

struqturisa da xarisxis TvalsazrisiT, Tumca, misi yvela qmnilebaSi igrZnoba neoplatonuri ideebis zegavlena da erTgvari fsiqologiuri msgavseba.10 es imis maCvenebelia, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebis ̀ mediumi~ (Seuferebeli, cudad SerCeuli termini, ro melic dazustebas saWi roebs), mxo­lod xelovanis mier gadasalaxavi teqni kuri dabrkoleba rodia, igi tra diciebis Sedegad winaswar Camoyalibebu­li faqtoricaa da Tavisi mZlavri ganmsazRvreli bunebiT individualu ri xelovanis damokidebulebasa da gamoxat­vis saSualebebs ayalibebs da for mas ucvlis. xelovani az­rovnebs kon kretuli masalidan gamomdinare da ar mimar­Tavs zogad ideebs. konkretul mediums ki Tavisi sakuTari istoria aqvs da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, Zalian gansxvavdeba sxva mediumis istoriisgan.

ufro nayofieri Sedegis misaRebad sasargebloa xe­lovnebis dargebis Sedareba (xelovanTa Canafiqrebisa da Teoriebis Sedarebis nacvlad) maTi saerTo socialuri da kulturuli fonis safuZvelze. rasakvirvelia, SeiZleba aRvweroT xelovnebisa da literaturis masazrdoebeli niadagi: drois, adgilisa da socialuri viTarebis saerTo foni da amiT mivaniSnoT im mTel rig saerTo gavlenebze, romlebic maT ganicades. xelovnebis dargebs Soris mra­vali paralelis gavleba mxolod imitom SeiZleba, rom mkvlevrebi ar iTvaliswineben sruliad gansxvavebul so­cialur fons, romelmac gansazRvra xelovnebis konkre­tuli nawarmoebis xasiaTi an misi Semoqmedis amocana. so­cialuri klasebi, romlebic xelovnebis garkveuli ti­pis Semqmnelebad moiazrebian an Tavad aqvT masze moT­xovnileba, SesaZlebelia sruliad gansxvavdebodnen erT romelime mocemul drosa da sivrceSi. gotikuri taZrebis ageba da, meore mxriv, franguli eposis Seqmna ganapiroba sxvadasxvagvarma socialurma moTxovnilebebma; qandake­bisa da romanis Semfaseblebi (da maTi myidvelebi), rogorc wesi, sazogadoebis urTierTgansxvavebul wreebs ganekuTv­nebian. Sexeduleba, TiTqos garkveul drosa da sivrceSi xelovnebis dargebs saerTo socialuri foni aqvT, iseTive

188

literaturis Teoria

mcdaria, rogorc meore aRiarebuli Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad, inteleqtualuri garemo, foni xelovnebis yvela dargisTvis aucileblad identuri da qmediTia. metad saxi­faToa mxatvrobis interpretacia imdroindeli filoso­fiis kuTxiT. Carlz de tolneis.11 magaliTic sakmarisia: man panTeisturi monizmis gamovlinebad miiCnia ufrosi breige­lis Semoqmedeba, romelic nikolaus kuzanelisa (Cusanus) da paracelsis (Paracelsus) moRvaweobas gauTanabra, da spinozasa da goeTes moRvaweobis wanamZRvrad aRiara. kidev ufro saxi­faToa xelovnebis dargebis `axsna~ `epoqis suliskveTebis~ meSveobiT, rasac germanuli Geistesgeschichte­s skola mimar­Tavs. es tendencia Cven zemoT gavakritikeT.12

WeSmariti paralelizmebi, romlebic momdinareobs identuri an msgavsi socialuri Tu inteleqtualuri fo­nidan, TiTqmis arasodes ar yofila konkretuli ter mi­nologiiT gaanalizebuli. Cvens xelT ar aris gamokvlevebi, romlebic konkretulad gviCveneben, mag., imas, Tu rogor xdeba, rom mocemul drosa da viTarebaSi xelovnebis yvela dargi afarToebs an piriqiT amcirebs TavianT sferoebs, roca saqme `bunebis~ movlenebs exeba; rogor ukavSird­eba xelovnebis normebi konkretuli socialuri klasebis moTxovnebs da, aqedan gamomdinare, ramdenad eqvemdebare­bian es normebi erTgvarovan cvlilebebs; rogor icvle­ba esTetikuri Rirebulebebi socialuri revoluciebis zegavleniT. yvelaferi es gaxlavT karga mozrdili auT­visebeli sivrce, romlis Seswavla TiTqmis arc dawyebula, magram damajerebel Sedegebs mogvcems xelovnebis dargTa SedarebiTi kvlevisas. rasakvirvelia, am meTodiT SegviZlia gamovavlinoT mxolod erTgvarovani zegavlena, romelsac ganicdis xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargi da ara am dargebis aucilebeli siaxlove.

aSkaraa, rom xelovnebis dargTa Sedarebis erT­erTi mTavari meTodi efuZneba xelovnebis konkretuli nimuSebis da maTi struqturuli urTierTmimarTebebis analizs. xelovnebis WeSmariti istoria (rom araferi vTqvaT xe­lovnebis dargTa SedarebiT istoriaze) verasodes Seiqm­

189

literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi

neba, Tu mTel Cvens yuradRebas ar mivapyrobT Tavad nawar­moebTa analizs da ukana planze ar gadavwevT gamokvlevebs, romlebic Seiswavlian mkiTxvelisa Tu mayureblis, an av­torisa Tu xelovanis fsiqologias. aseve unda moveqceT im gamokvlevebs, romlebic literaturis da xelovnebis nawar­moebTa kulturul da socialur garemos Seiswavlian; ase unda moviqceT im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu gveCveneba, rom Tavi­anTi kuTxidan maT SeuZliaT naTeli mohfinon Cveni kvlevis sagans. samwuxarod, dRemde TiTqmis ar gagvaCnda Sesaferisi saSualebani xelovnebis dargTa amgvari SedarebisTvis. aq ki erTi metad rTuli SekiTxva ibadeba: ra SeiZleba miviCnioT xelovnebis dargTa saerTo da Sesadarebel safuZvlebad? ras unda emyarebodes xe lovnebis dargTa Soris saerTos, msgavsebis povna? am kiTxvaze pasuxs ver gagvcems kroCes, an romelime sxva msgavsi Teoria, romelic yvela esTetikuri problemis gadaWras intuiciis unars akisrebs da, CvenTvis auxsneli mizniT, mas gamomxatvelobasTan aigivebs. kroCe amtkicebs, gamoxatvis formebi ar arsebobso, `xelovnebis dargTa esTetikuri klasifikaciis nebismier mcdelobas absurdulad~ miiCnevs da, aqedan gamomdinare, uwinares yov­lisa, ar cnobs aranair gansxvavebas xelovnebis Janrebsa Tu tipebs Soris.13 Cvens problemas maincdamainc verc jon diui (Dewey) exmareba Tavisi naSromiT ̀ xelovneba, rogorc gamoc­dileba“ (1934). is amtkicebs, rom xelovnebis dargebs udavod aqvT saerTo safuZveli, radganac aris iseTi `zogadi gare­moebani, romelTa gareSec gamocdileba ver iarsebebda~.14 ueWvelia, rom aris raRac saerTo, rac axasiaTebs nebismieri mxatvruli Semoqmedebis aqts, adamianis yvelanairi moR­vaweobasa da gamocdilebas, magram es daskvna xelovnebis dargebis Sesadareblad ar gamogvadgeba. Teodor meier gri­ni (Meyer Greene) ufro konkretulad ayalibebs Tavis Sexe­dulebas da acxadebs, rom xelovnebis dargebis Sedarebis safuZvlad kompleqsuroba, integracia da ritmi unda iqces da, rogorc jon diui manamde, meier grinic mWermetyvelu­rad amtkicebs, rom plastikuri xelovnebis dasaxasiaTeb lad metad marTebulia termin `ritmis gamoyeneba~.15 TumcaRa,

190

literaturis Teoria

SeuZleblad migvaCnia im absoluturi sxvaobis daZ leva, ro­melic arsebobs, erTi mxriv, musikaluri nawarmoebis ritmsa da meo re mxriv, kolonadis ritms Soris;ukanasknel SemTx­vevaSi qmnilebis struqtura ar gansazRvravs am qmnilebis nawilTa wyobasa da maTi urTierTmonacvleobis temps. kompleqsuroba da integracia ubralod sxva terminebia `mravalferovnebisa~da `erTianobis~ aRsaniSnad da amde­nad, maT farTo masStabiT ver gamoviyenebT. xelovnebis dargTa konkretuli urTierTSesabamisi elementebis dad­genis mcdelobebi (am dargTa struqturidan gamom di­nare),iSviaTi gamonaklisebis garda, arasaimedo Sedegebs iZleva. harvardis universitetis maTematikosma jorj de­vid birkhofma (Birkhoff) Tavis naSromSi `esTetikuri sazomi” (The Esthetic Measure)16 warmatebiT gamonaxa xelovnebis mar­tivi formebisaTvis da musikisaTvis saer To maTemati ku ri safuZveli. xsenebul naSromSi man, agreTve, gamoikvlia leq­sis `musikaluroba~, romelic aseve gansazRvrulia maTema­tikuri gantolebebisa da koeficientebis sa Su a lebiT. mag­ram keTilxmovanebis problema poeziaSi ver gadawydeba, Tu mas azrisgan izolirebulad ganvixilavT. is faqtic, rom birkhofi edgar alan pos leqsebs maRal Sefasebas aZlevs, am Sexedulebis dasturia. Tu birkhofis maxvilgonivrul cdebs daafaseben, maSin mosalodnelia, rom kidev ufro ga­farTovdeba naprali poeziis principulad `literaturul~ Tvisebebsa da xelovnebis sxva dargebs Soris, romlebsac literaturasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro metad miesa­dageba `esTetikuri sazomi~.

didi xania, rac warmodgenam xelovnebis dargebis paralelizmis Sesaxeb ganapiroba xelovnebaTmcodneobis mier SemuSavebuli stilTa koncefciebis meSveobiT lite­raturis kvlevis tendencia. me­18 s­Si bolo ar uCanda uTvalav Sedarebas spenseris `feriaTa dedofalsa~ da go­tikuri stilis taZris didebul qaosurobas Soris.17 Spen­gleri Tavis `dasavleTis mzis CasvenebaSi“ analogiebs eZebs kulturis yvela sferoSi da saubrobs TiTqosda `xiluli kameruli musikis~ Sesaxeb, romelsac is Seig rZnobs `me­18

191

literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi

s. RvlarWnil avejSi, sarkeebian oTaxebSi, pas toralebsa da faifuris figurebSi~. igi, agreTve, migva niSnebs `mad­rigalis ticianisebur bunebaze~, ,`franc hal sis naxatebis cocxal da van deikis zomier, dinj tempze”.18 xelovnebis dargTa amgvari interpretaciis Sedegad germaniaSi uamravi gamokvleva daiwera gotikuri xanis adamianze da barokos epoqis atmosferoze. aman ki iqamde migviyvana, rom termi­nebs `rokokos“ da `bidermaiers~ uk ve literaturaSic mou­Zebnes adgili. xelovnebis dar gebis mkveTrad gamokveTilma mimdinareobebma, rogo ricaa gotika, renesansi, baroko, rokoko, romantizmi, bidermaieri, realizmi, impresion­izmi, eqspresionizmi, gulgrili arc literaturis isto­rikosebi datova, da literaturis periodizaciis dros maT es cnebebi TavianT dargSic Semoitanes. es mimdinareo­bebi or mTavar jgufad nawildeba da gamoxatavs maradiul, fundamentur kontrasts klasikursa da romantikuls So­ris; goti ka, baroko, romantizmi, eqspresionizmi erT mxa­res aRmoCndnen, renesansi, neoklasicizmi, realizmi _ meore mxares. rokoko da bidermaieri SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc maTi wi namorbedi mimdinareobebis _ Sesabamisad, barokos da romantizmis _ gviani, dekadenturi, gadat­virTuli variaciebi. xSirad aseTi paralelizmebi, cota ar iyos, arasaxarbielod da naZaladevad gamoiyureba da bevr uazro gamonaTqvamsac vawydebiT im (TviT yvelaze pativsa­cem) swavlulTa na werebSic, romlebic, rogorc Cans, metad gatacebuli unda iyvnen am meTodiT.19

literaturisaTvis xelovnebis istoriis katego rie­bis morgeba yvelaze konkretulad scada oskar valcelma, romelmac saamisod volflinis (Wölfflin) kriteriumebi gamoiyena. velflinma Tavis `xelovnebis istoriis prin­cipebSi~ (Principles of Art History)20 renesansul da barokos xe­lovnebebs Soris zRvari wminda struqturul safuZvelze gaavlo. man Seqmna dapirispirebaTa sqema, romelsac moar­gebda mocemuli periodis nebismieri saxis ferwerul qm­nilebas, qandakebas Tu arqiteqturul nimuSs. is amtkiceb­da, rom renesansuli xelovneba aris `xazovani~, xolo baro­

192

literaturis Teoria

kosi _ ̀ xatovani~. termini ̀ xazovani~ imis maCvenebelia, rom figuraTa da saganTa formebi mkveTrad aris gamokveTili, xolo `xatovani~ gulisxmobs, rom sinaTle da feri, rac saganTa konturebs simkveTres ukargavs, Tavad aris kom­poziciis safuZveli. renesansuli mxatvroba da qandakeba iyenebs `daxurul~ formas, figuraTa simetriul, gawonas­worebul ganlagebas, baroko ki upiratesobas aniWebs `Ria~ formas, aseve _ asimetriul kompozicias, romelic aq­cents naxatis kuTxeze ufro akeTebs, vidre mis centralur nawilze da SeiZleba mayureblis yuradReba CarCos miRmac ki gadaitanos. renesansuli naxatebi `brtyelia~, an yovel SemTxvevaSi, Sesrulebulia sxvadasxva sibrtyeze, romle­bic TiTqosda ukan ixeven, ikargebian. barokos periodis suraTebi ki `Rrmaa~ da iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos Cvens mzeras Soreuli da gaurkveveli fonisaken warmar­Taven. renesansuli naxatebi `mravalplaniania~, im gagebiT, rom ramdenime aSkarad gamokveTili nawilisagan Sedgeba; barokos stili ki ufro `erTiania~, integrirebuli da Sek­ruli. renesansuli xelovnebis nimuSebi `gasagebia~ baro­kos nimuSebTan Seda rebiT, romlebic `gaugebari~, bundo­vani, aramkafioa.

velflinma Tavisi daskvnebi xelovnebis konkretul ni­muSTa uCveulod faqizi analizis safuZvelze gamoitana da migviTiTa, Tu ramdenad gardauvali iyo winsvla renesansi­dan barokosken. rasakvirvelia, maTi Tanamimdevrobis Secv­la SeuZlebelia. velflini ar gvTavazobs am procesis mize­zob riv axsnas, igi mxolod varaudobs, rom `xedvis stili~ unda Secvliliyo, rasac namdvilad ver CavTvliT wminda wylis fiziologiur mov lenad. es Sexeduleba, romelic aq­cents `xedvis stilis~ Secvlaze akeTebs, anu xazs usvams wminda struqturul, kompoziciur cvlilebebs, momdin­areobs fidlerisa da hildebrandis Teoriebidan, saTaves ki iRebs cimermanidan (Zimmermann), romelic herbertis (Herbert) mim devari esTetikosi gaxldaT.21 Tumca, velflini (gansakuTrebiT ki gviandel gancxadebebSi) Tavad aRiareb­da am meTodis naklovanebebs da namdvilad ar miaCnda, rom

193

literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi

misma formaTa istoriam xelovnebis istoriis yvela prob­lema amowura.22 igi adrec ar uaryofda `personalur~ da `lokalur~ stilTa arsebobas da esmoda, rom miseuli tipe­bi SeiZleboda yvelgan Segvxvedroda da ara marto me­16 da me­17 saukuneebSi, TumcaRa _ ufro naklebad gamokveTili formiT.

1916 wels valcelma, axlad wakiTxuli ,,xelovnebis istoriis principebis“ zegavleniT, scada velfliniseuli kategoriebi literaturisTvisac moergo.23 Seqspiris pie­sebis Seswavlis Sedegad man daaskvna, rom Seqspiri baro­kos periods ekuTvnis. radganac misi piesebi ar aris age­buli im simetriuli wyobiT, romelic, vel flinis azriT, renesansis suraTebs axasiaTebs. yvela danarCeni damaxasi­aTebeli Tviseba Seqspiris piesebisa: meorexarisxovan per­sonaJTa raodenoba, maTi asimetriuli dajgufeba, aqcentis ganawileba piesis sxvadasxva aqtze maCvenebelia imisa, rom avtoris teqnika barokos teqnikas enaTesaveba, xolo ko­rneli da rasini, romlebic TavianT tragediebs erTi cen­traluri figuris garSemo agebdnen da aqcentsac aqtebs Soris tradiciuli aristoteleseuli modelis mixedviT anawilebdnen, renesansul tips ganasaxiereben. jer erT patara wignSi da Semdeg ukve mraval gviandel nawerSic24 valceli ganmartavda da asabuTebda imas, Tu ratom moargo velflinis kriteriumebi literaturas. Tavdapirvelad am mtkicebebs sakmaod mokrZalebuli xasiaTi hqonda, Semdeg ki ufro da ufro Seuferebeli da pretenziuli toni mieca.

velflinis zogierTi kategoria SeiZleba sakmaod advilad da cxadad CamovayaliboT literaturis enaze. aSkaraa, rom arsebobs garkveuli winaaRmdegoba, erTi mxriv, iseT xelovnebas Soris, romelic Tavisi arsis gamo­saxatavad mkveTr konturebsa da gamokveTil nawilebs am­jobinebs da meore mxriv, iseT xelovnebas Soris, romelic upiratesobas kompoziciis ufro Tavisufal formasa da gaurkvevel konturebs aniWebs. franc Strixi (Strich) See­cada germanul klasicizmsa da romantizms Soris arse­buli gansxvaveba aRewera im velfliniseuli kategoriebis gamoyenebiT, romlebic SemuSavebuli iyo renesansisa da

194

literaturis Teoria

barokos periodebisTvis. am kategoriaTa Tavisufali in­terpretaciis Sedegad Strixma axleburad gaaSuqa Zveli dapirispireba klasicizmis xanis srulyofil leqssa da dausrulebel, fragmentul Tu gaugebar romantikul poe­zias Soris.25 magram xelT SegvrCa dapirispirebaTa erTad­erTi modeli literaturis mTeli istoriisTvis. velfli­nis kategoriebi Tundac wminda literaturul enaze rom CamovayaliboT, isini mainc mxolod imaSi dagvexmarebian, rom SevZlebT mxatvruli nawarmoebebi ori kategoriis mixedviT davajgufoT, da Tu amasac detalurad ganvixi­lavT, mivalT isev Zvel dayofamde mkacrsa da Tavisufal stilebs, klasikursa da romantikul, plastikursa da fer­werul xelovnebas Soris, anu im dualizmamde, romelsac Slegelebic, Selingic da kolri jic icnobdnen da romlis SecnobaSic maT ideologiu ri da literaturuli paeqroba daexmara. velfliniseul dapirispirebaTa modeli saSua­lebas iZleva, erT jgufSi gaerTiandes mTeli klasikuri da fsevdoklasiku ri xelovneba, meore jgufSi ki _ iseTi Zalze gansxvavebuli mimdinareobebi, rogorebicaa: go­tika, baroko da ro mantizmi. am Teorias Tu mivyvebiT, da­iCrdileba udavo da uaRresad mniSvnelovani uwyveti kav­Siri renesanssa da barokos Soris. xolo rodesac Strixi iyenebs mas germanul literaturis mimarT, warmoiqmneba xe­lovnuri kontrasti Silerisa da goeTes ganviTarebis fsev­doklasikur perio dsa da me­19 s. dasawyisis romantikul mimdinareobas Soris, xolo `qariSxlisa da Setevis~ moZ­raoba saerTod auxsneli da gaugebari rCeba. sinamdvileSi me­18 da me­19 saukuneTa mijnaze germanuli literaturas aqvs gamorCeulad erTiani saxe da SeuZlebelia misi dayvana SeuTavsebel antiTezamde. amdenad, velflinis Teoria Sei­Zleba dagvexmaros mxatvrul nawarmoebTa klasifikaciaSi da Camoayalibos, an ufro sworad, daadasturos dualistu­ri ganviTarebis sqemis ukve arsebuli, Zveli aqcia­reaqcia, tradicia­amboxi an aiwona­daiwona buneba, magram, rodesac mas upirispirdeba literaturis kompleqsuri ganviTarebis realoba, igi veRar axerxebs gaumklavdes literaturis WeS­mariti gan viTarebis mTel mravalferovnebas.

195

literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi

literaturisaTvis velflinis koncefciebis morge bis Sedegad gadauWreli rCeba kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sru­liad problema. veranairad ver avxsniT im ueWvel faqts, Tu ratom viTardeboda xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargi erTsa da imave droiT monakveTSi sxvadasxva tempiT. xandaxan ise Cans, TiTqos literatura CamorCeba xelovnebis sxva dargebs. mag., gana arsebobda inglisuri literatura im periodSi, rodesac didebuli inglisuri taZrebi Sendeboda? zogjer musika CamorCeboda literaturas da xelovnebis sxva dar­gebs. mag., 1800 wlamde `romantikul~ musikaze saTqmeli araferia, Tumca romantikuli poeziis didi nawili Seqmnili iyo am TariRamdec. Znelia im faqtis axsna, Tu rogor moxda, rom `ferweruli~ poezia, sul mcire, samoc wels iTvlida, sanam ferweruloba (xatovaneba) arqiteqturis sferos26 daipyrobda. an riTi avxsnaT burkhardtis.27 mier naxsenebi SemTxveva, rom lorenco magnifikos (Lorenzo il Magnifico, lo renco brwyinvale, igive lorenco de mediCi, floren­ciis respublikis mmarTveli renesansis dros; mTargmnelis SeniSvna) leqsi `nenCa~ (Nencia), sadac mwyemsTa cxovrebis sce naa asaxuli, oTxmociode wliT uswrebda jakopo basa nos (Jacopo Bassano) da misi skolis pirvel Janrul suraTebs. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es magaliTebi arasworad iqna SerCeuli da SeiZleba maTze uaris Tqma mogviwios, mainc Cndeba kiTx­va, romelzec pasuxs ver gavcemT am gadametebulad martivi TeoriiT, iseve, rogorc ver vupasuxebT kiTxvas, ratomaa, rom musika poezias yovelTvis mTeli erTi TaobiT CamorCe­ba.28 aSkaraa, rom unda davadginoT urTierTmimarTeba so­cialur faqtorebTan, es faqtorebi ki gansxvavebuli iqneba yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi.

bolos, aSkaraa garkveuli erebisa Tu periodebis gan­sakuTrebuli warmatebuloba xelovnebis erT, Tu gnebavT, or dargSi, im dros, roca danarCen dargebSi an sruliad araviTari miRweva ar SeiniSneboda, an fons ubralod miba­ZviT da arsebulis odnav Secvlis gziT gadiodnen. amisi TvalsaCino magaliTia dedofal elisabedis droindeli literaturis ayvaveba, roca ganviTarebiT mas namdvilad

196

literaturis Teoria

ver Seedrebodnen natifi xelovnebis sxva dargebi. arc imis varaudi SeiZleba, TiTqos mTelma `erovnulma sulma~ ro­gorRac xelovnebis mxolod erT dargSi moiyara Tavi. an kidev, rogorc emil legua (Emile Legouis) ityoda Tavis `ing-lisuri literaturis istoriaSi~: `spenseri rom italiaSi dabadebuliyo, an ticiani iqneboda an veroneze, xolo Tu niderlandSi gaCndeboda, namdvilad rembrandtis an ru­bensis didebas miaRwevda“.29 inglisuri literaturis Sem­TxvevaSi advilia imis gancxadeba, rom puritanizmis gamo moxda natifi xelovnebis ugulebelyofa, magram am gziT bolomde ver avxsniT, Tu erTi da imave drois monakveTSi rogor da ratom arsebobda uaRresad nayofieri saero li­teraturis gverdiT TiTqmis sruliad uRimRamo mxatvroba. Tumca, am yvelafers Tu gavyeviT, Cvens ZiriTad saTqmels ga davuxvevT da mogviwevs konkretul istoriul viTareba­Ta gaTvaliswineba.

xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargs, sul erTia, plastiku ri (anu gamomsaxvelobiTi, vizualuri _ mxatvroba, qandakeba, kino) xelovneba iqneba es, literatura Tu mu sika, ganviTa­rebis sakuTari gza aqvs, individualuri tempiTa da indivi­dualuri Sinagani struqturiT. maT Soris arsebuli mudmivi kavSiri ueWveli faqtia, magram is ar unda aRviqvaT, rogorc zegavlena, romelic mxolod erTi mxridan momdinareobs da ganapirobebs xelovnebis sxva dargebis ganviTarebas; Cven gvmarTebs maTi ganxilva, rogorc dialeqtikuri urTier­Tobis rTuli sistemisa, romlis moqmedebac ormxrivia: xe­lovnebis erTi dargidan meoreze, da piriqiT _ meoridan pirvelze. ar saqme ar daiyvaneba `epoqis sulze~, romelic ganapirobebs da msWvalavs xelovnebis TiToeul dargs. ada­mianis mTeli Semoq medebiTi moRvaweoba unda moviazroT, rogorc erTiani sistema, romelic sxvadasxva safexurisgan Sedgeba da TviTganviTarebadia. TiToeul safexurs Ta­visi sakuTari normaTa krebuli aqvs da sruliadac ar aris saWiro, rom isini momijnave safexuris msgavsi iyos. yvelaze farTo gagebiT, xelovnebis _ (aseve _ literaturis da musikis) istorikosis amocanaa, SeimuSavos aRweriTi termi­

197

literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi

nebis Sesabamisi sistema xelovnebis TiToeuli dargisTvis, romelic gaiTvaliswinebs xelovnebis am dargis konkre­tul niSan­Tvisebebs. amdenad, dRes poezias esaWiroeba axali poe tika, analizis iseTi saSualeba, romelsac ver mo­vipovebT poeziaSi natifi xelovnebis terminebis ubralo gadmotanis gziT. SemTxvevaSi literaturuli periodebis sazRvrebis dadgenas SevZlebT mxolod maSin, rodesac maT ar ganvixilavT rogorc metafizikur raobebs, romleb zec `epoqis suli~ mbrZaneblobs, rodesac SevimuSavebT termi­nebis vargisian da qmediT sistemas literaturuli nawar­moebebis gasaanalizeblad. Tu literaturis gan viTarebis gzas amgvari sqemis mixedviT davadgenT, Sem deg ukve Sev­ZlebT aseTi kiTxvis dasmas: literaturis evolucia raime niSniT xom ar waagavs xelovnebis sxva dargebis aseTive sqemiT dadgenil evolucias? aSkaraa, rom pasuxi erTmniS­vnelovani `ki~ an `ara~ ver iqneba. pasuxis gacemisas davina­xavT, rom saqme gveqneba metad rTul suraTTan; xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargis ganviTarebis gzebis Sedarebisas aRmova­CenT bevr damTxvevas da bevr gadaxvevas; savaraudoa isic, rom evoluciis paraleluri xazebis raodenoba Zalze um­niSvnelo iqneba.

198

199

nawili meoTxe

literaturis siRrmiseuli Seswavla

200

201

Sesavali

*literaturaTmcodnis muSaobis sawyis etapad da, amas­

Tanave, gamarTlebul nabijad unda miviCnioT Tavad liter­aturuli produqciis interpretacia da analizi. sxvas rom Tavi davaneboT, TviT am nawarmoebebiT aris gamarTlebuli Cveni interesi avtoris cxovrebisadmi – vgulisxmobT mwer­lis sazogadoebriv garemocvas da mTlianad literaturul process. magram aRsaniSnavia Semdegi momenti: literatu­ris istoria imden adgils uTmobs mxatvruli nawarmoe­bebis Seqmnis pirobebis Seswavlas, rom TviT nawarmoebTa analizis mcdelobebi ver Seedreba uzarmazar Zalisxme­vas, romelic moxmarda nawarmoebTa Seqmnis Tanmxlebi vi­Tarebis garkvevas. didxans ar dagvWirdeba im mizezTa Zeb­na, romlebmac ganapirobes ganmsazRvrel pirobebisadmi aseTi gadametebuli yuradReba – gacilebiT meti, vidre gamoiCines TviT nawarmoebTa Seswavlisadmi. Tanamedrove literaturis istoria Caisaxa mWidro kavSirSi romantiz­mis mimdinareobasTan, romelsac SeeZlo daepirispirebina neoklasicizmis kritikuli sistemisaTvis mxolod is rela­tivisturi argumenti, rom sxvadasxva epoqa sxvadasxvagvar standartebs moiTxovs. Sedegad, aqcentma literaturidan gadainacvla istoriul fonze. amis meSveobiT cdilobdnen gaemarTlebinaT Zveli literaturisadmi iseTi midgoma, romlis mizans warmoadgenda am ukanasknelSi axali faseu­lobebis aRmoCena. amitomac XIX saukuneSi lamis lozungad ga moacxades kauzalurobis principis gamoyeneba, rac gana­piroba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa meTodebisadmi mibaZvis tendenciam. amasTan erTad, Zveli yaidis poe­tikis rRvevam, rac daemTxva mkiTxvelis individualur ge movnebaze interesis gadanacvlebas, ganamtkica rwmena, rom vinaidan xelovneba iracionaluria Tavisi arsiT, ami­tom misi ganmarteba `SefasebiT~ unda Semoifarglos. Tavis sainauguracio leqciaSi ser sidni lim Camoayaliba akade­

202

literaturis Teoria

miuri mimarTulebis literaturaTmcodneTa umrav lesobis Tvalsazrisi: `literaturis istoriaSi vcdilobT gamovav­linoT garegani _ politikuri, so cialuri da ekonomikuri _ pirobebi, romlebSic iqmneboda literatura.~1 imis gamo, rom poetikis prob lemebi daumuSavebeli iyo, mkvlevrebi saocrad usu surni aRmoCndnen mxatvruli nawarmoebis wi­naSe, ro melic unda gaeanalizebinaT da SeefasebinaT.

bolo wlebSi aSkarad gamoikveTa Zalze saRi reaqcia, romelic cxadyofs, rom literaturis kvleva, upirveles yovlisa, ufro metad unda iyos koncentrirebuli uSua­lod mxatvrul nawarmoebebze. rac Seexeba klasikuri rito­rikis meTodebs, aseve _ poetikas an metrikas, saWiroa maTi gadaxedva da gadamowmeba Tanamedrove koncefciebis Ses­abamisad. da aki xdeba kidec ase: inergeba axali meTode bi, romlebic efuZneba Tanamedrove literaturis formaTa ufro farTo speqtris Sefasebas. safrangeTSi mxatvru li nawarmoebis kvlevas axali stimuli misca teqstis eqsplika­ciis meTodma,2 germaniaSi – oskar valcelis mier damkvidre­bulma formalisturma analizma, romelic emya reba saxviT xelovnebasTan paralelebs;3 gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos rusi formalistebis, agreTve _ maTi Cexi da poloneli mimdevrebis4 brwyinvale gamokvlevebi. Cven ki mxolod axla veuflebiT literaturuli nawarmoebis saTanado gagebisa da Sesatyvisi analizis meTodebs. inglisSi a. riCardsis zo­gierTma mimdevarma sagangebo yuradReba dauTmo poetu­ri teqstis analizs;5 aseve, kri tikosTa jgufi SeerTebul StatebSi ikvlevs TviT mxat vrul qmnilebebs.6 amave mimar­Tulebas exmianeba dramis ramdenime gamokvleva,7 romleb­Sic aqcenti gadatanilia xelovnebasa da cxovrebas Soris arsebul sxvaobaze da xazgasmulia dramatuli da empiri­uli realobis aRrevis dauSvebloba. Sesabamisad, romanis problemebisadmi miZRvnil mraval naSromSi8 gaanalizebu­lia ara marto romanisa da masSi aRwerili sazogadoebrivi pirobebis urTierTmimarTebebi, aramed _ gamoyenebuli mxatvruli xerxebic: Tvalsazrisebi, Txrobis warmarTvis meTodebi.

203

Sesavali

rusi formalistebi Zalze energiulad ewinaaRm­degebodnen `Sinaarsisa da formis~ ZvelisZvel diqoto­mias, romelic anawevrebs xelovnebis nimuSs: erT naxevars Seadgens nedli Sinaarsi, xolo meore naxevars _ mxo lod da mxolod garegnuli forma.9 cxadia, xelovnebis nimuSis es­Tetikuri efeqti ar ganisazRvreba imiT, rasac, Cveulebriv, `Sinaarss~ uwodeben. saerTod, xelovnebis ni muSTa umete­soba sasacilo an uazro Cans martooden maTSi gadmocemuli ambis Txrobisas (rac SeiZleba gamarTlebul iqnas mxolod da mxolod pedagogiuri miznebiT);10 magram gadaulaxav siZneleebs warmoqmnis warmodgena formis, rogorc esTeti­kurad aqtiuri elementis, xolo meore mxriv, Sinaarsis, ro­gorc esTetikurad indiferentuli elementis Sesaxeb. erTi SexedviT, maTi urTierTgamijvna Zalze advilia. Tu Sinaar­sis cnebaSi vgulisxmobT romeli me literaturul nawar­moebSi warmoCenil ideebs an emociebs, maSin forma unda gulisxmobdes yvela im lingvistur elements, romliTac gamoixateba Sinaarsi. magram, Tu ufro kargad davakvird­ebiT am sxvaobas, vnaxavT, rom Sinaarsi moicavs formis zo­gierT elements: ase, magaliTad, romanSi aRwerili movle­nebi warmoadgens am romanis Sinaarss, xolo am movlenebis `siuJeturi~ wyoba Seadgens formas. TavisTavad, es movle­nebi ar xasiaTdeba aranairi mxatvruli TvisebebiT. amitom germanelebma danerges termini `Sinagani forma~ (romlis saTaveebi plotinTan da SeftsberisTan unda veZioT), ma­gram es cneba ufro arTulebs viTarebas, radgan Sinagan da garegan formas Soris arsebuli gamyofi xazi kvlav sruli­ad gaurkveveli da bundovani rCeba. Tu tradiciuli gansaz­RvrebiT SemovifarglebiT, problemas ver gadavWriT da iZulebulni viqnebiT vaRiaroT, rom TviT enac, romelic, rogorc wesi, formis elementebs ganekuTvneba, klasifi­kacias saWiroebs: sityvebi, Ta visTavad, esTetikurad in­diferentulia, xolo xerxi, romlis meSveobiTac calkeuli sityvebi warmoqmnian bge riT da esTetikur jgufebs, esTe­tikuri Rirebulebisaa. albaT, umjobesi iqneba, `masalad~ movixsenioT esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT indiferentuli

204

literaturis Teoria

elementebi, xolo im xerxs, romliTac isini iZenen esTeti­kur Rirebulebas, `struqtura” davarqvaT. cxadia, Cven ar vcdilobT, axali saxeli SevarqvaT ZvelTaganve cnobil Sinaarsisa da formis wyvils, aramed miznad visaxavT Zve­li gamyofi xazebis rRvevas. `masala~ moicavs elementebs, romlebsac adre Sinaarss an formas miakuTvnebdnen. rac Seexeba `struqturas~, es cneba moicavs rogorc Sinaarss, ise formasac, Tu maTi organizacia esTetikur miznebs iT­valiswinebs. aqedan gamomdinare, xelovnebis produqtad unda miviCnioT niSanTa sistema anda niSanTa struqtura, ro melic emsaxureba specifikur esTetikur mizans.

205

Tavi meTormete

literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

*sanam SevudgebodeT xelovnebis nimuSis sxvadasxva

aspeqtis analizs, ganvixiloT uaRresad rTuli episte mo­logiuri sakiTxi, romelic exeba literaturuli xelov nebis nimuSis (SemdegSi sjobs, Tu mas ufro mokle saxels – `leqss~ vuwodebT) `arsebobis wess~, anu mis `ontologiur ares~.1 ras warmoadgens `WeSmariti” leqsi, sad unda veZioT da rogor myofobs is? am kiTxvebze sworad gacemuli pasuxi ramde­nime kritikul problemas gadawyvets da gzas gauxsnis lite­raturuli nawarmoebis saTanado analizs.

ramdenime tradiciuli pasuxi gaeca kiTxvas, Tu ras warmoadgens leqsi an sad unda viguloT igi (da, saerTod _ literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi); amitom, sanam am kiTxvas gavcemT pasuxs, jer ukve arsebuli pasuxebi unda gavakri­tikoT. erT­erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli da Zveli pasuxi ukavSirdeba im Tvalsazriss, rom leqsi warmoadgens `ar­tefaqts~, anu iseTive sagans, rogoric aris qandakeba an ferwe ruli tilo. am logikiT, xelovnebis nimuSi gaigive­bulia TeTr qaRaldze an gragnilze Savi melniT gamosaxul klaknileb Tan da xazebTan, anda, Tu vigulisxmebT babilonis kulturis droindel poemas _ Tixis firfitebze amokveTil RarebTan. cxadia, aseTi pasuxi ver dagvakmayofilebs. jer erTi, imitom, rom arsebobs uzarmazari odenobis zepir­sityvieri `literatura~. arsebobs leqsebi da ambebi, rom­lebic dRemde ar dadasturebula werilobiT, magram, amis miuxedavad, kvlavac arsebobs. aqedan gamomdinare, Savi mel­niT gamosaxuli klaknili xazebi mxolod da mxolod leqsis Caweris meTodia da ara TviT leqsi. xelnaweri an Tundac da­beWdili wignis yvela egzemplari rom gavanad guroT, mainc

206

literaturis Teoria

ver movspobT leqss, romelic SeiZleba Semonaxul iqnas zepirsityvierebaSi anda iseTi adamianis mexsierebaSi, ro­goric iyo makolei _ am ukanasknels Tavi mohqonda imiT, rom zepirad axsovda `dakarguli samoTxe~ da `savali gza pili­grimisa~. meore mxriv, Tu davxevT tilos, gavanadgurebT qan­dakebas an raime nagebobas, amiT Cven mas mT lia nad movspobT, Tumca SeiZleba Semonaxul iqnes aRwera an daxasiaTeba, rom­lis mixedviT SevZlebT mis aRdgenas. mag ram, yvela SemTxveva­Si, Cven SevqmniT xelovnebis gansxvavebul nimuSs (raoden ms­gavsic unda iyos is originalisa), maSin, rodesac erTi wignis an misi yvela egzemplaris mospoba saerTod verafers avnebs xelovnebis nawarmoebs.

is, rom leqsis Canaweri qaRaldze ar aris `WeSmari ti~ mxatvruli nawarmoebi, SeiZleba sxva argumentiTac dava­sabuToT. nabeWdi gverdi Seicavs uamrav iseT elements, romlebsac araferi aqvT saerTo leqsTan, iqneba es Sriftis zoma an tipi (gamarTuli, damreci), gverdis zoma Tu kidev mravali sxva faqtori. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxmad, poema artefaqts warmoadgens, maSin isic unda vaRiaroT, rom wignis yoveli egzemplari anda gansx­vavebulad dabeWdili gamocema warmoadgens xelovnebis calkeul, sagangebo nawarmoebs. aRar iqneba aranairi apri­oruli safuZveli imisa, rom sxvadasxva gamocemis egzem­plarebi vaRiaroT erTi da imave wignis egzemplarebad. gar­da amisa, Cven, mkiTxvelebs, ar migvaC nia, rom yoveli gamoce­ma warmoadgens poemis swor da marTe bul gamocemas. TviT is faqti, rom SegviZlia Cavaswo roT tipografiuli Secdome­bi (Tumca teqsts pirvelad vecnobiT) an, zogjer, aRvadgi­noT kidec teqstis WeSmariti mniSvneloba, adasturebs, rom nabeWd striqonebs ar miviC nevT WeSmarit poemad. amrigad, davasabuTeT, rom leqsi (anda nebismieri sxva literatu­ruli nawarmoebi) SeiZleba arsebobdes misi dabeWdili ver­siisgan damoukideblad, da rom dabeWdili teqsti Seicavs mraval iseT elements, romelTac, Cveni azriT, ar Seicavda WeSmariti leqsi.

207

literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

da mainc, aseTi negatiuri daskvnis miuxedavad, Tvali ar unda davxuWoT imaze, rom udidesi praqtikuli mniS­vneloba aqvs weris da beWdvis gamogonebas, anu poeziis Caweris Cveneul meTodebs. eWvsgareSea, rom literaturis didi nawili daikarga, radgan gaqra misi Canawerebi da ar gaamarTla zepirsityvieri tradiciis Teoriulad SesaZle­belma saSualebam, romelic dairRva an Sewyda. damwerlo­bam, da gansakuTrebiT beWdvam, ganapiroba lite raturuli tradiciis uwyvetoba da didi wvlili Sei tana xelovnebis nawarmoebis erTianobisa da mTlianobis SenarCunebaSi. gar­da amisa, grafikuli elementi iqca zogierTi literaturu­li nawarmoebis nawilad, yovel SemTxvevaSi, poeziis isto­riis garkveul etapebze.

rogorc aCvena ernest fenolozam, Cinur poeziaSi suraTovani ideograma qmnis poemis sruli mniSvnelobis nawils. magram dasavlur tradiciaSic arsebobs grafi­kuli leqsebi: gavixsenoT `berZnuli anTologia~, agreTve – jorj herbertis `sakurTxeveli~ an `eklesiis iataki~, agreTve _ ingliseli metafizikosi poetebis sxva leqsebi, ro melTa paralelebad kontinentze SeiZleba davasaxeloT espanuri gongorizmi, italiuri marinizmi, germanuli baro­kos poezia da sxva. amasve SeiZleba davamatoT Ta namedrove poezia amerikaSi (e.e. kamingsi), germaniaSi (arno holci), safrangeTSi (malarme, apolineri) da sxvagan, sadac mimar­Tavdnen iseT grafikul xerxebs, rogorebicaa striqonebis sxvadasxvagvari ganlageba, an Tundac gverdis mxolod qveda nawilis gamoyeneba, sxvadasxva feris Srif ti da a.S.2 jer kidev XVIII saukuneSi sternma Tavis `tristram SendiSi” gamoiyena carieli gverdebi da marmarisebri SemonaWeri. yvela aseTi xerxi warmoadgens am konkretuli nawarmoe­bebis arsebiT nawils. marTalia, poezia iSviaTad mimarTavs amgvar xerxebs, magram maT uyuradRebod mainc ver dav­tovebT da arc unda davtovoT.

amas garda, Sriftis roli poeziaSi namdvilad ar Semoifargleba im SedarebiT iSviaTi SemTxvevebiT, rodesac avtori Segnebulad iyenebs zemoaRweril xerxebs; nawarmoe­

208

literaturis Teoria

bTa organul elementebs miekuTvneba leqsebis taepTa da­boloebebis gaformeba, strofebad dajgufeba, prozauli teqstebis abzacebi, omonimuri riTma, anda sityvaTa TamaSi da kalamburi, romlis gageba SeiZleba mxolod marTl weris gaTvaliswinebiT, da kidev bevri sxva msgavsi xerxi. yove­live es literaturuli xelovnebis arsebiT faqtorad unda miviCnioT. mxolod zepirsityvierebaze agebuli Teoria gamoricxavs nebismier miniSnebas amgvar xerxebze, magram ma­Sin maTi ugulebel yofa dauSvebelia samwerlo xelovnebis bevri nimuSis analizisas. amgvari nawarmoebebis arseboba amtkicebs, rom dResdReobiT poeziis praqtikaSi Srifti iqca Zalze mniSvnelovan elementad, radgan poezia iqmneba ara mxolod yurisTvis, aramed _ TvalisTvisac. miuxedavad imisa, rom grafikuli xerxebis gamoyeneba ar aris aucile­beli, isini gacilebiT ufro xSirad gvxvdeba literatur­aSi, vidre musikaSi, sadac dabeWdili partitura iseTive rols asrulebs, rasac _ nabeWdi gverdi poeziaSi. musi­kaSi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba grafikuli xerxebi, Tumca verc imas vityviT, rom isini saerTod ar gvxvdeba. XVI saukunis italiuri madrigalebis partiturebSi naxavT bevr ucnaur optikur xerxs (ferebi da sxv.). `wminda~ da `srulqmnil~ kompozitoris, hendelis sagundo nawarmoebSi sadac gundi mReris wiTeli zRvis adidebaze, rodesac `wyali kedlisebr wamoimarTa~. partituris dabeWdil gverdze gamosaxuli notebi qmnian mtkice rigs, sadac Tanabari distanciiTaa Cam­wkrivebuli wertilebi falangas an kedels mogvagoneben.3

Cven daviwyeT im TeoriiT, romelsac axla, albaT, bevri seriozuli mimdevari rodi hyavs. meore pasuxi Cvens kiT xvaze gulisxmobs, rom literaturuli nawarmoebi aris deklamatoris an mkiTxvelis mier warmoTqmul bgeraTa Tan­mimdevroba. esaa farTod gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisi, ro­melic gansakuTrebiT popularulia deklamatorTa Soris. magram verc es pasuxi iqneba damakmayofilebeli, radgan nebismieri xmamaRla warmoTqmuli leqsi warmoadgens am nawarmoebis Sesrulebas da ara TviT am poemas. es igivea, rac musikosis mier musikaluri nawarmoebis Sesruleba. arse­

209

literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

bobs didZali werilobiTi literatura, romelic SeiZleba arasodes gaJRerdes. ver daveTanxmebiT bihevioristTa ab­surdul Teorias, romlis mixedviTac, uxmod wakiTxvas mu­dam Tan sdevs saxmo simebis moZraoba. sinamdvileSi gamoc­dileba cxadyofs, rom garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac ada­mians kiTxva axalSeswavlili aqvs an kiTxulobs ucxoenovan teqsts, an sulac ganzrax cdilobs, rom bgera CurCuliT warmosTqvas, kiTxvis procesi ZiriTadad `globaluria~, anu dabeWdil sityvebs erTianad, mTlianobaSi aRviqvamT ise, rom ar vcdilobT, davanawevroT isini fonemebad da Cumad mainc warmovTqvaT. rodesac swrafad vkiTxulobT, imisi droc ki ara gvrCeba, rom saxmo simebiT gavaxmianoT bgerebi. garda amisa, Tu da vuSvebT, rom leqsi arsebobs mxolo misi xmamaRla kiT xvis dros, cota ar iyos, ucnaur daskvnamde mivalT – TiTqos im momentSi, rodesac poema `ar gaismis~, is arc arsebobs da yoveli wakiTxvis dros axlidan iqmneba.

magram yvelaze ufro sagulisxmoa isaa, rom leqsis yoveli wakiTxva ufro metia, vidre TviT leqsi: yoveli Ses­ruleba Seicavs im elementebs, romlebic ar ganekuTvnebian leqss da, ase vTqvaT, asaxaven iseT in dividualur Tavise­burebebs, rogorebicaa gamoTqma, tonaloba, tempi da max­vilebis ganawileba, anu is ele mentebi, romelTac gansaz­Rvravs an deklamatoris pirov neba, anda leqsis miseuli interpretaciis simptomebi da saSualebebi. metic: leqsis wakiTxvas masSi Seaqvs ara mxolod individualuri element­ebi, aramed yovelTvis ganapirobebs teqstis komponentTa SerCevas: amaSi Sedis xmis toni, tempi, maxvilebis ganawile­ba da intensiuroba; yovelive es SeiZleba iyos mcdari an marTebuli, magram maSinac ki, rodesac sworia, esaa leqsis wakiTxvis mxolod erTi versia. unda vaRiaroT, rom arse­bobs leqsis wakiTxvis ramdenime SesaZlebloba, romlebic SeiZleba mcdarad miviCnioT, Tu gvgonia, rom isini arRvevs da amaxinjebs leqsis WeSmarit mniSvnelobas, anda miviCnioT, rom isini swo ri da misaRebia, magram idealuri mainc araa.

210

literaturis Teoria

leqsis xmamaRla wakiTxva ar warmoadgens TviT leqss, radgan Cven Sinaganad SeiZleba gagviCndes masSi Sesworebebis Setanis survili. maSinac ki, rodesac vismenT iseT deklama­cias, romelsac saukeTesod miviCnevT, mainc ver gamovric­xavT, rom SeiZleba sxva vinme – Tundac igive deklamatori, oRond sxva dros – mogvawvdis sruliad gansxvavebul in­terpretacias, romelic aseve kargad gamoaCens poemis sxva elementebs. kvlav gamogvadgeba analogia musikis Sesrule­basTan: simfonia, Tundac mas toskanini asrulebdes, mainc ar aris TviT simfonia, rad gan individualur Semsruleb­els aucileblad Seaqvs nawarmoebSi sagangebo niuansebi; aq vgulisxmobT temps, rubatos [rubato – tempis monacvleo­ba musikalur frazaSi, rac Cveulebriv _ kontrasts qmnis akompanementis myar ritmTan – mTargmn.], tembrs, da a.S., rac SeiZleba Sei cvalos momdevno Sesrulebisas, Tumca, ver vi­tyviT, rom igive nawarmoebi meored Sesrulda. amrigad, Cven vaCveneT, rom leqsi SeiZleba arsebobdes misi Sesrulebis­gan da moukideblad, gaxmovanebisas ki iZens bevr iseT ele­ments, romlebic, Cveni azriT, ar aris CarTuli poemaSi.

da mainc, zogierT literaturul nawarmoebSi (es gan­sakuTrebiT iTqmis lirikul poeziaze) SeiZleba poe ziis xmovani aspeqti qmnides saerTo struqturis mniSvnelovan faqtors. misken yuradRebis mizidva SeiZleba iseTi saSua­lebebiT, rogorebicaa metri, xmovanTa an TanxmovanTa Tanamimdevrobis wesi, aliteracia, asonansi, riTma da sxv. es faqti ganmartavs, an ufro sworad, gvexmareba avxsnaT mizezi, Tu ratom ar Seesatyviseba originals li rikuli poeziis Targmanis umetesi nawili, anu ratom ver gadadis bgerwera sxva lingvistur sistemaSi, Tumc ki daxelovnebu­li mTargmneli mainc moaxerxebs, SeinarCunos am bgerweris saerTo efeqti Tavis mSobliur enaSi. asea Tu ise, arsebobs didZali literatura, romlisTvisac bgeriTi mxare nak­lebmniSvnelovania. amas adasturebs bevri iseTi nawarmoe­bis istoriuli mniSvneloba, romelTac veraferi daaklo uxeiro Targmanma. bgera SeiZleba warmoadgendes mniS­vnelovan faqtors poemis struqturaSi, magram imis Tqma, rom leqsi warmoadgens bgeraTa rigs, iseve arasworia, ro­gorc Sriftisadmi gadamwyveti rolis miniWeba.

211

literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Zalze gavrcelebulia mesame pasuxi, romlis mixedviT, leqsi war­moadgens mkiTxvelis gamocdilebas. amtkiceben, rom leqsi calke, mkiTxvelis saazrovno procesebisgan damoukide­blad, arc arsebobs. amgvarad, leqsi SeiZleba gavaigivoT im mentalur mdgomareobasTan an procesTan, romelsac ganvicdiT poeturi nawarmoebis kiTxvisas an mosmenisas. Tumca, rogorc Cans, amgvari `fsiqologiuri~ axsna mainc ar aris damakmayofilebeli. rasakvirvelia, sworia, rom leqsis wvdoma xdeba mxolod piradi gancdiT, magram mas ver gavaigivebT am procesTan. leqsis kiTxvisas yoveli Cvenganis individualuri gamocdileba Seicavs raRac Ta­viseburs, pirovnuls, raSic aisaxeba Cveni gan wyobileba poeziis aRqmisas da individualuri mzadyof na misi kiTx­visTvis. mkiTxvelis ganaTleba, misi pirovnu li Tavisebure­bani, iseve, rogorc saerTo kulturuli klimati, yoveli mkiTxvelis religiuri, filosofiuri, an profesiuli Sexe­dulebebi da Cvevebi raRac axals Sematebs leqss yoveli wakiTxvisas. erTma da imave mkiTxvelma SeiZleba sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxvanairad waikiTxos erTi da igive teqsti, ris mizezsac SeiZleba warmoadgendes mkiTxvelis sulieri ganviTarebis donis zrda an, piriqiT misi daRliloba, mS­foTvareba anda yuradRebis gafantva. amrigad, yovel ga­mocdilebas raRac Seaqvs leqsSi an raRacisgan ganZarcvavs mas, radgan esaa individualuri gamocdileba. gamocdileba ver CaiTvleba poemis tolfas movlenad: gamocdili mkiTx­velic ki aRmoaCens leqsebSi axal detalebs, romlebic ar SeumCnevia wina wakiTxvisas, amitom, ra Tqma unda, naklebad gaTviTcnobierebuli an mTlad uwignuri mkiTxveli teqsts zedapirulad an arasworad waikiTxavs.

absurdul daskvnamde mivyavarT im Tvalsazriss, TiTqos mkiTxvelis sulieri gamocdileba ukve TavisTavad aris leqsi. gamodis, rom Tu leqsi ar aris gancdili, igi arc arsebobs, xolo yovel gancdasTan erTad Tavidan iqmneba. am logikiT, Cven gveqneboda ara erTi `RvTaebrivi komedia~, aramed imdeni, ramdeni mkiTxvelic hyavda mas aqamde da SemdgomSic eyoleba.

212

literaturis Teoria

ase mivalT srul skepticizmamde, anarqiamde da iZulebulni viqnebiT, daveTanxmoT mavne maqsimas – de gustibus non est dispu-tandum (gemovnebaze ar davoben). Tu seriozulad movekidebiT am Tvalsazriss, maSin ver avxsniT, ratom unda miviCnioT, rom erTi mkiTxvelis gamocdileba ukeTesia, vidre vinme sxva mkiTx­velisa da ratom aris SesaZlebeli, rom SevasworoT sxva mkiTx­velis interpretacia. aseTi ram moaswavebs, rom namdvilad SeuZlebeli iqneba literaturis yovelgvari swavleba teqstis gagebisa da aRqmis gaRrmavebis mizniT. a. riCardsis Txzulebe­bi, gansakuTrebiT ki misi wigni `praqtikuli kritikis Sesaxeb~ imaze metyvelebs, Tu ramdeni ram SeiZleba gakeTdes mkiTxvel­Ta individualuri Taviseburebebis analizis meSveobiT, da ras SeuZlia miaRwios kargma maswavlebelma nawarmoebTa mcdari gagebis koreqciisas. sainteresoa, rom riCardsi, romelic mudam akritikebs Tavisi mowafeebis _ mkiTxvelebis _ ga­mocdilebas, ixreba im ukiduresi fsiqologiuri Teoriisken, romelic mTlianad upirispirdeba mis brwyinvale kritikul praqtikas. im azrma, rom poezia, savaraudod, awesrigebs Cvens JestiT iseve, rogorc sonatiT.4 amrigad, savaraudo Cvens cno­bierebaSi mimdinare reaqciebi uSualod ar ukavSirdeba leqss, romelic mas iwvevs.

rogori saintereso da pedagogiuri miznebisaT­vis gamosadegic unda iyos mkiTxvelis fsiqologia, misi sfero mainc literaturaTmcodneobis, anu konkretuli xelovnebis nawarmoebis analizis miRma Zevs da ver gamodge­ba xelovnebis nawarmoebis struqturisa Tu Ri rebulebis gansazRvrisTvis. fsiqologiuri Teoriebi gan martaven ara literaturas, aramed _ mis zemoqmedebas ada mianze. uki­dures SemTxvevebSi isini gvTavazoben poe zi is Ri rebulebis iseT kriteriums, rogoric warmodgenilia a.e. hausmenis leqciaSi `poeziis arsi da buneba~ (1933). hausmeni faruli ironiiT gvakvalianebs, karg poezias amovicnobT JrJoliT, romelsac ganvicdiT misi mosmenisaso. amasve qadagebdnen XVIII saukunis Teoriebi, romelTa mixed viT, tragediis Ri­rebuleba ganizomeba mayureblis mier daRvrili cremlis raodenobiT, Tanamedrove kinoSi ki komediis warmateba

213

literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

xSirad ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu ramden jer gaicina mayure­belma. amrigad, yovel fsiqologiur Teo rias Sedegad mos­devs anarqia, skepticizmi da Ri rebulebaTa sruli aRreva, radgan is ar ukavSirdeba arc poemis struqturas da arc mis xarisxs.

i.a. riCardsma mxolod odnav gaaumjobesa fsiqo­logiuri Teoria, rodesac poema gansazRvra rogorc `Rir­seuli mkiTxvelis gamocdileba~.5 aSkaraa, rom mTelma problemam gadainacvla Rirseuli mkiTxvelis kate goriaze da am zedsarTavis mniSvnelobaze. magram kidec rom warmo­vidginoT daxvewili kulturiT aRWurvili da saukeTesod momzadebuli idealuri mkiTxveli, aseTi gan sazRvra mainc ar iqneba damakamyofilebeli, radgan mis mimarT SeiZleba gamoiTqvas igive kritikuli SeniSvnebi, rac _ fsiqologi­uri meTodis mimarT. saqme isaa, rom leqsis arsi aq daiyvane­ba garkveuli momentiT ganpirobebul gancdamde, romelsac ucvlelad ver gaimeorebs nebismieri mkiTxveli, ragind Rirseulic ar unda iyos is. is yovelTvis ufro naklebia, vidre poemis sruli mniSvneloba nebismier mocemul mo­mentSi da yovel wakiTxvaSi aucileblad Seaqvs piraduli elementebi.

meoTxe pasuxis meSveobiT cdiloben zemoxsenebuli siZneleebis gadalaxvas. amboben, rom poema aris TviT av­toris gamocdileba. SevniSnavT, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi leq­si wyvets arsebobas misi dawerisTanave. rodesac avtori gadaikiTxavs Tavis qmnilebas, es ukve aRaraa poema. cxa­dia, rom avtori gadaiqceva Tavis nawarmoebis Cveulebriv mkiTxvelad, romelic SeiZleba Secdes da sworad ver axs­nas Tavisive naweri, iseve, rogorc es SeiZleba daemarTos nebismier sxva mkiTxvels. mravladaa cnobili aseTi aSkara gaugebrobis magaliTebi, rodesac Tavad avtors uWirs sa­kuTari qmnilebis ganmarteba. magaliTad, Zveli anekdotis mixedviT, brauningma ganacxada, rom TviTonac ar esmoda sakuTari leqsebi. albaT yvelas emarTeba ase: an sworad ver aRviqvamT adre dawerils, an is srulad ar gvesmis. aqe­dan gamomdinare, Cveni varaudiT, `avtoris gamocdileba~

214

literaturis Teoria

SeiZleba gavigoT mxolod rogorc misi gamocdileba na­warmoebis weris dros. Semdgom, `avtoris gamocdilebaSi~ SeiZleba ori gansxvavebuli ram vigulisxmoT: erTi iqneba Segnebuli gamocdileba, Canafiqri, romlis xorcSesxmac surda avtors, xolo meore – mTlianad misi gacnobierebuli Tu gaucnobierebeli gamocdilebaSemoqmedebiTi muSaobis dros. farTodaa gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba (Tumca amas Yy­ovelTvis ar acxadeben), TiTqos poema SeiZleba ganvmar toT avtoris Canafiqridan gamomdinare.6 ase amarTleben nawar­moebis istoriuli komentirebis aucileblobas da nawar­moebis izolirebulad, amave avtoris sxva nawarmoebTagan damoukideblad kvlevis saWiroebas. mag ram saqme isaa, rom nawarmoebTa didi umravlesobis SemTxvevaSi Canafiqris aRdgena SeuZlebelia, radgan Cvens xelT araa araferi, das­rulebuli teqstis garda. ma Sinac ki, rodesac arsebobs av­toris Tanamedrove epoqiT daTariRebuli sabuTebi, aseTma sabuTebma mainc ar unda Se bo Wo s Tanamedrove mkvlevari. avtoris `Canafiqri~ mu dam aris nawarmoebis sazrisis `ra­cionalizacia~ da komenta ri, romelic yovelTvis unda gaviTvaliswinoT da, amave dros, kritikulad gavaana lizoT dasrulebuli mxatvruli nawarmoebidan gamomdi nare. saqme isaa, rom avtoris `Ca nafiqri~ SeiZleba gacilebiT ufro farTo iyos, vidre amas gvafiqrebinebs xelovnebis das­rulebuli qmnileba an SeiZleba, ubralod, asaxavdes mis gegmas. rom SegvZleboda gasaubreba SeqspirTan `hamle­tis~ dawerasTan dakavSire biT, Cven ver dagvakmayofilebda Canafiqris avtoriseuli axsna. da marTebuli iqneboda am piesaSi Cadebuli im sazrisis Zieba (da ara misi gamogoneba), romelic, SesaZloa, Seqspirs gacnobierebuli arc hqonda.

rodesac xelovani cdilobs gamoxatos Tavisi sur­vilebi, is SeiZleba misi Tanamedrove literaturuli situ­aciisa da esTetikuri cnebebis mniSvnelovan gavlenas ga­nicdides; magram saqme isaa, rom TviT es esTetikuri cnebebi, SesaZloa, ar Seesatyvisebodes mis WeSmariti SemoqmedebiTi miRwevebs. barokos xana aSkarad epasuxeba am sakiTxs, radgan es axali SemoqmedebiTi manera srulad ar gamo xatula arc

215

literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

xelovanTa gancxadebebSi, arc _ kritikosTa SeniSvnebSi. iseTi moqandake, rogoric iyo bernini, parizis akademiaSi leqciebis kiTxvisas acxadebda, rom misi praqtika savsebiT Seesatyviseba antikur nimu Sebs, xolo daniel adam pepvel­manma, romelmac aago cvingeri drezdenSi _ rokokos sti­lis nimuSi arqiteqturaSi _ mTeli broSura miuZRvna imis damtkicebas, rom misi qmnile ba mTlianad akmayofilebs vit­ruviusis yvelaze mkacr principebs.7 poeti­metafizikose­bi iSviaTad mimarTavdnen esTetikur terminebs (magaliTad, `zustad gaTvlil striqonebze~ saubrisas), magram aseTi terminologiis gamoyenebisas praqtikulad verc ki gamo­xatavdnen maTi Semoqmedebis arsebiT siaxles; Sua sauku­neebSi Semoqmedebs xSirad euflebodaT wminda religiuri anda didaqtikuri `ganwyobebi~, romlebsac arc ki `das­caldaT~, gamoxatuli yofiliyvnen maTi praqtikis Semoq­medebiTs principebSi. sxvaoba Segnebul gegma­ganwyobasa da uSualo Sesrule bas Soris Cveulebrivi ram aris mwerlo­bis istoriaSi. zolas marTlac swamda eqsperimentuli ro­manis mec nieruli Teoriisa, Tavad ki, sinamdvileSi, Seqmna Zalze melodramatuli da simboluri romanebi. gogols Tavi socialur reformistad, ruseTis `aRmwer­geogra­fad~ miaCnda, maSin, rodesac misi romanebi da moTxrobebi savsea warmosaxuli fantastikuri da groteskuli arsebe­biT. SeuZlebelia SemovizRudoT avtoris Canafiqris kv­leviT, vinaidan es, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, aris nawarmoe­bis komentari, xSirad ki aseTi komentari saimedo sulac araa. SeiZleba arc ki gvqondes raime sawinaaRmdego amgvari `Canafiqris~ Seswavlis mimarT, Tuki `CanafiqrSi~ vigulisx­mebT nawarmoebis erT­erT komponents, romlis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia mTlianad nawarmoebis sazrisis wvdoma.8 mag­ram aq termini `Canafiqri~ gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobisaa da, SesaZloa, arcTu zustic.

aseve miuRebelia is alternatiuli varaudi, rom­lis Tanaxmad, WeSmariti leqsi unda veZioT avtoris gac­nobierebul da gaucnobierebel gamocdilebaSi nawarmoe­

216

literaturis Teoria

bze muSaobis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi. es daskvnac warmoqmnis siZneleebs, vinaidan mas gadahyavs problema savsebiT miuwvdomeli, wminda hipoTezuri x­is kategoria­Si, romlis gansazRvra an Tundac Seswavla SeuZlebelia. sakiTxis gadawyveta agreTve ar aris da makmayofilebeli, radgan Semoqmedeba aseT SemTxvevaSi damokidebulia subi­eqturi gamocdilebisgan, romelic, TavisTavad, warsulis kuTvnilebaa. gamocdileba, ro melic hqonda avtors Semo­qmedebis procesSi, warsulSi gadainacvlebs nawarmoebis dasrulebisTanave. es war modgena swori rom iyos, maSin verasodes SevZlebdiT uSualo kontaqtis damyarebas TviT xelovnebis qmni lebasTan da mogviwevda Tavis damSvideba im varaudiT, rom Cveni gancda poemis wakiTxvisas identuria imisa, rac didi xnis winaT Tavad avtorma ganicada. wignSi `miltoni~ e.m. tiliardi SeniSnavs, rom `dakarguli samo­Txe~ asaxavs avtoris mdgomareobas am poemis Seqmnis mo­mentSi; k.s. luisTan xangrZlivi da uTavbolo davis dros man mainc ar aRiara, rom `dakarguli samoTxe~, upirveles yovlisa exeba satanas, adams da evas, agreTve asobiT da aTa­sobiT sxvadasxva ideas, azrsa da cnebas, da ara miltonis sulier gancdebs poemis Seqmnis periodSi.9 is, rom odesRac poemis Sinaarsi ganisazRvreboda miltonis gonebaSi mimdi­nare cnobieri da gaucnobierebeli procesebiT, savsebiT sworia, magram am procesebis wvdoma CvenTvis SeuZlebe­lia, miT umetes, rom SemoqmedebiT momentebSi mis gonebaSi xdeboda gadamuSave ba auracxeli gamocdilebisa, romelTa kvals poemaSi ver mivagnebT. es idea migviyvans umizno varaudebamde imis Taobaze xelovanis SemoqmedebiTi md­gomareobis xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb – Semoqmedebis momentSi mwerlis emociaTa Taobaze, rac SeiZleba gulisxmobdes im momentSi gancdil kbilis tkivilsac.10 saerTod, fsiqolo­giuri midgoma, romlis amosavali punqtia mkiTxvelisa Tu msmenlis, mTxroblisa Tu avtoris sulieri mdgomareo­ba, warmoqmnis gacilebiT ufro met problemas, vidre im sakiTxTa raodenoba, romelTa gadawyveta mas ZaluZs.

217

literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

aSkarad ukeTesi iqneba, Tu xelovnebis nimuSs gan­vsazRvravT socialuri da koleqtiuri gamocdilebis kon­teqstiT. arsebobs sakiTxis gadawyvetis ori Sesa Zlebloba, Tumca, arc erTi maTgani ar gamogvadgeba saimisod, rom problema damakmayofileblad gadaiWras. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xelovnebis nimuSi warmoadgens poemis warsulisa da SesaZlebel gamocdilebaTa jams. ase Ti axsna auracxeli piradi usargeblo gamocdilebis, uxeiro, yalbi wakiTxvisa da damaxinjebis tolfasi iqneba. mokled rom vTqvaT, mxat­vruli nawarmoebi aris mkiTxvelis sulieri mdgomareoba, gamravlebuli usasrulobaze. meo re pasuxis Tanaxmad, WeS­mariti leqsi aris poemis yvela mkiTxvelis gamocdileba.11 magram faqtia, rom aseT pasu xs dahyavs mxatvruli nawar­moebi saerTo mniSvnelamde. es ki iqneba yvelaze dabali, yvelaze umniSvnelo, zedapiruli da trivialuri saerTo mniSvneli, romelic xelmisawvdomia nebismieri gamoc­dilebisTvis. garda imisa, rom am saerTo mniSvnelis gamo­yofa Znelia, amgvari midgoma Zalze aRaribebs xelovnebis nimuSis sazriss.

individualuri Tu socialuri fsiqologiis me­TodebiT ver vipoviT pasuxs Cvens kiTxvaze. amitom unda davaskvnaT, rom poema pirovnul gamocdilebas an aseT ga­mocdilebaTa jams ki ar warmoadgens, aramed _ gamocdile­baTa potenciur wyaros. gansazRvreba, ro melic emyareba sulier mdgomareobaTa analizs, dama kmayofilebeli araa, radgan is ver ganmartavs WeSmariti poeziis normatiul xa­siaTs da im martiv faqts, rom misi aRqmis gamocdileba Sei­Zleba iyo marTebuli an mcdari. nebismieri pirovnuli ganc­dis SemTxvevaSi WeSmariti poeziis Sesatyvisad SeiZleba CaiTvalos am gancdis mxo lod garkveuli nawili. amrigad, WeSmariti poezia unda gaviazroT, rogorc im normaTa struqtura, romlebic mxolod nawilobriv realizdeba mis mravalricxovan mkiTxvelTa gamocdilebaSi. yoveli calke aRebuli gamocdileba (kiTxva, deklamacia da a. S.) aris mxo­lod met­naklebad warmatebuli mcdeloba, Caswvdes norma­Ta Tu kriteriumTa am erTobliobas da gamoxatos is.

218

literaturis Teoria

aq naxsenebi termini `norma~, rasakvirvelia, ar unda avurioT eTikur Tu politikur, anda _ klasicistur Tu romantikuli xelovnebis normebSi. sityva `norma~ aq gu­lisxmobs implicitur normebs, romlebic unda ga mo iyos xelovnebis nimuSis aRqmis yoveli individualuri gamocdi­lebidan da romelTa erTobliobac qmnis xelovne bis WeS­marit nimuSs. Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT xelovnebis nimuSebs, maSin gamovlindeba rogorc msgavseba am normaTa Soris, ise _ maTi sxvaobac, da, msgavsebidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebeli iqneba xelovnebis nawarmoebTa klasifikacia nor maTa im ti­pis Sesabamisad, romlebic maTSia xorcSesxmu li. am gziT SeiZ­lebaGJanrebis Teoriis da, saboloo angariSSi, literatu ris Teoriebis SemuSaveba. kritikosebi uaryofen msgavs SesaZle­blobas da, arcTu usafuZvlod, aRniSnaven, rom xelovnebis yoveli nawarmoebi unikaluri bunebisaa; magram aseT SemTx­vevaSi Sexeduleba individualurobis Sesaxeb imdenad domi­nanturia, rom nawarmoebi mTlianad swydeba tradicias da, Sedegad, iqceva miuwvdomel da gaugebar fenomenad. Tuki davuSvebT, rom unda daviwyoT xelovnebis calkeuli nawar­moebis analiziT, maSinac ki ver uarvyofT masSi garkveuli msgavsebis, saerTo elementebis an faqtorebis arsebobas, romlebic aaxloebs mocemul nawarmoebs sxva qmnilebebT­an. magram es saSualebas mogvcems, calkeuli nawarmoebis analizidan gadavideTxelovnebis im tipis daxasiaTebaze, romelic xorcSesxmulia berZnul tragediaSi, Semdeg _ zogadad, tragediaze, literaturaze, da, bolos, im yovlis­momcvel struqturaze, romelic saerToaxelovnebis yvela dargisaTvis.

magram esaa Soreuli perspeqtivis amocana. CvenTvis ki aucilebelia gavarkvioT am normebis arsi da maT ga­movlinebaTa xasiaTi. nawarmoebTa detaluri analizi gvar­wmunebs, rom arsebobs ara ubralod normaTa erTgvari sistema, aramed _ ramdenime qvedanayofic am sistemaSi, ise, rom TiToeul qvedanayofs aqvs misdami daqvemdebare­bul elementTa jgufi. polonelma filosofosma roman in­gardenma, literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSis virtuozuli

219

literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

da maRalprofesionaluri analizisas, am mizniT gamoiyena huserlis `fenomenologiis~ meTodi.12 saWiro araa misi ms­jelobis detalurad gadmocema imaSi dasarwmuneblad, rom ingardeniseuli midgoma gamarTlebulia da gamosade­gi: pirvel yovlisa, gamoiyofa bgeriTi Sre, romelic, cxa­dia, ar unda gavaigivoT TavisTavad sityvaTa JReradobas­Tan, raSic zemoT. mxolod bgeraTa bazaze vlindeba meore Sre _ azrobrivi erTeulebi. yovel calkeul sityvas aqvs sakuTari sazrisi da konteqstSi, sxva sityvebTan erTad, warmoqmnis azrobriv erTeulebs, sintagmebs da winadade­bebs. am gva ri sintaqsuri struqturebis safuZvelze Cndeba mesame Sre _ reprezentatiuli plani, romelic moicavs mwerlis `samyaros”, moqmed pirebs, fonsa da garemos. amas ingardeni amatebs kidev or sxva Sres, romelTa gamoyofa, SesaZloa, saWiro araa. mwerlis `samyaro~ mas danaxuli aqvs gansakuTrebuli TvalsazrisiT, romelic yovelTvis rodi gamoixateba uSu alod, magram aucileblad SeigrZnoba. mag­aliTad, raime movlena (vTqvaT, karis mijaxuneba) SeiZleba literaturaSi aRwerili iyos, rogorc mavani piris mier `danaxuli~ anda `gagonili~. personaJi SeiZleba warmodge­nili iyos misi `Sinagani~ an `garegnuli~ damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT. da, bolos, ingardeni axsenebs `metafizikuri Tvisebebis~ (amaRlebuli, tragikuli, Tavzardamcemi, wmin­da) Sres romelic aucilebeli araa da zogierT nawarmoebSi SeiZleba arc Segvxvdes. es ori ukanaskneli Sre SeiZleba Se­viyvanoT ̀ samyaros~ kategoriaSi, anu warmodgenil saganTa arealSi. magram, isini, amave dros, gvikarnaxeben, rom arse­bobs literaturul analizSi Zalze realuri problemebi. `Tvalsazrisis~ cnebam, yovel SemTxvevaSi, romanTan dakav­SirebiT, didi yuradReba miipyro jer ki dev henri jeimsis moRvaweobis droidan, im periodidan, rodesac labokma warmoadgina literaturis Sesaxeb jeimsis Sexedulebebisa da misi mxatvruli praqtikis sis tematizebuli eqspozi­cia. xsenebuli `metafizikuri Tvi sebebis~ Sre saSualebas aZlevs ingardens, daubrundes `filosofiuri mniSvnelo­bis~ sakiTxebs xelovnebis na warmoebSi, ise, rom Tavi aari­dos metad sarisko da xSir inteleqtualur Secdomebs.

220

literaturis Teoria

kargi iqneba, Tuki am azrs davasabuTebT paraleliT, romelsac lingvistika gvawvdis. ferdinand de sosiuric da praRis lingvisturi wris warmomadgenlebic mkafiod asxvavebdnen erTmaneTisgan langue­s da parole­s,13 e.i. enis sistemasa da individualuri metyvelebis aqts; analogiuri gansxvaveba arsebobs Tavad leqssa da misi aRqmis indi vi­dualur gamocdilebas Soris. enis sistema (anu langue) war­moadgens pirobiTobebisa da normebis krebuls, romel Ta urTierTmimarTebebsa da moqmedebas Cven vxedavT da aRvwe­rT am sistemis erTianobisa da simwyobris daurRvevlad, Tumca calkeul mosaubreTa metyvelebaSi gvxvdeba Zalze specifikuri, uxeiro da arasruli gamoTqmebi. yovel Sem­TxvevaSi, am mxriv mainc, literaturuli xelovnebis sagani zustad imave mdgimareobaSia, rogorSic _ enobrivi siste­ma. Cven, rogorc individebi, verasodes SevZlebT am siste­mis srulad gamoxatvas, iseve, rogorc verasodes SevZlebT Cvenive enis mTlianad da srulad gamoyenebas. faqtobrivad, zustad igive situacia warmogvidgeba Semecnebis yovel calkeul aqtSi. Cven verasodes ver SevimecnebT sagans misi yvela TvisebiT da, amis miu xedavad, mainc ver uarvyofT saganTa identurobas, Tun dac maT aRviqvamdeT sxvadasx­vagvari kuTxiT. Cven mudam vwvdebiT sagnis `aucilebel struqturas~, rac Se mecnebis aqts aqcevs im normaTa aRi­arebad, sinamdvilem Tavs rom mogvaxvia, da ara _ saeWvo mosazrebis an kidev subieqturi Tvisebis gamovlinebad. Se­sabamisad, mxatvruli nawarmoebis struqturas aqvs Tvise­ba, romelic SeiZleba ase gamoixatos: `gasaTvaliswinebeli movaleoba~. me mas yo velTvis arasrulad warmovidgen, ma­gram, am warmodge nis SefardebiTi arasisrulis miuxedavad, mainc rCeba erTgvari `aucilebeli struqtura~, iseve, ro­gorc Semecnebis nebismier sxva saganSi Tu obieqtSi.14

Tanamedrove lingvistebi ganixilaven potenciur bgerebs rogorc fonemebs; maT SeuZliaT agreTve gaa­nalizon morfemebi da sintagmebi. magaliTad, winadadeba SeiZleba aRvweroT ara ubralod rogorc ad hoc gamoTqma, aramed rogorc sintaqsuri wyoba da modeli. Tanamedro­

221

literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

ve funqciurma lingvistikam warmatebebs miaRwia mxolod fonemaTa kvlevis mimarTulebiT; magram raoden rTulic unda iyos problemebi, maTi gadawyveta mainc SesaZlebe­lia. amasTan, esaa ara sruliad axali problemebi, aramed _ axleburi formiT Camoyalibebuli is morfologiu ri da sintaqsuri sakiTxebi, romlebic ganixileboda jer kidev gramatikis Zvel saxelmZRvaneloebSi. lite ra turuli nawarmoebis analizis dros vawydebiT ana logiur (azrobri­vi erTeulebisa da maTi specifikuri organizaciis) prob­lemebs, romelTac ganapirobebs esTe tikuri daniSnuleba da amocanebi. poeturi semantikis, stilis da saxeobriobis problemebi axleburad, ufro zusti formiT daismis. az­robrivi erTeulebi, winadadebebi da winadadebaTa struq­turebi ukavSirdebian sagnebs da qmnian warmosaxviT re­alobebs, magaliTad, peizaJs, interiers, personaJebs, mov­lenebs da ideebs. SesaZlebelia am realobebis gaanalizeba ise, rom ar moxdes maTi aRreva empiriul realobasTan, da im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom lingvistur struqtureb­Si isini ganuyofelni arian. romanis gmiri iqmneba mxolod azrobrivi erTeulebis safuZvelze da `iSleba~ personaJis mier warmoTqmul, an mis Sesaxeb naTqvam winadadebebad. bi­ologiur individTan SedarebiT, romelsac aqvs mkafiod gamoxatuli warsuli, personaJis struqtura ganusazRvre­lia.15 nawarmoebis dayofas erTimeoris qveS ganlagebul Sreebad is upi ratesoba aqvs, rom mas SeuZlia Seenacvlos tradiciul da mcdar dayofas Sinaarsad da formad. Sinaar­si mWidro kon taqtSia lingvistur qveSresTan, romelic mas Seicavs da romelzec aris damokidebuli.

magram aseTi warmodgena literaturul nawarmoebze rogorc Sreebad dalagebul normaTa sistemaze mainc ver ganmartavs TviT am sistemis arsebobis wessa da formas. mar­Tebuli gadawyvetilebis mosaZebnad SeiZleboda gan gvexila nominalizmisa da realizmis, mentalizmisa da bihevio­rizmis polemika – erTi sityviT, epistemologiis ZiriTadi problemebi. amasTan, Cveni miznebisaTvis sakmarisia, Tavi avaridoT or ukiduresobas _ ukidures platonizms da ukidures nominalizms. saWiro ar aris am normebis miCneva

222

literaturis Teoria

obieqtur realobad, misi `materiali zeba~ da, Sesabamisad, Camoyalibeba erTgvari arqetipuli cnebisa, romelic gveg­uleba arsTa zedrouli samyaros miR ma. literaturuli nawarmoebis ontologiuri arsi gansxvavdeba samkuTxedis an ricxvis cnebisgan, an iseTi Tvisebisgan, rogoricaa Tun­dac `siwiTle~. amgvar `ucvlel arsTagan~ gansxvavebiT, literaturuli nawarmoebi Seq mnilia, pirvel yovlisa, drois garkveul momentSi, xolo meore mxriv, is eqvemde­bareba cvlilebas, rac SeiZleba dasruldes misi sruli ga­nadgurebiT. am TvalsazrisiT, SeimCneva garkveuli msgavse­ba enis sistemasTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom am ukanasknelis Seqmnis an gaqrobis zusti momentis amocnoba gacilebiT ufro Znelia, vidre maSin, rodesac saqme exeba literatu­rul nawarmoebs (romelic, rogorc wesi, individualuri Semoqmedebis nayofia). amave dros, isic unda vaRiaroT, rom ukiduresi nominalizmi, romelic uaryofs `enis sistemis~ cnebas (da aqedan ga momdinare, mxatvrul nawarmoebsac, ro­gorc Cven is war mogvidgenia) anda miiCnevs mas mxolod ga­mosadeg fiq ciad da `mecnieruli aRweris~ erT­erT xerxad, aseT SemTxvevaSi uars ambobs am problemis gadawyvetaze. yvelaferi, rac ar Seesatyviseba empiriuli realobis Zalze SezRudul cnebas, biheviorizmis viwro warmodgenebiT gan­isazRvreba, rogorc `mistikuri~anda `metafizikuri~. da mainc, Tuki `fonemas~ fiqciad SevracxavT, xolo enis siste­mas – ubralod, `sametyvelo aqtis mecnierul aRwerad~, es niSnavs WeSmaritebis problemis ugulebelyofas.16 Cven vaRiarebT rogorc normebs, ise _ gadaxrebs am normebisa­gan, da ar vigonebT raRac aRweriT da pirobiT kategoriebs. am TvalsazrisiT, bihevioristTa xedva mTlianad efuZneba abstrahirebis cudad gagebul Teorias. imisda miuxeda­vad, SevadgenT ricxvebsa da normebs Tu ara, isini rCebian normebad da ricxvebad. rasakvirvelia, me kidec vTvli da kidec vkiTxulob, magram ricxvis gamovlena anda normis aRiareba sulac ar aris igive, rac _ Tavad ricxvi Tu norma. `b~ bgeris warmoTqma ar aris ̀ b~ fonema. Cven vavlenT realo­baSi normaTa struqturas, magram ar vigonebT verbalur

223

literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

konstruqcias. argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, am normebs Cven vwvdebiT mxolod da mxolod Semecnebis individualuri aqtis meSveobiT da ver `gadavabijebT~ am aqtis sazRvrebs – mxolod erTi SexedviTaa STambeWdavi. es aris swored is argumenti, romelic mimarTuli iyo Semecnebis kantiseuli kritikis winaaRmdeg, magram is SeiZleba ugulebelyofil iqnas TviT kantis argumentebiT.

cxadia, normebis dadgenisas Cven TviTonac SeiZleba SevcdeT da raime ver gavigoT, magram es ar niSnavs, rom kri­tikoss ganmkiTxavis zeadamianuri roli ekisreba, raTa, ase vTqvaT, `garedan” gaakritikos Cveni Semecneba, da arc imas, rom is gansakuTrebuli intuiciis meoxebiT srulad Seimec­nebs normaTa mTel sistemas. ufro marTebuli iqneba, Tu vi­tyviT, rom Cveni codnis nawils Cvenve vakritikebT im ufro maRali standartis mixedviT, romelsac mivaRwieT sxva sferoSi. Tavi ar unda CaviyenoT im kacis mdgomareoba Si, vinc Tavisi mxedvelobis Sesamowmeblad cdilobs sakuTar TvalebSi Caixedos; Cven vgavarT iseT kacs, vinc erTmaneTs adarebs sagnebs, romlebsac cxadad xedavs, da imaT, rom­lebsac bundovnad xedavs. am urTierTSejerebis safuZvel­ze igi erTgvarad ganazogadebs nanaxs, yofs sagnebs or jgu­fad da sxvaobas xsnis xedvis erTgvari TeoriiT, romelic iTvaliswinebs manZils, dros da a. S.

analogiurad, Cven advilad gavarCevT poemis swor Tu mcdar wakiTxvas, nawarmoebSi xorcSesxmuli norme bis marTebul Tu araswor Semecnebas; amisTvis saWiroa Sevada­roT da SeviswavloT sxvadasxvagvari mcdari an arasruli `realizaciebi~ an interpretaciebi. am normebis uSualo moqmedeba, urTierTmimarTebebi da kombinaciebi SegviZlia iseve SeviswavloT, rogorc es xdeba fonemis Ses wavlis dros. literaturuli nawarmoebi ar warmoadgens empiriul faqts da nebismieri piris an individTa jgufis sulier md­gomareobas; is arc idealuri da ucvleli sagania, samkuTxe­dis msgavsad. mxatvruli nawarmoebi Se iZ leba iqces gamoc­dilebis obieqtad; unda vaRiaroT, rom Tumca nawarmoebis wvdoma SeiZleba martooden in di vidualuri gamocdilebis

224

literaturis Teoria

meSveobiT, magram mas mainc ver gavaigivebT raime gamoc­dilebasTan. is gansxvavdeba idealuri obieqtisagan (mag­aliTad, ricxvisgan) swored misi struqturis empiriuli (fizikuri, an potenciurad fizikuri) aspeqtis _ bgeriTi sistemis _ wyalobiT, maSin, rodesac SesaZlebelia sam­kuTxedis an ricxvis uSualo, in tui ciuri wvdoma. idealuri obieqtisgan mxatvrul nawar mo ebs ganasxvavebs kidev erTi mniSvnelovani momenti: mas aqvs raRac, rasac SeiZleba `si­cocxle~ vuwodoT. nawarmoebi iqmneba drois garkveul mo­mentSi, ganicdis cvlilebebs Ta visi istoriuli arsebobis ganmavlobaSi da Semdeg SeiZleba gaqres. mxatvruli nawar­moebi `zedroulia~ mxolod im gagebiT, rom mas aqvs ucvle­li (misi Seqmnis momentidan) struqtura; magram nawarmoebi `istoriulad cvalebadic~ aris. is `gaivlis~ erTgvar gan­viTarebis process, romlis axsnac SeiZleba da aRwerac. es ganviTareba sxva araferia, Tu nawarmoebis konkretizaci­aTa rigi istoriis manZilze; garkveulwilad, SesaZlebe­lia am konkretizaciaTa aRdgena im axsna­ganmartebebis me­oxebiT, romlebSic aRwerilia kritikosTa da mkiTxvelTa mier nawarmoebis aRqma da Sefaseba, agreTve _ nawarmoe­bis zegavlena sxva mxatvrul qmnilebebze. ufro adreuli konkretizaciebis codna (es exeba wakiTxvasac, kritikasac da mcdar interpretacia sac), gavlenas iqoniebs nawarmoe­bis Cveneul aRqmaze: ufro adreuli wakiTxvebis meSveo­biT SeiZleba gacilebiT Rrmad CavwvdeT nawarmoebis arss, Tumca, isini xSirad iwveven mZafr protests amave qmnilebis Zveli Sefasebebis winaaRmdeg. yovelive es metyvelebs kri­tikis istoriis mniSvnelobaze da gvaiZulebs CavfiqrdeT im rTul sakiTxebze, romlebic exeba individualobis zR­varsa da bunebas. rogor xdeba, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebi ganicdis evolucias da mainc Seulaxavad inarCunebs Tavis arsebiT struqturas? xelovnebis nimuSis istoriuli `si­cocxlis~ Sesaxeb SeiZ leba vimsjeloT imave gagebiT, rom­liTac gvixdeba saubari cxovelze an adamianze, romelic pirovnulad igive darCa cxovrebiseuli cvlilebebis miuxedavad. `iliada~ jerac arsebobs, anu mas kvlav gaaCnia

225

literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

zemoqmedebis unari, maSin, rodesac iseTi istoriuli mov­lena, rogoric iyo brZola vaterloosTan, aSkarad warsu­lis kuTvnilebaa, imis miuxedavad, rom kvlavac SeiZleba aRvadginoT am brZolis mimdinareoba da davaxasiaToT misi Sedegebi. da mainc, ra gagebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ̀ iliada~, romelsac homerosis Tanamedrove berZnebi kiTxulobdnen, identuria `iliadasi~, romelsac Cven dRes vkiTxulobT? davuSvaT, teqstma Cvenamde ucvleli saxiT moaRwia; misi Cveneuli aRqma mainc gansxvavdeba homerosis Tanamedrove berZenTa mier an poemis aRqmisgan. Cven ar SegviZlia Sevaje­roT originalis ena Zveli saberZneTis yofiT, salaparako enasTan, da amis gamo verc im gadaxrebs SevigrZnobT, razec damokidebulia homerosis poetika. Cven ver gavigebT bevr bundovan sityvier miniSnebasac, romelic yovelTvis Sead­gens nawarmoebis mxatvruli mniSvnelobis arsebiT nawils. cxadia, mainc saWiroa damatebiTi mcdeloba, raTa warmo­saxvis (romelic yovlisSemZle sulac araa) meSveobiT war­movidginoT Ta vi antikur xanaSi, rodesac berZnebs swamdaT TavianTi RmerTebisa da hqondaT zneobrivi Rirebulebebis sakuTari skala da ganzomileba. da mainc, SeuZlebelia imis uaryofa, rom `iliadam~ mniSvnelovanwilad ucvle­lad SeinarCuna `struqturis~ ZiriTadi elementebi mTeli am saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. amave dros, es `struqtura~ dinamikuria: igi icvleba istoriis procesSi, radgan axle­burad aRiqmeba mis mkiTxvelTa, kritikosTa da xelovanTa axali Taobebis mier.17 amrigad, normaTa sistema izrdeba, icvleba da, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, misi srulad wvdoma da gaazre ba yovelTvis SeuZlebeli iqneba. magram struq­turis di namikuroba ar amarTlebs problemis subieqtiv­istur da relativistur ganmartebebs. cxadia, rom yvela es gansxvavebuli xedva da Tvalsazrisi Tanabrad swori da marTebuli rodia. yovelTvis SeiZleba davadginoT, ro meli Tvalsazrisi swvdeba sakiTxs ufro Rrmad. TviT interpre­taciis adekvaturobis moTxovna gulisxmobs ganmartebaTa garkveul ierarqias, stimuls aZlevs kri tikas, romelic mimarTulia nawarmoebSi xorcSesxmuli normebis maqsi­malur gamovlenisken. yvelanair relati vizms abaTilebs

226

literaturis Teoria

debuleba, romlis Tanaxmad, `absolutu ri mdgomareobs re­latiurSi, Tumca _ ara mTlianad da ara bolomde.~18

amgvarad, mxatvruli nawarmoebi warmogvidgeba, ro­gorc codnis obieqti sui generis, romelsac aqvs gansa kuT­rebuli ontologiuri statusi. is arc realuria (anu fi­zikuri, qandakebis darad), arc mentaluri (fsiqologiuri, msgavsad sinaTlis SegrZnebis an tkivilis gancdisa), da arc idealuri (rogorc samkuTxedi). mxatvruli nawarmoebi aris normaTa sistema, romelSic aRbeWdilia intersubieqturi xasiaTis mqone idealuri cnebebi~. es cnebebi, rogorc Cans, arseboben sazogadoebrivi ideebis erTobliobaSi da masTan erTad icvlebian; maTi wvdoma SesaZlebelia mxolod indi­vidualuri sulieri gamocdilebis meSveobiT da emyareba im lingvisturi erTeulebis bgeriT struqturas, romelTaga­nac Sedgeba teqsti.

Cven ar gvimsjelia mxatvrul RirebulebaTa sa kiTxze. Tumca, zemoTqmulidan aSkara unda iyos, rom normaTa da RirebulebaTa gareSe ar arsebobs struqtura. Cven ver Sev­ZlebT mxatvruli nawarmoebis gaazrebasa da gaanalizebas am RirebulebaTa gauTvaliswineblad.. TviT is faqti, rom garkveul struqturas `mxatvrul nawarmoebad~ vaRiareb, TavisTavad RirebulebiTi msje lobaa. wminda fenomenolo­giis mcdari Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, Rirebulebebi gami­jnulia struqturisgan, anu Rirebulebebs Tavs axveven struqturas, amateben mas anda SeaqvT masSi. es Secdoma SeimCneva roman ingardenis SesaniSnav naSromSi, romelSic mxatvruli nawarmoebi isea gaanalizebuli, rom Rireb­ulebebi moxseniebulic ki araa. amis mizezi, cxadia, aris feno menologebis warmodgena imgvar `arsTa~ maradiuli, zedrouli wyebis Sesaxeb, romelTa individualuri (empir­iuli gamocdilebis safuZ velze Seqmnili) interpretacia mxolod mogvianebiT Seiqmna. RirebulebaTa absoluturi skalis aRiarebiT Cven aucileblad vkargavT kontaqts individualuri gansjasTan, romelic, Tavisi arsiT, Se­fardebiTia. erT poluszea umoZrao absoluti, meoreze ki _ Rirebulebis armqone individualur gansjaTa nakadi.

absolutizaciis mcdari Tezisi da relativizmis ase­

227

literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

ve mcdari antiTezisi saWiroeben Secvlas da harmonizacias axlebur sinTezSi, romelic dinamikurs gaxdis Tavad Ri­rebulebaTa skalas, magram dinamikis miRma amCnevs raRac maradiulsac. amgvar warmodgenas Cven vuwodeT `perspeq­tivis SegrZneba~;19 igi ar moaswavebs RirebulebaTa anarqiis, anda individualuri gemovnebis prioritetulo bis aRiare­bas; esaa sagnis gaRrmavebuli da mravalmxrivi Semecnebis procesi, romlis dazusteba da gakritikeba SesaZlebelia. struqtura, niSani da Rirebuleba qmnian er Ti da igive prob­lemis sam aspeqts, da maTi xelovnuri ur TierTgamijvna dauSvebelia.

magram, pirvel yovlisa, aucilebelia aRwerisa da ana­lizis im meTodebis gaanalizeba, romelTa meSveobi Tac av­lenen mxatvruli nawarmoebis sxvadasxva Sres. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba: (1) bgeraTa Sre, evfonia, rit mi da metri; (2) is azrobrivi erTeulebi, romlebic gansazRvraven liter­aturuli nawarmoebis formalur lin gvistur struqturasa da stils (am ukanasknels ikvlevs sagangebo disciplina _ stilistika); (3) saxe da metafora, romlebic, arsebiTad, centraluri poetikuri xerxebia da sagangebo msjelobis sagnad unda iqcnen Tundac imis gamo, rom isini erwymian poeziis specifikur (4) `samyaros” – im simboloebiT da sim­boloTa sistemebiT, rasac Cven vuwodebT poetur `miTs~. TxrobiTi literaturis ganxilvisas Cven winaSe wamoiWreba (5) Txrobis xerxebisa da teqnikis gansakuTrebuli prob­lema, rasac Cven vuZRvniT sagangebo Tavs. mxatvruli nawar­moebebis analizis meTodTa analizis Semdgom ganvixilavT (6) literaturuli Janrebis arss da gavaSuqebT kritikis centralur problemas – (7) Sefasebis sakiTxs. dabolos, kidev erTxel davubrundebiT literaturis evoluciis ideas da vimsjelebT (8) mwerlobis istoriis bunebasa da im SesaZleblobaze, ro melic gulisxmobs literaturis isto­riis evolucias da ganvsazRvravT literaturuli istori­is rogorc sagangebo disciplinis xasiaTs, da im SesaZle­blobas, rom literaturis istoria ganxilul iqnes rogorc xelovnebis erT­erTi dargis istoria.

228

Tavi mecamete

evfonia, ritmi da metri

*yoveli literaturuli nawarmoebi, upirveles yovli­

sa, warmoadgens bgeraTa wyebas, romelTagan ya libdeba mniS­vneloba. zogierT literaturul nawar moeb Si bgeriTi Sris mniSvneloba minimaluria da TiTqmis ar SeigrZnoba (magali­Tad, romanTa umravlesobaSi). mag ram aseT SemTxvevebSic ki fonetikuri Sre warmoadgens mniSvnelobis aucilebel wina­pirobas. am mxriv, gansxvave ba draizeris romansa da pos iseT leqss Soris, rogoricaa `zarebi~, mxolod raodenobrivia da amitom ver gamodge ba saimisod, rom SevafasoT mwerlo­bis ori kontrastuli tipi – proza da poezia. xelovnebis bevr nawarmoebSi, romelTa Soris, rasakvirvelia, prozauli qmnilebebic igulisxmeba, yuradRebas iqcevs bgeriTi Sre, romelic Sea dgens esTetikuri zemoqmedebis arsebiT kom­ponents. es marTebulia, upiratesad, ornamentuli prozisa da yvela poeturi nawarmoebis mimarT, romlebic, Tavisi ar­siT, sxva araferia, Tu ara enis bgeriTi sistemis garkveuli organizacia.

aseTi bgeriTi efeqtebis analizis dros unda gvaxsovdes mniSvnelovani, magram mainc xSirad miviwyebuli ori principi. upirveles yovlisa, unda gaviTva liswinoT sxvaoba teqstis bgeriTi organizebis formasa da mis war­moTqmas Soris. xelovnebis nawarmoebis xmamaRla wakiTxva aris Sesruleba, anu realizacia teqstis bgeriTi orga­nizaciisa, romelic matebs mas raRac individua lursa da pirovnuls, da, amasTanave, aqvs unari, daamaxinjos anda saerTod ugulebelyos es organizacia. Sesabamisad, ritmikisa da metrikis WeSmariti kvleva ver daemyareba deklamaciis calkeul magaliTebs. meore, aseve xSiri da gavrcelebuli, magram yalbi warmodgenis mixedviT, bgera

229

evfonia, ritmi da metri

unda gaanalizdes mniSvnelobisgan mowyvetiT. nebismieri mxatvruli nawarmoebis mTlianobis Sesaxeb Cveni koncef­ciis Sesabamisad, aseTi gancalkeveba umarTebuloa; amaSi gvarwmunebs is faqtic, rom TavisTavad bgeras ar axdens esTetikur efeqts, an Tu axdens, Zalze umniSvnelos. ar moiZebneba aranairi `musikaluri~ leqsi, romelsac ara aqvs garkveuli zogadi sazrisi an Tundac emociuri elf­eri. maSinac ki, rodesac vismenT metyvelebas ucnob enaze, `wminda bgerebi~ ki ar Cagvesmis, aramed vakavSirebT gago­nils Cvens sakuTar fonetikur CvevebTan da, ra Tqma unda, SevigrZnobT molaparakis azrobriv intonacias. poeziaSi wminda bgera an fiqciaa, anda urTierTmimarTeba Ta uaRre­sad martivi da elementaruli seriebi, iseTebi, romelTac Seiswavlis birkhofi Tavis `esTetikur sazomSi~;1 es sistema ver amowuravs mravalferovnebasa da mniSvnelobas bgeriTi Srisa, rodesac mas ganvixilavT leqsis, rogorc mTliano­bis, Semadgenel nawilad.

Tavidanve unda gamovyoT problemis ori gansxvave­buli aspeqti: bgeris arsebiTi da relatiuri Tvisebebi. pirvelSi vgulisxmobT im individualurs, rac ganasxvavebs a­s o­sgan an l­s p­sgan, raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebis­gan damoukideblad (radgan a­s an p­s ver davaxasiaTebT metobiT an naklebobiT). bgerebis Sinagani xarisxobrivi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi warmoadgenen im efeqtis safuZv­els, romelsac uwodeben `musikalurobas~ anda `evfonias”. meore mxriv, bgeraTa sxvaoba relatiuri Tvisebebis mixed­viT SeiZleba iqces ritmisa da metris safuZvlad: es aris tonaloba, bgeris xangrZlivoba, maxvili, ganmeorebaTa sixSire da yvela is elementi, romelic warmoqmnis raode­nobriv gansxvavebebs. tonaloba SeiZleba iyos maRali an dabali, xangrZlivoba _ mokle an piriqiT, grZeli, xolo ganmeorebis sixSire – meti an naklebi. es met­naklebad martivi ganmasxvavebeli niSani mniSvnelovania _ is gamo­yofs lingvisturi movlenebis garkveul jgufs (rusebma maT `orkestrireba~ (инструментовка) uwodes) da yuradRebas amaxvilebs im faqtze, rom bgeris xarisxi aq warmoadgens im

230

literaturis Teoria

elements, romliTac manipulirebs mwerali.2 rac Seexeba leqss, aq saerTod unda ugulebelvyoT termini `musika­luroba~ (an `melo diuroba~), radgan man SeiZleba mcdarad warmarTos Cveni msjeloba. movlena, romlis amocnobasac vcdilobT, srulebiTac ar aris erTgvari paraleli musi­kaluri `melodiisa~: aSkaraa, rom musikaSi melodia gan­isazRvreba tonalobiT da, aqedan gamomdinare, is erTgvari paralelia im rolisa, romelic enaSi akisria intonacias. sinamdvileSi TvalsaCino sxvaobaa naTqvami winadadebis in­tonaciis xazsa (tonis rxeviTi da swrafad monacvle simaR­liT) da musikalur melodias Soris, romelic xasiaTdeba tonis myari simaRliT da gansazRvruli intervalebiT.3 rac Seexeba meore termins _ `evfonias~ _ arc is aris sakmarisi, radgan brauningisa da hopkinsis poeziis Sesaxeb saubrisas sityva `orkestrireba~ `kakofoniis~ tolfasia, radgan es poetebi ganzrax lamobdnen uxeSi da eqspresiuli bgeriTi efeqtebis miRwevas.

`orkestrirebis~ sxvadasxva xerxs Soris erTmaneTis­gan unda gavarCioT bgeriTi figura, Tvisebrivad identur an msgavs bgeraTa jgufebis ganmeorebebi da eqspresiuli bgerebis an bgeraTmibaZvis gamoyeneba. gansa kuTrebuli warmatebiT Seiswavles bgeriTi figurebi rusma formali­stebma; rac Seexeba inglisel mecnierTa gamokvlevebs, v.j. beitsma gaaanaliza daxvewili bgeriTi xerxebi kit­sis leqsebSi, maSin rodesac Tavad kitsma dagvitova sak­maod ucnauri SeniSvnebi sakuTari praqti kis Sesaxeb.4 osip brikma5 moaxdina bgeriTi figurebis SesaZlo formebis klasifikacia sariTmo erTeulebSi ganmeorebul bgeraTa ricxvis, ganmeorebaTa raodenobis, bgeraTa adgilis da ganlagebis safuZvelze. es uaRresad sasargeblo klasifi­kacia saWiroebs Semdgom dazustebas. ganmeorebadi bgerebi SeiZleba ganlagebuli iyos: stri qonSi, erTmaneTTan axlos; bgeraTa erTi jgufis TavSi da meore jgufis boloSi; erTi romelime striqonis bolos da momdevno striqonis dasawy­isSi; striqonebis dasawyisSi; striqonebis bolos, ukanask­nel poziciaze. bolodan meo re jgufi enaTesaveba anaforis

231

evfonia, ritmi da metri

stilistur movlenas. rac Seexeba ukanasknels, is moicavs iseT gavrcelebul movle nas, rogoricaa riTma. am klasifi­kaciis Sesabamisad, riTma aris bgeris ganmeorebis mxolod erT­erTi magaliTi, romelic unda ganvixiloT iseT movle­nebTan kavSirSi, rogorebicaa aliteracia da asonansi.

ar unda daviviwyoT, rom sxvadasxva enaSi bgeriTi fi­gurebi aucileblad sxvadasxvagvarad warmogvidgeba; isic unda gvaxsovdes, rom yovel enaSi aris fonemaTa sakuTari sistema da aqedan gamomdinare, xmovanTa opoziciebisa da paralelebis, agreTve _ TanxmovanTa Tvisebebis specifi­kuri sistema; bolos, Znelia ga moh yo aseTi bgeriTi efeqte­bi leqsis an striqonis saerTo mniSvnelobisgan da tonis­gan. romantikosebisa da simbolistebis cdebi, simRerasTan da musikasTan gae igivebinaT poezia, TiTqmis metaforaa, radgan poezia ver Seedreba musikas wminda bgerebis mra­valferovnebis, sic xadisa da organizebis formebis mxriv. imisaTvis, rom lingvisturi bgerebi gadaiqces xelovnebis faqtad, saWi roa mniSvneloba, konteqsti da `toni~.

es SeiZleba naTlad warmovadginoT riTmis analizis safuZvelze. riTma uaRresad rTuli fenomenia. mas aqvs Ta­visi martivi evfoniuri funqcia, rac gamoixateba bge raTa ganmeorebiT (an maTi msgavsebiT). henri lancma aCve na Tavis naSromSi – `riTmis fizikuri safuZveli~,6 _ rom xmovanTa gariTmva ganisazRvreba maTi obertonebis ganmeorebiT. mag­ram imis miuxedavad, rom bgeriTi aspeqti, albaT, ZiriTadia, aSkaraa, rom is riTmis mxolod erT­erT as peqts warmoad gens. esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT, gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovania misi metruli funqcia: riTma gvamcnobs leqsis striqonis das­rulebis Sesaxeb, anda warmogvidgeba rogorc strofis maorga­nizebeli, zogjer _ misi erTaderTi maorganizebeli faqtori. magram yvelaze ufro sagulisxmo sakiTxi is aris, rom riTmas aqvs Tavisi azri da mniSvneloba, da amis gamo igi mniSvnelovan­wilad aris CarTuli mTlianad poeturi nawarmoebis struqtu­raSi. riTma awyvilebs sityvebs, akavSirebs maT – Tundac kon­trastiT. SeiZleba gamovyoT riTmis aseTi semantikuri funq­ciis ramdenime aspeqti. SesaZlebelia vikiTxoT, ra semantikuri

232

literaturis Teoria

funqcia aqvs im marcvlebs, romlebsac riTma akavSirebs da aer­Tianebs: sad SeiZleba amovicnoT riTma – sufiqsSi (character - reg-ister), fuZeSi (drink - think), Tu oriveSi (passion-fashion). SeiZleba vi­kiTxoT, romel semantikuri sferodan aris SerCeuli sariTmo sityvebi: davuSvaT, rom isini miekuTvnebian erT an ramdenime lingvistur kategorias (es SeiZleba iyos metyvelebis nawili an gansxvavebuli brunvebi). SeiZleba davinteresdeT imiT, Tu rogoria semantikuri urTierToba sariTmo sityvebs Soris _ ganekuTvnebian isini imave semantikur konteqsts, romelsac ekuTvnis bevri Cveulebrivi wyvili (vTqvaT, heart-part, fears-tears), Tu gvaoceben swored sruliad gansxvavebuli semantikuri sferoebis asociaciiTa da SefardebiT. Tavis SesaniSnav stati­aSi7 v.k. uimseti swavlobs aseT efeqtebs poupTan da baironTan, romlebic miznad isaxaven mkiTxvel ze gamaognebeli STabeW­dilebis moxdenas iseTi sityvebis kontrastuli Sepirispire­biT, dawyvilebiT, rogorebicaa Qeens – screens, elope – Pope, mahog-any – philogeny. bolos, SeiZleba davadginoT is zRvari, sadamdec riTmas `ufleba eZleva~, Tavisi roli Seasrulos leqsis srul konteqstSi. ramdenad gamarTlebulia, rom sariTmo sityvebi aRviqvaT, rogorc martooden `leqsis Semavsebeli erTeuli~, anda piriqiT: SegviZlia Tu ara davadginoT leqsis an strofis mniSvneloba martooden mis sariTmo sityvebze dayrdnobiT? riTmebma SeiZleba Seadginon strofis ConCxi an xerxemali, anda maTi roli SeiZleba imdenad umniSvnelo iyos, rom maTi arseboba Znelad Tu SeimCneva (magaliTad, brauningis `ukanask­nel hercoginiaSi~).

SesaZlebelia riTmis kvleva da Seswavla – h.k. uaildis kvalobaze8 – enis istoriisa da gamoTqmis TvalsazrisiT (poupma gariTma join da shrine); rac Seexeba literatu­rul miznebsa da amocanebs, unda gvaxsovdes, rom `sizus­tis~ standartebi sxvadasxvagvaria poetikis sxvadasxva skola Si, da cxadia, sxvadasxva erSi. raki inglisurSi War­bobs `vaJuri” riTma, amitom `qaluri~ an sammarcvliani riTma Cveulebriv gamoiyeneboda burleskSi, an kidev komi­kuri efeqtis misaRwevad, maSin rodesac Sua saukuneebis laTinurSi, italiurSi da polonurSi `qaluri~ riTmebi

233

evfonia, ritmi da metri

aucilebelia yvelaze seriozul konteqstSi. inglisur enaSi saqme gvaqvs gansakuTrebul TaviseburebasTan: es aris `mxedvelobiTi riTma~, sadac kavSiri emyareba ara JRerado­bas, aramed marTlweraSi Tanxvedras. aq gvxvdeba omonimuri riTma, rogorc kalamburis erTgvari forma, gamoiyeneba sxvaoba ama Tu im epoqisa da sxvadaxva regionis gamoTqmis normebSi, calkeuli poetebi mimarTaven spe cifikur sariT­mo modelebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yve la problema jer arc gvixsenebia. inglisur enaze ar arsebobs aranairi gamokv­leva, romelic Seedreba viqtor Jirmunskis wigns riTmis Sesaxeb,9 romelSic riTmis efeqtebi ga ci lebiT ufro deta­lurad aris klasificirebuli, vidre winamdebare naSromSi da asaxulia riTmis istoria ruse Ti sa da evropis mTavari qveynebis poeziaSi.

unda ganvasxvavoT es bgeriTi figurebi, romlebSic gadamwyvetia xmovnis an Tanxmovnis xarisxi (rogorc es xde­ba aliteraciaSi) da, meore mxriv, bgeraTmibaZva. am sakiTxs didi yuradRebiT ekidebian, radgan swored aseT imitacias emyareba zogierTi cnobili virtuozuli pasaJi poezia­Si, meore mxriv ki es bgeraTmibaZva mWidrod ukav Sirdeba ufro adrindel mistikur koncefcias, rom lis Tanaxmad bgera Seesatyviseba aRsaniSn sagans. sakmarisia gavixsenoT poupis an sauTis ramdenime pasaJi, an kidev is, Tu rogor cdilobdnen meCvidmete saukuneSi, marTlac ganexorciele­binaT samyaros musikis intonireba (mag., harSderferi ger­maniaSi)10. saerTod ugulebelyofil iq na warmodgena, rom sityvas `sworad~ SeuZlia gamoxatos sagani an moqmedeba: Tanamedrove lingvistika ufro ixre ba im poziciisken, rom sagangebo klasad gamohyos sityvaTa gansakuTrebuli jgu­fi, romelsac `onomatopoeturi~ ewodeba. es is sityvebia, romlebic, garkveulwilad, un da vigulisxmoT enis Cveuli bgeriTi sistemis miRma da romlebic aSkarad cdiloben gagonili bgerebis imitacias (cuckoo, buzz, bang, miaow). Zneli ar aris imis Cveneba, rom sxvadasxva enaSi identur bgeraTa kombinacias SeiZleba aRmoaCndes gansxvavebuli mniSvnelo­ba (mag. Rock ger manulad `pijaks~ niSnavs, xolo inglisurad

234

literaturis Teoria

– `did qvas~; amave dros, igive sityva rusulad рок ­ `beds~ aRniSnavs, xolo Cexurad – `weliwads~); zogierTi bunebrivi bgera sxvadasxvagvarad gamoixateba sxvadasxva enaSi (mag., ring, sonner, lauten, звонит). jon krou rensomma gvaCvena, rom iseTi striqonis bgeriTi efeqti, rogoric aris ‘‘murdering of innumerable bees’’, marTlac damokidebulia mis mniSvnelo­baze. sakmarisia, odnavi cvlileba SevitanoT am striqonSi da es fraza vaqcioT ‘‘murdering of innumerable beeves’’­ad, rom umal gaqreba imitaciis efeqti.11

da mainc, iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, rom Tanamedrove lingvistebma tyuilubralod daaknines am problemis mniSv­neloba; garda amisa, es problema saerTod ugulebelyves iseTma kritikosebma, rogorebic aris riCardsi da rensomi. saWiroa erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT sami sxvadasxva done. pirveli: arsebobs fizikuri bgerebis faqtobrivi imitacia, romelic cxadia warmatebulia (`gu­gu”­s msgavs magaliT­ze), Tumc ki aq bevri ramaa damokidebuli enis lingvistur sistemaze. garda amisa, aseTi bgeriTi imitacia aucileblad unda ganvasxvavoT rTuli da daxvewili `bgerwerisgan~ _ aq vgulisxmobT bunebriv bgeraTa reproduqcias sametyvelo bgerebiT iseT konteqstSi, sadac sityvebi, romlebsac Ta vad araferi aqvT saerTo onomatopoetur efeqtTan, Car Tulebi aRmoCndebian iseT bgeriT figurebSi, rogoricaa ‘‘innumer-able’’ tenisonis citataSi, an bevri sityva homero si sa da vir­giliusis poemaTa pasaJebSi. dabolos, arsebobs kidev bger­iTi simbolizmis anda bgeriTi metaforis done, romelmac yovel enaSi Camoayaliba normebi da moTxivnebi. gamoxatvis eqspresiulobis TvalsazrisiT, moris gramonma uaRresad srulyofilad da maxvilgonivrulad gamoikvlia franguli leqsi, moaxdina yvela franguli Tanxmovnisa da xmovnis kla­sifikacia da Seiswavla am bgeraTa gamomsaxvelobiTi efeqti sxvadasxva poetTan.12 magaliTad, wminda xmovnebs ZaluZT gamoxaton simcire, siswrafe, gatacebuloba, sifaqize da misT.

gramonis gamokvlevas SeiZleba bralad davdoT su­bieqturoba, magram yoveli enobrivi sistemis SigniT mainc

235

evfonia, ritmi da metri

arsebobs raRac, rac SeiZleba movixsenioT rogorc sity­vaTa `fiziognomika~, anu gacilebiT ufro gavrcelebuli bgeriTi simbolizmi, vidre ubralo onomatopea. eWvsgareSea, rom yvela ena gajerebulia sinesTeziuri, anu Tanmdevi kom­binaciebiT da asociaciebiT. poetebmac aqtiurad gamoiyenes aseTi Sesatyvisobebi, rac maTi mxriv savsebiT swori nabiji iyo. iseTi leqsSi, rogoricaa rembos cnobili `xmovnebi~, calkeul xmovanTa da ferTa urTierTkavSirebi, SeiZleba su­lac axirebas hgavdes, miuxedavad imisa, rom efuZnebian far­Tod cnobil tradicias.13 amasTan, faqtia, rom akustikuli eqsperimentebiT damtkicda myari asociacia wina xmovnebsa (e da i) da wvril, Txel, swraf, naTel da mbzinav sagnebs Soris, agreTve, ukana xmovnebsa (o da u) da tlanq, nel, uRimRamo da muqi feris sagnebs Soris.14 karl Stumpfma da volfgang ke­lerma, agreTve, aCvenes, rom Tanxmovnebi SeiZleba daiyos muqad (labilurad da velarulad, anu ukanasasismierad) da naTlad (dentalurad/ kbilismierad da palatalurad). maT ver miviCnevT Cveulebriv metaforebad, radgan esaa aso­ciaciebi, romlebic efuZneba bgeras da fers Soris aSkara ms­gavsebas, rac gansakuTrebiT SeimCneva Sesabamisi sisteme bis struqturebSi.15 arsebobs `bgerisa da mniSvnelobis~ zoga di enobrivi problema16 da, calke, literaturul nawarmoebSi maTi urTierTmimarTebebis gamoyenebis problema. rac Seexe­ba am ukanasknels, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aqamde mis Seswavlas naklebi yuradReba eTmoboda.

ritmsa da metrTan dakavSirebuli problemebi gansxvavdeba im sakiTxebisgan, romlebic vaxseneT `or­kestrirebis~ Sesaxeb saubrisas. am problemebs mieZRvna uamravi gamokvleva. cxadia, rom ritmis problema araa spe­cifikuri arc literaturisaTvis, da arc, saerTod, eni­saTvis. arsebobs bunebisa da Sromis ritmi, sinaTlis sig­nalebis, musikis ritmi, da, gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT, plas­tikuri xelovnebis ritmic. garda amisa, ritmi, agreTve, warmoadgens saerToenobriv fenomens. aq ar SevCerdebiT im uamrav Teoriaze, romlebic mis realur bunebas ikvlevs.17 rac Seexeba Cvens uSualo miznebs da saWiroebebs, sakma­

236

literaturis Teoria

risia, Teoriebi, romelTa mixedviT, `perioduloba~ aris ritmis sine qua non, ganvasxvavoT im Teoriebisgan, romleb­Sic ritmis cnebas ufro farTod ganixilaven da mas ara­ganmeorebad moZraobebsac ki miakuTvneben. pirveli Tval­sazrisis mixedviT, ritmi gaigivebulia metrTan da amitom unda ugulebelvyoT `prozis ritmis~ cneba, romelic ubralo metaforad warmogvidgeba.18 meore Tvalsazri­si ufro farToa. mas aS karad ganamtkicebs siversis mier Catarebuli kvlevebi individualuri metyvelebis ritmis sferoSi, agreTve _ mravalricxovani musikaluri movle­nebi, magaliTad, xalxuri simRerebi da ekzotikuri musika, romlebSic ar SeiniSneba perioduloba, mainc ritmuloba ueWvelad sagrZnobia. amgvarad gaazrebuli ritmi saSua­lebas gvaZlevs, SeviswavloT individualuri metyvelebis da, saerTod, prozis ritmi. Zneli ar aris imis danaxva, rom prozas aqvs garkveuli ritmi, da SeiZleba nebismieri pro­zauli winadadebis skandireba, danawevreba, anu dayofa grZel da mokle, maxvilian da uma xvilo marcvlebad. am xerxis SesaZleblobebi jer kidev meTvramete saukuneSi gamoavlina mweralma joSua stilma;19 amJamad ki arsebobs didZali literatura, romelic eZRv ne ba vrceli prozau li nawyvetebis analizs. ritmi uSua lod ukavSirdeba `melo­dias~, intonaciis im xazs, romelsac gansazRvravs da gana­pirobebs tonebis Tanamimdevroba; termini `ritmi~ im denad farTod gamoiyeneba, rom moicavs ritmsac da melodiasac. saxelganTqmuli germaneli filologi eduard siversi saubrobda individualur metyvelebaSi ritmisa da intona­ciis gansxvavebis Sesa Zleblobis Sesaxeb; otmar rutci akavSirebda maT sunT qvasTan da sxeulis pozebis specifi­kur fiziologiur tipebTan.20 imis miuxedavad, rom bevrma scada gamoeyenebi na es kvlevebi mxolod literaturuli miznebisaTvis, raTa daedgina Sesabamisobebi literatu­rul stilTa da rucis tipebs Soris,21 mainc migvaCnia, rom es sakiTxi lite raturaTmcodneobis sferos ar ganekuTvneba.

literaturaTmcodneobis sferos ganekuTvneba ise Ti problemebi, rogorebicaa prozis ritmis buneba, rit mu li

237

evfonia, ritmi da metri

prozis Tavisebureba da gamoyeneba _ magaliTad, zogier Ti pasaJisa bibliis inglisur TargmanSi, an ser tomas braunis, reskinis da de kvinsis nawerebisa, sadac ritmi da zogjer melodiac `ZaliT agrZnobinebs Tavs~ Tundac uyuradRebo mkiTxvels. mxatvruli prozis ritmis kvleva mniSvnelo­van siZneleebs ukavSirdeba. Tavis cnobil wignSi `pro zis ritmi~ v.m. patersoni 22 cdilobs ganmartos prozis ritmi, rogorc rTuli sinkopirebis sistema. jorj sentsberis Zalze solidur `inglisuri prozis ritmis istoriaSi~23 ganuwyvetliv meordeba azri, rom prozis ritmi efuZneba `arCevans da sxvadasxvaobas~, magram gansazRvruli araa misi xasiaTi da buneba. sentsberiseuli `axsna­ganmarte­ba~ rom swori yofiliyo, maSin cxadia, SeuZlebeli iqne­boda sauba ri raime ritmze. magram faqtia, rom sentsberi yuradRe bas amaxvilebda mxolod im safrTxeze, rom prozis ritmi ar gaigivebuliyo metrul sqemebTan. yovel SemTx­vevaSi, dRes dikensis bevri pasaJi, romlebic dawerilia rit mu li pro ziT, ulazaTo da sentimentalur gadaxrebad war mogvidgeba.

prozis ritmis sxva mkvlevrebi Seiswavlian mxolod erT sakmaod gamokveTil aspeqts `kadenciisa~, rome lic wi­nadadebaTa daboloebebis ritms aRniSnavs; esaa tradiciuli xerxi, romelsac saTave daedo jer kidev ro mauli orator­uli prozis tradiciaSi. romaelebs hqondaT sagangebo rit­mebi gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisTvis da sa gangebo saxel­wodebebic amgvari ritmebisTvis. `kaden cia~, gansakuTrebiT kiTxviTsa da Zaxilis winadadebebSi, nawi lobriv warmoadgens melo diis problemasac. Tanamedrove mkiTxvels gauZnel­deba ganasxvavos laTinuri cursus­is daxvewili ritmebi, rodesac laTinur nimuSebs baZaven ingliseli avtorebi _ inglisur enaSi maxvilTa ganawileba ar gamorCeva iseTi mkacri TanazomierebiT, romelic dama xasiaTebelia grZeli da mokle xmovnebisTvis laTinurSi. Tum ca, mravladaa imis magaliTebic, rom inglisel avtorebs araerTxel ucdiaT laTinuris analogiuri efeqtis miRwe va da es mcdelo­bebi zogjer warmatebuli iyo, gansakuTre biT meCvidmete saukuneSi.24

238

literaturis Teoria

saerTod, prozis mxatvruli ritmi yvelaze ukeT ma­Sin ganixileba, Tu gvexsomeba, rom is aucileblad unda gan­vasxvavoT saerTo ritmisagan, sul erTia, prozis iqneba is, Tu poeziis. prozis mxatvruli ritmi SeiZleba aRiweros, rogorc yofiTi sametyvelo ritmebis organizacia. Cveu­lebrivi prozisagan is gansxvavdeba maxvilis ganawilebis uf ro meti regularulobiT, magram aman ar unda miaRwios aS kara izoqronizms (anu drois intervalis regularulobas ritmul aqcentebs Soris). saerTod, Cveulebriv winadadeba Si SeimCneva mniSvnelovani sxvaoba intensivobasa da tonalobas Soris, maSin, rodesac ritmul prozaSi SeimCneva, rom moxdes maxvilisa da tonalobis sxvaobis gaTanabrebis gamokveTili tendencia. am problemaTa erT­erTma yvelaze warmatebulma rusma mkvlevarma, boris tomaSevskim, romelmac es sakiTxebi puSkinis `pikis qalis~ mixedviT gaaanaliza, statistikuri meTodis safuZvelze aCvena,25 rom winadadebebis Tavsa da bolos atyvia ritmuli regularulobis ufro meti ten­dencia, vidre winadadebis Sua nawils. regularulobisa da periodulobis saerTo STabeWdilebas ufro aZlierebs fonetikuri da sintaqsuri xerxebi, iqneba es bgeriTi fi­gurebi, sintaqsuri paralelizmi Tu azrobriv antiTezaTa gaTanabreba, sadac Sinaarsis mTel struqturas ganamtki cebs ritmuli saSualebebi. arsebobs yvelanairi gradacia, dawye­buli TiTqmis araritmuli proziT (teqstSi gabneuli wina­dadebebiT, romlebSic sagangebodaa gamoyofili max viliani elementebi), da damTavrebuli ritmuli proziT, romelic saleqso metyvelebis regularulobas aRwevs. leqsisken gardamaval mTavar formas frangebi uwodeben verset­s. is gvxvdeba inglisur fsalmunebSi da iseT mwer lebTan, romle­bic iswrafvodnen bibliuri mxatvruli reminiscenciebisken. aseTebi iyvnen osiani da klodeli. verset­is yoveli meore aq­centirebuli marcvali ufro mkveTrad aris gamoyofili da, amrigad iqmneba ormaxviliani jgufebi dipodiuri [prosodi­uli ̀ ori nabijis~ gamomxatveli erTeuli ­ mTargmn. SeniSvna] leqsis msgavsad.

239

evfonia, ritmi da metri

zedmetia am xerxebis ufro dawvrilebiTi analizi. maT marTlac aqvT xangrZlivi istoria, romelzec didi gavle­na moaxdina laTinurma oratorulma prozam.26 inglisur literaturaSi ritmulma prozam Tavis mwvervals miaRwia meCvidmete saukuneSi iseT mwerlebTan, rogorebic arian ser tomas brauni an jeremi teilori. is gzas uxsnis ufro martiv sasaubro stilsa da diqcias meTvramete saukuneSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom saukunis dasasrulisTvis gaCnda jonsonis, gibonis da biorkis axali `amaRlebuli stili~.27

mecxramete saukuneSi is sxvadasxvanairad `gaacocxles” de kvinsim, reskinma, emersonma da melvilma da Semdeg isev – Tumc ki gansxvavebuli principebidan gamomdinare – her­truda stainma da jeims joisma. safrangeTSi vxedavT bo­siues da Satobrianis didebul prozas, germaniaSi – nicSes ritmul prozas, ruseTSi vxvdebiT cnobil pasaJebs go­golTan da turgenevTan, xolo mogvianebiT _ andrei belis `ornamentul~ prozas.

ritmuli prozis mxatvruli Rirebulebis Sesaxeb dava axlac grZeldeba, es Tema kvlav msjelobis sagania. Taname­drove tendenciis Sesabamisad, raTa daculi iyos siwminde xelovnebasa da JanrebSi. dRevandel mkiTxvelTa umete­sobas urCevnia, rom poezia poeziad darCes, xolo proza prozas hgavdes. igrZnoba, rom ritmuli proza aRiqmeba narev formad da ar miiCneva arc prozad, arc poeziad. ma­gram, es albaT ufro Cveni drois kritikuli `crurwme­naa”. unda vifiqroT, rom ritmuli proza iseve imsaxurebs dacvas, rogorc leqsi. WeSmaritad maRal mxatvruli rit­muli proza gvexmareba, ufro srulad aRviqvaT teqsti: is gamoyofs garkveul elementebs da, amasTan, aerTianebs te­qsts, gvagrZnobinebs gradaciebs, avlens paralelizmebs; asrulebs maorganizebel funq cias, xolo organizacia _ xelovnebaa.

prosodiis anu metrikis kvleva saukuneTa manZilze udidesi rudunebiT mimdinareobda. sadReisod SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom saWiroa mxolod axali metrikuli ni­

240

literaturis Teoria

muSebis mimoxilva da rom, saerTod, isRa dagvrCenia, gan­vixiloT metrikis problemebi martooden uaxles poezias­Tan mimarTebaSi, romelic gamoirCeva leqsis novatoruli organizaciiT. sinamdvileSi ki jerac daudgenelia TviT metrikis principebi da mTavari kri teriumebi; garda amisa, sanimuSo traqtatebSic ki jer kidev vxvdebiT bundovani mosazrebebisa da msjelobis magaliTebs da Sem Txvevebs, rodesac gamoyenebuli terminologia mcdari da arazus­tia. sentsberis naSromi `inglisuri prosodiis istoria”, romlis sadari, araTu ukeTesi, arasodes araferi Seqmnila arc doniT da arc diapazoniT, mTlianad emyareba Camouy­alibebel da bun dovan Teoriul safuZvlebs. sentsberi, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia ucnauri empirizmi, kidec amayobs imiT, rom ar surs gansazRvros an aRweros mainc Tavisive terminebi. magaliTad, igi axsenebs grZliobasa da simokles, magram ver gadauwyvetia, ra sxvaobas gulisxmobs es misi termini – warmoTqmis xangrZlivobas Tu maxvils.28 Tavis `poeziis kvlevaSi~ blis peri cota ar iyos, areulad da gaugebrad wers sityvaTa `wonis~ Sesaxeb, axsenebs `Se­darebiT xmamaRal JReradobas da tonalobas, romliTac gamoxatulia maTi azri da mniSvneloba~.29 mcdari warmod­genis da bun do vanebis magaliTebi advilad moiZebneba bevr sxva fun damentur naSromSi. maSinac ki, rodesac ganmasx­vavebeli niSnebi sworad aris Camoyalibebuli, isini Sei­Zleba verc ki gaviazroT winaaRmdegobrivi terminologiis gamo. amitom misasalmebelia t.s. omondis daxvewili naSro­mi inglisuri metrikuli Teoriebis istoriaze da palister barkasis sasargeblo mimoxilva bolo xanebSi Camoyalibe­buli Teo riebis Sesaxeb,30 radgan aseTi gamokvlevebi war­moadgens cdebs, ganmarton gadauwyveteli sakiTxebi, Tumca ki, meore mxriv, Znelia skeptikurad ar movekidoT avtorTa daskv ne bs. rodesac saqme exeba evropis kontinentze, gan­sakuTrebiT germaniaSi, safrangeTsa da ruseTSi Seqmnili Teoriebis veeba speqtrs, maTi Seusabamobis SegrZneba kidev ufro gvimZafrdeba.

241

evfonia, ritmi da metri

Cveni miznebisaTvis ukeTesi iqneba, ganvixiloT metri­kis TeoriaTa mxolod ZiriTadi tipebi da dawvri lebiT aRar ganvixiloT maTsa da Sereul Teorias Soris arse­buli sxvaoba. uZveles Teorias SeiZleba vuwodoT `grafi­kuli~ prosodia, romelic warmoiSva rene sansis xanis sax­elmZRvaneloebidan. es Teoria emyareba grZeli da mokle grafikuli niSnebis gamoyenebas, romlebic inglisurSi, Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneba maxviliani da uma xvilo marcv­lebis saCveneblad. grafikuli prosodiis mimdevrebi saer­Tod cdiloben, moxazon metruli sqemebi an sazomebi, rom­lebsac, savaraudod, zustad misdevs poeti. maTi termino­logia yvelas gviswavlia skolaSi, gagonili gvaqvs iambis, troqes, anapestis da spondes Sesaxeb. es terminebi kvlavac farTodaa cnobili da aRiarebuli, da uaRresad gamosade­gia Cveulebrivi aRwerisa da msjelobisTvis, rodesac saqme exeba metrul sqemebs. da ma inc, es sistema, MmTlianad, sakma­risi araa, rac dRes far Tod aris aRiarebuli. am Teoriam, ZiriTadad, fexi moikida saklaso oTaxebSi da ar scildeba dawyebiTi swavlebis saxelmZRvaneloebs. Tumca, mas aqvs Tavisi Rirsebebic. is yuradRebas amaxvilebs uSualod metrul sazomebze, magram ar iTvaliswinebs umniSvnelo gadaxrebs da poetis pirad kaprizebs, es ki is siZnelea, romelsac ver aarida Tavi Tanamedrove sistemaTa umete­sobam. grafikuli metrikis mimdevrebma ician, rom metri ubralod JReradobis sakiTxi ki ar aris, aramed, arsebobs metruli sazomi da miiCneven, rom is `nagulisxmevia~ , xorc­Sesxmulia konkretul leqsSi.

meore tips warmoadgens `musikaluri~ Teoria, ro­melic efuZneba im warmodgenas (TavisTavad, is sworia), rom metri poeziaSi aris musikaluri ritmis analogi da amitom mas yvelaze ukeT musikaluri notebiT gamovxatavT. adrin­deli inglisuri sanimuSo sistema Camoyalibebulia sidni lenieris wignSi `swavleba inglisuri leqsisa~ (1880); ufro gviandeli periodis mkvlevrebma kidev ufro daxvewes es Teoria da Tanamedrove xedvas miusadages.31 amerikaSi mas ganixilaven, rogorc aRiarebul Teorias, yovel SemTxveva­

242

literaturis Teoria

Si, amis Tqma SeiZleba inglisuris mas wavlebelTa poziciisa da damokidebulebis Sesaxeb. am sistemis Tanaxmad, yoveli marcvali ganekuTvneba erT mu sikalur nots, romlis simaR­le ar aris gansazRvruli. notis xangrZlivobis gansazRvra sakmaod saorWofoa: mok le marcvals miakuTvneben naxevar­nots, xolo naxevrad mokle marcvals – meoTxed nots; Se­sabamisad, mokle mar cvals Seesabameba mervedi noti da a.S. sazomebis daTvla xdeba erTi aqcentirebuli marcvlidan meoreze, xolo wakiTxvis siCqare sakmaod bundovnad aris gamoxatuli, radgan sazomad SerCeulia 3/4 an 3/8, an kidev – ufro iSviaT SemTxvevaSi – 3/2. aseTi sistemiT SesaZlebelia nebismie ri inglisuri teqstis warmodgena sanoto Canaweris saxiT, mag., Cveulebrivi inglisuri pentametris striqoni­sa, rogo ric gvxvdeba xolme poupTan.

Lo, the poor Indian whose untutored mind

SeiZleba amoviweroT rogorc sami mervedi, da amrigad:

Lo, the poor In – di - an whose un – tu - tored mind

am Teoriis Tanaxmad, iambisa da troqes ganmasxvavebe­li niSnebi sruliad axleburad unda gaviazroT: iambis da­ma xasiaTebel niSnad warmogvidgeba anakruza, romelic aRi­qmeba rogorc arametruli elementi, an mas aerTianeben wina striqonTan. yvelaze ufro rTuli metric ki SeiZleba gad­moices aseTi notebiT, pauzebis saTanado ganawilebiT da grZeli da mokle marcvlebis gamoyenebiT.33

am Teorias is upiratesoba aqvs, rom xazs usvams leq sis tendencias izoqronizmisadmi da im xerxebs, romlebsac vi­yenebT kiTxvisas Senelebis an daCqarebisTvis, interval Ta gazrdis an SemcirebisTvis. notebis gamoyeneba warmate bu­li iqneba `sasimRero~ leqsis SemTxvevaSi, magram sasaubro

243

evfonia, ritmi da metri

an oratoruli tipis leqsisTvis is aSkarad Seuferebeli iqneba; rac Seexeba Tavisufal an araizoqronul leqss, aq notacia saerTod ar gamodgeba. am Teoriis zogierTi mxar­damWeri ubralod uaryofs Tavisufali leqsis ̀ leq sobas~.34 musikis Teoretikosebi axasiaTeben baladis metrs, rogorc `orterfians~ da warmatebiT aormageben rTul sazomebs,35 rodesac garkveuli metruli movle nis ganmartebis mizniT SemoaqvT termini `sinkopireba~. brauningis leqsSi:

The gray sea and the long black landAnd the yellow half-moon large and low

‘‘sea’’ da ‘‘black’’ pirvel striqonSi, agreTve _ ‘‘half’’ meore striqonSi, sinkopirebulia. aSkaraa musikaluri Teoriis upiratesoba. man didi roli Seasrula dog matizmis damarcxebaSi, gaaadvila im sazomTa kvleva da Cawera, rom­lebic saxelmZRvaneloebSi mocemuli ar iyo. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba gavixsenoT ramdenime rTuli sa zomi suinbernTan, mereditTan da brauningTan. magram am Teorias aqvs serio­zuli xarvezebic: masSi individualuri interpretacia da sadavo wakiTxva absoluturad ar izRu deba; garda amisa, es Teoria mTlianad spobs ga nmas xva vebel niSnebs poetebsa da poetur skolebs Soris, radgan dahyavs yvela leqsi monot­onuri taqtis ramdenime tipamde. es Teoria amarTlebs da xels uwyobs, zogadad, sruliad sxva dasxvagvari leqsebis sasimRero tipis dekla macias. am gziT miRweuli izoqroniz­mi odnav Warbobs subieqturobas. am sistemaSi erTmaneTs enacvlebian bgerebi da pauzebi, romlebmac erTmaneTi unda gaawonasworon...

metrikis mesame sistema _ akustikuri metrika _ sad­Reisod farTod aris aRiarebuli. igi efuZneba obieqtur kvlevas da xSirad iyenebs iseT samecniero instruments, rogoric aris oscilografi, romelic realuri faqtebisa da movlenebis Cawerisa da gadaRebis saSualebas iZleva., metrikis kvlevis mizniT siversma da saranma germaniaSi, fran gma veriem (romelic, ZiriTadad, inglisur masalas

244

literaturis Teoria

ik vlevda) da amerikelma e.v. skripCerma36 gamoiyenes bgeris analizis mecnieruli teqnika. ZiriTadi Sedegebi mokled aris Camoyalibebuli uilber l. Sramis wignSi `inglisuri leqsmcodneobis Sesavali~.37 akustikulma metrikam mka fiod gansazRvra sxvaoba metris warmomqmnel elementebs Soris. aqedan gamomdinare, dRes aRar arsebobs mizezi, raTa ar SevafasoT toni, xmis simaRle, tembri da warmoTqmis dro, radgan isini ganpirobebulia iseT fizikuri da gazomvadi faqtorebiT, rogorebicaa sixSire, amplituda, forma da molaparakis mier warmoTqmuli bgeriTi talRebis sixSire, amplituda, forma da grZlioba. Cven ise mkafiod SegviZlia gadaviRoT an grafikulad gamovsaxoT fizikuri xelsaw­yoebiT aRmoCenili momentebi, rom sirTules ar warmoad­gens nebismieri deklamaciis umciresi detalis Seswavlac ki. oscilografs SeuZlia gviCvenos, raoden xmamaRla war­mosTqva ama Tu im mkiTxvelma esa Tu is poeturi striqoni, ra dro dasWirda saamisod da rogor icvleboda tonalo­ba deklamaciis procesSi. `dakarguli samoTxis~ pirveli striqoni iZleva rxevebis iseT suraTs, romelic waagavs seismografis saSinel oscilacias miwisZvris dros.38 rasak­virvelia, es didi miRwevaa, da zusti mecnieruli meTodebis gamoyenebis mravali momxre (romelTa Soris, rasakvirve­lia, aris bevri amerikeli) askvnis, rom es sizuste sworu­povaria. meore mxriv, aSkaraa, rom laboratoriuli metrika ar iTvaliswinebs teqstis mniSvnelobas (da kidec moeTxove­ba aseTi damokidebulebis gamomJRavneba): is askvnis, rom ar arsebobs iseTi ram, rasac marcvlad moixsenieben, vinaidan arsebobs xmis kontinuumi; rom ar arsebobs cneba sityvisa, vinaidan oscilografi ver warmoaCens mis zRvars; da rom melodiac ar arsebobs, am sityvis mkacri mniSvnelobiT, radgan tons, romlis `gaxmovaneba~ mxolod xmovnebs Seu­ZliaT, mudam arRvevs sxvadasxva kategoriis xmauri. akusti­kuri metrika, agreTve, yovelTvis aCvenebs, rom ar arsebobs mkveTri izoqronizmi, vinaidan TvalsaCinoa zomaTa praqti­kuli xangrZlivobis cvalebadoba. ar arsebobs arc dafiq­sirebuli `grZeli da mokle~ marcvlebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi,

245

evfonia, ritmi da metri

inglisurSi mainc, vinaidan fizikurad `mokle~ marcvalma SeiZleba sigrZiT gadaaWarbos `grZel~ marcvals.

akustikuri metrikis sargeblianobis aRiarebasTan erTad, am `mecnierebis~ uSualo safuZvlebTan dapi ris­pi reba imdenad advilia, rom es momenti Zalze akninebs mis Rirebulebas literaturaTmcodneTa TvalSi. mcdaria TviT is varaudi, rom oscilografiT dadgenili aRmoCenebi uSualod ukavSirdeba metrikis Seswavlas. taepis warmo­Tq mis dro dro warmoadgens molodinis dros.39 garkveuli drois monakveTis Semdeg, Cven veliT ritmul signals, ma­gram aseTi perioduloba aucileblad rodi unda iyos im­denad zusti, da arc signali unda iyos imdenad Zlieri, rogorc moveliT. eWvsgareSea, rom musikaluri metrikais Tvalsazrisi drois, maxvilisa da tonis ganmasxvavebel niSanTa SefardebiTobisa da subieqturobis Taobaze swo­ria da marTebuli. magram saqme isaa, rom akustikuri da musikaluri metrika xasiaTdeba erTi zogadi defeqtiT, an ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, `SezRudulobiT~. rogorc we si, isini emyarebian mxolod JReradobas, deklamatoris mier teqstis erTjerad an mravaljerad wakiTxvas. akustikuri da musikaluri metrikis Sedegebi damajerebelia mxolod erTi romelime konkretuli deklamaciis mimarT. aq gaT­valiswinebuli araa is faqti, rom deklamatorma Sei Zleba leqsi waikiTxos sworad an SecdomiT, SeuZlia daa matos garkveuli elementebi, daamaxinjos, anda saerTod ugule­belyos sazomi.

iseTi striqoni, rogoricaaSilent upon a peak in DarienSeiZleba wavikiTxoT marTebuli metruli formiT:

Silént upón a péak in Dárien, an rogorc proza: Sílent upón a péak in Dárien, an sulac sxvanairad, ise, rom erTmaneTs SevuwyoT metruli sqema da prozis ritmi. sityva sílent ­is nacvlad silént­is gagonebaze, Cven rogorc inglisurad mosaubreni, SevigrZnobT bunebrivi metyvelebis normaTa darRvevas da amas wina striqonebis metruli sqemis zemoqmedebiT avxsniT. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom esaa `moZravi maxvili~ _ kompro­

246

literaturis Teoria

misuli gadawyvetileba or ukidures ganmartebas Soris; magram aseT SemTxvevaSic taepis wakiTxvis, specifi kuri Ses­rulebis safuZvelze mainc ver gavaanalizebT prosodias, romlis arss warmoadgens daZabuloba, `kontrapunqti~ me­trul sqemasa da prozis ritms Soris.

martooden akustikuri Tu musikaluri meTodebiT leqsis metruli organizaciis Seswavla SeuZlebelia. ma­ga liTad, `musikaluri~ metrikis erT­erTi saukeTeso specialistis, jorj r. stiuartis azriT, `SeiZleba arse­bob des leqsi azris gareSe~, da raki `metri arsebiTad da­mo ukidebelia azrisagan, amitom marTebulia, vcadoT da warmovadginoT nebismieri striqonis metruli struqtura am striqonis mniSvnelobisgan izolirebulad~.40 ve ries da saranis SexedulebiT, unda davemsgavsoT ucxoels, rome ­lic ise usmens leqss, rom ar esmis misi ena.41 es idea, rome­lic praqtikulad savsebiT ganuxorcielebelia da romel­sac ugulebelyofs TviT stiuartic,42 sabediswero Sede­gebs moutanda metrikis literaturul kvlevas. Tu ar mivaqcevT yuradRebas mniSvnelobas, maSin, faqtobri vad, ugulebelvyofT sityvis da frazis cnebas da, Sesabamisad, xels viRebT im sxvaobaTa gaanalizebis SesaZleblobaze, romlebic arsebobs sxvadasxva avtoris leqsebs Soris. inglisuri leqsi mniSvnelovanwilad ganisazRvreba sin­taqsuri struqturis, ritmuli impulsisa da TviT met­yvelebis realuri ritmis (romelsac ganapirobebs fra­zebad dayofa) SepirispirebiT. meore mxriv, es frazebad dayofa xorcieldeba maSin, rodesac gavecnobiT leqsis az­rsa da mniSvnelobas.

amitom rusi formalistebi43 cdilobdnen moeZeb naT sruliad axali safuZveli metrikisTvis. maT Seusaba mod CaTvales termini `terfi~, vinaidan arsebobs bevri leqsi, romelTac saerTod ara aqvs aseTi `terfebi~. Tumca subi­eqturad SesaZlebelia, rom izoqronizmi mivusadagoT bev­ri tipis leqss, magram is mainc SezRudulia leqsTwyobis cnobili tipebiT da ar eqvemdebareba obieqtur analizs. rus formalistebs miaCniaT (da kidec davoben am Temaze),

247

evfonia, ritmi da metri

rom terfis cnebasa da izoqronulobis principze damya­rebuli Teo riebi arasworad gansazRvravs poeturi rit­mis fundamentur erTeuls. Tu leqss ganvsazRvravT ro­gorc, ubralod, romelime maxviliani marcvalis irgvliv (an grZeli marcvalis garSemo, kvantitatur sistemebSi) dajgufebul segmentebs, maSin unda vaRiaroT, rom arse­bobs imave tipis dajgufebebi (ufro metic, dajgufebaTa mimdevrobebi) iseTi tipis lingvistur gamoTqmebSi, romle­bic ar miekuTvneba poezias. amrigad, ritmis fun damentur erTianobas warmoadgens ara terfi, aramed mTeli taepi – es aris daskvna, romelic SeiZleba gamoitano rusebis mier esoden atacebuli da gaziarebuli Gestalt–is saerTo Teori­idan. `terfebi~ ar arsebobs damoukideblad, maTi arsebobis SemCneva SeiZleba mxolod mTel leqsTan mimarTebaSi. yovel maxvils aqvs sakuTari Taviseburebebi, rasac gansazRvravs misi mdgomareoba da adgili leqsSi – iqneba es pirveli, meore Tu mesame terfi, da a.S. leqsis maorganizebeli er­Teuli sxvadasxvaa sxvadasxva enaSi da metrul sistemebSi. es SeiZleba iyos `melodia~, anu tonTa Tanamimdevroba, ro­melic zogierT Tavisufal leqsSi SeiZleba aRmoCndes is erTa derTi niSani, romelic mas prozisagan ganasxvavebs.44 Tu ver varkvevT konteqstiT an taepis grafikuli formiT (rac Taviseburi mimaniSnebeli signalis rols asrulebs), rom Tavisufali leqsis pasaJi swored leqss warmoadgens, SeiZleba is wavikiTxoT, rogorc Cveulebrivi proza da verc gavarCioT prozisgan. da mainc, SesaZlebelia misi wakiTxva rogorc leqsisa, Tu marTlac gansxvavebulad, gansxvavebu­li intonaciiT wavikiTxavT. rusma formalistebma mravali magaliTis ganxilvis safuZvelze daasabuTes, rom es in­tonacia mudam ornawiliania, anu dipodiuri; da Tu ugule­belvyofT am intonacias, leqsi aRar iqneba leqsi da mxolod ritmul prozad gadaiqceva.

Cveulebrivi metruli leqsis Seswavlisas rusi mkvle­vrebi avlenen mimarTebebs metrsa da metyvelebis rit ms Soris statistikuri meTodebis meSveobiT. leqsi gaaz­rebulia rogorc rTuli kontrapunqtuli organizacia, rom lis erT­erT elements warmoadgens metyvelebis maor­

248

literaturis Teoria

ganizebeli metri, meores ki _ metyvelebis Cveulebrivi ritmi; formalistTa moulodneli da STambeWdavi gan­martebis Tanaxmad, leqsi warmoadgens `organizebul Za­ladobas~, rac xorcieldeba yoveldRiuri sasaubro enis mimarT. metruli sqemisgan isini ganasxvaveben `ritmul impulss~. metruli sqema statikuria, grafikuli. `rit­muli impulsi~ dinamikuria, ganviTarebadi. Cven winaswar moveliT signalebs, romlebic aucileblad iCenen Tavs. xdeba ara marto drois, aramed mxatvruli nawarmoebis sxva elementebis organizebac. amgvarad gaazrebuli ritmuli impulsi zemoqmedebs ara mxolod sityvaTa SerCevaze, ara­med sintaqsur struqturaze, da aqedan gamomdinare, leqsis saerTo azrsa da mniSvnelobaze.

formalistTa mier gamoyenebuli statistikuri me­Todi Zalze martivia. rodesac vaanalizebT nebismier leqss an leqsis nawils, xdeba _ ama Tu im marcvalTan mimarTebaSi _ im SemTxvevebis procentis daTvla, sadac maxvili ecema am marcvals. Tu pentametris iambur taepSi metri abso­luturad sworia, maSin pirvel marcvalTan dakavSirebiT, statistika aCvenebs nul procents, meore marcvalze – as procents, mesameze – nuls, meoTxeze – ass, da a.S. es Segvi­Zlia grafikulad gamovsaxoT, Tu horizontalur xazze aRvniSnavT marcvalTa raodenobas, xolo vertikalurze _ maxvilianobis procents. cxadia, aseTi regularuli leq­si iSviaTia, Tundac im martivi mizezis gamo, rom is Zalze monotonuri iqneba. leqsTa umravlesobaSi SeimCneva sazo­misa da misi realuri ganxor cielebis urTierTdaumTxvev­loba; mag., TeTr leqsSi SeiZleba mravlad Segvxvdes iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac maxvili ecema pirvel marcvals, da es cnobili movlena moixsenieba rogorc `troqeuli terfi~, an `moZravi maxvili~, anda `Senacvleba~. grafikze vertika­luri xazebi erTmaneTs mniSvnelovnad dauaxlovdeba, mag­ram Tu es mainc pentametria, Tu poets pentametriT wera surda, am grafikSi vertikaluri xazebi ufro maRali iqne­ba 2, 4, 6 da 8 marcvlebze. rasakvirvelia, am statistikur meTods TavisTavadi Rirebuleba ara aqvs, magram is moicavs mTel leqss da avlens im tendenciebs, romlebic sakmarisad

249

evfonia, ritmi da metri

mkafiod araa gamoxatuli ama Tu im fragmentSi. am meTodis meore upiratesoba isaa, rom misi meSveobiT TvalsaCinod ikveTeba gansxvavebebi poetur skolebsa da calkeul poe­tebs Soris. is gansakuTrebiT nayofieria rusul poezias­Tan mimarTebaSi, radgan rusulSi yovel sityvas mxolod erTi maxvili aqvs (damatebiTi intonaciuri niuansebi max­vilebi ki araa, aramed mxolod sunTqvis gziT warmoqmnili erTgvari aqcentebi). inglisurSi amgvari statistikuri gamoTvlebis ganxorcieleba sakmaod rTuli saqmea, radgan masSi mravladaa damatebiTi maxvilebi, agreTve _ enkli­tikebi da proklitikebi.

metrikis rusi specialistebi sagangebo yuradRebas uTmoben im faqts, rom idealuri metruli sazomebi sxva­dasxvagvaradaa xorcSesxmuli sxvadasxva skolaSi da sx­vadasxva avtorTan; amasTan, yovel skolas, zogjer ki av­tors, aqvs sakuTari metruli kanoni, da gamarTlebuli ar aris msjeloba maT Sesaxeb erTi konkretuli dogmis safuZ­velze. versifikaciis istoria warmogvidgeba, ro gorc maradiuli konfliqti sxvadasxva normas Soris da erTi uki­duresobas swrafad enacvleba meore. rusi mkvle vrebi xa­zgasmiT aRniSnaven im faqtsac, rom SeiniSneba mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba versifikaciis im sistemebs Soris, romlebic gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva xalxis poeziaSi. leqsTw yobis sis­temebis Cveuli klasificireba silabur, tonur da kvanti­tatur kategoriebad ara marto ar aris sakmarisi, ara med arasworicaa. magaliTad, serbul­xorvatul da finur epos­Si Tavs iCens samive principi: silaburi, tonuri da kvanti­taturi. Tanamedrove kvle vebma cxadyo, rom laTinurma prosodiam, romelic wminda kvantitatur prosodiad iTv­leboda, sinamdvileSi mniSvnelovani modifikacia ganicada im yuradRebis zegav leniT, romliTac ekidebodnen maxvils da sityvaTa daboloebebs.45

enebi gansxvavdebian im elementebis Sesabamisad, rom­lebic warmoadgenen maTi ritmis baziss. aSkaraa, rom ing­lisur enaSi aseTi elementia maxvili, kvantitaturoba ki am enaSi maxvilianobas eqvemdebareba; mniSvnelovani rit mu­li funqcia ekisreba sityvaTa daboloebebsac. gasaoca ria

250

literaturis Teoria

ritmuli sxvaoba im striqonebs Soris, romelTagan erTi Sedgeba mxolod monosilaburi sityvebisgan, meore ki mxo­lod polisilaburi sityvebisagan. Cexur enaSi sit yvaTa daboloebebi warmoadgens ritmis baziss, rasac ema teba aucilebeli maxvili; kvantitaturoba aq, ubralod, mraval­ferovnebis Semomtani erT­erTi elementia. Ci nurSi ritmis bazisi aris tonaloba, Zvel berZnulSi ki kvan titaturoba, xolo toni da sityvaTa daboloebebi Zveli berZnebisTvis mxolod mravalferovnebis ganmapirobebel elementebs warmoadgenda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom poeziis istoriaSi versifika­ciis garkveuli sistemebs enacvleboda sxva sistemebi, ar SeiZleba vimsjeloT `progresze~ an davgmoT Zveli siste­mebi, rogorc ufro gviandeli sistemebis ubralo winare­safexuri. didi xnis manZilze rusulSi gabatonebuli iyo silabizmi, xolo CexurSi – kvantitaturi prosodia. savse­biT SesaZlebeli iyo sruli revolucia moexdinaT ingli­suri leqsTwyobis istoriis (Coseridan sereimde) kvleva­Si, Tu gaiazrebdnen, rom iseTi poetebi, rogorebic iyvnen lidgeiti, housi da skeltoni, uvargis leqsebs ki ar werd­nen, aramed sakuTar metrul normebs iyenebdnen.46 SesaZle­belia agreTve reabilitacia gamoCenili poetebis _ sid­nis, spenserisa da gebriel harvis mravalgzis gakritike­buli mcdelobebisa, inglisurSi SemoetanaT kvan titaturi sazomebi. es moZraoba warumatebeli aRmoCnda, magram isto­riulad mniSvnelovani gamodga. misi meS veobiT moxerxda silabikis im gaqvavebuli normebis damsxvreva, romlebic gabatonebuli iyo ufro adreul inglisur poeziaSi.

SesaZlebelia metrikis SedarebiTi istoriac. cno­bilma frangma lingvistma, antuan meiem Tavis wignSi: ‘‘Les Origines indo-europeenes des metres grecs’’, Seadara Zveli berZnu­li da veduri metrebi imisaTvis, rom moexdina indoevro­puli metrikis sistemis rekonstruqcia;47 roman iakobsonma aCvena, rom iugoslavuri epikuri leqsi Zalian axlosaa am uZveles metrTan, romelic iTavsebs silabur striqonsac da mkacrad kvantitatur klauzulasac.48 Sesa Zlebelia davakvirdeT folkloruli leqsis sxvadasxva tipebis is­

251

evfonia, ritmi da metri

torias da maT gansxvavebebsac. saWiroa mkveTrad ganvasx­vavoT erTmaneTisgan epikuri reCitativi da `me lodiuri~ leqsi, romelsac iyeneben lirikaSi. yovel enaSi epikuri leqsi ufro konservatiuli Cans, vidre sa simRero leqsi; es ukanaskneli mWidrod ukavSirdeba enis fonetikur Ta­viseburebebs da gacilebiT metad gamoirCe va nacionaluri specifikiT, vidre eposi. maSinac ki, rode sac saqme exeba Tanamedrove poezias, unda gvaxsovdes sxvaoba oratorul, sasaubro da `melodiur~ leqss Soris, is sxvaoba, romelsac ugulebelyofs metrikis inglisel mkvlevarTa umetesi nawili, radgan musikaluri Teoriis gavleniT, mTlianad arian dakavebuli sasimRero leqsis kvleviT da problemiT.49

Zalze mniSvnelovan naSromSi, romelic mieZRvna mec­xramete saukunis rusul lirikas,50 boris eixenbaumma scada gaeanalizebina leqsis intonaciis roli `melodiur~, `sa­simRero~ leqsSi. man uaRresad damajereblad gviCvena, rom rusulma romantikulma lirikam gamoiyena tripodiuli sazomi, agreTve _ iseTi intonaciuri sqemebi, rogorebi­caa Zaxilis da kiTxviTi winadadebebi da iseTi sintaqsuri Targebi, rogoric aris paralelizmi, magram, Cveni azriT, man ver daasabuTa Tavisi centraluri Tezisi `sasimRero~ leqsSi intonaciis maformirebeli rolis Taobaze.51

SeiZleba eWviT SevxedoT rusuli Teoriebis bevr ele­ments, magram ver uarvyofT imas, rom erTi mxriv, maT SeZ les Tavi daeRwiaT leqsTmcodneobaSi Seqmnili Cixis gan, xolo meore mxriv – gaTavisuflebuliyvnen musikaluri metris `mimdevrebis~ subieqtivizmisagan. bevri ram axlac bundova­nia da winaaRmdegobrivi, magram sadReisod met rikam aRid­gina aucilebeli kontaqti lingvistikasTan da literatu­ris semantikasTan. aSkaraa, rom bgera da metri mxatvruli nawarmoebis rogorc mTlianobis elementebia. Sesabamisad, dauSvebelia maTi Seswavla nawarmoebis mniS vnelobisagan izolirebulad.

252

Tavi meToTxmete

stili da stilistika

*ena marTlac warmoadgens literaturis masalas.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yoveli literaturuli nawarmoebi ubralo `amonakrebia~ garkveuli enidan. daaxloebiT ase­ve aRweren skulpturas: `marmarilos bloki, romelsac CamoT lili aqvs ramdenime natexi~. wignSi `inglisuri poe­zia da inglisuri ena~, f.v. beitsoni acxadebda, rom lit­eratura, zogadad, aris enis istoriis nawili da mTlianad maszea damokidebuli: `Cemi Tezisis arsi isaa, rom epoqis ze moqmedeba nawarmoebze unda ganisazRvros am nawarmo ebis enidan, da ara poetis pirovnuli Taviseburebebidan gamom­dinare. vfiqrob, poeziis WeSmariti istoria warmoadgens im enobrivi Sris cvlilebaTa istorias, ro melsac ganekuT­vneba droiTi TanmimdevrobiT dawerili nawarmoebebi. da swored es enobrivi cvlilebebi ganicdian socialuri da inteleqtualuri tendenciebis wnexs.~ 1

beitsoni damajereblad asabuTebs, rom poeziis is­to ria mWidrod ukavSirdeba enis istorias. eWvsgareSea, rom inglisuri poeziis evoluciis garkveul etapze masSi aisaxa elisabedis xanis metyvelebis Tavisufali sixali­sec, meTvramete saukunis `mowesrigebuloba da gamWvirva­lebac~, da sityvis mniSvnelobis bundovanebac, romelic viqtorianuli xanis inglisurisTvis iyo da maxasiaTebeli. poeziis istoriaSi mniSvnelovan rols as rulebs lingvis­turi Teoriebi, mag., hobsis racionaliz mi, misTvis Cveuli maxviliT denotaciaze, azrisa da stilis gamWvirvalebaze da mecnierul sizusteze – yvelaferma aman Zlieri gavlena iqonia inglisur poeziaze, Tumca es gavlena xSirad arapir­dapiri gziT xorcieldeboda.

253

stili da stilistika

amitom unda daveTanxmoT karl foslers imaSi, rom `zogierTi periodis mwerlobis ganxilva ufro na yofierad ganxorcieldeba, Tu gavaanalizebT Sesabamis enobriv gare­mosac, rac, yovel SemTxvevaSi, aranakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre epoqis politikuri, socialuri, religiuri tenden­ciebis, an kidev _ qveynis geografiuli mdebareobisa da klimatis analizi~.2

poetis enobrivi Cvevebi, damokidebulebebi da mid­rekilebebi SeiZleba fasobdes ara mxolod enobrivi sis­temis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed Tavad misive xe­lovnebis SecnobisTvis. es gansakuTrebiT exeba im pe rio­debsa da qveynebs, sadac upiratesobisaTvis ibrZvis ramde­nime lingvisturi norma. italiaSi literaturis istoriis mkvlevrebi ar dauSveben `enis sakiTxis” ugu lebelyofas. literaturis sferoSi fosleris gamokvleva Frankreichs Kul-tur im Spiegel seiner Sprachentwicklung­Si, iqca uwyveti interesis da gamoyenebis sagnad. ruseTSi viq tor vinogradovma sa­guldagulod gaaanaliza rusuli enis sxvadasxva elementi, romlebsac iyenebda puSkini – sae klesio slavuri, sala­parako ena, agreTve galicizmebi da tevtonizmebi.3

da mainc, cxadia, rom beitsonis daskvna gazviadebu­lia; ver vityviT, rom enobriv cvlilebebs poezia pasiu­rad aireklavs. ar unda daviviwyoT, rom enasa da literatu­ras Soris dialeqtikuri damokidebulebaa: literaturam Zalze didi gavlena iqonia enis ganviTarebaze. verc Ta­namedrove franguli da verc Tanamedrove inglisuri ver gadaiqceoda im enad, rogoric dResaa, rom ara neoklasi­kuri literatura; Tanamedrove germanulic sxvagvari iq­neboda, rar SeiZleba literaturaze inteleqtualuri an socialuri tendenciebis zegavlenis ugulebelyofac. be­itsonis azriT, meTvramete saukunis poezia gamWvirvale da naTeli iyo, radgan TviT ena iyo gamWvirvale da naTeli. ase rom, poeti valdebulia gamoiyenos mza masala da ara aqvs mniSvneloba, racionalistia is Tu ara. magram bleikis da kristofer smartis magaliTebi aaSkaravebs, rom iraciona­luri an antiracionaluri msoflaRqmisken mid rekili po­

254

literaturis Teoria

etebi gardasaxavden maT Tanamedrove poetur enas an aRad­gendnen mis adreul formebs.

TviT is Cveulebrivi faqti, rom SeiZleba davweroT istoria, ara mxolod ideaTa, aramed Janrebis istoriac, metruli sazomebisa da Temebis istoria, romelic moicavs mwerlobas sxvadasxva enaze Seqmnil literaturas, cxad­yofs, rom literatura ver iqneba mTlianad damokidebuli enaze. aSkaraa, rom saWiroa erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT, erTi mxriv, poezia, xolo meore mxriv – drama da romani. beit­soni, pirvel yovlisa, emyareba poezias; da marTlac, Znelia imis uaryofa, rom poezia, rodesac is sagangebod aris orga­nizebuli, Zalze mWidrod ukavSirdeba enas _ mis JRerado­bas da mniSvnelobas.

mizezebi met­naklebad TvalsaCinoa. metri gana­xorcielebs enis bgeriTi Sedgenilobis organizacias. is aregulirebs prozis ritms, aaxloebs mas izoqronizm­Tan da amrigad amartivebs urTierTmimarTebebs silabur erTeulebs Soris. imisaTvis, rom warmoaCinos xmovnebis ober tonebi an emociuri Seferiloba (tembri), is anelebs temps da `agrZelebs~ xmovnebs; amartivebs da aregulirebs intonacias _ metyvelebis melodias.4 maSasadame, metris daniSnuleba yofila sityvaTa aqtualizacia, miTiTeba maT­ze da yuradRebis mipyroba teqstis bgeriT aspeqtze. WeS­marit poeziaSi sityvaTa urTierTmimarTebebi mkveT radaa xazgasmuli.

poeziaSi mniSvneloba konteqstiT ganisazRvreba; Cven aRviqvamT ara marto sityvis saleqsikono mniSvnelo­bas, aramed _ mis sinonimTa da omonimTa erTgvar aurasac. sityvebs ara marto sakuTari mniSvnelobebi aqvT, aramed _ maT Tan sdevs sxva sityvaTa mniSvnelobebic, romelTac isini ukavSirdebian fonetikurad, azrobrivad an etimolo­giurad; metic, am ukanasknelTa ricxvs mie kuTvnebian TviT iseTi sityvebic, romlebic, TavianTi mniSvnelobiT, upi­rispirdebian an saerTod gamoricxaven mo cemuli sityviT gamoxatul mniSvnelobas.

amrigad, poeziis kvlevisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSv­

255

stili da stilistika

neloba aqvs enis Seswavlas. rasakvirvelia, enis SeswavlaSi Cven vgulisxmobT im sakiTxebs, romlebsac profesionali enaTmecnierebi, Cveulebriv, an aknineben, anda saerTod ar aqceven yuradRebas. garda im iSviaTi SemTxvevebisa, rodesac metris da riTmis mkvlevars sWirdeba garkveuli lingvistu­ri monacemebis Seswavla, Tanamedrove literaturaTm­codnes ve raviTar sargeblobas ver mou tans istoriuli morfologia an fonologia, an Tundac eqsperimentuli fon­etika. magram mas aucileblad dasWirdeba specifikuri tipis lingvistika, upirveles yovlisa, leqsikologia, romelic Seiswavlis sityvis mniSvnelobas da mis cvlilebebs. Zveli in­glisuri poeziis mkvlevars, romelsac surs sworad Caswvdes bevri Zveli sityvis mniSvnelobas, aucileblad dasWirdeba inglisuri enis leqsikoni. mas etimologiac ki daexmareba, raTa gaigos miltoniseuli leqsikonis laTinizebuli sit­yvebi, an kidev sityvaTwarmoeba hopkinsisa, romelic germa­nuli nimuSebiT sargeblobda.

lingvisturi kvlevis mniSvneloba, rasakvirvelia, ar Semoifargleba calkeuli sityvebis an frazebis mniSv­nelobaTa dadgeniT. literatura ukavSirdeba enis yvela aspeqts. xelovnebis nawarmoebi, uwinaresad, bgeraTa siste­maa da, ese igi, SenarCevic mocemuli enis bgeraTa sistemidan. Cvenma msjelobam evfoniaze, ritmze da metrze gamoavlina, raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs lingvistur varaudebs bevri aseTi problemisaTvis. magaliTad, fo netikur analizs uaR­resad mniSvnelovani roli ekisreba Se da rebiTi metrikis sferosaTvis da sazomTa marTebuli gansazRvrisTvis.

rasakvirvelia, literaturaTmcodnes ufleba ara aqvs, gamijnos fonetikuri done azrobrivisgan. magram meore mxriv, azrobrivi donec eqvemdebareba lingvistur analizs. SeiZleba aRvweroT literaturuli nawarmoebis, an Tundac nawarmoebTa nebismieri jgufis gramatika, da­viwyoT fonologiiT da morfologiiT, Semdeg gadavideT leqsikaze (barbarizmebi, provincializmebi, arqaizmebi da neologizmebi), bolos ki mivadgeT sintaqss (mag., inversia, antiTeza da paralelizmi).

256

literaturis Teoria

arsebobs ori Tvalsazrisi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor unda mivudgeT samwerlo enis Seswavlas. lingvis­tikis istoriis kvlevisas literaturuli na war moebi Sei­Zleba gamoviyenoT mxolod rogorc do kumenti. magaliTad, `bu da bulbuli~ an `ser gaveini da mwvane raindi~ gamodgeba saimisod, raTa gamovavlinoT Sua saukuneebis inglisuris zogierTi dialeqtis Taviseburebani. skeltonis, neSis da ben jonsonis tipis mwerlebis Semoqmedeba Seicavs mdidar masalas inglisuri enis istoriisTvis; bolo xanebSi Svedma mkvlevarma a.h. kingma gaaanaliza ben jonsonis ‘‘Poetaster’’­i im periodis inglisuri enis socialuri da klasobrivi dialeqtebis gamosavlenad. francma Seqmna Zalze skrupu­lozuri `Seqspiriseuli gramatika~. lazar seneanma ori tomi miuZRvna rables enas.5 amisda miuxedavad, xsenebul gamokvlevebSi literaturuli nawarmoebebi warmoadgens wyaros lingvistur problemebis gadasawyvetad. magram saqme isaa, rom lingvisturi kvleva mxolod maSin iqceva literaturul analizad, rodesac is eqvemdebareba li­teraturaTmcodneobis moTxovnebs da miznad isaxavs enis esTetikuri efeqtis kvlevas – erTi sityviT, rodesac is stilistikad iqceva (yovel SemTxvevaSi, am terminis erTi garkveuli mniSvnelobiT).6

cxadia, stilistikis kvleva warmatebuli ver iqneba, Tu vrceli sabazo codniT ar iqneba uzrunvelyofili zo­gadi lingvistikis dargSi, radgan misi erT­erTi centra­luri problema exeba kontrasts literaturuli nawarmoe­bis enasa da Sesabamisi epoqis yofiT enas Soris. Tu ar gve­codineba, ras warmoadgens sasaubro met yveleba, Tundac araliteraturuli metyveleba da im pe riodis sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi jgufebis ena, maSin stilistika, albaT, impresionistuli xasiaTisa iqneba. sam wu xarod, saerTod ar gaamarTla varaudma, TiTqos Cven erTmaneTisgan ganvas­xvavebT (es gansakuTrebiT bolo xanebs exeba) Cveulebriv yofiT metyvelebasa da mxatvrul stils war sul epoqaTa literaturaSi. sanam SevudgebiT romeli me avtoris, ama Tu im literaturuli mimdinareobis an stilis Sesaxeb msje­

257

stili da stilistika

lobas, yovelmxriv unda SeviswavloT Zveli drois mraval­Sreobrivi metyveleba.

sinamdvileSi, Cven, ubralod, instinqturad vi yenebT im standartebs, romlebic gviyalibdeba saku Tari yovel­dRiuri metyvelebis safuZvelze, magram ase Ti standarte­bi SeiZleba Zalze mcdari gamodges. dro dadro, rodesac vkiTxulobT Zvel poezias, saWiro xde ba Cveni Tanamedrove lingvisturi cnobierebis sruli ugu lebelyofa. amgvarad unda moviqceT iseTi striqonebis kiT xvisas, rogoricaa TviT tenisonis:

And this is wellTo have a dame indoors, who trims us upAnd keeps us tight.7

magram Tuki vaRiarebT sazrisis istoriuli rekon­struqciis aucileblobas aseT aSkara SemTxvevebSi, maSin ratom ar SegviZlia yvela SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelvyoT misi SesaZlebloba? gana odesme SevZlebT, ise kargad viswavloT anglosaqsuri an saSualoinglisuri (rom aRaraferi vT qvaT Zvel berZnulze) imdenad kargad, rom dagvaviwydes dRevan­deli sakuTari ena? da Tundac SevZloT, gana es aucile­blad imas niSnavs, rom ukeTesi kritikosebi varT mxolod imis gamo, rom, lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT, av toris `Ta­namedroveebad~ viqeciT? nuTu ar SeiZleba iseT leqsebis kiTxvisas, rogoricaa marvelis

My vegetable love would grow

Vaster than empires and more slow8

SevinarCunoT Tanamedrove asociaciebi, rogorc leq­sis mniSvnelobis gamamdidrebeli elementi? lui titeris SeniSvniT, is groteskuli warmodgena, rom xangrZlivobisa da saWiroebis aspeqtSi `erotikuli kombosto~ piramidebs `gadawonis~ da gadaaWarbebs, etyoba, gacnobierebuli, os­taturi xerxia. miuxedavad amisa, unda gvjerodes, rom Ta­

258

literaturis Teoria

vad marveli ar miiswrafvoda zustad aseTi efeqtisken. meSvide saukuneSi vegetable­anu bostneuli, niSnavda vegeta-tives, anu vegetaciurs, da poetma, rogorc Cans, gamoiyena es sityva cxovelmyofelis mniSvnelobiT; yovel SemTxveva­Si, bostneulis dRevandeli konotacia mainc ar eqneboda nagulisxmevi.9

amitom SeiZleba mxari avubaT titers da vikiTxoT: xom ar aris sasurveli, ugulebelvyoT dRevandeli kono­tacia da, saerTod, SesaZlebelia Tu ara es Tundac amgvar ukidures SemTxvevebSi? aq kvlav vubrundebiT istoriu­li `rekonstruirebis~ sakiTxs, mis SesaZleblobebs da saWiroebas.

Sarl balis Zalisxmevis10 msgavsad, iyo ramdenime cda, gadaeqciaT stilistika enaTmecnierebis damxmare discip­linad, magram saqme isaa, rom stilistikas aqvs sakuTari, sruliad gansazRvruli problemebi, imisda miuxedavad, gan­vixilavT mas, rogorc damoukidebel mec nierebas Tu ara. SeiZleba ise gamoCndes, rom zogierTi am problemaTagani saerTod axasiaTebs, an praqtikulad mTlianad axasiaTebs adamianis metyvelebas. aseTnairad farTod gagebuli stil­istika swavlobs yvela im saSualebas da xerxs, romlebic mimarTulia raime specifikuri eqspresiuli miznisken, da amitom scildeba literaturis an Tundac ritorikis saz­Rvrebs. yvela xerxi, romlebic gamoiyeneba emfatikisTvis an simkveTrisaTvis, SeiZleba stilistikad iyos klasificire­buli. maT ricxvSia met a forebi, romlebiTac gajerebulia yvela ena, Tundac Zalze primitiuli; yvela ritorikuli xerxi da sintaqsuri figura. TiTqmis yoveli enobrivi ga­moTqma SeiZleba SeviswavloT misi eqspresiuli Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT. SeuZlebelia am problemis ugulebelyofa, rogorc amas Zalze Segnebu lad akeTebs `bihevioristuli~ skola amerikaSi.

tradiciuli stilistika am problemebs araTa n­mimdevrulad da TviTneburad wyvets. gamoyofilia xer xebis ori (intensifikaciis an minimizebis) kategoria: intensifika­ciis gamomxatveli saxeebi _ gameoreba, akumulacia, hiper­

259

stili da stilistika

bola da kulminacia _ asocirebulia `amaRlebul~ stilTan, rac sakmaod detaluradaa aR werili cnobil ‘‘Peri hipsoys’’­Si, romlis avtorobas mia we ren longinuss. msjelobas `dide­buli stilis~ Sesaxeb ho merosTan, SeqspirTan, miltonTan, dantesTan mimarTebaSi vxv debiT metiu arnoldTan da sents­berisTan, romlebic Zal ze moxdenilad ureven erTmaneTSi fsiqologiur problemeb sa da literaturuli nawarmoebis Sefasebis sakiTxebs.11

amis miuxedavad, rogorc Cans, mainc SeuZlebelia imis damtkiceba, rom specifikur saxeebsa da xerxebs, yvela Sem­TxvevaSi, aucileblad ukavSirdeba specifikuri efeqti an `eqspresiuli Rirebuleba~. winadadebaTa koordinire­buli konstruqciebi (`da.. da.. da..~) bibliasa da matianee­bSi saWiroa imisTvis, raTa Txrobas sidinje mieniWos; amave dros, romantikul poemaSi amgvari `da” kavSirebi SeiZleba aRniSnavdes SekiTxvebis serias, romlebic sunTqvaSekrul­ma adamianma SeiZleba nawyvet­nawyvetad wamoiZaxos. hiper­bola SeiZleba iyos tragiku li an paTetikuri, magram iyos groteskulic da komikuric. garda amisa, zogierTi xerxi an sintaqsuri figura ise xSirad da imdenad gansxvavebul konteqstSi meordeba, rom SeuZlebelia maT raime specifi­kuri eqspresiuli mniSvneloba mivaniWoT. Cven vamCnevT, rom ciceroni ramdenime gverdze ramdenjerme xmarobs litot­ess an gazviadebas; aseve, jonsonis ‘‘Ramblers’’­Si SeiZleba aR movaCinoT gamawonasworebeli konstruqciebis ramdenime aseuli magaliTi. orive SemTxvevaSi Cven winaSea sityvaTa TamaSi, maTi mniSvnelobisgan damoukideblad.12

Tumca Cven uarvyofT atomistur warmodgenas imis Sesaxeb, rom ama Tu im xerxs uSualod Seesabameba spe­cifikuri eqspresiuli amocana, magram mainc dasaSvebia garkveuli kavSiris arseboba stilis Taviseburebebsa da nawarmoebis Sinaarsobriv amocanebs Soris. am kavSirs adasturebs isic, rom aSkarad gamoxatuli Sinaarsobrivi tonalobis (amaRlebuli, komikuri, daxvewili an naivu ri) mqone nawarmoebSi gamudmebiT meordeba garkveuli xerxe­bi, Tanac, maT, rogorc wesi, Tan axlavs erTi da igive kon­

260

literaturis Teoria

struqciebi. v.k. uimsetis kvalobaze SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom raime xerxis gameoreba azrs ar arTmevs am xerxs: `sin­taqsuri konstruqciebi meordeba, brunvebsa da uRlebis msgavsad, magram isini mainc eqspresiuli formebia~.13 ar SeiZleba, antikuri epoqis esTetikosTa msgavsad, davkmayo­fildeT stilTa iseTi klasifikaciiT, rogorebicaa maRali da dabali, aziuri da atikuri da misT. aucilebelia gaviaz­roT iseTi rTuli sqemebi, rogorsac gvTavazobs vilhelm Snaideri Tavis ‘‘Ausdruckswerte der deutschen Sprache”­Si (1931). obieqtis mimarT sityvis mimarTebidan gamomdinare, stili SeiZleba daiyos sxvadasxva tipad, romelTa Soris iqneba cnebiTi da mgrZnobelobiTi, uSualo da aRweriTi, damak­ninebeli an ga mazviadebeli, mkafio da bundovani, wynari da aRgznebuli, dabali da maRali, martivi da xatovani; sity­vaTa Soris mimarTebaTa Sesabamisad, stili SeiZleba iyos daZabuli da dune, plastikuri da musikaluri, daxvewili da uxeSi, erTferovani da xatovani; Tu daveyrdnobiT sityvisa da avtoris urTierTmimarTebaTa princips, maSin stili Sei­Zleba iyos obieqturi da subieqturi.14 aseTi kla sifikacia praqtikulad SeiZleba mivusadagoT yvela enob riv feno­mens, magram Cveni magaliTebis umravlesoba literaturuli nawarmoebebidan aris aRebuli da ga moyenebulia literatu­ruli stilis analizisaTvis. Tu am gvarad CamovayalibebT sti listikis sakvlev principebs, is, albaT, Tavs aaridebs xarvezebs ritorikis cnebebze damyarebuli midgomisa, romelic cal­calke aanalizebda sxvadasxva xerxs, meore mxriv ki _ mocemuli epoqis stilis (gotika, baroko da a.S.) Teoriebs, romlebic masStaburi iyo, magram konkretulo­biT ar gamoirCeoda.

samwuxarod, amgvar naSromTa didi nawili STagonebu­li iyo viwro aRweriTi miznebiT, – aseT SemTxvevebSi stilisti ka emgvaneba erTgvar rekomendacias `saSualo~ stilisTvis, rom lis idealia sizuste da gamWvirvaloba; esaa `sanimuSo~ stili, romelsac Seiswavlian univer­sitetebSi. garda ami sa, stilistika gamoiyeneba romelime enis gandidebis miz niT. rac Seexeba mTavar evropul enebs

261

stili da stilistika

Soris arsebul sxvao baTa ucnaur da axirebul gazviadebas, amaSi gansakuTrebiT germanelebi scodaven. iseTi gamoCe­nili mecnierebic ki, rogoric arian veqsleri, fosleri da doiCbaini,15 iseT daskvnebs akeTeben, romelTa dadas­tureba sinamdvileSi SeuZlebelia da enobriv gansxvave­bebs xalxebis erovnul fsiqologias ukavSireben. Cven ar uarvyofT problemis arsebobas: Tu im enas, romelsac ara aqvs Camoyalibebuli literatura, SevadarebT ama Tu im ZiriTad evropul enas, maSin aSkara warmoCndeba absurdu­loba, `bihe vio ristuli~Tvalsazris imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom yve la ena Tanabaria. nebismierma mTargmnelma icis, rom ZiriTadi evropuli enebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan sintaqsuri konstruqciebiT, `idiomebiT~ da sxva pirobiTobiT. zogjer inglisuri, franguli an ger­manuli SeiZleba naklebad gamosadegi aRmoCndes, vidre mci­red ganviTarebuli enebi. eWvsgareSea, rom es gansxvaveba gamowveulia socialuri, istoriuli da literaturuli mizezebiT, romlebic, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi aRwera SeiZleba, jer mainc ar yofila srulad aRwerili imde nad, rom gaamarTlon sakiTxis dayvana erovnul fsiqologiam de. `SedarebiTi~ stilistika warmogvidgeba rogorc Soreuli momavlis mecniereba.

wminda literaturuli da esTetikuri midgoma zRu­davs stilistikas da utovebs mxolod xelovnebis raime nawarmoebis, a n nawarmoebTa jgufis Seswavlis funqcias, romelTa aRwera saWiroa maTi esTetikuri funqciisa da mniSvnelobis konteqstSi. mxolod maSin iqceva stilistika literaturis akademiuri codnis nawilad, Tu sakiTxis cen­trSi iqneba es esTetikuri interesi, amasTanave, es iqneba friad mniSvnelovani nawili, vinaidan mxolod stilisturi meTodis meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli literaturuli nawar­moebis specifikur Tavisebureba Ta gansazRvra. am tipis stilisturi analizi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ori xerxiT: pirveli gvikarnaxebs, rom Tanmimdevrulad gavaanalizoT nawarmoebis lingvisturi sis tema da avxsnaT misi ele­mentebi nawarmoebis esTetiku ri mizanmimarTulebis, anu

262

literaturis Teoria

`mTliani mniSvnelobis~ safuZ velze. stili am SemTxvevaSi warmogvidgeba rogorc nawarmoebis an nawarmoebTa jgufis individualuri lingvisturi sistema. meore midgoma, ro­melic ar upirispirdeba pirvels, gulisxmobs im individua­luri Taviseburebebis Seswavlas, romlebiTac es sistema gansxvavdeba sxva Sesadarebeli sistemebisagan. xsenebuli me Todi kontrasts efuZneba: Cven ganvixilavT normaluri sityvaTxmarebis darRvevis an misgan gadaxrebis SemTxvevebs da vcdilobT avxsnaT maTi esTetikuri daniSnuleba. Cveu­lebriv, sakomunikacio metyvelebaSi yuradReba ar eqceva arc sityvaTa JReradobas da arc maT wyobas (rac, yovel SemTxvevaSi, inglisur enaSi, gulisxmobs moqmedisagan moqmedebaze gadasvlas), an winadadebis struqturas (rac CamoTvliTi da koordinirebuli unda iyos). stilisturi analizis pirvel nabijad miviCnevT iseTi gadaxrebis mimo­xilvas, rogorebicaa bgeraTa gameoreba, inversia, rTuli Tanwyobili da rTuli qvewyobili winadadebebis gamoyeneba azrobrivi ierarqiis principiT; yvelaferi es unda emsa­xurebodes garkveul esTetikur funqcias _ xazgasmas da gamoyofas, anda, piriqiT, esTetikurad gamarTlebul bun­dovanebas an gaurkvevlobas.

aseTi amocana SedarebiT martivia zogierTi nawarmoe­bisa da zogi avtoris SemTxvevaSi. Seucdomlad SeiZleba amovicnoT bgeriTi sqemebi da Sedarebebi, romlebic gvxvde­ba lilis `eufeusis~ bestiariumebSi.16 spenseri, romelsac, jonsonis TqmiT, `ena ar hqonda~, iye nebs garkveuli saxis arqaizmebs, neologizmebs da pro vincializmebs,17 romelTa analizi Zalze advilia. mil to ni ara mxolod iyenebs laTi­nizebul leqsikons, romel Sic inglisur sityvebs maTive arqetipebis mniSvneloba aqvT, aramed qmnis winadadebebis Tavisebur struqtu rebs. jerard menli hopkinsis stilisT­vis damaxasiaTebelia saqsonuri sityvebi, agreTve dialeq­turi leqsika, is Segnebulad uvlis gverds laTinuridan omdinare leqsikas, rasac ganapirobebs im lingvistebis­Teoriebi, romlebic upiratesobas aniWebdnen germanuli enis nor mebs, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli sityvaTwarmoebiTa

263

stili da stilistika

da Sedgenili sityvebiT.18 Zneli ar aris iseTi mkveTri `ma­neris~ mqone avtorTa stilis analizi, rogorebic arian karlaili, merediti, peiteri an henri jeimsi; igive iTqmis im meorexarisxovan mwerlebze, romlebic daesesxnen zemox­senebul avtorebs maT stilistur Taviseburebebs.

amis miuxedavad, bevr sxva SemTxvevaSi gacilebiT uf­ro Zneli iqneba, gamovyoT da ganvsazRvroT avtoriseuli stilisturi maxasiaTeblebi. imisaTvis, rom amovicnoT gan­meorebadi niSan­Tvisebebi, saWiroa daxvewili smena da dak­virvebis unari; es gansakuTrebiT im mwerlebs exeba, romle­bic elisabedis xanis dramaturgebis, anda meTvramete sau­kunis eseistebis msgavsad, erTgvarovan stils iye nebden. Znelia gaviziaroT j.m. robertsonis Sexeduleba imis Taobaze, rom garkveuli sityvebi an `idiomebi~ gva uwyeben mxolod iseTi pirovnebebis `xelweras~, rogorebic arian pili, grini, marlo da kidi.19 bevr aseT gamokvlevaSi sti­listuri analizi mWidrod ukavSirdeba Sinagani Sinaarsob­rivi struqturis Seswavlas, agreTve _ wyaroebisa da sxva elementebis kvlevas, rogoric aris ganmeorebuli aluzie­bi. amgvar SemTxvevebSi stilistika gvexmareba mxolod ro­gorc gansxvavebuli miznebisaTvis gamosayenebeli iaraRi: aseTia avtoris identifikacia, avTenturobis dadgena, anu iseTi Sroma, romelic gar kveulwilad deduqcias emyareba da moicavs erTgvar mo samzadebel Sromas literaturuli kvlevisaTvis.

rTul praqtikul problemebs vawydebiT iseT SemT­x vevebSi, rodesac ganvixilavT ama Tu im epoqisTvis da­maxasiaTebel gabatonebul stils, calkeuli mwerlebis mier literaturuli modis Seqmnas da mimbaZvelTa gamo­Cenas. uwin stilistur tradiciaze didi gavlena hqon da Janris ideas. magaliTad, CoserTan (`kenterberiuli moT­xrobebis~calkeul novelebSi) gvxvdeba sxvadasxvagvari stilebis farTo speqtri da diferenciacia. zogadad, es miesadageba mis mier sxvadasxva periodSi Seqmnil da sxva­dasxva tipis nawarmoebebs. meTvramete saukuneSi, pindare­seul odas, satiras da baladas hqonda sakuTari leqsika

264

literaturis Teoria

da stili. `poeturi stili~ dayvanili iyo specifikur Jan­rebamde, maSin, rodesac dabali JanrisTvis araTu daSvebu­lad, aramed aucilebladac ki iTvleboda `yofiTi leqsi­ka~. TviT vordsvortic, miuxedavad imisa rom `Serisxa~ sa­gangebo poeturi stilis idea, mainc sxvadasxvagvarad wer­da, rodesac qmnida odas, `tinternis saabatos~ msgavs aRwe­riT da meditaciur leqsebs, mil tonis stilis sonets, anda `lirikul baladas~. Tu Cven ugulebelvyofT aseT Tvise­bebs, maSin azri ar eqneba im av torTa stilis daxasiaTebas, romlebmac daxvewes mravali Janri da ganicades xangrZlivi mxatvruli evolucia. albaT, sjobs, vilaparakoT goeTes `stilebze~, vinaidan sxvagvarad ver ganvmartavT im uzarma­zar sxvaobas, romelic arsebobs adrindeli, klasikuri pe­riodis ‘‘Sturm und drang’’­is stilsa da mogvianebiT dawerili ‘‘Elective Affinities’’­is pompezur da rTul maneras Soris.

stilisturi analizis am meTods, romelic kon­centrirebulia stilis Taviseburebebze, im Tvisebebze, rom lebic mas ganasxvaveben irgvliv arsebul lingvistu­ri sistemebisagan, aSkara xarvezebi aqvs. savsebiT Sesa­Zlebelia, davagrovoT `izolirebuli~ dakvirvebebi, Cven mier SeniSnuli niSan­Tvisebebis nimuSebi, da daviviwyoT, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi mTlianobas warmoadgens. Sei­Zleba, agreTve, aqcenti gavakeToT `originalurobaze~, in­dividualurobaze, imaze, rac subieqturi midre kilebebiT aixsneba. umjobesia meore midgoma _ stilis ganxilva mTlianobaSi, sistemurad, lingvisturi principebis Sesa­bamisad. ruseTSi viqtor vinogradovma detalurad gamoi­kvlia puSkinisa da tolstois ena. sistemurma stilistikam bevri niWieri praqtikosis yu radReba miiqcia poloneTsa da CexoslovakiaSi; espaneTSi damaso alonsom saTave daudo gongoras poeziis sistemur analizs, xolo amado alonsom Rrmad gaaanaliza pablo nerudas poezia.20 magram am meTods avnebs `mecnieruli~ sisrulis ideali. analitikoss Sei­Zleba gamorCes mxedvelobidan, rom mxatvruli efeqtis ganmarteba Seu Zlebelia raime xerxis Cveulebrivi sixSiris gamoTvlis meSveobiT. magaliTad, jozefin mailsi Secdoma­

265

stili da stilistika

Si Seiyvana statistikurma monacemebma, ris gamoc gamoitana mcdari daskvna prerafaelizmTan hopkinsis poeturi sti­lis siaxlovis Sesaxeb.21

literaturuli kvlevisaTvis stilisturi anali­zi yve laze ufro nayofieri iqneba maSin, rodesac misi meSveo biT davadgenT gamaerTianebel princips, zogad esTetikur mizans, romelsac eqvemdebareba nawarmoebis yvela elementi. magaliTad, Tu ganvixilavT meTvramete saukunis `aRweriTi~ poeziis warmomadgenlis, jeims tom­sonis Semoqmedebas, SevZlebT imis Cvenebas, rom mwerlis stilisturi niSan­Tvisebebigarkveul mTlianobas warmo­qmnis. miltoniseuli TeTri leqsi winaswar gansazRvravs SerCevas leqsikuri saSualebebisa, romelTagan zogierTi aucilebelia, sxvebi ki _ dauSvebeli. leqsikuri saSuale­bebi moiTxovs perifrazs, xolo es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs sagangebo urTierTmimarTebas sityvasa da sagans Soris: anu sagani ar aris dasaxelebuli, magram misi Tvisebebi ki miTiTebulia. aRsaniSni sagnis Tvisebebisa da maTi CamoTv­lis aqcentireba TavisTavad ganapirobebs aRweras; rac Se­exeba meTvramete saukuneSi gavrcelebul bunebis aRweris gansakuTrebul tips, is gulisxmobda Tavisebur filoso­fias: konstruqcia badebs azrs. poupze daweril wignSi da statiebSi meTvramete saukunis poeturi stilis Sesaxeb jefri tilotsons mohyavs am tipis bevri saintereso maga­liTi, ese igi, poeturi stilis Taviseburi, ideologiuri xasiaTis damadasturebeli nimuSebi – misive TqmiT, stilis `fizikur­Teologiuri nomenklatura~. magram, amasTanave, man ver SeZlo maTi integrireba stilis mTlian analizTan.22

aseTi procedura, romelic, metrikiT dawyebuli, gadadis Sinaarsis problemebze da filosofiasac ki exeba, ar unda miviCnioT iseT procesad, romelic prioritets – logi­kuri iqneba is Tu qronologiuri _ mianiWebs romelime am zemoaRniSnul elements. idealuri iqneba iseTi analizi, rodesac daviwyebT nebismieri SerCeuli elementiT da mi­valT imave daskvnamde.

266

literaturis Teoria

stilistur analizs swrafad mivyavarT Sinaarsis problemasTan. didi xania, rac kritikosebi intuiciurad, usistemod ganixilaven stils, rogorc garkveuli filo­sofiuri Tvalsazrisis gamoxatulebas. wignSi `goeTe” gundolfi Zalze faqizad aanalizebs adreul leqsebs da aCvenebs, ra gziT aireklavs poetis dinamikuri metyveleba missave swrafvas bunebis dinamikuri Semecnebisadmi.23 her­man nolma scada daesabuTebina, rom stilisturi niSan­Tvisebebi SeiZleba miemarTebodes filosofiis im sam tips, romlebic dilTaim warmoaCina.24

germanelma swavlulebma, agreTve, Camoayalibes ufro sistemuri midgoma _ e.w. Motiv und Wort, romelic efuZneba warmodgenas lingvistur niSan­Tvisebebisa da Sinaarsis ele mentebis urTierTSesabamisobis Sesaxeb. erT­erTi pirveli naSromi, romelSic gamoyenebul iqna amgvari mid­goma, iyo leo Spitceris gamokvleva anri barbiusis Semoq­medebaSi sisxlisa da Wrilobis motivTa ganmeorebadobis Sesa xeb. iozef kiornerma yovelmxriv Seiswavla aseTi mo­tivebi artur Snicleris SemoqmedebaSi.25 ufro gvian, Spit­cerma scada, daedgina kavSiri ganmeorebad stilistur xer xebsa da avtoris filosofias Soris; misi azriT, gan­meorebebi Sarl pegis poeziaSi ukavSirdeba poetis gatace­bas bergsonizmiT, xolo Jiul romenis stili _ mis unani­mizms. kristian morgenSternis (nonsensuri leqsebis avto­ri, romelic, garkveulwilad, mogvagonebs luis kerolis leqsebs) sityva­miTebis analizi avlens, rom mas wakiTxuli unda hqondes mautneris nominalisturi ‘‘Kritik der Schprache’’, romelsac is daesesxa ZiriTad azrs: poetis ena kidev ufro Seucnobels xdis CvenTvis isedac miuwvdomel samyaros.26

leo Spitcers zogierT statiaSi gamoaqvs zomagada­suli daskvnebi, rodesac mwerlis stilistur niSan­Tvise­baTa ganxilvis safuZvelze adgens avtoris fsiqo logiur Tvisebebs. ase axasiaTebs Spitceri prusts; Sarl lui fi­lipTan gvxdeba xSirad ganmeorebuli kons truqcia á cause de. mas ewodeba pseudo-objektive Motivierung, rac gulisxmobs melanqolias, erTgvar fatalizms; rables SemoqmedebaSi

267

stili da stilistika

Spitceri aanalizebs sityvaTwarmoebas iseTi cnobili Ziridan, rogoricaa Sorbonne. rable qmnis mis mravalnair kombinaciebs savsebiT Seusabamo sufiqsebiT, raTa Seiqmnas mravalgvari usiamovno metsaxeli (mag.: Sorbonnagre = Sorbonne + onagre, anu `gadareuli viri~). Spitceris azriT, rablesTan SeimCneva konfliqti rea lursa da ararealurs, komizmsa da SiSs, utopiasa da naturalizms Soris.27 Spitceris TqmiT, ̀ is mentaluri aRgzneba, romelic warmoadgens gadaxras Cveni normaluri gonebrivi mdgomareobidan, unda warmoSobdes Sesabamis enob riv gadaxras normaluri metyvelebidan~.28

mogvianebiT TviT Spitcerma aRiara, rom fsiqologi uri stilistikis meTodi miesadageba `mxolod im mwerlebs, romelTa azriT, isini ̀ individualuri geniosebia~, maTi stili ki _ individua­luri. aseTebia meTvramete saukunis da ufro gviandeli xanis mwer­lebi; wina periodebSi mwerlebi (dantec ki) cdilobdnen obieqturi stiliT aesaxaT obieqturi sagnebi. swored imis gacnobierebam, rom `fsiqologiuri stilistika~ ar gamodgeba ufro adre uli perio debis mwerlaTa Semoqmedebis gansaxilvelad (erTaderTi Tval saCino gam­onaklisia monteni), xeli Seuwyo kidev erTi tendenciis ganviTarebas, romelic Tavidanve warmodgenili iyo Cems naSromebSi _ esaa lite­raturis analizisas struqturuli meTodis gamoyeneba, rac avlens gansxvavebul mweralTa miznebis erTianobas, ise, rom ugulebelyofs romelime maTganis pirovnebas.~29

da marTlac, rogori gonivrulic unda iyos fsiqolo­giuri stilistikis zogierTi varaudi, mas SeiZleba davu­pirispiroT ori kontrargumenti. jer erTi, am gziT dadge­nili stilisturi Taviseburebebi, ar sebiTad, emyareba ara dakvirvebebs enobriv masalaze, aramed _ ufro fsiqolo­giursa da ideologiur analizs, romlis daskvnebma unda gaamyaros enis analizi. es ar CaiTvleboda gamonaklisad, rom ara praqtika, romelSic lingvisturi dadastureba TavisTavad xSirad naZaladevia anda efuZneba Zalze ara­myar sabuTebs. am tipis naSromebSi xSirad ivaraudeba, rom WeSmaritad didi xelovneba unda emyarebodes gamocdile­bas, Erlebnis­s, xolo es termini gulisxmobs biografiuli Teoriis odnav Sesworebul versias. garda amisa, mcdaria warmodgenac, romlis Tanaxmad, zogierT stilisturi xerxi aucileblad Seesabameba garkveul gonebriv mdgomareobas.

268

literaturis Teoria

magaliTad, barokos problemebisadmi miZRvnil diskusiaSi germanel mkvlevarTa umravlesoba aRiarebda aucilebel Sesabamisobas, erTi mxriv, uRimRamo, bundovan da `Rvlar­Wnil~ enasa da meores mxriv – Semoqmedis mgznebare, gaore­bul da gatanjul suls Soris.30 magram saqme isaa, rom bundo­vani da `RvlarWnili~ stili SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos winaswar gaTvlili mizniT da garkveuli teqnikiT. saerTod ki, fsiqesa da sityvis urTierTmimarTeba gacilebiT ufro rTulia da gacilebiT naklebad eqvemdebareba raime wesebs, vidre es, Cveulebriv, hgoniaT.

amrigad, fsiqologiuri Stilforschung-is germanul skolas sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT. xSirad mis warmomad­genelTa Sromebi SeiZleba gveCvenos erTgvarad kamufli­rebul genetikur fsiqologiad, da Tumca mis filosofiur safuZvlad iTvleba kroCes esTetika, magram am skolis prin­cipebi, arsebiTad, sxvagvaria. kroCes sistema, romelic, mTlianobaSi, monisturia, ar iZleva saSualebas, gavavloT mijna gonebis mdgomareobasa da mis enobriv gamoxatule­bas Soris. kroCe gamudmebiT uaryofs yvela stilisturi da ritorikuli kategoriis Rirebulebas, sxvaobas stilsa da formas, formasa da Sinaarss, gamoxatulebasa da intui­cias Soris. am tipis identifikaciaTa serias mivyavarT Teo­riuli analizis SeuZleblobamde: swori amosavali azri poeturi Se moq medebis Semadgenel elementTa erTianobis Sesaxeb im zRvramdea miyvanili, rom ukve SeuZlebelia am elementTa gamonawevreba. cxadia, rom saWiroa erTmaneTis­gan gamovyoT SemoqmedebiTi procesi da nawarmoebi, forma da Sinaarsi, azris gamoxatva da stili; Cven erTmaneTisgan gamovyofT am elementebs mxolod maTi analizis mizniT, ise, rom ar viviwyebT maTi ganuyoflobisa da saboloo er­Tianobis Sesaxeb; magram elementTa am gamoyofis gareSe ver gan xorcieldeba SemoqmedebiTi procesis racionalizacia, rac Seadgens kritikis arss.

Tu SegviZlia aRvweroT nawarmoebis an avtoris stili, maSin namdvilad SevZlebT nawarmoebTa jgufis an rome­li me Janris aRwerasac. es exeba iseT Janrebs, rogorebi­caa: goTu ri romani, elisabedis xanis drama, metafizi­kuri poezia; Cven SevZlebT gavaanalizoT iseTi stilis­

269

stili da stilistika

turi tipebic, rogoricaa, magaliTad, meCvidmete saukunis barokos sti li.31 Cveni ganzogadeba SeiZleba kidev ufro ganvavrcoT da aRvweroT periodisaTvis an mimdinareo­bisaTvis da maxasiaTebeli stili. sinamdvileSi amis Ses­ruleba em piriuli sizustiT Zalze Znelia. iseT wignebSi, ro gorebicaa e. baras Le Style poetique et la revolution romantique, anda luiz tonis Die Sprache des deutschen Impressionismus, mikv­leulia bevri stilisturi xerxi, sintaqsuri da leqsi kuri Tavisebureba, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia mTeli skolisa Tu mimdinareobisTvis. bevri ram aris gakeTebu li Zveli te­vtonuri poeziis stilis aRwerisTvis. magram am naSromeb­Si gaanalizebulia is stilebi, romlebic saer Toa skolis yvela (stilis TvalsazrisiT, metwilad erTgvarovani) warmomadgenlisTvis _ isini SeiZleba gan vixiloT iseve, rogorc ganvixilavT calkeuli mwer lebis stilebs. mTeli literaturuli epoqebisa da lite raturuli mimdinareo­bebis _ klasicizmis, roman tiz mis _ aRwera, TiTqmis dauZ­leveli winaaRmdegobebs waaw ydeba, radgan aucilebelia CamovayaliboT uaRresad gansxva vebuli mwerlebis (rom­lebic xSirad sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi arian) stilTa erTiani modeli.

vinaidan xelovnebaTmcodneobam SeimuSava stilTa (mag., antikuris, goTuris, renesansulis da barokos) mona­cvleobis farTod aRiarebuli koncefcia, Zalze mimzidve­lia literaturis istoriaze misi gadatanis idea. magram aq Cven kvlav vubrundebiTY im problemas, romelsac ewodeba paralelizmi xelovnebaTa dargebSi da, agreTve, urTierT­mimarTeba xelovnebasa da literaturas, ufro farTod ki, Cveni civilizaciis diad periodebs Soris.

270

Tavi meTxuTmete

saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

*mas Semdeg, rac ganvaxorcieleT poeturi na war­

moebebis klasifikacia Sinaarsisa da Temebis mixed viT (imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu romeli tipis diskurss ganekuTvneba poezia); mas Semdeg, rac davuSviT, rom poeturi qmnilebis sazrisi ar gadmoicema misi prozauli parafraziT, aramed gamoixateba mis struqturaTa erTian kompleqsSi, ganvixi­lavT _ ZiriTadi poeturi struqturis saxiT _ oTx kate­gorias, romlebic saTaurSia dasaxelebuli.

Cvens erT­erT Tanamedroves uTqvams, rom poeziis ori mTavari maorganizebeli principi aris metri da meta­fora; metic, ganagrZobs is, `metri da metafora `wyviluri cnebebia~, xolo poeziis Cveneuli gansazRvra sakmarisad zogadi unda iyos, raTa moicvas orive cneba da ganmartos maTi urTierTkavSiri~.1 poeziis zogadi Teoria, romelic am moTxovnaSia nagulisxmevi, brwyinvaled Camoayaliba kol­rijma Tavis ‘‘Biographia Literaria’’­Si.

magram aqvs Tu ara am oTx cnebas saerTo aRsaniSni obieqti? es terminebi semantikurad nawilobriv gadafara­vs erTimeores da maTi moqmedebis sferoc erTi da igivea. albaT, terminTa am Cveni Tanamimdevrobis Sesaxeb _ saxe, metafora, simbolo da miTi _ SeiZleba iTqvas, rom swored am mimarTulebiT xdeba poeziis im ori aspeqtis Serwyma, rom­lebic esoden mniSvnelovania literaturis TeoriisTvis. pirveli aspeqtSi poezia warmogvidgeba, rogorc gr Z nobad­individualuris ga moxatuleba, grZnobadi da esTetikuri mocemuloba, romelic poezias akavSirebs musikasTan, fer­werasTan, magram mijnavs filosofiisgan da sabunebis­metyvelo mecnierebaTagan; rac Seexeba meore aspeqts – es aris `figuracia~ an `tropologia~, anu `arapirdapiri,

271

saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

iribi~ diskursi, romelic mimarTavs metonimiebs da meta­forebs, da nawilobriv erTmaneTs adarebs sxvadasxva sa­myaros, azustebs Tavis sagans sxva sistemaTa enebze Targm­nis saSualebiT.2 gansxvavebiT mecnieruli diskursisagan, es orive SemTxveva asaxavs swored literaturis differentiae-s, mis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs. nacvlad imisa, rom Seqmnas ab­straqciaTa sistema, rac mudam gamoixateba erTmniSvnelo­van sityvier SesabamisobaTa Tanmimdevruli sistemiT, poe­zia agebs imgvar sityvaTa erTaderT ganumeorebel wyobas, romlebic erTdroulad sagnebicaa da niSnebic, ise, rom SeuZlebelia azris gamotana nebismieri sistemidan, moce­muli nawarmoebis mxatvruli sistemis garda.3

sakiTxis semantikuri siZneleebi marTlac dama­fiqrebelia, da aranairi mza `Sveba­wamali~ ar Cans, garda imisa, rom mudam yuradRebiT movekidoT terminTa konteqs­tualur gamoyenebas, gansakuTrebiT ki maTi polaruli da­pirispirebis SemTxvevebSi.

saxiereba aris Tema, romelic Tanabrad miemarTeba ro­gorc fsiqologias, ise literaturaTmcodneobas. fsiqo­logiaSi sityva `saxe~ gulisxmobs SegrZnebebSi an aRqmaSi aRbeWdili (araaucileblad vizualuri) gamocdilebis mentalur reproduqcias. frensis galtonis (1880) pirveli kvlevebi miznad isaxavda imis dadgenas, Tu ramdenad Ses­wevs adamians unari, vizualurad aRidginos warsuli. man am kvlevebiT daadgina, raoden didad gansxvavdebian erT­maneTisgan adamianebi TavianTi warmosaxvis unariT. magram saxiereba ar aris mxolod vizualuri xasiaTisa. fsiqolo­gebma da esTetikis dargSi momuSave mkvlevrebma SeimuSaves saxeTa mravalgvari tipis klasifikacia. saxeebi arsebobs ara marto `gemos~ da `ynosvis~ sferoSi, aramed Termulic, proprioceptulic (`kinesTeturi~, `haptikuri~, `emfati­kuri~). statikursa da kinetikur (an `dinamikur~) saxierebas Soris arsebobs mniSvnelovani sxvaoba. feriTi saxiereba SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes tradiciuli anda individualur simbo likiT, Tumca SeiZleba arc hqondes amgvari datvirT­va. kinesTeturi saxeebi (ganurCevlad imisa, gamowveulia

272

literaturis Teoria

Tu ara is poetis aranormaluri fizikuri konstituciiT, Tu literaturul pirobiTobas warmoadgens) xasiaTdebian una riT, gadaerTvnen grZnobaTa erTi sferodan meoreSi, mag., bgeriTidan feriTSi. bolos, poeziis moyvarulisTvis sasargebloa icodes, rom arsebobs sxvaoba `bmul~ da `Tavi­sufal~ saxierebas Soris. pirveli aris smeniTi da kunTovani saxiereba (rac aucileblad amoqmeddeba, Tundac adamiani TavisTvis kiTxulobdes, e.i. ar axmovanebdes wakiTxuls); amgvari saxeebi erTnairia yvela mkiTxvelTan. meore exeba vizualur da sxvagvar saxeebs, romlebic sxvadasxvagvaria sxvadasxva adamianTan.4

jer kidev aqtualuria a.a. riCardsis debulebebi, rom­lebic Camoyalibebulia 1924 wels gamocemul `prin cipebSi: `yovelTvis zomaze meti mniSvneloba eni Weboda saxeTa grZnobad aspeqts. saxis qmediToba mis sicxoveles ki ar unda mivaweroT, aramed ufro mis unars, iyos cnobierebis faq ti, rac specifikurad ukavSirdeba grZnobad aRqmas~. saxis qmediTobas ganapirobebs misi `reliqturoba~ da, agreTve, is, rom saxe grZnobadi gamocdilebis reproduq­cias axorcielebs.5

bunebrivia, rom saxidan, rogorc SegrZnebis rep­roduqciidan, unda gadavideTpoeziis meore aspeqtze, ro­melic warmoadgens kvlevis CvenTvis saintereso sferos, anu analogiis da Sedarebis Temas. aRweriT poeziaSic ki ar arse­bobs mxolod vizualuri saxeebi; im avtorTa Soris, vinc sca­da Seeqmna `imaJinisturi~ Tu `fizikuri~ poezia, sabolood mxolod ramdenimem moaxerxa Semoifargluliyo mxolod da mxolod gare samyaros suraTebis asaxviT. arsebiTad, isini amisken arc ki iswrafvodnen. ezra paundma, ramdenime poe­turi mimdinareobis Teoretikosma, `saxe~ gansazRvra ara rogorc xatovani reprezentacia, aramed rogorc `inteleq­tualur da emociuri kompleqsis asaxva drois garkveul momentSi~, rogorc `Seusabamo ideebis gaerTianeba~. imaJi­nistebis kredoSi naTqvamia:, `Cven gvjera, rom poeziam de­talebi zustad unda asaxos da Tavi aaridos zogads da bun­dovans, ragind tkbilxmovanic unda iyos is”. maSin, rodesac

273

saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

elioti adidebs dantes da Tavs esxmis miltons, igi ufro dogmaturi Cans Tavisi aqcentiT Bildlichkeit­ze. misi sityve­biT, `danteseuli warmosaxva vizualuria~. is alegoristia, `xolo gaTviTcnobierebuli poe tisaTvis alegoria niSnavs `vizualur saxes~. meore mx riv, samwuxarod, miltoniseuli `warmosaxva smeniTia~. vi zualuri saxeebi ‘‘LÁllegro’’­Si da ‘‘Il Penseroso’’­Si `mTlianad zogadia.. miltoni ver xedavs konkretul mxvnels, merZeve qa ls an mwyemss. am leqsebis grZnobadi efeqti mTlianad yur ze da smenazea gaTvlili da Seesabameba zogad warmodge nas mxvnelis, merZeve qalis da mwyemsis Sesaxeb.”6

yvela am gamoTqmaSi aqcenti keTdeba ufro particularity­ze, `gansakuTrebulze~, da `samyaroTa kavSirze~ (amaSia analogiis, mag., alegoriis arsi: `Seusabamo ideebis gaerTianeba~), vidre grZnobad elementze. …vizualuri saxe warmoadgens SegrZne bas an aRqmas, magram amasTanave is, ase vTqvaT, `warmogvidgens~ da mimarTavs raRac uxilavs da `Sinagans~. is SeiZleba iyos erT­droulad prezentaciac da reprezentaciac (‘‘the black bat night has flown”.. ‘‘Yonder all before us lie Desarts of vast eternity”). saxe SeiZle­ba iyos `aRweriTi” (asea Cvens magaliTebSic), an warmoadgendes metaforas. magram SeiZleba Tu ara, rom saxe, romelic ar iyo Cafiqrebuli rogorc metafora, anu ar iyo danaxuli `gonebis TvaliT”, iqces simbolod? gana yovelgva ri aRqma SerCeviTi ar aris?7

ase, midlton meri miakuTvnebs ̀ simbolos~ da ̀ metafo­ras~ ritorikis `formalur klasifikacias~ da gvTavazobs, rom `saxe~ gamoviyenoT rogorc orive maTganis momcveli termini. amasTan erTad, is gvafrTxilebs: `kate goriulad unda ugulebelvyoT is varaudi, rom saxe aucileblad (an umeteswilad) vizualuri unda iyos~. saxe `SeiZleba iyos vizualuri, smeniTic, anda mTlianad fsiqologiuri~.8 ise­Ti gansxvavebuli mwerlebis Semoq medebaSi, rogorebic arian Seqspiri, emili bronte da po, SegviZlia davrwmun­deT, rom foni (`monacemTa~ sistema) xSirad metaforaa anda simbolo: aboboqrebuli zRva, qariSxali, veluri tramali, nestSi, mTis mrume tbasTan mdgomi, nangrevebad qceuli cixe­darbazi.

274

literaturis Teoria

iseve rogorc `saxem”, `simbolomac~ misca Tavisi saxe­li cnobil literaturul mimdinareobas.9 `saxis~ msgavsad, `simbolo” kvlav Cndeba sruliad gansxvavebul konteqstSi da sxvadasxvagvari mizniT. mas, rogorc termins, iyeneben logikaSi, maTematikaSi, semantikaSi, semiotikasa da epis­temologiaSi; mas aqvs, agreTve, xangrZlivi istoria iseT sferoebSi, rogoric aris Teologia (`simbolo~ warmoad­gens `sarwmunoebis~ erT­erT sinonims), liturgia, saxviTi xelovneba da poezia. sityvis yvela am Tanamedrove mniSv­nelobisTvis saerToa maTi Tviseba, aRniSnon raRac ufro meti, mianiSnon raRacis uTqmelobaze. magram berZnu li sit­yva, rac niSnavs gaerTianebas, Sedarebas, gvkarna xobs, rom analogia niSansa da aRsaniSns Soris imTaviTve arsebobda. is jerac aris nawilobriv SemorCenili am terminis Taname­drove mniSvnelobaSi. `simbolo~ algebrasa da logikaSi pi­robiTi, SeTanxmebis Sedegad SerCeuli niSania; rac Seexeba religiur simboloebs, isini efuZnebi an raRac Sinagan kav­Sirs `niSansa~ da `aRsaniSns~, metonimiasa Tu metaforas So­ris: jvari, kravi da mwyemsi keTili. sasurvelia, rom sityva `simbolo~ amave mniSvnelobiT iqnas gamoyenebuli lite­raturis TeoriaSi: rogorc obieqti, romelic gamoxatavs sruliad sxva raimes, magram, amasTan, TavisTavadac ipyrobs yuradRebas, radgan axdens, agreTve, sakuTari mniSvnelobis prezentacias.10

arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, `wminda sim­bolizmi” religiasa da poeziaSi daiyvaneba garkveuli we­sebis mixedviT gaformebul grZnobad saxeebamde, anda unac­vlebs `niSnebis~ an `saxeebis~ mocemul sistemas moraluri an filosofiuri transcendentuli realobiT, rac maT miRma arsebobs. meore TvalsazrisiT, simbolizmi, aris ideebis mizanmimarTuli xorcSesxma TvalsaCino, konkre­tul­grZnobad cnebebSi, romelTac SemecnebiTi mniSvnelo­ba aqvs. magram, kolrijis SexedulebiT, `alegoria warmoad­gens `abstraqtuli cnebebis ubralo Targmans TvalsaCinod warmodgenili suraTebis enaze, imgvarad, rom es ukanaskne­li TviTonac warmoadgens grZnobebiT aRqmuli sagnebis

275

saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

abs traqcias~; `simbolo ki yovelTvis ganisazRvreba zogad­gvareobrivis gamovleniT kerZoobiTSi, an sayovelTaosi _ calkeulSi; sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,SesaZlebeli xdeba maradisobis (`sinaTlis~) ganWvreta drois miRma.~11

ra ganasxvavebs `simbolos~ `saxisgan~ da `meta­forisgan”? Cveni azriT, es, upirveles yovlisa, aris `sim­bolos” ganmeorebadoba da mdgradoba. `saxe~ SeiZleba erTxel iyos gamoyenebuli rogorc metafora, magram Tu kvlavac meordeba, rogorc prezentacia da reprezentacia, igi simbolod iqceva da SeiZleba simboluri (an miTuri) sistemis nawiladac iqces. bleikis `ubiwoebis~ da `gancdis sagaloblebze~, j.h. uikstidi wers: `simbolizmi wminda sa­xiT aq SedarebiT naklebadaa, magram simboluri metaforebi Warbad gvxvdeba~. Tavis adreul eseSi _ `warmmarTveli sim­boloebis Sesaxeb~ _ romelic Selis poezias exeba, ieitsi aRniSnavs: `garda uamravi saxisa, romelTaTvisac ar aris niSandoblivi simbolosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gansazRvru­loba [fiqsirebuloba?], mis poeziaSi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT bevri saxe, romlebic namdvilad simboloebs warmoadgenen, da ramdenime wlis Semdeg igi am simboloebs sul ufro metad iyenebda sagangebo simboluri mniSvnelo biT~, _ magaliTad, mRvimeebisa da koSkebis saxeebs.12

es xSiri movlenaa: mwerlis adreul SemoqmedebaSi aR­werili `garemo~ gviandeli periodis nawarmoebebSi trans­formacias ganicdis da `simbolod~ gadaiqceva. Tavis ad­reul romanebSi henri jeimsi skrupulozurad warmoaCens pirovnebebsa da maT garemos, maSin rodesac gviandeli periodis romanebSi yvela saxe metaforad da simbolod gvevlineba.

rodesac vmsjelobT poeturi simbolizmis Sesaxeb, Ta­namedrove poetis ̀ individualuri simbolizmi~ unda ganvasx­vavoT warsuli xanis poetebis savsebiT gasagebi simbolizmis­gan. es Tvalsazrisi Tavidan, sul cota, braldebad JRerda; magram amJamad Cveni damokidebuleba poeturi simbolizmi­sadmi kvlav uaRresad winaaRmdegob rivia. `individualuris~ alternativis formulireba Zne lia: Tu `Cveulebrivsa~ da

276

literaturis Teoria

`tradiciuls~ gamoviyenebT, ma Sin davupirispirdebiT Cven­save survils, rom poezia axali unda iyos, unda gangvacvif­ros. `individualuri simboliz mi~ gulisxmobs sistemas, da gulisyuriani mkvlevari SeZ lebs igi ise ganmartos, rogorc amas axerxebs kriptografi ucxo teqstis gaSifrvisas. mrava­li individualuri sistema (mag., Tundac bleikisa da ieitsis) mniSvnelovanwilad moicavs tradiciul simboloebs, Tumca Tavs aridebs mis yvelaze `popularul~ formebs.13

`individualuri~ da `tradiciuli~ simbolizmis gan­xilvis Semdeg sapirispiro polusze aRmovaCenT erTgvar xalxur `bunebriv~ simbolizms, romelic aseve rTuli mov­lenaa. frostis zogierT saukeTeso poe maSi gamoyenebulia bunebrivi simboloebi, romelTa mniSvnelobis dadgena Zne­lia: `gza, romelsac ar dava deqi~, `kedlebi~, `mTa~. poemaSi `SevCerdi tyis piras~ sityvebi _ `daZinebamde Sori gzaa gasavleli~ – Cveni azriT, mgzavrisTvis bunebrivi frazaa; magram buneb rivi simbolizmis enaze `Zili~ xom `kvdomas~ niSnavs; davaw yviloT kontrastis safuZvelze `tye mSve­nieri, bneli, uRrani~ (samive zedsarTavi dadebiTi mniS­vnelobisaa) zneobriv­sazogadoebrivi datvirTvis mqone sityvebTan: `erTguli viyo danapirebis~. aucileblad SevigrZnobT, rom garkveul momentSi esTetikuri Wvre ta iwvevs Sinagani Tavisuflebis SegrZnebas. albaT, ar arse­bobs poeziis moy varuli adamiani, romelsac ar miizidavs frosti; mag ram, nawilobriv Tavisi bunebrivi simbolizmis gamo, frostma miipyro mkiTxvelTa Zalze farTo wreebis yuradReba. bevrma mkiTxvelma, raki erTxel ukve gaiazra simboloTa SesaZleblobebi, SeiZleba gadaWarbebuli mniS­vneloba mianiWos maT (sul erTia, es `bunebrivi~ simboloe­bia, Tu maTi Tanmdevi simboloebi) da frostis polisemanti­kur gamoTqmebs miaweros iseTi gansazRvruloba da sicxade, rac ucxoa poeturi enis bunebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT _ Ta­namedrove poeturi enisTvis.14

Cveni meoTxe terminia `miTi~, romelic aristoteles `poetikaSi~ aRniSnavs siuJets, naratiul struqturas da `fabulas~. misi antonimi da sapirispiro cneba `logosia~. `miTi~ aris narativi, ambavi, Txroba _ dialeqtikuri dis­kursis sapirispirod. `miTi~ iracionaluria, intui ci­

277

saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

uri, da amiT gansxvavdeba filosofiuri sistemurobisgan: SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is aris sokrates dialeqtikasTan dapiris pirebuli esqiles tragedia.15

`miTi~ gamorCeuli terminia Tanamedrove kritikaSi. igi dominirebs Semecnebis mniSvnelovan sferoSi, rome lic moicavs religias, folklors, sociologias, fsiqoana lizs da saxviT xelovnebas. misi oponentebia `istoria~, `mec­niereba~, `filosofia~, `alegoria~, `WeSmariteba~.16

meCvidmete­meTvramete saukuneebSi, ganmanaTle blo­bis xanaSi, am termins Cveulebriv hqonda damakninebeli ko­notacia: miTi iyo gamonagoni, `fiqcia~, romelsac ar hqonda araviTari mecnieruli Tu istoriuli safuZveli. magram ukve vikos `Scienza nuova~­Si aqcenti gadatanilia imaze, rac germaneli romantikosebidan, agreTve _ kolri jidan, em­ersonidan da nicSedan moyolebuli, Tan d aTanobiT wamyvan elementad gadaiqca: es iyo `miTosis” cneba, romelic, poe­ziis msgavsad, aRiqmeboda rogorc WeSmaritebis kategoria an misi ekvivalenti, rac ar upi rispirdeba istoriul da mecnierul WeSmaritebas da mis danamats warmoadgens.17

istoriulad miTs win uswrebs rituali, romelsac is Seesabameba; miTi aris `ritualis sityvieri nawili, ambavi, romelic gaTamaSebulia ritualSi~. rituali sruldeba qurumis mier mier, raTa Tavidan iSoros ubedureba an moi­zidos iRbali; rituali iseTsave aucileblobas warmoad­genda, rogorc mosavali da adamianis nayofiereba, rogorc iniciacia axalgazrdisa Tavisi sazogadoebis kulturaSi da, samomavlod, micva lebulTa saTanado uzrunvelyofa. miTi, ufro farTo mniSvnelobiT, niSnavs nebismier ano­nimurad SeTxzul ambavs, romelic mogviTxrobs warmoSo­basa da bedze: sazogadoeba ganumartavs axalgazrdebs, ro­gor warmoiSva samyaro da ratom viqceviT Cven ise, rogorc viqceviT. da am ganmartebebSi aisaxeba bunebisa da adamianis bedis STambeWdavi saxeebi.18

rogorc Cans, literaturis TeoriisaTvis mniSvnelo­van motivebs warmoadgens saxe (an suraTi), socialuri, ze­bunebrivi (arabunebrivi, iracionaluri), narativi (ambavi),

278

literaturis Teoria

arqetipuli (universaluri), maradiuli idealebis simbo­luri asaxva konkretuli droiT gan pirobebuli movlenebis meSveobiT, saprogramo (an es qa tologiuri), da, bolos, mistikuri. Tanamedrove az rov neba, miTologizmisadmi swrafvisas, SeiZleba dae fuZ nos CamoTvlilTagan nebismier motivs, Semdeg ki sxvebsac. amasTan dakavSirebiT, soreli acxadebs, rom mTeli msoflios muSaTa `saerTo gaficva~ aris `miTi~; aseTi ideali arasodes iqceva istoriul faq­tad, magram is warmodgenili un da iyos, rogorc samomav­lo movlena; mxolod am gziT hpoveben muSebi aucilebel Zalebsa da rwmenas; miTi aris prog rama. qristianul esqa­tologiaze saubrisas, niburi mas miTurs uwodebs: meored mosvla da gankiTxvis dRe momav lis saxeebSi warmogvidgens im zneobriv, sulier Sefasebebs, romlebic arsebobs amJa­mad (da yovelTvis).19 Tu miTs upirispirdeba mecniereba an filosofia, aseT SemTxvevaSi warmosaxul, intuiciurad Semecnebul konkretulobas upirispirdeba ganyenebuli ra­cionaluri cneba. saerTod, literaturis Teoretikosebi­sa da apologetebis winaSe miTi avlens Tavis bunebas: miTi aris socialuri, anonimuri da sazogadoebrivi movlena. Cven SeiZleba vicodeT, vinaa Tanamedrove miTebis avtori an avtorebi. magram aseT qmnilebas mainc SeiZleba hqondes miTis Tvisebrivi statusi – Tundac daviwyebuli iyos misi avtori, an is saerTod ar iyos cnobili. mTavaria, rom miTi aRiarebuli iyos koleqtivis mier, Seesatyvisebodes mis moTxovnebs.

am terminis sazRvrebis dadgena advili ar aris; Tana­medrove warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, is miiswrafvis ̀ Semecnebis sferosken~. Cven gvsmenia mxatvrebze da poetebze, romle­bic gatacebuli arian miTologiis ZiebiT; gagebuli gvaqvs `miTebi~ progressa da demokratiaze. Cven gveubnebian, rom `miTi dabrunda msoflio mwerlobaSi~. amasTanave, isic gvs­menia, rom erTi vinme miTs ver Seqmnis, verc gadawyvets, rom irwmunos is, da verc aqcevs mas rea lobad Tavisi nebiT: miTi wignma Secvala, iseve, ro gorc kosmopoliturma qalaqma Secvala qalaq­saxelmwifos ho mogenuri sazogadoeba.20

279

saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

sWirdeba Tu ara Tanamedrove adamians miTi, an saer­Tod, miTologia, urTierTdakavSirebuli miTebis sistema? nicSes Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, sokratem da sofistebma, anu `inteleqtualebma~ Ziri gamouTxares berZenTa `kul­turas~. Sesabamisad, SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom ganmanaTleb­lobam daangria qristianuli `miTologia~, anda Seudga mis dangrevas. magram sxva mwerlebis azriT, Tanamedrove ada­mians aqvs zerele, araadekvaturi da iqneb, sulac `yalbi~ miTebi: aseTia miTi `progresze~ da `Tanasworobaze~, an kidev sayovelTao ganaTlebaze, an im higienur da modur keTildReobaze, romelsac ase gvawonebs reklama. albaT, am ori Tvalsazrisis Serigeba SesaZlebelia mxolod imis aRia rebiT, rom rodesac `Tanamedroveoba~ Tu `moderniz­mi” arRvevs Zvel, Cveul cxovrebiseul wesebs (ritualebs, maTi Tanmxlebi miTebiTurT), maSin adamianTa umravlesoba (an saerTod, yvela) sulier sicarieles ganicdis _ maT ar akmayofilebs abstraqciebi da amitom cdiloben Seavson sicariele umwifari, saxeldaxelod SeTxzuli, fragmen­tuli miTebiT (im suraTebiT, rac SeiZleba momxdariyo, anda rac maTTvis sasurvelia). saubari miTis saWiroebaze, roca saqme exeba fantaziisa da warmosaxvis mqone mwerals, imaze migvaniSnebs, rom is miiswrafvis sazogadoebisken, surs, daimsaxuros sazogadoebaSi aRiarebuli statusi xe­lovanisa. frangma simbolistebma miaRwies nebayoflobiT izolacias sazogadoebisgan. am `hermetul~ poetebs mi­aCndaT, rom maT winaSe iyo arCevani: erTi mxriv, xelovnebis komerciuli prostituireba, meore mxriv ki, wminda xe­lovnebis msaxureba. magram ieitsi, miuxedavad imisa, rom aRmerTebda malarmes, mainc grZnob da saWiroebas, kavSiri hqonoda irlandiasTan. amitom tradiciuli kelturi mi­Tologia man ganaaxla Tanamedrove irlandiis sakuTari miTologizebuli versiiT, romelSic SesaZlebelia ang­lo­irlandiuri neoklasicistebis (e.w. avgustinelebis _ sviftis, berklis da biorkis) iseTive Tavisufali inter­pretacia, rogorc veiCel lindzis amerikeli gmirebisa.21

280

literaturis Teoria

bevr mwerals miTi warmoudgenia poeziisa da religiis saerTo mniSvnelad. rasakvirvelia, arsebobs Ta namedrove xedvac _ metiu arnoldi da a.a. riCardsi (ad reul naS­romebSi) acxadebdnen, rom poezia sul ufro aqtiurad ika­vebs religiis adgils, romlisac aRar sjeraT Ta namedrove inteleqtualebs. magram gacilebiT ufro da ma fiqrebelia is warmodgena, rom religiis adgils poezia xangrZlivad ver daisakuTrebs, vinaidan misi arseboba di dad ver gadaame­tebs religiisas. religia unda vaRiaroT ufro maRali ran­gis misteriad, poezia ki – naklebisa. religiuri miTi war­moadgens farTo uflebamosilebiT aRWurvil poetur meta­foras. ase, magaliTad, filip uilraiti, romelic gamoxa­tavs protests imis mimarT, rom pozitivistTa `religiuri WeSmariteba da poeturi WeSmariteba uaryofilia rogorc fiqcia~, amave dros aRiarebs `miTur­religiuri perspeqti­vis~ aucileblobas. am Tvalsazrisis ufro adrindeli ing­liseli momxre da war momadgeneli aris jon denisi, xolo SedarebiT gviandeli xanisa – artur meiCeni.22

Zveli literaturuli gamokvlevebi zereled, gareg­nuli monacemebis mixedviT msjeloben saxis, metafo ris, simbolosa da miTis Sesaxeb; metwilad ganixilavdnen maT, rogorc samSvenisebs, ritorikul ornamentebs da ami tom Seiswavlidnen, rogorc nawarmoebebis izolirebul ele­mentebs. Cveni azriT, literaturis mniSvneloba da funq­cia ZiriTadad warmoCenili aris metaforasa da miTSi. ar­sebobs iseTi procesebi, romlebsac hqvia metaforuli da miTologiuri azrovneba, azrovneba metaforebis saSuale­biT, azrovneba poeturi narativis an xedvis saSualebiT. yvela es termini Cvens yuradRebas miapyrobs literaturu­li nawarmoebis im aspeqtebs, sadac Zveli antagonistebi _ `forma~ da `Sinaarsi~ _ ganuyofel mTlianobas warmoqm nis. es terminebi or urTierTsapirispiro tendencias asaxavs: erTi mxriv, isini gamoxataven poeziis swrafvas `suraTisa~ da `sam yarosken~, xolo meore mxriv – religiisa da Weltan-schauung­isken. Tu Tvals gadavavlebT maT Semswavlel Ta­namedrove meTodebs, kidec vigrZnobT am swrafvas. maSin,

281

saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

rodesac Zveli meTodologia ganixilavda maT, rogorc mxatvrul (Tumc ki, ubralod, dekoratiuli daniSnulebis mqone) xerxebs, amJamad Warbi yuradReba eTmoba (rac aseve arasasurvelia) Weltanschauung­s. bunebrivia, rom neoklasi­kuri periodis dasasruls Sotlandieli ritoris azriT, saWiroa simboloebisa da metaforebis zustad gaTvlili SerCeva; froidis Tanamedrove mimdevrebi, piriqiT, fiqro­ben, rom yvela saxe qvecnobieris gamovlinebas warmoadgens. saWiroa davicvaT harmoniuli wonasworoba ritorikasa da fsiqologiur biografizms Soris, romelic garduvalad ukavSirdeba `ideur Sinaarss~.

ukanaskneli ocdaxuTi wlis manZilze ganuxrelad vi­Tardeboda rogorc literaturis Teoria, ise praqtika. xorcieldeboda mxatvruli gaformebis da, kerZod, poe­tikis tipologiis gansazRvris mcdelobebi. arsebobs mo­nog rafiebi da eseebi, romlebic eZRvneba saxierebis prob­lemas konkretuli poetebis SemoqmedebaSi, konkretul nawarmoebebSi (pirvel rigSi, SeqspirTan). `praqtikuli kritikis~ gansakuTrebuli sicxovlis fonze, Cvens xelTaa ramdenime SesaniSnavi naSromi, romlebic gamoirCeva ma Rali Teoriuli da meTodologiuri doniT. maTSi Zalze kriti­kulad ganixileba praqtikosTa zerele varaudebic.

mravaljer scades, or an sam kategoriad daeyoT mra­val ricxovani ritorikuli figurebi, romelTa saerTo rao denoba oras ormocdaaTs aRwevs. `sqemebi~ da `tropebi~ TavisTavad maT ricxvSi Sedis, da dayofa xdeba `bgeriT~ da `azrobriv figurebad~. kidev erTi mcdelobaa `metyvelebis figurebis~ an `verbaluri figurebis~ gamoyofa `azris figurebisagan~. miuxedavad amisa, orive diqotomias aqvs Tavisi nakli imis gamo, rom gvTavazobs gareSe struqtu­ras, romelsac ara aqvs eqspresiuli funqcia. marTlac, ne­bismieri tradiciuli sistemidan gamomdinare, riTmac da aliteraciac warmoadgens fonetikur `sqemas~ da akusti­kur ornaments. miuxedavad amisa, viciT, rom rogorc sawyis riTmas, aseve boloriTmas SeuZliaT Seasrulon Semakav­Sirebeli azrobrivi komponentis roli, rogorc semanti­

282

literaturis Teoria

kur wyvils. mecxramete saukuneSi kalamburs miiC nevdnen `sityvaTa TamaSad~, `maxvilgonierebis udables formad~; meTvramete saukuneSi adisonma kalamburs `yalbi maxvil­goniereba” uwoda. magram barokos xanaSi, iseve ro gorc Tanamedrove poetebis SemoqmedebaSi, kalamburi farTod gavrcelda: `omofonis~ an `omonimis~ saSualebiT ideebi erTgvari `orazrovnebiT~ aRiWurveboda.23

aRar gavagrZelebT sityvas sqemebze. savsebiT rele­vanturia SegviZlia poeturi tropebis dayofa momijnaveo­bis figurebad da msgavsebis figurebad.

momijnaveobis tradiciul figurebad iTvleba meto­nimia da sinekdoqe. SesaZlebelia maTSi gamoxatu li urTi­erTmimarTebebis logikuri da raodenobrivi gaanalizeba: mizezi enacvleba Sedegs (anda piriqiT); WurWeli enacvleba SigTavss; msazRvruli enacvleba Tavis sazRvruls (`sof­lis simwvane~, `zRvis mlaSe siRrme~). iTvleba, rom sinekdo­qeSi mimarTeba figurebsa da referents Soris Sinagani xa­siaTisaa: esaa raRac ufro didis warmomadgeneli _ nawili mTelis nacvlad, rogorc gvaris warmomadgeneli, Sinaarsi, romelic gansazRvravs formasac da funqciasac.

Sirlis cnobil striqonebSi, sadac metonimia tradiciuli formiT gamoiyeneba, socialur klasebs gana­saxierebs Cveulebrivi piradi aRWurviloba, instrumenti an iaraRi:

Sceptre and crown must tumble downAnd in the dust be equal madeWith the poor crooked scythe and spade.

ufro STambeWdavia metonimiuri `gadanacvlebuli zed­sarTavi~ _ stilisturi niSani, romelic damaxasiaTebelia iseTi poetebisTvis, rogorebic iyvnen vergiliusi, spenseri, miltoni da grei; ̀ senfois usulo, mkvdari mziTevi~: aq epiTeti mflobelisgan gadadis saganze, romelsac floben. greis `mTv­lemare wkarunSi~ da miltonis `xalisian zarebSi~, epiTetebi Sesabamisad miekuTvneba mflobel­matarebels da mnaTes. rode­

283

saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

sac miltoniseuli ruxi mweri `Caberavs Tavis mxurvale say­virs~, es epiTeti gvaxsenebs cxel zafxulis saRamos, romelic asociaciiT ukavSirdeba am mweris bzuils. yvela es SemTxveva, ukonteqstod citirebuli, SeiZleba wavikiTxoT gansxvavebu­li, animisturi gagebiT. mTavaria, gadavwyvitoT, operatiuli asociaciuri logikaa es, Tu nacvlad amisa, is mkveTrad aris personalizebuli myari gapirovneba.

religiuri poezia, iqneba es kaTolikuri Tu evan­gelisturi, TiTqos aucileblad metaforuli unda iyos, da ZiraTadad, es marTlac asea. magram doqtori ua tsi, neo klasikuri himnebis avtori, metonimiis wyalobiT aR­wevs STam beWdav, gulSiCamwvdom da amave dros, didebul efeqts:

When I survey the wondrous crossOn which the Prince of Glory died,My richest gain I count but lossAnd pour contempt on all my pride.

See, from his head, his hands, his sideSorrow and lowve frow mingled down;Did eér such love and sorrow meetOr thorns compose so rich a crown?

sxva epoqis stils naCvevi mkiTxveli am himnis mosmeni ­sas ver Caswvdeba imas, rom `sevda~ da `siyvaruli~ uTanabr­de ba `wyals~ da `sisxls~. is siyvaruls Seewira: siyvaru li mizezia, xolo sisxli – efeqti, Sedegi. meCvidmete sauku­nis poetis, frensis qvorelzis poeziaSi `zizRis Rvra~ sax­ieri metaforaa, misi axsnac SeiZleba _ siamayis cecxli, romelsac zizRiT savse kasri gadaesxmeba da Caaqrobs; mag­ram `sxma~ Tu `Rvra~ aq semantikurad SemWidroebulia: rao­den Zlier mezizReba mediduroba.

saboloo angariSiT, es magaliTebi warmoadgenen si­tyvis viwro mniSvnelobiT xmarebas. bolo dros Semo Ta­vazebuli iyo ramdenime gabeduli koncefcia me tonimiis rogorc literaturuli modis Sesaxeb. isic ki dauSves,

284

literaturis Teoria

rom metonimia da metafora SeiZleba iyos ori poeturi ti­pis damaxasiaTebeli struqturebi; pirveli maTgania poe­zia, romelic iwvevs asociaciebs momijnaveobis mixedviT, moZraobas Txrobis Caketil samyaroSi; meore tipis poezia emyareba asociacias msgavsebis mixedviT, moi cavs mravali samyaros da, biuleris maxvilgonieri gamoTqmiT, `sfero Ta koqteils~ Tqvefs.24

SesaniSnav naSromSi uitmenis Sesaxeb d.s. mirski acxadebs: `culis simReris~ mravlobiTi saxeebi aris metonimiuri saxeebis dausrulebeli nakadi, magaliTe­bi da egzemplarebi, romelTac emyareba demokratiuli konstruqciuloba~.25

uitmenis Cveulebrivi poeturi meTodi SeiZleba da­vaxasiaToT, rogorc gansazRvruli msxvili paraleluri kategoriebis analitikuri, sagnobriv­saxeldebiTi gaSla. simRerebSi, romlebic agebulia paralelizmis principiT (`simRera Cemze~), poeti gatacebiT axvavebs detalebs da in­dividualobebs, rogorc mTlianobis nawilebs. imis miuxe­davad, rom Zalian uyvars CamonaTvali, uitmeni arc plu­ralistia da arc personalisti: is paTetikuri monis tia da misi `katalogebis~ Sedegia ara sirTule, aramed si martive. Tavidan is jer gaSlis Tavis kategoriebs, xolo Semdeg ki mimarTavs maT ilustrirebas magaliTebiT.

metafora poetikebis avtorebisa da ritorebis yu­radRebas ipyrobda aristoteles (romelsac miemarTeba es orive gansazRvreba) droidan moyolebuli. ukanaskne li wlebis manZilze man ukve lingvistebis yuradRebac miiqcia. riCardsi gadaWriT gmobda metaforis mowyvetas normal­uri lingvisturi praqtikidan, vinaidan metafora warmoad­gens daxasiaTebis Seucvlel wyaros. skamis `fexi~, mTis `Ziri~ da boTlis `yeli~ analogiis safuZvelze akavSirebs sxeulis nawilebs usulo sagnebis nawilebTan. magram am ti­pis kavSirebi imdenad aris asimilirebuli enaSi, rom maT metaforulad aRar aRiqvamen TviT yvelaze mgrZnobiare literaturaTmcodneebi da lingvistebi. esaa `gaxunebu­li~, `gacveTili~ an `mkvdari~ metaforebi.26

285

saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

Cven valdebulni varT, specifikuri poeturi me­taforisagan ganvasxvavoT is metafora, romelic, riCard­sis termini rom vixmaroT, `enis marad arsebul princips” ganasaxierebs. pirvels jorj kempbeli `ritorikuls” mia­kuTvnebs, xolo meores – `gramatikuls~. gramatikosi sit­yvebs ganixilavs maTi etimologiis TvalsazrisiT, xolo ritori sityvebs udgeba im kuTxiT, axdenen Tu ara isini `msmenelze metaforis efeqts~. vund ti, albaT, metafore­bad ar miiCnevda iseT lingvistur `moRalateebs~, ro­gorebicaa magidis `fexi~ da mTis `Ziri~, vinaidan WeSmariti me taforizmis kriteriumad aRiarebda emociuri efeqtis moxdenis gaazrebul da Segnebul survils. h. konradi `lingvistur~ metaforas upirispirebs `esTetikurs~ da miuTiTebs, rom pirveli (mag., magidis `fexi”) gamoyofs sagnis warmmarTvel niSans, maSin, rodesac meoris mizania, Seqmnas axali warmodgena saganze, `axal wyalSi amoavlos is~.27

im SemTxvevebidan, romelTa klasifikaciac Zne­lia, albaT, yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovania romelime li­teraturuli skolis an TaobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli `sa­zia ro~ poeturi metaforebi. magaliTebad gamodgeba `bone-house~, `swan-road~, `word-hoard~ da Zveli ingliseli poete bis sxva saxe­metaforebi; homerosiseuli `fiqsirebuli meta­forebi~, magaliTad, `vardisferTiTeba riJraJi” (rac `iliadas~ pirvel wignSi ocdaSvidjer aris gameorebuli); elisabedis xanis `margalitis kbilebi~, `lalisferi bage­ni~, `spilos Zvlis feri kiseri~, da `oqros simis dari Tma”; an kidev inglisuri neoklasicizmis xanaSi gavrcelebuli: `wylis veli~, `vercxlad daRvrili nakadulebi~, `minan­qris mindvrebi~.28 Tanamedrove mkiTxvels SeiZleba moeCve­nos, rom zogierTi maTgani (gansakuTrebiT is magaliTebi, romlebic anglosaqsonuridan aris aRebuli) gabedulia da `poeturi~, maSin, rodesac danarCen magaliTTa umrav­lesoba `gaxunebulia~ da ucnauri. unda gvaxsovdes, rom umecrebas ZaluZs daumsaxureblad miiCnios ori gi nalur saxed gaugebari warmoSobis pirvelive magaliTi. da marT­

286

literaturis Teoria

lac, etimologiuri metaforebi, romel Ta `rea lizacia~ xdeba ara im pirTa mier, visTvisac es ena mSob liuria, ara­med ucxoelebis mier (aq vgulisxmobT maT `ana litikur mgrZnobelobas), romlebic am magali Tebs indi vidualur poetur miRwevad miiCneven.29 meore mxriv, marTlac kargad unda vicnobdeT enasac da literaturul pirobiTobasac, raTa saTanadod SevafasoT konkretuli poetis meta­foristuli ganwyoba­survilebi. Zveli inglisuri poe­ziis `bone-house~ da `swan­road~ cxadia, exmianeba homero­siseuli `frTiani sityvebis~ tipsa da kategorias. isini warmoadgenden poetTa ostatoba­ganswavlulobis nawils da siamovnebas aniWeben msmenlebs Tavisi tradiciulobiT, imiT, rom ganekuTvnebian poeziis profesiul, ritualur enas. metaforuli elementi maTSi ar aris mTlianad rea­lizebuli, magram arc imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom is mTlianad `aorTqlebulia~: saeklesio simbolizmis udidesi nawilis msgavsad, maTzec SeiZ leba iTqvas, rom isini ritualuri tipisani arian.30

bunebrivia, rom Cvens xanaSi, rodesac yvelaferi ge­netikis TvalsazrisiT ganixileba, didi yuradReba daeT mo metaforaTa warmoSobas, da amaSi igulisxmeba sinamdvilis aRqmisa da gaazrebis rogorc lingvisturi principi, ise literaturuli xerxi. `ontogenezi imeorebs filogenezs~, da piriqiT: Cven gvjera, rom Tu analitikurad davakvir­debiT primitiul sazogadoebebsa da bavSvebs, SevZlebT pre­istoriuli kulturis istoriis rekonstruqcias. hainc ver­neris TvalsazrisiT, metafora aqtiuria mxolod iseT pri­mitiul xalxebSi, romlebsac aqvT tabu, anu sagnebi, romelTa namdvili saxelis xseneba dauSvebelia.31 umalve gvaxsendeba ebraelTa midrekileba metaforizaciisadmi, ris gamoc maT uSualod arasodes dausaxelebiaT `ieRova~, romelsac isini metaforulad uwodebdnen kldes, mzes, loms, da a.S.; Semdeg ki gagvaxsendeba evfemizmebi Cvens sakuTar yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. magram etyoba, ganwyobas marto SiSis momgvre li aucilebloba ar aCens. Cven metaforas viyenebT imis mimarT, rac gviyvars, rasac Cveni azri da fiqri siamovnebiT das­

287

saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

trialebs, raTa yoveli kuTxidan davaTvalieroT nebismier `Suqsa da naTelSi~, rodesac is airekleba sagangebo fokusSi yvelanairi msgavsi sagnebis daxmarebiT.

Tuki enobrivi da ritualuri metaforidan gadaverT­vebiT poeturi metaforis teleologiaze, maSin mogvixde ba gacilebiT ufro msxvili sidideebis CarTva, anu mogviwevs srulad gaviTvaliswinoT mxatvruli literaturis funq­cia. metaforis Cveneuli koncefciis oTxi sabazo elementi SeiZleba aRmoCndes analogia, ormagi xedva, grZnobadi saxe, rasac ZaluZs wiaRsvla SeucnobelSi, da meoTxe – animis­turi proeqcia. es oTxi elementi Tanabrad arasodes ar aris warmodgenili, da damokidebuleba icvleba yoveli erisa da esTetikuri situaciis Sesabamisad. erT­erTi Teo­retikosis TvalsazrisiT, berZnul­romauli metafora TiTqmis analogiis kategoriamdea SezRuduli (e.w. yalbi paralelizmi), maSin rodesac das Bild (saxe­simbolo) aSkarad germanul (tev tonur) saxes warmoadgens.32 magram amgvari kulturuli kontrasti TiTqmis ar iTvaliswinebs italiur da frangul poezias, gansakuTrebiT _ im monakveTs, ro­melic arsebobs bodleridan da rembodan moyolebuli, pol valerimde. rogorc Cans, ufro sasargeblo iqneba im perio­debis, ideuri kompleqsebis Sepirispireba, romlebsac aer­Tianebs sicocxlis filosofiis cneba.

yoveli periodis stili xasiaTdeba aqvs misTvis niSan­doblivi figurebiT, romlebic gamoxataven swored mis Welt-anschauung­s; im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac saqme exeba iseT sayr­den figuras, rogoricaa metafora, yovel periods aqvs misTvis damaxasiaTebeli tipis metaforizmi. magaliTad, neoklasikuri poeziisTvis damaxasiaTebelia simbolo, pe­rifrazi, ornamentuli epiTeti, epigrama, formis erTiano­ba da antiTeza. SesaZlebeli inteleqtualuri poziciebis raodenoba ori­samiT ganisazRvreba, pluralizmi ar Sei­niSneba. xSirad xdeba, rom mesame pozicia warmoadgens cen­tralur, mediatorul pozicias polarulad dapirispire­bul eresebs Soris:

288

literaturis Teoria

Some foreign writers, some our own despise,The ancients only, or the modern prize.

barokos periodSi damaxasiaTebel niSan­Tvisebebs warmoadgens paradoqsi, oqsimoroni da kataqreza. eseni ganasaxiereben qristianul _ mistikur da pluralistur niSnebs. WeSmariteba rTulia. codnis forma­saSualeba bev­ria, da yovel maTgans aqvs sakuTari uflebamosileba. WeS­maritebis zogierTi tipi unda gacxaddes an misi uaryofiT, anda misi Segnebuli damaxinjebiT. RmerTze SeiZleba vims­jeloT anTropomorfuli kategoriebiT, radgan adamiani man Seqmna sakuTari saxis Sesabamisad; magram, amave dros, is warmoadgens transcendentalur sxvas. aqedan gamomdinare, barokos maneriT warmodgenil religiur TemebSi WeSmarite­ba RmerTis Sesaxeb SeiZleba gamoixatos analogiebiT (kravi, anda nefe), agreTve _ urTierTsawinaaRmdego wyvilebiT, voenis msgavsad : `bneli ukuni, amave dros TvalismomWre­li~. neoklasikosTa gone bas moswons aSkara ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi da racionalu ri progresia: metonimiuri moZraoba gvaridan saxemde, anda konkretulidan – saxemde. barokos epoqaSi adamianis cnobiereba warmosaxavs samyaros rogorc samyaroTa sim ravles da erTobliobas, da Tanac yvela es samyaro isea erTmaneTTan SekavSirebuli, rom SeuZlebelia winaswar gan v WvritoT maTi urTierTmimarTebebis logika.

neoklasikuri poetikis TvalsazrisiT, barokos da­maxasiaTebeli niSnebi, rasakvirvelia, ugemovnebod unda SevracxoT, `yalb gansjad~ aRviqvaT. igulisxmeba, rom esaa bu nebrivisa da racionaluris Segnebuli damaxinjeba, yal­bi akrobatika, maSin, rodesac istoriulad isini warmoadge­nen pluralisturi epistemologiis da zebunebrivis onto­logiis ritorikul da poetur gamoxatulebas.

karg magaliTad gamodgeba kataqreza. 1599 wels, jon hos kinsma daamkvidra es termini inglisur enaSi da ganmar­ta, rogorc `daknineba, borotad gamoyeneba~, Tan sinanuli gamoTqva, rom aseTi ram ̀ amJamad sul ufro da ufro vrcel­deba~. man ganixila kataqreza, rogorc daZabuli gamoTqma,

289

saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

`ufro uimedo, vidre metafora~ da gaixsena `xma saamo misi yurisTvis~ sidnis `arkadiiidan~, rogorc magaliTi vizualuri terminisa, romelic SecdomiT `miuyenes da miusadages~ smenas. 1728 wels, Tavis `CaZirvis xelovne­baSi~, poupma kataqrezis magaliTad moitana ori gamoTqma: `wveri gaTiba~ da `balaxi gaparsa~. 1776 wels, jorj kempbe­lis mier daweril `ritorikis filosofiaSi~, ka ta qrezul wyvilebad aris moxseniebuli `lamazi xma~ da `tk bili su­raTi~; Tumca, is agreTve aRiarebs, rom `tkbi li, rac Tavi­dan gemos SegrZnebas ukavSirdeboda, axla SeiZ le ba axasi­aTebdes surnels, melodias da peizaJs~. empbels sjera, rom WeSmariti metafora `SegrZnebaTa saxeebs~ iyenebs `wminda inteleqtis saxeebis~ dasaxasiaTeblad. amitom is kicxavs analogiebs TviT SegrZnebaTa saxeebs Soris. meore mxriv, baroko­romantikuli orientaciis erTma kaTo­like ritorma bolo xanebSi gansazRvra ka taqreza rogorc metafora, romlis safuZvelia ori ma te rialuri movlenis msgav seba. is dabejiTebiT moiTxovs tropis upiratesobebis Seswavlas da am moTxovnas asabu Te bs viqtor hiugos Semoq­medebidan moyvanili magaliTe biT : `les perles de la rosee~­sa da `il neige des feuilles~­Si.33

meore tipis metaforas, romelsac barokos mg­rZnobeloba misaRebad miiCnevs, xolo neoklasikuri – uge movnod, SeiZleba vuwodoT Semamcirebeli, anda ga ma­Sinaurebeli metafora. barokos poezias yvelaze metad sCvevia garkveuli `sferoebis~ _ bunebis samyarosa da adamianis samyaros (Tavisi xeloba­ostatobiT da codna­xe lovnebiT) aRreva. magram klasicistebi – raki kargad moexsenebaT, rom xelovneba warmoadgens bunebis imita­cias _ Tvlian, rom bunebis asimilireba xelovnebasTan pa Tologiuria da avadmyofuri. ase magaliTad, 1776 wels Tomas gibonsi ilaSqrebda erTgvari afeqtirebuli da `fan­tastikuri~ tropebis winaaRmdeg: `ai samyaros ram denime aRwera _ tvifruli mTebi, Txelwyala zRvebis mi nanqari, ukidegano okeanis maqmani da nakveTi kldeTa CuqurTmebi~.34

rasakvirvelia, neoklasikur poeziaSic gvxvdeba

290

literaturis Teoria

zogierTi metafora, romlebic mimarTulia bunebidan xelovnebisken, magram isini dayvanilia damatebiTi da­zustebis funqciamde. magaliTebs vnaxavT poupis `pastora­lebSi~ da `uinZoris tyeSi~: `morcxvad Sevar disferebuli lioni aferadebs wylis sarkes~; `miwis minanqars wiTlad daeca floras almuri~. magram zogadi tendencia mudam na­Teli iyo; amitom draidens ufleba hqonda, eRiarebina 1681 wels, rom balRobisas misi fiqrebi bavSvuri iyo: `maxsovs, TviT Seudarebel spensersac ki miviCnevdi uxeiro poet­ad, romlis leqsebze metad silvesteris mier Targmnili diu bartasis qmnilebebi mom wonda. eqstazSi movyavdi aseT striqonebs:

Now when the winter~s keen breath beganTo chrystallize the Baltic ocean,To glaze the lakes, to bridle up the Floods,And periwig with snow the baldpate woods.35

axalgazrda miltonma, diu bartasis kidev erTma mkiTxvelma, Tavisi `dabadebis oda~ aseTive gaSlili meta­foriT daasrula. elioti kvlav ubrundeba am tradicias Tavisi `prufrokis~ cnobil SesavalSi:

When the evening is spread out against the skyLike a patient etherized upon a table...

barokos poezia, pirvel rigSi, xasiaTdeba klasiciz­mis kanonTa ugulebelyofis tendenciiT _ xelovnebis Sinaarsobrivi gamdidrebis mizniT isini cdilobdnen aR­moeCinaT simdidre da mravalxmianoba iq, sadac klasicizmi icavda puristul erTmniSvnelovnebasa da erTxmianobas. ufro specifikuri motivebia: midrekileba gamaognebe­li efeqtebisadmi; qristianuli inkarnacionizmi; ucxos, Soreulis pedagogiuri gaTaviseba maxlobeli, `yofiTi~ analogiebis gziT.

amgvarad, Cven ganvixileT figuraciis buneba da sa­gangebo yuradReba davuTmeT metaforasa da metonimias.

291

saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

vivaaudeT, rom aseT metyvelebis figurebs SeiZleba hqon­deT garkveuli droiTi da stilisturi maxasiaTeblebi. axla ki gadavalT metaforuli saxierebis kvlevaze, rasac ufro meti ram akavSirebs literaturul kritikasTan, vi­dre literaturis istoriasTan.

sagangebod unda gamovyoT metaforuli saxierebis ori ZiriTadi gamokvleva: erTia – amerikuli, xolo meore – germanuli.

1924 wels henri uelsma gamosca Sroma `poeturi saxi­ereba~, romelSic scada Camoeyalibebina am movlenis tipo­logia, xolo Sesabamisi tipebis ilustrirebisTvis ga­moiyena, ZiriTadad, elisabedis xanis mwerloba. marTalia, am wignSi igrZnoba sakiTxis Rrma wvdoma da SemoTavazebu lia saintereso ganzogadebebi, magram, sistemuri konstruq ci­is TvalsazrisiT, is naklebad warmatebulia. uelsis azriT, misi sqema aqronistulia da amitom miesadageba ara mxolod elisabedis xanas, aramed _ literaturis ganviTarebis yve­la periods. uelss agreTve miaCnia, rom es naSromi aRweri­Tia, da ara Semfasebluri. misi kvleva­Ziebis safuZvlad iTvle ba metyvelebis figuraTa jgufebis klasifikacia, `rogorc isini warmogvidgebian aRmaval skalaze – dawye­buli yvela ze dabali, anu TiTqmis `sityvasityviTi~ tipiT, dasrule bu li yvelaze ufro warmosaxviTi, anu impresio­nistuli tipiT~. magram saqme isaa, rom es skala, romelic TiTqosda ganasaxierebs ̀ warmosaxviTi aqtiurobis xasiaTsa da xa risxs~, sinamdvileSi ver asaxavs maTTan raime pirdapir kavSirs an maT Sefasebas. uelsma daasaxela saxierebis Svidi tipi, romlebic TviTonve ase ganalaga: dekoratiuli, siR­rmiseuli, damTrgunveli (an maRalfardovani), Ffesvuri, SemWidroebuli, ganvrcobiTi da cxovelmyofeli. Tavad uelss miaCnia, rom es tipebi SeiZleba kidev ufro meti warmatebiT gadalagdes an gadaewyos im istoriuli da Se­fasebiTi miTiTebebis safuZvelze, romelTac igi TviTonve gvTavazobs.

esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze tlanqi forme­bia damTrgunveli da dekoratiuli, anu `masaTa metafora~

292

literaturis Teoria

da ostatobis metafora. dekoraciuli saxe, romelic ase Warbadaa warmodgenili sidnis `arkadia~­Si, ganixileba ro­gorc `elisabedis xanisaTvis tipuri~. kidisa da sxva elisa­bedis xanis adrindeli avtorebis masaliT war modgenili damTrgunveli saxiereba axasiaTebs kulturis adreul pe­riods, magram vinaidan mosaxleobis umetesoba rCeba sub­literaturul doneze, amitom is miemarTeba `nebismier periods~. sociologiis TvalsazrisiT, `maRal fardovani qmnis metaforis did da sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovan kategorias~. am orive tipis Sefaseba aaSka ra vebs, rom maT `aklia saWiro subieqturi elementi~ da isini ufro xSirad, vidre es gamarTlebulia, akavSireben erT fizikur saxes meoresTan (rogorc es xdeba kataqrezaSi), imis nacvlad, rom `bunebis gare samyaro daukavSiron ada mianis Sinagan sam yaros~. da kvlav, rogorc dekoraciul, ise damTrgunvel metaforebSi, urTierTkavSiris pirobebi da SoriSorebuli, calke fiqsirebuli rCeba, es gamoric xavs maT `eqspansias erTurTis mimarT~. rac Seexeba metaforis umaRles for­mas, uelss miaCnia, rom yoveli elementi moqmedebs meoreze, cvlis mas ise, rom am urTierTobiT iqm neba mesame wevri da axali gaazreba.

avyveT skalas, sadac Semdegia cxovelmyofeli da Sem­Widroebuli saxeebi: pirveli warmoadgens dam Trgunvelis srulyofil versias, xolo meore – de koraciulis srul­yofil versias. Cven gamovtoveT de monstraciis aSkara formebi, es exeba energias da ostatobas. rac Seexeba cxovelmyofelis saxierebas, is toriulad Cven vxvdebiT marlosTan, romelic pirvelia elisabedis xanis avtorTa Soris, agreTve _ bernssa da smarts, preromantikosebs; uelsis TqmiT, `es saxe gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTeba adrin­deli xanis poeziis udides nawilSi~. aq erTmaneTTan Se­jerebulia `or farTo da, warmosaxvis TvalsazrisiT, Ri­rebuli cneba~, myardeba uSualo kontaqti gluv zedapirebs Soris. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, es kategoria moicavs Tavisu­fal Sedarebebs da urTierTobebs, romlebic efuZneba Ri­rebulebis martiv kategoriebs. bernsi wers:

293

saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

vards wiTel­wiTels hgavs Cemi satrfo. . .

trfoba Cemi hangad Camesmistkbil melodiad.

saerTo, rac akavSirebs mSvenier qals, cocxal wiTel vards da tkbilad aJRerebul melodias – es aris maTi si­lamaze da sasurveloba; isini yvelanairad sworupovarni arian. qali vards Tavisi vardisferi RawvebiT, an melodias Tavisi tkbili xmiT rodi hgavs (aseTi analogia dekoraciul saxes Seqmnida); qalis msgavseba vardTan fe riT, faqturiT an struqturiT ki ar aris gamowveuli, aramed faseulobiT.36

uelsiseuli SemWidroebuli saxe aris Zalze advilad wamosadgeni saxe iseTi tipisa, romelic asocirdeba Sua saukuneebis moxatul manuskriptebTan da sakarnavalo ms­vlelobebTan. poeziaSi esaa dantes saxiereba, inglisur poeziaSi ki _ spenserisa. saxe aq ara mxolod mkveTri da na­Telia (SesaZlebelia, es amis Sedegic ki iyos) – is agreT ve Semcirebul masStabSi da sqematurad warmogvidgens mov­lenas mTlianad: esaa dantes da ara miltonis jojoxeTi. `aseTi metaforebi sxvebze ufro xSiradaa moxseniebuli rogorc emblema an simbolo~. SemWidroebul saxeebad unda CavTvaloT agreTve samaskarado figurebi damaxasiaTebeli bewviani mosasaxamiT da islis `TavsaburaviT~ kamoensis `lusidasSi”, iseve rogorc wminda petre Tavisi mitriT da ori gasaRebiT. isini ganasaxiereben `gildiis~ saxes: mil­tonis dros orives _ `pastoralsac~ da `elegiasac~ Tan sdevda motivebisa da saxeebis mTeli nusxa. SeiZleba ar­sebobdes mTeli wyeba saxeebisa, iseve rogorc `poeturi kanonis~ CamonaTvali da maragi. am momentis tradiciulma da institucionalurma Tvisebebma, maT siaxlovem saxviT xelovnebasTan, aiZula uelsi, romelic azrovnebda kul­turis istoriis kategoriebiT, rom SemWidroebuli saxe `miekuTvnebina~ konservatiuli religiisTvis, Sua sau ku­novani, kaTolikuri, sakulto kategoriisaTvis.

Ffesvuri, siRrmiseuli da ganvrcobiTi warmoadgens

294

literaturis Teoria

sam umaRles kategorias (SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom es Ca mo­naTvali aRmavali rigiT aris warmodgenili). mokled rom davaxasiaToT, siRrmiseuli ekuTvnis klasikuri poeziis sa­xes, Ffesvuri – metafizikos poetebs, ZiriTadad, dons, xo lo ganvrcobiTi, umeteswilad, miesadageba Seqspirs, iseve, ro­gorc bekons, brauns da berks. am sami saxelis saerTo msa z­Rvrels, maTi saerTo maRali donis niSnebs warmoad gens, jer erTi, maTi specifikuri literaturuli xasiaTi (suraTo­vani aRqmis ugulebelyofa), maTi mimarTuloba Sinaganisken (metaforul azrovnebis unari), da, bolos, cne baTa urTi­erTSeRwevadoba (nayofieri `Sewyvileba~).

`siRrmiseuli~ saxe, rac unda agverios gaxunebulTan an banalurTan, `mudam xilvadobis doneze dablaa~. is im g­varad migvaniSnebs grZnobad­konkretulze, rom ar ax dens mis mkveTr proecirebas da warmoCenas. am saxisTvis damaxa­siaTebeli obertonebis nakleboba esadageba ise Ti tipis mwer lobas, sadac win aris wamoweuli gansja: elisabedis xanis warmomadgenlad gamodgeba semiuel de nieli, romlis leqsebic moswondaT uordsvorts da Toros:

Tuki ver SeZlebs Tavis Tavs zemoT wamoimarTos,fuWi yofila kacis saxeli!

xolo Seqspiri amis ostatad gvevlineba. `mefe lirSi” edgari ambobs:

Men must endureTheir going hence, even as their coming hither;Ripeness is all.

‘‘Ripeness’’ (`simwife~) aris `siRrmiseuli~ saxe, romelic, albaT, baRebiT da velebiT aris nakarnaxevi. analogia gatare­bulia vegetaciis bunebriv ciklebsa da adamianis sicocxlis ciklebs Soris. klasicistebis Taobas SeeZlo, Seqspiris zogi­erTi siRrmiseuli saxe CaeTvala`narev~ saxed:

295

saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

O O, how can summer’s honey breath hold out Against the wreckful siege of battering days.

es winadadeba moiTxovs daxvewil analitikur ganmar­tebas, radgan is gajerebulia saxeebiT: `dReebi~ dro is metonimiuri figuraa, rac Semdeg metaforizebulia, ro­gorc alyaSemortymuli qalaqi, romlis garSemo aRu mar TavT galavnis sangrevi danadgarebi. ras upirispirebs es `viTom qalaqi~ an misi mmarTveli amgvar Setevebs? es xom sinorCea, romelic metaforizebulia zafxulad, an ufro zus tad rom vTqvaT, zafxulis tkbil surnelad: zafxulis yvavilTa sur­neli dedamiwisTvis da surnelovani sunTqva adamianisTvis warmoadgens mTelisa da nawilis mimarTebas. Tu vinme ecde­ba, SeaerTos damangreveli alya da surnelovani sunTqva, aucileblad CixSi aRmoCndeba. moZraoba figura Si Zalze swrafia da aqedan gamomdinare _ elifsuri.37

fesvuri saxis saxelwodeba, albaT, ganpirobebulia imiT, rom mas saqme aqvs movlenaTa saTaveebTan, uxilav lo­gikur safuZvelTan. misi moqmedeba SeiZleba SevadaroT ufro movlenaTa faruli pirvelmizezis moqmedebas, vidre Ria sibrtyeebis Sejerebas. SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom fes­vuri saxis meore wevri `arapoeturia~; es aixsneba an imiT, rom es cneba zedmetad Cveulia da yofiTi, anda imiT, rom is zedmetad teqnikuria, mecnieruli da `aTvisebuli”. maSasa­dame, fesvuri saxis metaforuloba emyareba imas, rasac ara aqvs aSkara emociuri asociaciebi, da rac miekuTvneba pro­zaul diskurss _ an abstraqtuls, an praqtikuls. Tavis religiur poeziaSi doni mravlad iyenebs figurebs `aale­buli geometriidan~. da kvlav, Tavis `pirvel wlisTavSi~ is iyenebs fsevdosamedicino figuras misi pir dapiri mniS­vnelobiT, ris Sedegadac metafor sruliad moulodneli, sapirispiro mniSvnelobiT aRiWurveba:

but as some serpents’ poison hurteth notExcept it be from the live serpent shot,So doth her virtue need her here , to fit

296

literaturis Teoria

That unto us; she working ore than it.

rogorc Cans, esaa fesvuri saxis damaxasiaTebeli tipi: amaze ufro martiv, naklebad perversiul magaliTad ga­modgeba kompasis saxe jon donis leqsSi `sevdis amkrZala­vi ganSoreba~. meore mxriv, uelsis Rrmaazrovani SeniSvnis mixedviT, fesvuri saxeebis wyarod SeiZleba gaxdes iseTi _ romantikuli saxeebiT mdidari _ sferoc, rogoricaa mTebi, mdinareebi da zRvebi, _ ra Tqma unda, `analitikuri midgomis~ pirobiT.38

dabolos, arsebobs kidev ganvrcobiTi saxe, romelic, saxelwodebaSi asaxuli kontrastis Sesabamisad, uka v Sir­deba SemWidroebuls. Tu SemWidroebulis warmoSoba gana­piroba Sua saukuneebma, kultma, ganvrcobiTi ga nekuTvneba winaswarmetyvelur da mowinave azrovnebas. is gulisxmobs `Zlier vnebas da originalur medita cias~, romlis umaR­lesi gamoxatulebaa berklis, bekonis, braunis da, ra Tqma unda, Seqspiris mravalganzomilebiani filosofiuri da religiuri metaforizmi. gansazRvris Sesabamisad ganvr­cobiTi saxe gzas uxsnis warmosaxvas, da misi yoveli elemen­ti mkveTrad zemoqmedebs meoreze; Tanamedrove poetikis Teoriis Tanaxmad, `urTierTzemoqmedeba~ da `urTierT­gamsWvalva~ war moadgens poeturi moqmedebis centralur formebs, romlebic yvelaze ufro Warbad gvxdeba ganvrco­biT me taforaSi. ai magaliTebi `romeo da julietadan~

Yet, wert thou as farAs that vast shore washt with the farthest sea,I should adventure for such merchandise.

da, agreTve, `makbetidan~:

Light thickens, and the crowMakes wing to the rooky wood:Good things of day begin to droop and drowse.am ukanasknel striqonebSi, Seqspiri gvaZlevs `dana­

297

saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

Saulis metaforul fons, viTarebas~, romelic ga daiqceva ganvrcobiT metaforad, sadac paralelia gav lebuli Rames, demonur borotebas da, meore mxriv, na Tel sa da sikeTes Soris; magram es mowodebulia ara aSka ra an alegoriuli formiT, aramed STambeWdavi detalurobiT da grZnobieri konkretulobiT: `naTeli mZimdeba~, sagnebi `moeSvnen, Tv­lemen~. qvemdebare da Semasmeneli ur TierTmoqmedeben: viwyebT ra zmniT, vkiTxulobT, ra sagnebia, romlebic moeSvnen da Tvlemen – frinvelebi, cxovelebi, adamianebi, yvavilebi? sagnis ganyenebuli da saxeleba gvafiqrebinebs, rom zmnebi aris metaforuli aR niSvna iseTi mdgomareo­bebisa, rogorebicaa `sifxizlis da kargva~ da `SiSi boroti Zalis winaSe~.39

kvintilianes msgavsi ritorebi yuradRebas amaxvile­ben sxvaobaze imgvar metaforebs Soris, romelTagan erTi warmoaCens usulos rogorc suliers, xolo meore _ su­liers rogorc usulos. magram orive SemTxvevaSi, sxvaoba am metaforebs Soris miewereboda sxvaobas ritorikul xer­xebs Soris. am ori polaruli movlenis mkveTri gamijv na gan­axorciela Cvenma meore mkvlevarma tipologiis sferoSi _ pongsma: erTi mxriv, es aris miTuri warmosaxva, ro me lic ax­dens pirovnebis proecirebas saganTa samyaro ze, _ am dros xorcieldeba bunebis gasuliereba, animizacia, da, meore mxriv – warmosaxvis sapirispiro tipi, romelic garedan Sig­niTaa mimarTuli da pirovnuli sawyisis deanimizacias, obi­eqtivirebas axdens. es ori elementi _ su bieqturi da obi­eqturi polusebi _ amowuraven xatovani eqspresiis yvela SesaZlebel saSualebas.40

am pirvel formas reskinma uwoda `bunebis ga su­liereba~. Tu mas ise gaviazrebT, TiTqos SeiZleba Sevu­sabamoT maRla – RmerTs, dabla – xes, anda qvas, maSin aseT warmosaxvas unda davarqvaT anTropomorfuli.41 mistikuri simbolizmis Semswavleli mecnieri SeamCnevs, rom arsebobs sami saerTo tipis miwieri kavSiri, romelic gamodgeba umaR­lesi mistikuri gamocdilebis simboluri gamoxatvisTvis: 1. kavSiri usulo sagnebs Soris (fizikuri narevebi da qi­

298

literaturis Teoria

miuri SenaerTebi); suli, rogorc RvTiuri cecxlis naper­wkali, rogorc xe, cvili da rkina; RmerTi, rogorc wyali sulis niadagisTvis, an rogorc okeane, romelSic Caedineba sulis mdinare); 2. im saSualebaTa Sesabamisad warmodgenili kavSirebi, romlebiTac sxeuli iTvisebs Tavis sicocxlis arsebiT elementebs: saRvTo werilSi RmerTi warmoCenilia iseTi konkretuli sagnebis saSualebiT, romlebic aucile­belia sicocxlisTvis. es aris Suqi da haeri, yoveli WuWru­tanidan rom Semodis, da wyali, romelsac yoveldRe raRac formiT viRebT~.42

ase rom, RmerTi mTeli msoflios mistikosebisaTvis warmoadgens sulis sakvebs da sasmels, mis purs, Tevzs, wyals, rZes da Rvinos; 3. adamianTa urTierTkavSiri – mama­Svilisa iqneba is, Tu col­qmrisa.

Tavad pongi amaTgan pirvel ors miakuTvnebs meta­fo ruli intuiciis meore umaRles tips, anu Einfühlung­s, rac Tavis mxriv, dayofilia `mistikur~ da `magiur~ saxe­obebad. mistikuri metaforis sailustraciod mistikosebi ufro gamogvadga, vidre poetebi. araorganuli elemen­tebi simbolurad ganixileba ara rogorc ubralo cnebebi an abstraqtuli analogiebi, aramed rogorc movlenisa da gamovlenis ganuyofeli kavSiri.

rac Seexeba magiur metaforas, is, xelovnebis is­torikosis, uoringeris meTodologiis Tanaxmad aris bu­nebis samyarosgan abstrahirebis Sedegi. uoringers Ses­wavlili aqvs egviptis, bizantiis da sparseTis xelovneba, romelic `organul bunebas, adamianis CaTvliT, xazob riv­geometruli formiT gamosaxavs, da xSirad saerTod ugule­belyofs organul sicocxles im samyarosTvis, romelic wminda xazebis, wminda formebis da ferebis samflobeloa.. ornamenti axla gamoiyofa.. rogorc raRac, rac cxovrebis nakads ki ar mihyveba, aramed medgrad upi rispirdeba mas.. pirferobis nacvlad, amjerad is magias mi marTavs... orna­menti... aris is, rac amoglijes droidan; is ganvrcobiTobis wminda formaa, myari da ucvleli.~43

299

saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

primitiul kulturebSi anTropologebi xedaven ro­gorc animizms, ise magias. pirvelis mizania kavSiris dam­yareba personalizebul sulebTan _ mkvdrebTan da Rmer­TebTan, maTi daSoSmineba, maTi keTilganwyobis mo poveba. rac Seexeba meores _ magias, romelic win uswrebs mecniere­bas, is swavlobs faruli Zalebis moqmedebis kanonzomiere­bebs. misi atributebia _ Selocvebi, amu letebi, joxebi da kverTxebi, xatebi, wminda nawilebi. arsebobs TeTri magia, romelsac misdevden qristiani kabalistebi, magaliTad, kornelius agripa da paracelsusi. arsebobs agreTve boro­ti, avi adamianebis Savi magia. magram am orive magiis umniS­vnelovanesi elementia faruli Zalebis rwmena. magias xe­lovnebasTan anaTesavebs xatovaneba. dasavluri tradicia mxatvarsa da moqandakes akavSirebs xelosnis ostatobas­Tan, hefestosTan da dedalosTan, pigmalionTan, romelsac ZaluZs, sicocxle STaberos saxes. folkloris esTetikaSi saxeTa Semqmneli jadoqaria an grZneuli, maSin, rodesac poeti aris Sep yrobili, STagonebuli, Slegi Semoqmedi.44 da rogorc pir velyofili poeti mimarTavda Cxibvas da Selo­cvas, aseve Tanamedrove poeti, ieitsis msgavsad, magiurad iyenebs sa xeebs _ `zust~ saxeebs _ saxeobriobis magiur­simboluri sistemis Sesaqmnelad.45 misticizmi sawinaaRm­dego xazs mis devs: aq saxe warmoadgens simbolos, romelsac warmoSobs garkveuli sulieri mdgomareoba; esaa ara kauza­luri, aramed eqspresiuli saxe, da mocemuli mdgomareobi­saTvis is erTaderTi SesaZlebeli rodia: igive sulieri md­gomareoba SeiZleba gamoixatos sxva simboloebiT.46

orive – rogorc mistikuri metafora, ise magia _ emya­re ba deanimizacias; isini upirispirdebian adamianis sur vi­ls, moaxdinos sakuTari Tavis proecireba garesamyaroze; isi ni `iZaxeben~ im `sxvas~ – impersonaluri sagnebis samyaros, mo numentur xelovnebas da fizikur kanonebs. bleikis `vefx­vi~ mistikuri metaforaa; vefxvi aris RmerTi, an RmerTis erT­erTi gamovlineba (adamianze naklebi, magram, amave dros, adamianze metic); Tavis mxriv, vefxvic (xolo am vefxvis sa­SualebiT misi Semoqmedic) daxasiaTebulia liTonis dno bis

300

literaturis Teoria

terminebiT. vefxvi ar aris cocxali nadiri zooparkidan, is vefxvi, romelic bleikma dainaxa londonis tauerSi. ara, esaa gonebaWvretiTi arseba, da imdenadve simboloa, ramde­nadac cxovelTa samyaros warmomadgeneli.

magiur metaforas aklia es gamWvirvaloba. is waagavs meduzas niRabs, romelic qvad aqcevs cocxal arsebebs. ni­muSad magiuri metaforizmisa, romelsac surs, qvad aqci os yvelaferi cocxali, pongsi miiCnevs stefan georges: `for­maTwarmomqmneli spiritualizaciisken mid rekilebis kar­na xiT, stefan Ggeorge iTvaliswinebs ara adamianis bunebriv midrekilebas, sakuTari Tavis proecireba moaxdinos ga­resamyaroze, aramed biologiuri sicocxlis ganadgurebis survils, Segnebul `gaucxoebas~ (`alienacias~), rogorc Sida, magiuri samyaros agebis safuZvels.47

inglisur poeziaSi dikinsoni da ieitsi sxva da s xva­nairad aRweven aseT deanimizaciur, antimistikur me ta­foras: rodesac emili dikinsons surs, sikvdilis Seg rZne­basTan erTad, gadmosces gacocxlebis, aRorZinebis gan­c dac, is xSirad iSveliebs kvdomis, gaxevebis da gaqvavebis SegrZnebas. `es ar yofila sikvdili~, magram

As if my life were shavenAnd fitted to a frame,And could not breath without a key...

How many times these low feet staggered,Only the soldered mouth can tell;Try! can you stir the awful rivet?Try! can you lift the haps of steel?48

poeziis magiad warmoCenis ideals ieitsi yvelaze ufro miuaxlovda Tavis `bizantiumSi~ (1930). 1927 wels, poemaSi `zRviT bizantiumisken~, man ukve Camoayaliba bi­ologiuri sicocxlis samyaroSi arsebuli winaaRmdego ba: `erTurTis mklavze misvenebuli yrmebi.. zRva, gav sebuli skumbriis gundiT~, da bizantiuri xelovnebis samyaro, sa­dac yvelaferi dafiqsirebulia _ gaxevebuli da arabuneb­

301

saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

rivi, `oqros mozaikis~ da `oqros minanqris~ samyaro. bio logiuri aspeqtiT, adamiani `mokvdavi cxo velia~, da imedi gadarCenisa imas efuZneba, rom `elis eziaros naxe­lavs maradiulobisas~ ara kvlav im gziT, rom isev `ar­gunon sxeulis forma sxva ram bunebriv sagniT naboZebi~, aramed imiT, rom gadaiqces xelovnebis nimu Sad, oqros buCqze Semomjdar oqros Citad. erTi mxriv, `bizantiumi~ warmogvidgeba rogorc ieitsis `sistemis~ sa guldagulod dawerili ilustracia, Teologiuri poema, magram amave dros, Tu sxva kuTxiT, specifikuri li teraturuli Tval­sazrisiT ganvsjiT, is warmogvidgeba rogorc urTierT­mopasuxe xelovnuri saxeebisagan Sed genili struqtura, xolo mTlianobaSi iqmneba raRac, rac waagavs daniSnuli liturgiis rituals.49

pongsis im kategoriebs, romlebic Cven sakmaod Tavi­suflad vaxseneT, axasiaTebs erTgvari Tavisebureba, rom poeturi stili daukavSiron cxovrebis Sefasebas da xed­vas.50 miuxedavad imisa, rom yoveli periodisaTvis damaxa­siaTebeli stili isea danaxuli, rogorc sakuTari gansxvave­buli xedva­versiebis matarebeli, arsebiTad, isi ni drois miRmaa gaazrebuli da warmoCenilia, rogorc cxovrebis xe­dvis da pasuxis gacemis alternatiuli gzebi. amave dros, es samive kategoria ganekuTvneba im generalur xazs, romelsac xSirad axasiaTeben, rogorc Tanamedrove azrovnebas, e.i. racionalizms, naturalizms, pozitivizms da mecnierebas. metaforaTa aseTi klasifikacia imas gvikarnaxebs, rom poe­zia mecnierebamdeli azrovnebis sti lis erTguli rCeba. poeti inarCunebs bavSvis da primitiu li adamianis, bavSvis arqetipis animistur xedvas.51

ukanasknel wlebSi bevri kvleva Catarda calkeuli poetebis Semoqmedebis da garkveuli poemebisa Tu piese bis simboluri saxierebis kuTxiT da TvalsazrisiT. aseT `praq­tikul kritikaSi~ mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia kri tikosis varauds. ras eZebs is? vis, an ras aanalizebs – TviT poets Tu mxolod poemas?

is sferoebi, saidanac aRebulia saxeebi (maknisis sityve­biT, es `ufro exeba nawarmoebis Sinaarsis Seswavlas~)52 unda

302

literaturis Teoria

ganvasxvavoT im kvlevisagan, romelic Seiswavlis, `Tu ra gze­biTa da formiT SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes es saxeebi~ da ra xasiaTis urTierToba Camoyalibda `Sinaarssa~ da `formas~ (metaforas) Soris. im monografiaTa umetesoba, romlebic eZ­Rvneba ama Tu im poets (mag., rugofis naSromi `saxiereba jon donTan~), miekuTvneba pirvel kategorias. aseT monografieb­Si moxazuli da awon­dawonilia poetis interesebi. amisaTvis Tavmoyrili da klasificirebulia metaforebi, romlebic moicaven bunebas, xelovnebas, in dustrias, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebs, humanitarul dargebs, qalaqs da sofels. magram, amave dros, SesaZlebelia im Temebis Tu sagnebis klasifika­cia, romlebic ubiZgeben poets metaforisken, mag., qalebi, religia, sikvdili, TviTmfrinavebi. amasTan erTad, klasifi­kaciaze ufro meti mniSvneloba aqvs farTo masSta bis ekviva­lentebis da fsiqikuri korelatebis aRmoCenas. ori sfero _ poezia da cxovreba _ gamudmebiT urTierTmoqme debs, amitom SesaZlebelia warmovaCinoT poetis fsiqikaSi maTi WeSmariti urTierTSeRweviTobis xarisxi: ase, magaliTad, donis `sim­Rerebsa da sonetebSi~ miwieri siyvarulis gancda gadmocemu­lia imgvari metaforikiT, romelic gamoiyeneba ka Tolikur literaturaSi wminda siyvarulis daxasiaTebisas. xorcieli siyvarulis mimarT poeti iyenebs eqstazis, kanonizaciis, mar­tvilobisa da wminda nawilebis cnebebs, maSin, rodesac zogi­erT `wminda sonetSi~ is RmerTs mimarTavs erotikuli vnebis gamomxatveli metaforuli gamoTqmebiT:

Yet dearly I love you, and would be be loved fainBut am betrothed unto your enemy.Divorce me, untie, or break that knot again,Take me to you, imprison me, for IExcept you enthrall me, never shall be free,Nor even chaste, except you ravish me.

xorcieli siyvarulisa da religiis sferoTa urTi­erTSenacvleba mowmobs, rom siyvaruli igive religiaa, xolo religia _ siyvaruli.

303

saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

garkveuli tipis gamokvlevebSi aqcenti gakeTebulia TviTgamoxatvaze, rodesac poetis sulieri mdgomareo ba warmoCenilia misi saxierebis analizis meSveobiT. am Tval­sazrisis Tanaxmad, poetis saxeebi SeiZleba mivam sgavsoT zmanebiseul saxeebs, romlebic araa kont rolirebuli sircxvilis an zneobriobis gancdebiT; es sa xeebi araa gac­nobierebuli, magram, rogorc iTvleba, maT Si vlindeba av­toris WeSmariti ganwyobilebebi. Tumca, mainc sakiTxavia, yovelTvis esoden arakritikulia Tu ara poeti Tavis saxe­Ta mimarT.53

meore, ukve aSkarad mcdari varaudi is aris, rom poe­tma, cxovrebaSi ganicada yvelaferi is, rac asaxa Tavis qmni­lebebSi (amis safuZvelze gledis i. ueidma ganaxorciela trahernis cxovrebis adrindeli etapis rekonstruqcia).54

doqtor jonsons miekuTvneba moTxroba tomsonis erT­erTi Tayvanismcemeli qalis Sesaxeb, romelsac egona, rom tomsonis nawarmoebTa safuZvelze SeZlebda emsjela mis gemovnebaze: `nawerebis mixedviT qalma daadgina misi xa­siaTis sami Tviseba, kerZod, is, rom igi didebuli mijnuri, didebuli mocurave da Zalze TavSekavebuli adamiani iyo, magram, (misi axloblis) sevijis sityvebiT, siyvaruli mas mxolod seqsi egona, curviTac, iqneb, saerTod ar ugemia civ wyalSi curva, da, bolos, aranair fufunebaze ar ityo­da uars, Tu amis SesaZlebloba miecemoda~.

gledis i. ueids metad mcdari warmodgena aqvs poetis pirad Cvevebsa da Tvisebebze. albaT, metaforul saxeTa ararsebobac ar niSnavs, rom poets ar hqonda Sesabamisi in­teresebi. magaliTad, uoltoniseul wignSi jon donis Se saxeb iq moyvanil TerTmet figuras Soris ver vnaxavT Tevzis gamo­saxulebas, xolo meToTxmete saukunis kompozitor ma SosTan ver SevxvdebiT musikidan aRebul saxeebs.55

Tavis mxriv, varauds, rom poetis saxieri samyaro ar­is misi aracnobieris gamoxatuleba da rom, Sesabamisad, esaa `xma kacisa~ da ara xelovanis xma – mivyavarT saeWvo da araTanmimdevrul warmodgenasTan poeziaSi `gul wr­felobis~ amocnobis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb. gavrcele­

304

literaturis Teoria

buli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, STambeWdavi saxis Seqmna moiTxovs garkveul Cvevebs, ostatobas da amitom amgvari saxe gulwrfeli ver iqneba: uSualo gancdis gadmocemisas adamiani martivad saubrobs da aranair saxeebs ar iyenebs. an mimarTavs Zalze gacveTil metaforebs. amave dros, arse­bobs sawinaaRmdego azric: banalur saxes, romelic axdens Cveul STabeWdilebas, ar ZaluZs gancdis gulwrfelad gad­mocema _ is ver aRZravs CvenSi garkveul grZnobas mTeli Tavisi sirTuliT, aramed _ mxolod mis uxeS anarekls. aseT SemTxvevaSi Cven erTmaneTSi gvereva, ubralod, adamiani da, meOore mxriv, literatori _ anu adamiani, romelic Cveu­lebrivad metyvelebs da, meore mxriv, mwerali, romelsac mxatvruli metyvelebis unari aqvs. Cveulebrivi pirovnuli gulaxdiloba da trivialuri saxiereba mSvenivrad esadage­ba erTmaneTs. rac Seexeba leqsis `gulwrfelobas~, es ter­mini TiTqmis uazroa. ris gulwrfel gamoxatvazea saubari? im savaraudo emociur mdgomareobaze, ramac is warmoSva? Tu im mdgomareobaze, romlis gancdisas daiwera poema? an iqneb poemis gulwrfeli gamosaxvaa nagulisxmevi, anu is enobrivi konstruqcia, romelic avtoris gonebaSi yalibde­ba weris procesSi? eWvi ar aris, rom swored es ukanaskneli varaudia swori, radgan leqsi, diaxac, gulwrfeli gamoxa­tulebaa TviT leqsisa.

poetis saxiereba sakuTriv mas, mis `me~­s warmoaCens. rogor SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT es ̀ misi ̀ me~? mario pracis da lilian h. hornstainis azriT, sakmaod komikuria Seqs piris rogorc `XX saukunis universaluri ingliselis~ interpre­tacia, romelic qerolain sperjenma Camoayaliba. Sesaba­misad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom didi poeti nazia rebi iyo Cveneul `zogadsakacobrio Tvisebebs~.56 amis gasagebad ar gvWirdeba Seqspiris qmnilebebis faruli saz risis Zieba. magram Tu nawarmoebis saxeobrivi struqturis Seswavlis daniSnulebaa raRac gansakuTrebulis amocnoba, ma Sin aseTi ram SegvaZlebinebs amovikiTxoT mwerlis pira di `xelwera~ da CavixedoT Seqspiris gulSi.

305

saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

imis nacvlad, rom Seqspiris saxierebaSi aRmovaCinoT zogadsakacobrio niSnebi, Cven SeiZleba davinaxoT raRac ieroglifebiT Cawerili erTgvari angariSi, romelic metyve­lebs avtoris fsiqikur mdgomareobaze im momentSi, rodesac is qmnida ama Tu im konkretul piesas. ase magaliTad, `troi­lussa da kresidasTan~, agreTve, `hamletTan~ dakav SirebiT, qerolain sperjeni wers: `rom ar gvcodnoda sxva mizezebi, isedac davrwmundebodiT im ori piesis simbolizmis msgavse­bidan da xangrZlivobidan gamomdinare, rom isini dawerilia daaxloebiT erTsa da imave periodSi da am dros avtori ga­nicdida imdenad mZafr ganxiblvas, zizRs da SeSfoTebas, rom msgavss verafers naxavT mis sxva piesebSi~.

am pasaJidan gamomdinare, qerolain sperjenis varau­di imas ki ar exeba, rom dadgindes Seqspiris ganxiblvis specifikuri mizezi, aramed imas, rom `hamleti~ ganxiblvas ga moxatavs da rom es grZnoba sakuTriv Seqspirma ganica da.57 aseT didebul piesas Seqspiri ver dawerda, gulwrfeli rom ar yofiliyo; maSasadame, is sakuTar ganwyobas gamo xatavda. aseTi doqtrina upirispirdeba im Tvalsazriss Seqspirze, romelsac e.e. stoli da sxvebi iziareben, ake Te ben ra aq­cents mis xelovnebaze, dramaturgiaze, misi Se moqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebis swraf ganvTarebaze – Tanac wina nawarmoe­bTa warmatebebis gaazrebuli ganviTarebis gziT: mag., `ham­leti~ mohyva `espanur tragedias~, xolo `zamTris zRapa­ri~ da `qariSxali~ bomontisa da fletCeris nawarmoebebs metoqeobas uwevdnen.

miuxedavad amisa, poeturi saxierebis yvela kvleva rodi warmoadgens mcdelobas, maSin gaxsnas poetis saxe, rodesac is `mobilizebuli~ ar aris, an kidev daakvirdes poetis biografias. isini ufro imisken ixrebian, rom foku­sireba moaxdinon piesis Sinaarsobrivad wamyvan elementze, anu imaze, rasac elioti uwodebs ̀ siuJetisa da xasiaTis do­nis qveS arsebul monaxazs~.58 Tavis eseSi `Seqspiris trage­diebis wamyvani motivebi~, romelic qerolain sperjenma 1930 wels gamoaqveyna, is upiratesad dainteresebulia im saxis Tu saxeTa jgufis dadgeniT, romelic dominirebs

306

literaturis Teoria

konkretul piesaSi da gansazRvravs mis tonalobas. misi analizis magaliTad unda movixsenioT sneulebaTa _ wylu­lis da kibos saxeebi `hamletSi~; `troi lussa da kresidaSi~ – sakvebi da saWmlis momnelebeli aparati, `oteloSi~ – `erTimeoris mdevni nadirni~. qero lain sperjeni sakmaod ecada eCvenebina, rogor zemoqme de bs piesis Sinaarsze es xsenebuli substruqtura; is SeniSnavs, rom avadmyofo­bis motivi `hamletSi~ imas migvaniSnebs, rom princi udana­Sauloa, radgan mTlianad dania, saxelmwifo aris sneuli. sperjenis naSroms is dadebiTi mxare aqvs, rom igi cdilobs miagnos nawarmoebis Sinaarsis ufro ufro faqiz gamovline­bebs, vidre ideologiuri ganzogadeba da siuJetis aSkara struqturaa.

gamokvlevebi, romlebsac nawarmoebis saxeobrivi struqturis ufro Rrma analizis pretenzia aqvT (maT ricxvs miekuTvneba uilson naitis naSromebi), upirveles yovlisa, eyrdnoba midlton meris mSvenier naSroms, rome­lic man miuZRvna Seqspiris saxierebis sakiTxs (`stilis problema~, 1922). naitis adreuli gamokvlevebi (mag., `miTi da saocreba~. 1929, da `cecxlis borbali~, 1930) mxolod Se­qspirs exeba; magram mogvianebiT man Tavisi meTodi gamoiy­ena sxva poetebis – miltonis, poupis, baironisa da uords­vorTis mimarT.59 misi adrindeli naSromi, romelic aSkarad yvelaze ukeTesia, ifargleba calkeuli piesebis SeswavliT, amasTan, TiToeuli nawarmoebi ganixileba misi ve simbol­uri saxierebis konteqstSi da gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba iseT saxeobriv dapirispirebebs, ro goricaa, mag­aliTad, `qariSxali~ da `musika~; gamov lenilia Zalze fa­qizi stilisturi sxvaobebi piesebs Soris da TviT piesebis farglebSi. ufro gviandel wignebSi Sei niSneba midrekileba ukiduresobebisadmi. rodesac naiti ganmartavs poupis es­eebs `kritikis Sesaxeb~ da `adamianis Sesaxeb~, is ugulebe­lyofs kiTxvas, Tu ras niSnavda, is toriuli TvalsazrisiT, im poemebSi gamoTqmuli `ideebi~ po u pisTvis da misi Ta­namedroveebisaTvis. garda imisa, rom naiti ver daikvexnis istoriuli perspeqtivis SegrZnebiT, is amasTanave zed­

307

saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

metad iWreba `filosofiuri msjelobis~ sferoSi. magram `filosofia~, romelsac is poulobs SeqspirTan an sxva poetebTan, arc originaluria, arc naTeli da arc rTuli; saboloo angariSiT, is ifargleba im mizniT, rom `Searigos~ erTmaneTTan erosi da agape, wyoba­wesrigi da energia, iZ­leva kidev sxva msgavs Sepirispirebul wyvilTa magaliTebs. vinaidan yvela WeSmariti poeti, arsebiTad, erTsa da imaves qadagebs, mkiTxvels, mas Semdeg, rac is moaxerxebs poetis `dekodirebas~, uCndeba amao molodinis da gawbilebis Seg­rZneba. poezia marTlac ganasaxierebs `aRmoCenas~, magram ra aris is, rasac poezia aRmoaCens?

Aaranakleb Rrmaa da amasTanave gacilebiT mrav­lismTqmelia volgang klementis naSromi Shakespeares Bilder60, romelic amarTlebs mis qvesaTaurs. MmasSi Seswavlilia saxismetyvelebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi prin cipebi da misi funqciebi. Llirikisa Tu epikis saxismetyvelebis Se­darebisas, is xazs usvams Seqspiris pie sebis dramatul bu­nebas: Tavis adreul namuSevarSi is aRniSnavs rom Seqspiri rogorc `adamiani~ ki ar mimarTavda `damyayebuli saWmlis~ metaforebs da saxeebs aramed troilusi. piesaSi TiToeuli saxe, metafora TiToeul adamians gamoxatavs. Kklemenma zus­tad icis rogor dasvas meTodologiuri SekiTxva. titus andronikusis analizisas is svams kiTxvas `ra SemTxvevaSi mimarTavs Seqspiri saxeebs/metaforebs?~ arsebobs Tu ara kavSiri saxeobrivi struqturasa da garemoebas Soris? Dda ra funqcia ekisreba metaforebs/saxeebs razedac mas mxo lod uaryofiTi pasuxi aqvs. `titusis~ analizSi saxismetyvele­ba spazmuri da ornamentulia, magram Seqs piriseuli meta­forebis ganviTarebas Cven SeiZleba wavawydeT.... (germanu­li teqsti). is SesaniSnav komentarebs akeTebs Seqspiris Sua periodze. (uels sankenisa Tanaxmad, saxismetyvelebis ra­dikaluri da eqspansiuri tipebi). Mmagram konkretuli mwer­lis momografaSi is warmogvidgens sakuTar tips, mxolod maSin rodesac Seqpiris `ganviTarebisas~ es konkretuli tipi warmoCindeba. Mmiuxedavad imisa rom misi monografia saxismetyvelebis ganviTarebas Seiswvlis, da aseve Seiswav­

308

literaturis Teoria

lis Seqs piris Semoqmedebis periodebs, klemens axsovs rom is aseve swavlobs poeziis periodikas, da ara maincdaminc avtoris mier ganvlil hipotezur sicocxles.

rogorc zoma leqsTawyobaSi, aseve saxeobrivi struq­tura poemaSi, misi erT­erTi komponentia. Cveni sqemis Tanaxmad es aris sintaqsis, stilistikisa da stratumisa (donis) Semadgeneli nawili, romelic unda Seiswavlon ara rogorc calke aRebuli da gamijnuli konkretuli jgufi­dan, aramed rogorc literatulii nawarmoebisa rogorc erTiani, mTlianis Semadgeneli komponenti.

309

Tavi meTeqvsmete

naratiuli literaturis buneba da modusebi

*literaturis Teoria da romanis kritika poeziis Teo­

ria sa da kritikas raodenobrivad da xarisxobrivadac bev­rad CamorCeba. amis mizezad, Cveulebriv, miCneulia is, rom poezia uZveles xanaSi Caisaxa, xolo romani SedarebiT axal dros ganekuTvneba. magram amgvari ganmarteba damajere­be li araa. romani, rogorc xelovnebis erT­erTi forma aris is, rasac germanelebi uwodeben Dichtung­s; is eposisa da dramis, am o ri didebuli formis erTaderTi Taname­drove memkvid rea. savaraudod, es mizezi mdgomareobs far­Tod gavrcelebul SexedulebaSi, romlis Tanaxmad romans ukavSireben ufro garTobas, TavSeqcevas, vidre _ serio­zul xelovnebas, ver asxvaveben erTmaneTisgan saukeTeso romanebsa da im mdare nacodvilars, romelic bazris viw­ro miznebs emsaxureba. amerikaSi karga xnis winaT dam­kvidrebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, romelsac pedago ge bi qadageben, aramxatvruli prozis kiTxva Wkuis sasawavle­blad gamodgeba da mosawonia, xolo beletristika _ zia­nis momtani, an ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, araseriozuli saqmiano­baa. romanis mi marT amgvari damokidebulebis mxardaWera igrZnoba iseT TvalsaCino kri tikosebTan, rogorebic arian loueli da arnoldi.

arsebobs sapirispiro xasiaTis saSiSroebac. romani SeiZleba mcdarad iqnes gagebuli, rogorc dokumenti an naRdi istoria, radganac damajereblobis iluziis Seqmnis mizniT, zogjer romani moCvenebiTad warmogvidgeba, ro go­rc aRsareba, namdvili ambavi, gmiris cxovreba da misi dro is istoria. literatura yovelTvis unda iyos saintereso; mas yovelTvis unda hqondes struqtura da esTetikuri mizani;

310

literaturis Teoria

unda iyos logikurad Sekruli da STambeWdavi. cxadia, is aSkarad unda ukavSirdebodes cxovrebas, magram kavSirebic didad gansxvavebulia: cxovreba SeiZleba iyos gadmocemu­li amaRlebulad, komikurad, antiTezurad; yovelgvar vi­TarebaSi arCevani damokidebulia imaze, ra gansakuTrebu­li cxovrebiseuli movlenis gadmocemaa ganzraxuli. unda gvqondes araliteraturuli codna, raTa davadginoT, ra kavSiri aqvs ama Tu im nawarmoebs `cxovrebasTan~.

aristoteles ganmartebiT, poezia (igulisxmeba eposi da drama) ufro uaxlovdeba filosofias, vidre istorias. es Sexeduleba, rogorc Cans, dResac samarTliania. ar sebobs droiTa da adgiliT SemosazRvruli faqtobrivi sinamdvile _ es aris istoriuli sinamdvile viwro gagebiT. arsebobs filosofiuri sinamdvilec _ konceptualuri, Teoriuli, ganzogadebuli. `istoriisa~ da filosofiis amgvari gagebis fonze, warmosaxviTi literatura aris `fiqcia~, sicrue. sity vaSi `fiqcia~ kvlav SemorCenilia literaturis winaaR­mdeg mimarTuli platoniseuli Zveli gageba, razec filip sindi da doqtor jonsoni pasuxobd nen, rom literatura arasodes TvalTmaqcobda, TiTqos amgvari gagebiT iyo rea­listuri1. da mainc, jer kidev aris SemorCenili sicruis ZvelTaZveli gageba, misi gadmonaSTebi; es, albaT, axlac gaaRizianebs nebismier gulwrfel ro manists, romelsac kar­gad esmis, rom fiqcia gacilebiT uf ro Cveulia CvenTvis da ufro azriania, vidre sinamdvile.

marTebulia uilson folitis SeniSvna imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aRwers defo misis vilsa da misis bargreivs: `Txro ba damajerebelia, mTlianad moTxrobas Tu ar CavT­vliT. zogadad, nawarmoebis sazrissac verafers dauwuneb. ambavs hyveba mesame qali, misis bargreivis ganuyreli me­gobari, romelic zustad iseTivea, rogorc danarCeni ori personaJi...~2

merien muri ambobs, rom poezia niSnavs imis gadmoce­mas, `rac Sesacnobia. warmosaxviT baRnarebSi iq namdvili gombeSoebic arseboben.~

beletristuli nawarmoebis realoba, e. i. realo­

311

naratiuli literaturis buneba da modusebi

bis iluzia, mkiTxvelis rwmena, rom igi ecnoba WeSmarit cxovrebas, rodi niSnavs, rom nawarmoebSi usaTuod gad­mocemuli unda iyos, pirvel yovelisa, realuri garemo, an detalebi, anda Cveulebrivi rutina. yvela amgvari standar­tis mixedviT, houelsisa da gotfrid kelerisnair mwerlebs upiratesoba unda mivaniWoT `oidipos mefis~, `hamletis~ an `mobi dikis~ avtorTa winaSe. detalis damajerebloba em­saxureba iluziis Seqmnas, rasac xSirad iyeneben dauSvebel da daujerebel situaciaSi mkiTxvelis Sesatyueblad ise, rogorc `guliveris mogzaurobaSia~, sadac cxovrebiseul garemoebebTan SedarebiT, ufro Rrmadaa gadmocemuli `re­alobis WeSmariteba~.

realizmi da naturalizmi dramasa Tu romanSi aris literaturuli an literaturul­filosofiuri mimdi­nareoba, konvencia, stili, iseve, rogorc romantizmi da siurealizmi. gansxvaveba arsebobs ara realobasa da warmo­saxvas Soris, aramed realobis koncefciebsa da anu iluzi­is Seqmnis meTodTa Soris.3

ra kavSirSia cxovrebasTan naratiuli literatura? klasikosebisa da klasicistebis pasuxi iqnebodaa is, rom mxatv rul prozaSi gadmocemulia tipobrivi, universalu ri xasiaTebi _ Zunwi (molierTan, balzakTan), mamis moRalate qaliSvilebi (`mefe liri~, `mama gorio~). magram amgvari klasobrivi koncefcia sociologias xom ar ganekuTvneba? an iqneb xelovnebis mizania cxovrebis gakeTilSobileba, misi amaRlebulad warmoCena, gaidealeba? cxadia, arse­bobs xelovnebis amgvari mimarTulebac, magram es mxolod mimarTulebaa da ara xelovnebis arsi. eWvgareSea, rom yovelgvari xelovneba gamoxatviTa da metyvelebiT qmnis esTetikur distancias, aRgviZravs fiqrebs, gangvawyobs gansjisTvis; Tumca, mxatvrul nawarmoebSi asaxuli ambebi, romlebic siamovnebas gvaniWebs, albaT, tkivils mogva­yenebda, piradad rom gamogvecada, an Tundac cxov rebaSi misi mowmeni gavmxdariyaviT. isev unda iTqvas, rom proza­uli nawarmoebi gvTavazobs `SemTxveviT ambavs~ zo gadi mo­delisa Tu sindromis an magaliTis sailustraciod. amgvar

312

literaturis Teoria

`SemTxveviT ambavs~ uaxlovdeba zogi calkeuli momenti keTeris moTxrobebSi `polis saqme~ an `moqandakis sikvdi­li~. magram romanisti naklebad aRwers SemTxvevas, SemTxve­viT xasiaTsa da movlenas, igi warmogvidgens mTel samyaros. yvela didi romanisti qmnis imgvar samyaros, romelic nawilobriv emTxveva empiriuls, magram gamoirCeva TviTkma­robiT da ganumeoreblobiT. zogjer SeiZleba globusze, am samyaros gegmac ki movxazoT, magaliTad, Trolopis sa­grafoebi da qalaqebi sakaTedro taZrebiT, hardis ueseqsi; magram zogjer, rogorc pos SemTxvevaSi, es SeuZlebelia: pos SiSismomgvreli sasaxleebi germaniasa da virjiniaSi ki ar aris agebuli, aramed avtoris sulSi. dikensis samyaro SeiZleba gavaigivoT londonTan, kafkasi _ Zvel praRasTan: magram orive samyaro imdenad TviTmyofi da originaluria, rom isini gadadian empiriul samyaroSi, rogorc `dikensis gmirebi~ da kafkas situaciebi~. ase rom, maTi Sefardeba sinamdvilesTan azrs kargavs.

esmond makarTi ambobs, rom merediTma, konradma, henri jeimzma da hardim `didi, kargad gaazrebuli buStebi gauSves, maTSi is adamianuri arsebani moaTavses, romleb­sac isini aRweren, Tumca, cxadia, realur adamianebs Sesa­mCnevad ki hgvanan, oRond mxolod im samyaroSi SeuZliaT arseboba~.

warmoidgineT, ambobs makarTi, rom `gmiri gadayvani­lia erTi warmosaxviTi samyarodan meoreSi. peksnifi rom gadainergos `oqros TasSi~, is gaqreba... romanistis upa­tiebel naklad unda CaiTvalos zogadi atmosferos Se­narCunebis uunaroba~4.

romanistis samyaro, anu kosmosi aris modeli, anu struqtura, organizmi, romelic Seicavs siuJets, xasi­aTebs, garemocvas, msoflmxedvelobas, `saerTo atmosfe­ros~ _ yvelaferi es warmoadgens imas, rac kritikulad da dawvrilebiT unda SeviswavloT, roca vcdilobT romani Se­vadaroT cxovrebas an romanistis qmnileba SevafasoT eTi­kuri an socialuri TvalsazrisiT. ama Tu im detalis faq­tobrivi sizustis mixedviT Zneli dasadgenia, asaxavs Tu

313

naratiuli literaturis buneba da modusebi

ara romani cxovrebiseul simarTles, anu `realobas~, iseve, rogorc Znelia, bostonel cenzorTa msgavsad, moraluro­bis dadgena imis mixedviT, gvxvdeba Tu ara romanSi gineba an RvTis gmoba. saRi kritika mowodebulia Seufardos nawar­moebis warmosaxviTi samyaro Cvens sakuTar realur an warmo­saxul samyaros, romelic, bunebrivia, naklebad mwyob ri da erTiania, vidre romanistis samyaro. Cven siamovnebiT vuwo­debT romanists dids, roca mis samyaroSi, romelic ar aris ise agebuli rogorc Cveni, magram Seicavs yvela ele ments, romlebic saSualebas gvaZlevs ufro farTo TvalsazrisiT ganvixiloT samyaro; an, Tu mwerlis Tvalsazrisi SedarebiT viwroa, warmodgenil suraTi unda Seicavdes raRac mniS­vnelovans, principuls, xolo RirebulebaTa skala, ierarqia Rrmad unda iyos gaazrebuli.

termini ̀ samyaro~ sivrcis gamomxatveli cnebaa. magram naratiul mxatvrul prozaSi umjobesia vixmaroT `ambis~ msgavsi termini, radganac `ambavSi~ Cvens yuradRebas iq­cevs dro da Tanmimdevroba droSi. `ambavi~ momdinareobs `istoriidan~: amis nimuSia entoni Trolopis `barsetSiris qro nikebi~. literatura droiTi xelovnebaa (mxatvrobisa da qandakebisgan, anu sivrcobrivi xelovnebisgan gansxvave ­biT); Tumca, Tanamedrove poezia (araTxrobiTi poezia) cdilobs Tavi aaridos amas _ mieces Wvretas, iqces `TviT­arekvlis~ modelad; da, rogorc damajereblad gviCvena jozef frankma, Tanamedrove romanebSi (`ulise~, `tye RamiT~, `mi sis dalouei~) SeimCneva poeturad organizebis, `Tvi T arekvlis~ tendencia.5 es niSnavs, rom yuradReba un­da mivaqcioT mniSvnelovan kulturul fenomens: Zvelad Txroba an ambavi (epossa Tu romanSi) mimdinareobda droSi _ tradiciulad drois xangrZlivoba eposSi erT wels Seadgenda. bevr did romanSi adamianebi ibadebian, berde bian da kvdebian; xasiaTebi viTardeba, icvleba; zogjer SeiZleba davinaxoT, rom mTeli sazogadoeba icvleba (`forsaite bis saga~, `omi da mSvidoba~) an ojaxis aRmavloba da dakninebaa warmoCenili (`budenbrokebi~). romani, tradiciulad, se­riozulad ekideba drois problemas.

314

literaturis Teoria

pikareskul romanSi qronologiuri Tanamimdevroba yvelgan aseTia: axla es moxdeba da mere is. Tavgadasavlebs, yovel incidents, romelic SeiZleboda damoukidebeli am­bavic yofiliyo, erTmaneTTan akavSirebs gmiris figura. ufro filosofiur romanSi qronologias emateba mi ze­zobriobis struqtura. garkveul mizezTa zegavleniT da dro is garkveul monakveTSi gmiris cxovreba an umjobesde­ba, an uaresdeba. guldasmiT mofiqrebul siuJetSi dro cvlilebebs ganapirobebs: romanis bolos asaxuli situacia mkveTrad gansxvavdeba sawyisi situaciigan.

Txrobisas saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT ambis ganvi­Tareba da ara mxolod misi dasasruli. yovelTvis iyo da axlac aris mkiTxveli, romelic lamobs winaswar gaigos, riT `dasrulda~ ambavi; imas, vinc kiTxulobs mecxramete saukunis romanis mxolod `daskvniT Tavs~, ar ainteresebs siuJeti, misi ganviTareba droSi, xolo is, rom yvelaferi raRaciT mTavrdeba, isedac viciT. albaT, arseboben emer­sonis msgavsi filosofosebi da moralistebi, rom lebic, ZiriTadad, romans seriozulad ver aRiqvamen, rad ganac moqmedeba, anu moqmedeba droSi, maT ararealurad miaC­niaT. maTi azriT, istorias azri ara aqvs: istoria meordeba, araferi axali ar xdeba, xolo romani igive istoriaa, oRond ­ gamogonili.

oriode sityva unda iTqvas terminze `naratiuli lit­eratura~, romelsac upirispireben dramatul prozas, e. i. dramas. ambavi, igavi SeiZleba gadmocemuli iyos pan tomimis meSveobiT, an mTxroblis mier, romelic epikuri mTqmelis an axali drois mwerlis saxiT gvevlineba. epikuri poe ti Txrobisas pirvel pirs iyenebs, magram es SeiZleba iyos ni­Rabic, lirikuli gmiris pirveli piri, miltonis msgavsad. mecxramete saukunis romanisti pirvel pirSi ar werda, ma­gram iyenebda eposis upiratesobas _ komentirebasa da ganzogadebas, rasac SeiZleba vuwodoT `eseisturi~ (liri­kulisgan gansxvavebiT) pirveli piri. amitom na ratiuli literaturis mTavari niSania moculobiToba: dialogebs (romelTa scenaze dadgmac SeiZleba) enacvleba ko mentarebi, romlebSic Sejamebulia asaxuli movlenebi6.

315

naratiuli literaturis buneba da modusebi

naratiuli mxatvruli prozis or mTavar saxeobas in­glisSi ewoda ‘‘romance’’ (romantikuli romani) da ‘‘novel’’ (yofiTi, realisturi romani). 1785 wels klara rivi maT Sem­degnairad asxvavebda: `romani~ warmoadgens Tanamedrove cxovrebisa da adaT­wesebis realur suraTs. `realistur romanSi~ maRalfardovani da daxvewili eniT aRwerilia is, rac ar momxdara da, savaraudoa, arc moxdeba~7.

romani realisturia, romantikuli romani _ poetu­ri an epikuri: dRes mas, albaT, `miTurs~ vuwodebdiT. en redklifi, ser uolter skoti, hoTorni `romantikuli ro­manebis~ avtorebi arian, fani bernei, jein ostini, enToni Trolopi, jorj gisingi _ realisturi romanebis avtorebi. es ori polaruli tipi warmoadgens naratiuli prozis gan­viTarebis or gzas. romani ganviTarda aramxatvruli pro­zidan (werili, dRiuri, memuarebi an biografia, matiane an istoria), anu dokumentebidan. stilisturad masSi ZiriTa­dia e.w. damaxasiaTebeli detali _ `mimezisi~, viwro ga­gebiT. da, piriqiT, romantikulma romanma, romelic eposi sa da Sua saukuneebis rainduli sagmiro eposis, ganmgrZo bia, SeiZleba ugulebelyos detalis damajerebloba (maga­liTad, individualizebuli metyvelebis reproduqcia dialogSi); is miiswrafvis ufro amaRlebuli realobisken, ufro Rrma fsiqologiisken. `rodesac mwerali Tavis Tx­zulebas `romantikul romans~ uwodebs, _ wers hoTorni, _ is uflebas itovebs, Tavisuflad moepyras nawarmoebis formasa da masalas~... Tu amgvar nawarmoebSi moqmedeba warsul droSi mimdinareobs, romantikuli romani miznad ar isaxavs, zedmiwevniT zustad warmoadginos es warsuli dro. man unda Seqmnas, _ rogorc hoTorni sxva naSromSi acxadebs, _ erTgvari `poeturi teritoria, sadac realuri sinamdvilis...asaxva aucilebeli araa~... 8

analizuri kvlevisas romanSi, Cveulebriv, gamoyo fen sam Semadgenel nawils: siuJets, xasiaTebis gamoxatvas da garemos. es ukanaskneli, ase aSkarad mravalmniSvnelova­ni, zog Tanamedrove TeoriaSi gadaiqca `atmosferod~ an `saerTo tonad~. cxadia, TiToeuli elementi danarCenis

316

literaturis Teoria

ganmsazRvrelia. henri jeimzi Tavis eseSi `prozis xelovne­ba~ svams kiTxvas, ̀ ra aris xasiaTi, Tu ara moqmedebis gansaz­Rvra? ra aris moqmedeba, Tu ara xasiaTis ilustracia?~ (ix. `eseebi. inglisuridan Targmnes paata da rostom CxeiZeebma. Tb. `merani~, 1989. gv. 279. redaqtoris SeniSvna).

piesis, moTxrobis an romanis naratiul, anu TxrobiT struqturas tradiciulad ewodeba `siuJeti~ da albaT, es termini unda SevinarCunoT, magram is sakmaod farTod unda gaviazroT, vinaidan siuJeturia Cexovis, floberis, henri jeim zis qmnilebebi, iseve, rogorc hardis, uilki kolinzis da pos nawarmoebebi: siuJeti ar unda daviyvanoT Caxlar­Tul intrigamde, godvinis ̀ kaleb uiliamsis~ msgavsad9. unda ganvasxvavoT siuJetTa tipebi, SedarebiT martivi da ufro rTuli, `romantikuli~ da `realisturi~ siuJetebi. lite­raturuli gardaqmnebis dros romanisti iZulebuli xdeba, gaiTvaliswinos siuJetis ori saxeoba, romelTagan erT­erTi Jamgadasul formas miekuTvneba. `Zowisferi asom Tavrulis~ Semdeg hoTornis romanebSi SemoTavazebulia Zveleburi yai­dis idumali siuJetebi, Tumca sinamdvileSi maTi siuJetebi sxvagvaria, Tavisufa li, SedarebiT `rea listuri~. Tavis gviandeli periodis romanebSi dikensi did gamomgoneblur unars iCens saidumloebiT moculi siuJetebis TxzvaSi, rom­lebic xan SeiZleba Seesatyviseba romanis mniSvnelobis realur centrs, xan _ ara. `heklberi finis~ bolo mesamedi aSkarad Camouvardeba danarCens; es, al baT, nakarnaxevi iyo movaleobis mcdari gagebiT, romelic aiZulebda avtors usaTuod Seeqmna raRac `siuJeti~, Tumca, WeSmariti siuJeti ukve warmatebiT iyo Camoyalibebuli _ es gaxlavT miTuri siuJeti: sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo Cveulebrivi sazogadoe­bidan gandevnili oTxi adamiani erTmaneTs xvdeba da tiviT micuravs did mdinareze dinebis mimarTulebiT. erT­erT uZveles da yvelaze universalur siuJetad iTvleba mog­zauroba wyalsa da xmeleTze: `hekl beri fini~, `mobi diki~, `piligrimis gza~, `don kixoti~, `pikvikis klubis Canawere­bi~, `mrisxanebis mtevnebi~. Cve ulebriv, amboben, rom yvela siuJeti Seicavs konfliqts (adamianebi bunebis winaaRmdeg,

317

naratiuli literaturis buneba da modusebi

adamianebi sxva adamianebis winaaRmdeg an sakuTari TavTan me­brZoli adamiani). aseT SemTxvevaSi `konfliqti~, iseve, ro­gorc `siuJeti~, ufro farTod unda gaviazroT. konfliqti `dramatulia~, gulisxmobs daaxloebiT Tanabar ZalTa Se­takebas, varaudobs moqmedebasa da winaaRmdegobis gawevas. da mainc, arsebobs xazovani ̀ siuJetebi~, dadevneba, gakideba: `kaleb uiliamsi~, `Zowisferi asomTavruli~, `danaSauli da sasjeli~, kafkas `procesi~.

siuJeti (an TxrobiTi struqtura) TavisTavad Sedgeba ufro mcire TxrobiTi struqturebisgan (epizodebisagan, SemTxvevebisagan). SedarebiT farTo da moculobiTi lite­raturuli struqturebi (tragedia, eposi, romani) ganvi­Tarda istoriulad ufro adreuli rudimentuli formebis­gan, rogorebicaa saxumaro ambavi, andazuri Tqma, anegdoti, werili. amgvarad, piesisa Tu romanis siuJeti struq turis struqturaa. rusi formalistebi da formalu ri analizis momxreebi (magaliTad, dibeliusi _ Dibelius), gvTavazo­ben termins `motivi~ (frang., motif, germ., motiv) siuJetis ZiriTadi elementebis gadmosacemad10. `motivi~, romelsac amgvarad iyeneben literaturis istorikosebi, nasesxebia fineli folkloristebisgan, romlebic TavianT SromebSi ikvleven zRaprebsa da xalxur Tqmulebebs11. damwerlobiTi literaturaSi amis aSkara nimuSad SeiZleba CaiTvalos Sem­TxveviTi gaigiveba (`SemecnebaTa komedia~), axalgazrdisa da xandazmulis daqorwineba (`ianvari da maisi~), mamis umaduri Svili (`mefe liri~, `mama gorio~), vaJiSvilis mier mamis Zebna (`ulise~ da `odisea~)12.

imas, rasac Cven vuwodebT romanis `kompozicias~, ger­manelebi da rusebi uwodeben romanis ̀ motivirebas~. es ter­mini SeiZleba warmatebiT isesxos inglisurmac, radganac SesaniSnavi sizustiT gamoxatavs im ori mxaris mniSvnelo­bas, romelTagan erTia struqtura anu Txrobis kompozicia, meore _ qcevis fsiqologiuri, socialuri, filosofiuri Teoriis Sinagani struqtura _ saboloo angariSiT, kauza­lobis zogierTi Teoria, romelic naTelyofs, ratom iqce­vian adamianebi ise, rogorc iqcevian. ser uolter skoti

318

literaturis Teoria

werda: `yvelaze mkveTri sxvaoba realursa da gamogonil monaTxrobs Soris isaa, rom realur cxovrebaSi movlenebis Soreuli mizezebi bundovania... xolo meore SemTxvevaSi... avtoris movaleobaa, axsnas yvelaferi~.13.

kompozicia anu motivireba (farTo gagebiT) moicavs Txrobis meTods: `mozomilobas~, `nabijebs~ ese igi, sce­nebisa (dramatuli mdgomareobebis) da da asaxvis (uSua lo Txrobis) urTierTmimarTebas (romelic garkveuli xerxe­biT regulirdeba) da, Semdgom, am rTuli mTlianobis mi­marTebas naratiuli reziumesadmi, daskvnisadmi.

motivebsa da xerxebs perioduli xasiaTi aqvs. gotikur romans _ Tavisi, realistur romans _ Tavisi. di beliusi xSirad imeorebs, rom dikensis `realizmi~ araa naturalis­turi romanis realizmi _ esaa `zRapruli~ realizmi, ro­melic iyenebs melodramatuli motivirebebis xerxebs:: kaci mkvdari rom egonaT, cocxali aRmoCndeba; dgindeba, vin arian bavSvis namdvili mSoblebi; aRmoCndeba, rom idumali qvelmoqmedi katorRelia14.

literaturul nawarmoebSi `motivirebam~ unda gaam­Zafros `realobis iluzia~: es aris misi esTetikuri funqcia. `realisturi~ motivireba xelovnebis xerxia. xelovnebaSi moC­venebiTi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre realuri.

rusi formalistebi ganasxvaveben `fabulas~ (ese igi, droiT­mizezobriv kavSirs, romelic aris `istoria~ an realuri masala) `siuJetisagan~ (anu Txrobis struq­turisgan). `fabula~ aris yvela motivis jami, xolo `siu­Jeti~ warmoadgens motivTa mxatvrulad mowesrige bul Tanmimdevrobas (romelic SeiZleba nebismieri iyos). drois gadanacvlebis magaliTebia: gakvanZva in medias res (`odi­sea~, `barnebi raji~); ambis ukusvlasa da winsvla (folk­neris `abesalom, abesalom!~). folkneris `momakvdavi rom vesvene~­s siuJeti Sedgeba ambisgan, romelsac rig rigobiT yvebian ojaxis wevrebi, rodesac dedis cxedars miasveneben Sors, sasaflaoze. `siuJeti~ aris Sinaarsi, romlis `Txro­bis fokusTan~ Suamavlobs `Tvalsazrisi~. Tu `fabula~, ase vTqvaT, aris SerCeuli nedli masala (avtoris gamoc­

319

naratiuli literaturis buneba da modusebi

dilebis, kiTxvis Sedegad mopovebuli da a. S.), `siuJeti~ abstrahirdeba fabulisgan da ufro mkveTrad avlens nara­tiul pozicias15.

fabulis dro aris mTeli periodi, romelic moicavs ambavs, magram `naratiuli~ (`TxrobiTi~) dro Seesabameba `siuJets~; es aris wakiTxvis dro, anu `gamocdilebis~ dro; cxadia, is kontrolirebulia avtoris mier, ro melmac Sei­Zleba ramdenime winadadeba dauTmos wlebis gan mavlobaSi mimdinare movlenebis aRweras, magram cekvisa Tu Cais smis aRweras ori grZeli Tavi miuZRvnas16.

daxasiaTebis yvelaze martivi formaa saxeldeba. yovelgvari saxeldebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba per­sonaJis gacocxleba, individualizeba. alegoriuli an kva­zialegoriuli saxeli gaCnda meTvramete saukunis komedia­Si: fildingis oluorTi da Tvekumi, uitvudi, misis mala­propi, ser benjamin bekbaiti. isini gvagoneben jonsonis, benianis, spenseris da `evrimenis~ gmirebs. kidev ufro dax­vewil movlenad unda CaiTvalos xmabaZviTi, anu onomato­peuri saxelebi, romlebsac Tanabari ostatobiT igonebdnen iseTi gansxvavebuli romanistebi, rogorebic iyvnen di­kensi da henri jeimzi, balzaki da gogoli: peksnifi, pambl­Cuki, roza dartli (dart; startle), mister da mis merdstounebi (murder + stony heart). melvilis `aqabi~ da `ismaili~ mowmobs, rom literaturuli (am SemTxvevaSi, bibliuri) aluzia Sei­Zleba gamoyenebul iqnes daxasiaTebis ekonomiuri formis funqciiT17.

daxasiaTebis bevrnairi meTodi arsebobs, Zveli ro­manistebi (magaliTad, skoti) erT abzacSi detalurad aR­werdnen mTavar gmirebis garegnobas, meoreSi ki _ xasiaTs. magram sruli daxasiaTebis es forma SeiZleba dayvanil erTgvar iarliyamde, romelic win uZRvis gmiris gamoCenas nawarmoebSi. amgvar iarliys xSirad warmoadgens raime mimi­kuri an plastikuri gamoxatuleba _ saxis manWva, Jesti an gamoTqma, romlebic _ magaliTad, dikensTan _ meordeba gmiris yoveli gamoCenisas. esaa gmiris Tanmxlebi emblema. misis gamiji ganuwyvetliv fiqrobs Tavisi `moxuci qmris~

320

literaturis Teoria

Sesaxeb, iuraia hips imeorebs sityvas ’’umble’’(`mokrZaleba~) da isress xelebs. hoTorni zogjer zusti emblemis meSveo­biT axasiaTebs zinoubias wiTeli yvaviliT, uestervelts _ kbilis SesaniSnavi proteziT. jeimzis Semoqmedebis bolo periodis nawarmoebSi `oqros TasSi~ gmirebi erTmaneTs sim­bolurad aRiqvamen.

arsebobs statikuri da dinamikuri (anu ganviTarebadi) daxasiaTebebi. es ukanaskneli, rogorc Cans, gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia iseTi vrceli romanebisTvis, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `omi da mSvidoba~, xolo dramaSi, romelSic mx­atvruli dro SezRudulia, ganviTarebadi daxasiaTebe bis meTodi naklebad gamoiyeneba. drama (magaliTad ibsenTan) gviCvenebs gmiris TandaTanobiTi Secvlis process. ro­manebSi aRwerilia TviT cvlilebis procesi. `brtyeli~ daxasiaTebiT, rac, Cveulebriv, `statikurs~ emTxveva, war­modgenilia martooden erTi Tviseba, rogorc ZiriTadi anu socialurad yvelaze naTlad gamokveTili Tviseba. SeiZleba es iyos karikatura an abstraqtuli idealizacia. klasicisturi drama (magaliTad, rasini) mimarTavs am xerxs mTavari gmirebis dasaxasiaTeblad. `moculobiTi~ daxasia­Teba, iseve, rogorc `dinamikuri~, moiTxovs sivrcesa da aqcents; `moculobiTi~ daxasiaTeba namdvilad saWiroa Tvalsazrisisa da miswrafebis ga momxatveli ZiriTadi gmirebis asaxvisas. aqedan ga momdinare, Cveulebriv, isini SeTavsebuli arian fonur, meorexarisxovan figurebTan _ `qorosTan~18.

aSkarad arsebobs erTgvari kavSiri daxasiaTebasa (li­teraturuli meTodi) da qaraqterologias (xasiaTis Teo­ria, personaluri tipebi) Soris. arseboben tipuri xasiaTe­bi, rac nawilobriv momdinareobs literaturuli tradici­idan, nawilobriv _ xalxuri gamocdilebidan, maT iyeneben romanistebi. mecxramete saukunis inglisur da amerikul prozaSi gvxvdebian Savgvremani mamakacebica da qalebic (hiTklifi, mister roCesteri, beki Sarpi, megi taliveri, zi­noubia, miriemi, ligea) da qeraTmianebi (magaliTad, qalebi _ amelia sedli, liusi dini, hilda, prisila, fibi hoTorn­

321

naratiuli literaturis buneba da modusebi

Tan, ledi rouena _ skotTan. qeraTmiani qali meojaxea, TavSekavebuli, patiosani da saTno. Savgvremani _ vnebiani, mZvinvare, saidumloebiT moculi, macduri da daundobe­li. aseTi iyo `anglosaqsuri~ Tvalsazrisi aRmosavleTis, ebraelTa, espanelTa da italielTa Sesaxeb19.

romanSi, iseve, rogorc dramaSi, mocemulia re­pertuaruli ansamblis msgavsi ram: gmiri mamakaci, gmi ri qali, borotmoqmedi, `saxasiaTo msaxiobebi~ (anu `ko mikuri personaJebi~, romlebic ganmuxtaven situacias). gvx vdebian mozardebi, inJeniuebi (miamitebi) da xandazmu li adamia­nebi (deda, mama, gauTxovari mamida an deida, duenia anu kompanioni qali, ZiZa). laTinuri tradiciis (igulixmeba plavte, terenciusi, commedia dell’arte, jonsoni, molieri) dramatul xelovnebaSi gavrcelebulia gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivi da tradiciuli tipebi, magaliTad, trabaxa meomari _ miles gloriosus, Zunwi mama, gaiZvera mosamsaxure. iseTi didi mweralic ki, rogoric iyo dikensi, xSirad iye­nebda meTvramete saukunis dramatul da romanul tipebs da Taviseburad cvlida maT; dikensma `gamoigona~ mxolod ori axali tipi _ umweo moxuci da axalgazrda, agreTve _ ocnebiT Sepyrobili an fantaziori (magaliTad, tom pinCi `martin Cezluitidan~)20.

raoden Rrmadac ar unda hqondes fesvebi gamjdari so­ciologiasa da anTropologiaSi literaturul tipebs _ magaliTad, qeraTmian an Savgvreman qals _ TviT literatu­ra `badebs~ emociur tipebs, romelTac SeiZleba moeZebnos istoriul­literaturuli winaprebi; sworad am aspeqtSia ganxiluli sabediswero qali (femme fatale) da bneli satanuri gmiri mario pracis wignSi `The Romantic Agony~ (`romantiku­li agonia~).21

erTi SexedviT, garemo (aRwera da ara DTxroba) aris is, rac ganasxvavebs `mxatvrul prozas~ dramisagan. si­namdvileSi garemo literaturuli periodis kategoriaa. misi detaluri suraTi dramasa da romanSi araa `garemo, zogadad~, aramed _ romantikuli an realisturi garemoa (mag., mecxramete saukuneSi). dramaSi garemo SeiZleba moniS­

322

literaturis Teoria

nuli iyos piesis teqstSi (rogorc SeqspirTan), an speqtak­lis reJisoris miTiTebebSi, romlebic deko ratorisa da butaforisTvisaa gankuTvnili. zogi `scena~ SeqspirTan sulac araa miniSnebuli, lokalizebuli22. mag ram garemos aRwera romanebSic mniSvnelovanwilad sxva dasxvagvaria. jein ostini, fildingivisa da smoletivis msgavsad, iS­viaTad aRwers interiersa da eqsteriers. jeimzis adreul romanebSi, romlebSic balzakis gavlena SeiniSneba, deta­luradaa aRwerili saxlic da landSaftic. gviandeli pe­riodis romanebSi garemos aRweras enacvleba zogadi at­mosferos simboluri asaxva.

romantikuli aRwera miznad isaxavs, Seqmnas garkveuli ganwyobileba: aseT SemTxvevebSi atmosfero da yovelgvari efeqtebi iqvemdebareben siuJetsa da xasiaTebs _ amis magaliTebia en redklifi da po. naturalisturi aRwera gamoirCeva dokumenturi sizustiT da warmoqmnis obieqtu­ri Txrobis iluzias (defo, svifti, zola).

garemo igive garemocvaa; da garemocva, gansa kuT­rebiT, ojaxis interieri SeiZleba gagebul iqnes rogorc gmiris xasiaTis metonimiuri an metaforuli gamoxatule ba. adamianis saxli misive anareklia. Tu aRwerT saxls, Tqven aRwerT TviT am adamians. gulmodgineba, romliTac balzaki aRwers Zunwi grandes saxls Tu vokes pansions, Seusabamo sruliadac araa23. es saxlebi gamoxataven maTi mepatronee­bis xasiaTs; am saxlebis atmosfero zemoqmedebas axdens maTzec, vinc iZulebulia arian maTSi icxovros. amazrzeni wvrilburJuaziuli pansioni imTaviTve iwvevs rastiniakis, iseve rogorc votrenis garkveul reaqcias; pansioni Tval­saCinod gviCvenebs gorios dacemis mizezebs da gamudmebiT upirispirdeba fufunebas, romelic aseve asaxulia balza­kis nawarmoebSi.

garemo SeiZleba adamianis sulieri mdgomareo bis gamoxatuleba iyos. Tu garemo _ bunebaa, masSi aisaxeba ada­mianis ganwyobileba. landSafti sulieri ganwyobaao, ambob­da amieli, romelic kargad icnobda adamianis Sinagan sam­yaros. adamiani da buneba aSkarad ur TierTdakavSirebulia,

323

naratiuli literaturis buneba da modusebi

yvelaze mZafrad amas grZnobdnen romantikosebi (ara mxo­lod da ara gansakuTrebiT romantikosebi). boboqari, Smagi gmiri iswrafvis qariSx lisken. uSfoTvel gmirs mzis Suqi xiblavs.

da kidev, garemo SeiZleba determinanti iyos _ rode­sac garemocva gagebulia, rogorc fizikuri an socialuri mizezobrioba, rasac individi ver akontrolebs. aseTebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos igdon hiTi tomas hardisTan an zeniti sinkler luisTan. realurad, amgvari garemo yvelaze ufro damaxasiaTebelia didi qalaqebisTvis (parizi, londoni, niu­iorki), romlebic aRwerilia bevr Tanamedrove romanSi.

ambavi SeiZleba gadmocemuli iyos werilebis an dRiu­ris saxiT, an emyarebodes anekdots. moTxroba­CarCo is­toriulad warmoadgens xids anekdotsa da romans So ris. `dekameronSi~ novelebi Tematuradaa dajgufebuli. `ken­terberiul moTxrobebSi~ Temebis (magaliTad, qorwi neba) amgvar dajgufebas emateba daxasiaTeba Txrobis meSveo­biT, rac yovelTvis Seesabameba mTxroblis xasiaTs, agreTve _ mogzaurTa fsiqologiur da socialur kon taqtebs. iseT mxatvrul formas, rogoricaa `moTxroba moTxrobaSi~, iy­enebdnen romantikosebic: irvingis `mogzauris naambobi~ da hofmanis `serapionis Zmebi~. go tikuri romani `moxe­tiale melmoTi~ warmoadgens uc naur, magram ueWvelad STambeWdav, damoukidebeli am bebisagan Semdgar krebuls, romelSic Tavisuflad Sekav Sirebul ambebs mxolod SiSis atmosfero aerTianebs.

kidev erTi xerxi, romelic amJamad iSviaTad gamoi­yeneba, aris novelis CarTva romanSi (magaliTad, `tom jons­Si~ _ `kaci zRapris gorakze~, `lamazi sulis aRsareba~ _ `vilhelm maisterSi~). rogorc Cans, es xerxi gamoiyeneboda nawarmoebis CarCoebis gafarToebisa da TxrobisTvis meti mravalferovnebis miniWebis mizniT. masStaburobisa da mravalferovnebis gadmocema yvelaze ukeT xelewifebodaT viqtorianuli epoqis trilogiebs, rom lebSic monacvleo­biT viTardeboda erTdroulad ori­sami siuJeturi xazi (mbrunavi scenis principiT),

324

literaturis Teoria

sabolood ki isini erT xazad erTiandeboda; erTsa da imave nawarmoebSi sxvadasxva siuJeturi xazis Serwyma adre ukve gamoiyeneboda elisabedis droindel mwerlobaSi da xSirad brwyinvaledac xorcieldeboda. siuJeturi xazebi viTarde­boda paralelurad (mag., ̀ lirSi~) an erTi maTgani emsaxureboda meoris `komikur xazgasmas~, an kidev _ parodirebas.

ambis Txroba pirvel pirSi (Ich Erzȁhlung) iseTi meTo­dia, romelic sagangebod unda ganvixiloT. cxadia, amgvari mTxro beli ar unda agverios avtorSi. amgvar Txrobis miza­ni da efeqti sxvadasxvagvaria. zogjer es keT deboda imisT­vis, raTa mTxrobeli, sxva personaJebTan SedarebiT, nak­lebad gamoyofili yofiliyo (`devid koperfildi~). meore mxriv, mol flenderss da hek fins centraluri adgili ukaviaT TavianT `monaTxrobebSi~. `aSerebis saxlis dace­maSi~, pirvel pirSi Txrobisas, po mkiTxvels SesaZleblobas aZlevs, gaaigivos sakuTari Tavi aSeris megobarTan (ro­melsac araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs aSeris bed­iRbalTan) da masTan erTad ganeridos katastroful finals. `lige ias~, `berenaisis~, `mamxilebeli gulis~ nervuli da fsiqikurad aSlili centraluri personaJebi ki Tavad mogviTxroben TavianT Tavgadasavlebs. Cven ver gavaigivebT sakuTar Tavs im mTxrobelTan, romlis aRsarebasac vecnobiT; CvenTvis mniSvnelovania, ras hyve ba da rogorc hyveba is.

sainteresoa, ra saSualebebiT icavs ambavi Tavisi `myofobis~ uflebas. zog nawarmoebs Tavidanve efeqturad gvacnoben (`otrantos cixe­simagre~, `xraxnis motrialeba~, `Zowisferi asomTavruli~). avtori da mkiTxveli TiTqos ar monawileoben ambavSi: ubralod, mavanma a­m mouTxro is b­s, an a­m gadasca b­s mindobili xelnaweri, sadac aRwerilia g­s tragikuli cxovreba. posTan, zogjer, pirvel pirSia war­modgenili dramatuli monologi (`amontiliado~), zogjer ki _ aRsareba, romelic dawera pirovnebam im mtanjveli fiqrebis mosaSoreblad, mZime tvirTad rom daswolia mis aforiaqebul suls (`mamxilebeli guli~). xSirad (maga­liTad, `ligeiaSi~) avtoris mizani gaurkvevelia: iqneb mTxrobeli Tavis Tavs esaubreba? SesaZloa, imis gamo hyve­ba xelmeored Tavis ambavs, rom xelaxla ganicados SiSi?

325

naratiuli literaturis buneba da modusebi

naratiuli meTodis centraluri problemaa mwerlis damokidebuleba sakuTar nawarmoebisadmi. piesaSi avto­ri ar Cans, is piesis miRmaa mimaluli, magram eposSi poeti hyveba ambavs, rogorc profesionali mTxrobeli. nawarmoe­bis teqstSi gvxvdeba misi axsna­ganmartebebi da sakuTriv TxrobiT nawilSi (e.i. dialogebs garda, yvelgan) icavs Ta­vis individualur stils.

romanists SeuZlia, aseve, mogviyves ambavi; ufleba aqvs ganacxados, rasac giambobT, imis arc mowme vyofilvar da arc monawileo. mas SeuZlia weros mesame pirSi, rogorc `yovlismcodne avtorma~. es, ueWvelad, Txrobis tradici­uli da `bunebrivi~ wesia. nawarmoebis gverdiT avtori ar­sebobs ise, rogorc leqtori, romelic komentars urTavs diapozitivebis Cvenebas an dokumentur films.

epikuri Txrobis amgvari Sereuli meTodidan gadax­veva ori mimarTulebiT warimarTeba xolme: pirvel maTgans SeiZleba ewodos romantikul­ironiuli; masSi ganzrax aris gazviadebuli mTxroblis roli, sagangebod ganidevneba yovelgvari iluzia imisa, rom Cven winaSea `cxovreba~ da ara `xelovneba~; xazgasmulia nawarmoebis literaturu­li xasiaTi. am mimarTulebis fuZemdebelia sterni, gansa­kuTrebiT _ `tristram SendiSi~, misi mim devaria Jan­ pol rixteri da tiki germaniaSi, veltmani da gogoli ruseTSi. `tristrams~ SeiZleba ewodos romani ro manis daweris Ses­axeb, iseve rogorc Jidis `yalbi fulis mWrelebsa~ da mis memkvidres, haqslis `kontrapunqts~. Teke reim mravaljer Seamowma da Seaswora `amaoebis bazari~, mu dam imeorebda, es xasiaTebi Cem mier Seqmnili Tojine bi ao. es sityvebi, ueWve­lad, lite raturuli ironiis Tavisebu ri gamoxatulebaa: literatura gamudmebiT Seaxsenebs sakiTar Tavs, rom is mxolod da mxolod literaturaa.

romanis meore, sapirispiro mizania ̀ obieqturi~, anu ̀ dra­matuli~ meTodi, romelic dasabuTebuli da xorc Sesxmulia oto ludvigis mier germaniaSi, floberisa da mopasanis mier safrangeTSi, henri jeimzis mier inglisSi24. am meTodis mim­devrebi _ kritikosebi, mwerlebi _ amtkicebdnen, rom esaa

326

literaturis Teoria

erTaderTi mxatvruli meTodi (rac WeSmaritebas ar Seesaba­meba). persi labokma ̀ mxatvruli prozis ostatobaSi~ Cinebulad ganixila romanis poetika jeimzis mxatvruli Semoqmedebisa da Teoriuli Sromebis safuZvelze.

umjobesia, am mimarTulebas vuwodoT `obieqturi~, radganac `dramatuli~ SeiZleba niSnavdes `dialogs~ an `moqmedebas, saqciels~ (azrebisa da grZnobebis Sinagani sam­yarosgan gansxvavebiT), magram savsebiT naTelia, rom swored dramam, Teatrma misces biZgi am mimdinareobis gan viTarebas. oto ludvigma Tavisi Teoriebi, umetesad, di ken sis Semoq­medebis safuZvelze Camoayaliba. pantomimi sa da metyvele­biTi daxasiaTebis xerxebi dikensma isesxa Zve li, meTvramete saukunis komediidan da melodramidan. Txro bis nacvlad dikensis miiswrafvis yovelTvis dialogisa da pantomimis saSualebiT warmoadginos. is ki ar gviambobs raimes, aramed gviCvenebs. mogvianebiT romanma bevri ram gadmoiRo ufro daxvewili Teatraluri formebisgan (magaliTad, jeimzma _ ibsenisagan)25.

obieqturi meTodi ar daiyvaneba dialogze da qcevis aR­weraze (jeimzis `gardatexis asaki~, hemingueis `mkvlelebi~). es uTuod gamoiwvevda konkurencias prozasa da Teatrs So­ris, da aseT SemTxvevaSi Teatri ufro momge bian poziciaSi aRmoCndeba. obieqturi meTodis warmateba aixsneba sulieri cxovrebis asaxviT, risi SesaZleblobac Teatrs ara aqvs. obieq­turi meTodis aucilebeli pirobaa romanidan ̀ yovlismcodne avtoris~ gaqroba, anu dauswrebloba da sanacvlod, `Tval­sazrisis~ Tan mimdevrulad gamoyeneba. jeimzis da labokis SexedulebiT, romanSi urTierTs enacvleba ̀ suraTi~ da ̀ dra­ma~: igulisxmeba sulieri da fizikuri cxovrebis suraTebi, romlebic ganSualebulia ama Tu im personaJis cnobierebiT, magram es araa `scena~, Tumca Txrobas SeiZleba Seenacvlos dialogi, xolo mniSvnelovani epizodebisa Tu Sex vedrebis aRwerisas SeiZleba miTiTebul iqnes mxolod zogierTi de­tali26. `suraTi~ iseTive `obieqturia~, rogorc `drama~, oRond `suraTSi~ obieqturadaa gad mocemuli specifikuri subieqturoba, xasiaTebi (madam bovari an streTeri), maSin,

327

naratiuli literaturis buneba da modusebi

rodesac ̀ drama~ obieqturad gadmogvcems saubarsa da qcevas. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, dasaSvebia `Tvalsazrisis~ Se nacvleba (magaliTad, `oqros Tasis~ meore nawilSi princis Tvalsaz­riss enacvleba princesas Tvalsazrisi) im pirobiT, Tu siste­maturoba iqneba uzrunvelyofili. obieqturi meTodisaTvis dasaSvebia, agreTve, romanSi avtoris mier iseTi personaJis gamoyeneba, romelic hgavs avtors _ is megobrebs uyveba am­bavs (marlou konradis ̀ iungaSi~) an yvelaferi warmoCenilia misi cnobierebis meSveobiT (streTeri `elCebSi~); orive Sem­TxvevaSi xazgasmulia is, rom romani icnobierebs Tavis obi­eqturobas. Tu avtori araa `ganzavebuli~ teqstSi, maSin is an misi Semcvleli personaJi monawileoben nawarmoebSi misi mdgomareobiTa da statusiT, rogorc _ sxva personaJebi27.

obieqturi meTodi arsebiT mniSvnelobas aniWebs gadmo­cemis dros: mkiTxveli da personaJebi erTian droSi cocx­loben. `suraTsa~ da `dramas~ garkveulwilad yovelTvis unda erTvodes ̀ reziume~ (piesaSi is SeiZleba amgvarad gamoi­yurebodes: `pirvel da meore moqmedebas Soris xuTi dRe gavida~), magram reziumeTa raodenoba minimaluri unda iyos. viqtorianuli periodis romanebi, Cveulebriv, mTavrdeboda TaviT, romelSic mokled gvamcnobda mniSvnelovan personaJ­Ta Semdgomi cxovrebis, qorwinebebisa Tu sikvdilis Sesaxeb; jeimzma, houelsma da maTma Tanamedroveebma bolo mouRes am tradicias, romelsac, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, arasrul­fasovnad Tvlidnen. obieqtivisturi Teoriis Tanaxmad, mw­eralma winaswar rodi unda gvamcnos, ra moxdeba momavalSi; man TandaTanobiT unda gaSalos Tavisi daxveuli etrati, ise, rom mxolod TiTo­TiTo striqoni vixiloT da amgvarad wavikiTxoT teqsti. ramon fernandezi ganasxvavebs Txrobis or saxeobas _ erTia recit, anu Txroba imis Sesaxeb, rac ukve moxda da ris Sesaxebac axla hyvebian eqspoziciisa da aR­weris kanonTa Sesabamisad; meorea sakuTriv romani (novel), anu Txroba im movlenebis Sesaxeb, romlebic jer kidev xdeba droSi28.

obieqturi romanis teqnikuri xerxia is, rasac ger­manelebi uwodeben ‘‘erlebte Rede’’, frangebi _ ''le style indirect libre'' (tibode) an ''la monologue interieur'' (diuJardeni). mas Za­

328

literaturis Teoria

lze miaxloebiT Seesabameba inglisuri termini ̀ cnobierebis nakadi~, romelic uiliam jeimzidan mom dinareobs29. diu­Jardenis gansazRvriT, `Sinagani mo nologi~ miznad isaxavs, mkiTxvels uSualod gaacnos personaJis Sinagani cxovreba avtoris axsna­ganmartebebi sa da yovelgvari komentaris ga­reSe~. da `aris yvelaze ufro intimuri fiqrebis gamovlena, fiqrebisa _ TiTqmis aracnobieris doneze~... `elCebSi~, am­bobs laboki, jeimzi `ar mogviTxrobs streTeris sulieri ganwyobis Sesaxeb; mwerali Tavad sulier ganwyobilebas aambobinebs sakuTa ri Tavis Sesaxeb, amiT jeimzi aRwevs mis dramatizebas~30. am xerxTa istoriisa da mTels Tanamedrove literaturaSi maTi mniSvnelobis Seswavla mxolod axlaxan daiwyo; isini momdinareobs Seqspiris monologebidan; ster­nisgan, romelmac gamoiyena ideaTa lokiseuli Tavisufali aso ciacia da `siRrmiseuli analizidan~, e. i. avtoris mier gmiris Sinagani samyaros gadmocema _ mesame31.

Cveni mesame debuleba exeboda mxatvruli prozis `samyaros~ (siuJeti, xasiaTebi, garemo) da umetesad ilus­trirebuli iyo romanebis magaliTze. magram aS karaa, rom is gamodgeba agreTve dramisTvisac, Tu ga viTvaliswi nebT, rom dramac literaturuli nawarmoebia. meoTxe da bolo de­buleba `metafizikuri Taviseburebebis~ Sesaxeb ganxiluli iyo mWidro kavSirSi `samyarosTan~, rogorc `cxovrebasTan mimarTebis an damokidebulebis~, anda sam yaros `atmosfe­ros~ ekvivalenti; magram am Tvisebebs davubrundebiT da de­talurad ganvixilavT im TavSi, romelic Sefasebas eZRvneba.

329

Tavi meCvidmete

literaturuli Janrebi

*ra aris literatura? poemebis, piesebis da romanebis

erToblioba, romlebsac saerTo saxeli aerTianebs? ase Ti nominalisturi pasuxi gasca am kiTxvas Cvens droSi, kerZod, kroCem.1 es Tvalsazrisi, erTi mxriv, reaqciaa kla sikuri av­toritarizmis ukiduresobebze; meore mxriv, is jerovnad ver afasebs literaturis istoriis faqtebs.

literaturuli Janri araa, ubralod, fiqcia, radgan esTetikuri pirobiToba, romelic xorcSexmulia nawarmoeb­Si, ayalibebs mis Janrs. literaturuli Janre bi SeiZleba `ganvixiloT rogorc institucionaluri imperativi, ro­melic gansazRvravs mwerlis maneras da TviTonac ganisaz­Rvreba am maneriT~.2 miltoni, romelic esoden progresuli iyo politikisa da rwmenis sakiTxeb Si, poeziaSi tradicio­nalisti gaxldaT, da, v.p. keris moxdenili gamoTqmiT, `ver uRalata eposis Janrs~; man Tavadac icoda, `romelia WeSma­ritad epikuri poemis kanonebi, romeli – dramatuli poemi­sa, da romeli – lirikulis~.3 magram, amasTanave, isic icoda, rogor unda SeirCes, ganivrcos, anda gadakeTdes klasikuri forma; icoda, ra gziT SeiZleboda `eneidas~ `gaqristiane­ba~ anda `miltonizeba~, xolo sakuTari cxovrebis Sesaxeb Txrobisas SeZlo Camoeyalibebina ebrauli legenda sam­sonis Sesaxeb berZnuli tragediis formiT.

literaturuli Janri _ esaa instituti, iseve, ro­gorc institutebia eklesia, universiteti anda saxelmwi­fo. Janri arsebobs, magram ara ise, rogorc arsebobs cxove­li, samlocvelo, biblioTeka an kapitoliumi, aramed _ ro­gorc dawesebuleba. adamians SeuZlia imoqmedos, sakuTari Tavi gamoxatos arsebuli institutebis meSveobiT, axlebic Seqmnas, anda maqsimalur warmatebas ise miaRwios, rom ar

330

literaturis Teoria

gaiziaros institutis politika an ritualebi; amas garda, pirovnebas kidev SeuZlia jer Caebas aseTi institutebis saqmianobaSi, Semdeg ki gardaqmnas isini.4

Janrebis Teoria aris garkveuli mowesrigebuloba. mi­si meSveobiT SesaZlebelia literaturisa da literaturis istoriis klasificireba ara droisa da adgilis (pe riodis an erovnuli enis) mixedviT, aramed specifikuri literatu­ruli tipebis organizaciisa Tu struqturis Sesabamisad.5 nebismieri kritikuli anda SefasebiTi kvleva (istoriu­lisgan gansxvavebiT), garkveulwilad, operirebs amgvari struqturebiT. magaliTad, leqsis analizi damokidebulia gamocdilebaze, sul erTia, iqneba es aRweriTi Tu norma­tiuli gamocdileba (Tumca, rasakvirvelia, pirovnebis war­modgena poeziis Sesaxeb gamudmebiT icvleba, da es xdeba misi im gamocdilebis safuZvelze, romelic emyareba mis Sexedulebebs ama Tu im poeturi nawarmoebis Sesaxeb).

xom ar unda vivaraudoT, rom yoveli nawarmoebi romeli­me gansazRvrul Janrs ekuTvnis? ramdenadac viciT, es prob­lema ar wamoWrila arc erT diskusiaSi. Cven rom gvevalebodes pasuxis gacema bunebrivi samyaros wes­kanonTa analogiurad, cxadia, dadebiT pasuxs gavcemdiT, radgan adgili yvelas moe­Zebneba – gind veSapi iyos da gind _ Ramura; amave dros, Cven vaRiarebT im arsebaTa realobas, romlebic CaiTvlebian erTi samyarodan meoreSi gardamaval elementebad. amitom sakiTxi sxvagvarad unda davsvaT, anu kidev ufro unda davakonkre­toT Cveni kiTxva: SeiZleba Tu ara iTqvas, rom yoveli nawar­moebi sakmaod axlo literaturul kavSirSia sxva nawarmoeb­Tan, imdenad axlos, rom mis Seswavlas exmareba sxva nawar­moebTa kvleva? da Tu asea, rogor gansazRvravs `Canafiqri~ Janrs? miekuTvneba Tu ara iniciativa novatorebs? an, iqneb, is veteranTa mxriv momdinareobs?6

gansazRvrulia Tu ara Janrebi erTxel da samudamod? vfiqrobT, rom ara. axali nawarmoebebi afarToeben Janris sazRvrebs. aba, davakvirdeT `tristram Sendis~ da `ulises” zemoqmedebas romanis Teoriaze. rodesac miltoni werda `dakargul samoTxes~, misi warmodgeniT, es poema Janruli

331

literaturuli HJAanrebi

niSan­Tvisebebis mxriv emTxveoda `iliadasa~ da `eneidas~; magram Cven umal ganvasxvavebT zepirsityvier eposs lite­raturulisagan da ara aqvs mniSvneloba, miviCnevT `ilia­das~ zepir eposad Tu ara. unda vifiqroT, rom miltoni ar ecdeboda imis mtkicebas, rom `feriaTa dedofali~ eposi iyo, Tumc ki dawerili im periodSi, rodesac jer kidev ar acalkeveben erTmaneTisagan epossa da satrfialo romance-s, xolo eposis alegoriul personaJs dominantu ri roli ekisreboda; amis miuxedavad, spensers, cxadia, mainc miaCnda, rom poemas homerosis stiliT werda.

ueWvelia, rom yovelgvari kritikuli midgomis Se­degia axali gvareobrivi rgolis, axali Janruli modelis aRmoCena: ase magaliTad, empsoni pastoralebad miiCnevs Semdeg nawarmoebebs: `rogor mogewonebaT~, `samgroSiani opera~ da `alisa saocrebaTa qveyanaSi~, xolo `Zmebi karama­zovebi~ gatolebulia deteqtiur nawarmoebebTan.

aristotelem da horaciusma safuZveli Cauyares Jan­ris Teorias. swored maT davesesxeT gvarebad (tragedia da eposi) dayofas. magram, aristotelem ganaxorciela litera­turis ufro fundamenturi dayofac _ dramad, eposad da lirikad. Tanamedrove literaturuli Teoriebis umeteso­ba ufro saimisod aris momarTuli, rom gaaqarwylos pro­za­poeziis sxvaoba, beletristika (Dichtung) warmoadginos prozis (romani, moTxroba, eposi), dramis (prozad an leqsad nawerad) da poeziis (aqcenti keTdeba iseT tipze, romelic Seesatyviseba antikuri `lirikuli poeziis~ cnebas) saxiT.

vietori samarTlianad gvTavazobs, termini `Janri~ ar gamoviyenoT am sami met­naklebad ZiriTadi kategoriisa da istoriulad ganviTarebuli saxeobebis (tragedia an ko­media) mimarT;7 am ukanasknelTa mimarT, anu istoriulad ganviTarebuli saxeobebis SemTxvevaSi, misi azri misaRe­bia. rac Seexeba ZiriTaf kategoriebs, maTi aRsaniSnavi ter minis gansazRvra rTulia da, albaT, arc aris saWiro.8 platonma da aristotelem ukve gamoyves es sami mTavari kategoria `baZvis saxeobis~ (anu reprezentaciis maneris) Sesabamisad: lirikuli poezia _ esaa TviT poetis `xma~;

332

literaturis Teoria

epikur poeziaSi (anda romanSi) avtori nawilobriv metyve­lebs TviTon, rogorc mTxrobeli, nawilobriv ki uSualod alaparakebs sakuTar personaJebs (esaa Sereuli narativi): rac Seexeba dramas, aq poeti imaleba moqmed pirTa miRma.9

araerTxel ucdiaT, eCvenebinaT am sami gvareobrivi kategoriis fundamenturi buneba, gamoevlinaT, rogor gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan proza, drama da poezia drois TvalsazrisiT, lingvisturi morfologiis TvalsazrisiT. msgavsi debulebebi Camoayaliba jer kidev hobsma Tavis werilSi davenantisadmi; man samyaro dayo samefo karad, qa­laqad, soflad da, Sesabamisad aRmoaCina poeziis Sesatyvisi sami ZiriTadi tipi: sagmiro (eposi da tragedia), sqomaturi (satira da komedia), da pastoraluri.10 niWieri ingliseli kritikosi, e.s. dalasi, romelic icnobda Slegelis da kol­rijis11 kritikul naSromebs, asaxelebs poeziis sam Ziri­Tad tips: esenia `piesa, zRapari, simRera~ da gvTavazobs ufro germanuli, vidre inglisuri tradiciebis Tanaxmad SemuSavebul sqemaTa seriebs. dalasis azriT, drama meore piria, awmyo dro; eposi mesame piria, namyo; xolo lirikuli poezia mxolobiTi ricxvis pirveli piria, momavali. aRsa­niSnavia, rom jon erskinma, romelmac 1912 wels gamoaqveyna poeturi `temperamentis” ZiriTadi literaturuli ti­pebis interpretaciisadmi miZRvnili naSromi, daaskvna, rom lirika awmyos gamoxatavs, magram tragediaSi warmoCndeba adamianis (romlis bedi misi xasiaTidan gamomdinareobs) mier warsulSi Cadenili codvebis gamosyidva, xolo eposi _ esaa erebis Tu rasebis xvedri. mcdaria erskinis daskvna imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom drama gamoxatavs warsuls, xolo eposi – momavals.12

Tavisi formiT da SinaarsiT, erskinis eTikur­fsi­qologiuri interpretacia ramdenadme waagavs rusi for­malistebis cdebs, romlebsac – rogorc amas akeTeb da ro­man iakobsoni _ surT aCvenon Sesabamisoba enis dafiqsire­bul gramatikul struqturasa, da literaturul saxeobebs Soris. iakobsoni acxadebs, rom lirikuli poezia `aris mxolobiTi ricxvis pirveli piri, awmyo dro, maSin rodesac

333

literaturuli HJAanrebi

eposi – warsuli drois mesame piria~ (epikuri mTxroblis `me” mocemul SemTxvevaSi Seesabameba mesame pirs _ ‘‘dieses objektivierte Ich’’)13.

ZiriTadi literaturuli kategoriebis amgvari kvle­vebi, romlebic, erTi mxriv, akavSireben maT lingvistur morfologiasTan, xolo meore mxriv – msoflmxedvelobriv sferoebTan, miuxedavad maTi mimzidvelobisa, iSviaTad ganapirobebs obieqtur Sedegebs. kvlavindeburad gaur­kvevelia, marTlac fundamenturia Tu ara es sami katego­ria, Tundac Semadgeneli nawilebis sxvagvari kombinirebis SemTxvevaSi.

erT­erTi sirTule ukavSirdeba im faqts, rom amJamad drama sxva mdgomareobaSia, vidre eposi (romani) da lirika. aristotelesTvis da berZnebisaTvis sazogadoebrivi, an Tundac zepiri Sesruleba ukve niSnavda eposs: homerosis poezias warmosTqvamda rafsodi, magaliTad, ioni. elegiur da iambikur poezias akompanements fleita uwevda, xolo me­likur poezias – qnari. dResdReobiT, umetes SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxveli TvaliT kiTxulobs poezias da romanebs.14 mag­ram drama axlac, iseve, rogorc es iyo berZenTa epoqaSi, warmoadgens Sereul xelovnebas, romlis safuZvels ra­sakvirvelia, mainc literatura warmoadgens, magram amave dros, is moicavs, agreTve, `speqtakls~, radgan iyenebs msa­xiobTa ostatobas, piesis reJisoris unars, kostiumeris da eleqtrikosis xelobas.15

Tuki aseTi sirTulis Tavidan asacileblad sa­mive ZiriTad kategorias daviyvanT Cveulebriv li te­raturulobamde, maSin rogor unda ganvasxvavoT erT­maneTisgan piesa da moTxroba? bolo xanebSi amerikuli moTxroba (mag. hemingueis `mkvlelebi~) cdilobs iyos obi­eqturi da, rogorc piesa­moTxroba _ TiTqmis mT li a nad dialogizebuli. magram rodesac saqme gvaqvs tra diciul romanTan, masSi, eposis msgavsad, Txrobis gar da, Sereulia kidev dialogi anda uSualo prezentacia; Janris proble­mis sxva mkvlevrebTan erTad, skaligerma umaRles Janrad aRiara eposi, nawilobriv imis gamo, rom is yvela danar­

334

literaturis Teoria

Cens moicavs. vinaidan eposi da romani warmoadgenen rTul formebs, amitom pirveladi saxeobebis dasadge nad unda `gavaTavisufloT~ maTi Semadgeneli nawilebi da davar­qvaT maT `pirdapiri Txroba~ da `dialogiT mowodebuli Txroba~ (anu sakiTxavad gankuTvnili drama); am SemTxveva­Si, Cveni sami ZiriTadi elementi iqneba Txro ba, dialogi da simRera. SesaZloa, amgvarad ganwmendili, gamartive­buli saxiT, isini ufro `pirveladia~, vidre, magaliTad, `aRwera, eqspozicia da Txroba~?16

ganvixileT ra `pirveladi~ formebi, anu poezia, romani da drama, mivubrundeT maT amosaval saxeobebs: meTvra mete saukunis kritikosi Tomas henkinsi wers, rom inglisuri dramis nairsaxeobebi iyo `misteria, moralite, tragedia da komedia~. meTvramete saukuneSi proza warmod­genili iyo romaniT da romance-iT (satrfialo romani). Cve­ni azriT, meore kategoriis jgufebis swored aseT nairsa­xeobebs unda vuwodoT Janrebi.

meCvidmete da meTvramete saukuneebi is xanaa, rode­sac Janrebs seriozulad ganixilavdnen; kritikosebs eWvi ar SeaqvT Janris cnebaSi, maTTvis Janri _ realobaa.17 is, rom arsebobs sxvadasxvagvari Janrebi da ar SeiZleba maTi aRreva, klasicisturi rwmenis dogmati gaxlavT. magram Tu gadavxedavT klasicistur kritikas, raTa gaverkveT, rogor gansazRvraven Janrs am kategoriis kritikosebi, ra meTodiT xelmZRvaneloben, roca undaT ga nasxvavon Jan­rebi erTimeorisagan, davrwmundebiT, rom Zalze cota ram aris maT msjelobaSi Tanmimdevruli da saerTod, raciona­luri gansazRvris saWiroebac ki cudad aqvT gaazrebuli. magaliTad, bualos kanoni moicavs pastorals, elegias, odas, epigramas, satiras, tragedias, komedias da eposs; magram bualo ar gansazRvravs am tipologiis safuZvels (iqneb imitom, rom, misi azriT, esaa istoriuli tipologia da ara racionalisturi konstruqcia). riT gansxvavdebian es Janrebi _ SinaarsiT, struqturiT, saleqso sazomiT, sididiT, emociuri toniT, Weltanschauung­iT, Tu auditori­iT? amaze pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia. Tumca, bevri klasi­

335

literaturuli HJAanrebi

cistisTvis Janrebis mTe li cneba, TavisTavad, imdenad aSkaraa, rom gamoricxavs raime problemis arsebobas. hiu bleri (`ritorika da beletristika~, 1793) ramdenime Tavs uZRvnis ZiriTad Janrebs, magram maTSi ar moiZebna adgili, zogadad, JanrTa Teoriis, araa gansazRvruli literatu­ruli klasifika ciis principebi. Janrebis SerCevac araa dasabuTebuli meTodologiuri an sxva romelime Tvalsaz­risiT. maTi umetesoba kvlav berZnebs ukavSirdeba, Tumca, es yvelaze ar iTqmis: avtori msjelobs `aRweriT poeziaze~, romelSic `SeiZleba warmoCndes geniis ukiduresi dinami­kuroba~; aq is ar gulisxmobs `raime konkretul kategorias anda kompoziciis formas~, Tumca, arsebobda `didaqti­kuri poemis~ iseTi nimuSebi, rogorebicaa ’’De rerum natura’’ anda `esse adamianze”. `aRweriTi poeziidan~ bleri gadadis `ebraul poeziaze~, romelic, misi azriT, warmoaCens `gar­dasul droTa da pirisagan miwisa aRgvili xalxis gemovne­bas~; amasTan, bleri TiTqos verc amCnevs imas, rom esaa aR­mosavluri poeziis nimuSi, im poeziisa, sruliad rom ar hgavs gabatonebul berZnul­romaul­frangul tra dicias. Semdgom bleri iwyebs msjelobas imaze, rasac is savsebiT orTodoqsulad uwodebs `epikuri da dramatuli poeziis umaRles saxeobebs~; Tumca, ufro marTebuli iqneboda, am ukanasknelisTvis `tragedia~ ewodebina.

klasicisturi Teoria ar ganmartavs, ar aviTarebs da arc icavs Janrebis doqtrinas, aseTivea misi damokidebuleba lite­raturis diferenciaciis safuZvlis mimarT. misi yurad Re bis centrSia iseTi sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa Janris siwminde, misi arsebobis xangrZlivoba da axali Janrebis gamovlena.

vinaidan istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, klasicizmi iyo avtoritarizmisa da racionalizmis narevi, is konserva­tiulobas iCenda lieraturuli klasifikaciis sakiTxebis ganxilvisas. klasicisturi Sexedulebebi ume teswilad emyareboda antikur esTetikas da, ZiriTadad, exeboda poe­turi Janrebis klasifikacias. magram ukve bualo aRiarebs sonets da madrigals, xolo jonsoni xotbas asxams denhems, romelmac Tavis nawarmoebSi ­ ̀ kuperis mTa~, Semoitana ̀ poe­

336

literaturis Teoria

ziis axali sistema~, ̀ poezia, romelsac SeiZleba ewodos re­gionaluri~; mas, agreTve, miaCnia, rom tomsonis `weliwadis droni~ aris `axali tipis poezia~ da rom aq `msjelobisa da azrebis gamoxatvis mane ra originalurobiT gamoirCeva~.

klasikuri franguli tragediis momxreebi qadagebd­nen Janris siwmindes da upirispirebdnen mas elisabedis xanis tragediebs, sadac daSvebuli iyo komikuri scenebi (mesaflaveni `hamletSi~, mTvrali msaxuri `makbetSi~). esaa horaciusiseuli Tvalsazrisis `mimdevari~ Teoria, Tu is dogmaturia, xolo rodesac masSi gaismis mowodeba gamoc­dilebisa da ganaTlebuli hedonizmisaken, maSin is aris­toteleseuli Sexedulebis damadasturebel doq tri nas warmoadgens. arsitoteles sityvebiT, `tragediam unda gamoiwvios ara SemTxveviTi siamovneba, aramed siamovneba, romelic Seesabameba mas.~18

Janrebis ierarqia nawilobriv ganisazRvreba hedo­nisturi TvalsazrisiT: magram klasikur nimuSebSi nawar­moebiT gamowveuli siamovneba ar unda gaviazroT raode­nobrivad, anu emociis intensivobis mxriv an mkiTxvelTa Tu msmenelTa raodenobis TvalsazrisiT; ierarqiuli struq­turis principi erTdroulad ga nisazRvreba ramdenime faq­toriT. esenia: socialuri, moraluri, esTetikuri, hedo­nisturi da tradiciuli faqtorebi. gasaTvaliswinebelia literaturuli nawar moebis zomac: mcire Janrebi, magali­Tad, soneti an oda, ver gautoldeba eposs anda tragedias. miltonis `mcire zomis~ leqsebi ganekuTvneba dabal Jan­rebs (soneti, kancona Tu maska); misi `umTavresi~ nawarmoe­bebidan erTi `WeSmariti~ tragediaa, ori ki _ epikuri poe­mebi. raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT, am ori `maRali~ Janri­dan `umaRlesia~ eposi. amasTan, yoymanis Semdeg da sakuTari Sexedulebebis sapirispirod, aristotelem pirveli adgi­li miakuTvna tragedias. aRorZinebis xanis kritikosebma meti Tanmimdevruloba gamoiCines, da upiratesoba eposs mianiWes. klasicizmis epoqaSi es sakiTxi kvlav sakamaTod rCeboda, Tumca, hobsi, draideni da bleri aRiarebdnen, rom eposic da tragediac umaRles Janrebad unda CaiTvalos.

337

literaturuli HJAanrebi

axla ganvixiloT sxva literaturuli nawarmoebebi, romlebic gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan mxolod strofu li formiT da saleqso sazomiT. rogor unda movaxerxoT sone­tis, rondos an baladis klasifikacia? ras warmoadge nen isini – Janrebs, Tu qveJanrebs? ukanasknel xanebSi frangi da germaneli mwerlebi maT `fiqsirebul formebad~ moix­senieben da ar miakuTvneben Janrebs. amis miuxedavad, vietori uSvebs gamonakliss, yovel SemTxvevaSi, sone­tisTvis mainc; Cveni azriT, gamarTlebuli iqneboda meti gamonaklisis daSveba. magram aq ukve terminologiidan gadavdivarT kriteriumis definiciaze: arsebobs Tu ara, saerTod, iseTi Janri, romelsac uwodeben `oqtosilabur leqss~, anda `dipodiur leqss~? Cven mzad varT, dadebiTad vupasuxoT am kiTxvas, da ai, ratom: Tu meTvramete sauku­nis inglisur poeziaSi gvxvdeba `oqtavebi~, xolo meoce saukunis dasawyisSi _ `dipodiebi~ da, amasTan, es orive sazomi daaxasiaTebeli araa inglisuri poeziisTvis misi iamburi pentametriT, es niSnavs, rom oqtavebiT da dipo­diebiT dawerili leqsebis SemTxvevaSi, maTi intonaciiTa da eTosiT19 saqme ara gvaqvs ubralod klasifikaciasTan metris safuZvelze aramed gacilebiT ufro mravalmniS­vnelovan faqtTan, romelsac aqvs rogorc `Sinagani~, aseve `gareg nuli~ forma.

amitom Janrad unda miviCnioT literaturul na­warmoebTa jgufi, romlebSic Teoriulad vlindeba ro­gorc garegnuli (specifikuri metri an struqtura), aseve ­ Sinagani (ganwyobileba, toni, Canafiqri – anu Tema da au­ditoria) forma. sakmaris safuZvlad SeiZleba gamodges er­Tic da meorec (Sinagani formisTvis – pastorali da satira, xolo garegnuli formisTvis – dipodiuri leqsi anda pin­daruli oda); magram aseT SemTxvevaSi kritikis amocanad unda miviCnioT sxva ganzomilebis moZebna da sqemisTvis meti dasrulebulobis miniWeba.

zogjer garegnuli an Sinagani cvlilebebi gana pirobebs axali Janruli kategoriebis warmoSobas: ing li sur (iseve rogorc berZnul an romaul) poeziaSi, `elegia” iwereboda

338

literaturis Teoria

elegiuri strofiT an distiqiT; amis miu xedavad, antikuri epoqis mwerlebi Tavs ar izRudavdnen micvalebulTa dati­rebiT, ase ar iqceodnen arc greis winamorbedebi – hamondi da Sekstouni. magram greim dawera Tavisi `elegia~ sagmiro katreniT, da ara kupletebiT, ris Semdegac ingli sur mwer­lobaSi elegia aRar warmoadgens intimur Janrs, dawerils Sinaarsobrivad dasrulebuli kupletebiT.

Cveulebriv, ukanaskneli epoqa, romelsac ukavSireben JanrTa istorias, esaa meTvramete saukune, radgan momdev ­no periodebSi Janruli kategoriebi aRar gamoirCeva mka­fio struqturiT, Janruli modelebi umeteswilad iSleba. amgvari Tvalsazrisi gamoTqmulia frangul da germanul enebze Seqmnil gamokvlevebSi, romlebic eZRvneba Janris problemebs. maTSi miTiTebulia isic, rom 1840­1940 wle bi, literaturuli TvalsazrisiT, anomalias warmoadgens da rom momavalSi ueWvelad unda davubrundeT iseT mwerlo­bas, romelic Janruli xasiaTisa iqneba.

amis miuxedavad, marTebuli iqneba ganvacxadoT, rom mecxramete saukuneSi Janrebis koncefciam ganicada erT­gvari cvlilebebi, Tumca ver vityviT, rom es cneba saerTod qreba (yovel SemTxvevaSi, praqtikulad Janrebi verafriT gaqreboda). auditoriis SesamCnev zrdasTan er Tad, mecx­ramete saukuneSi Janrebis ricxvmac imata, xolo gaiafebul beWdvas is mohyva, rom es Janrebi xanmokle aRmoCnda an ufro swrafad icvleboda. mecxramete saukuneSi da Cvens droSic `Janris~ mdgomareoba iseve garTulda, rogorc es daemarTa `periodis~ cnebas. Cven mowmeni varT, ra swrafad icvleba literaturuli moda; Zveli naxevarsaukunovani ritmis nacv­lad, dResdReobiT literaturuli Taobebi aT weliwadSi erTxel icvleba, ris magaliTadac gamodgeba amerikuli poezia, verlibris xana, eliotis xana, odenis xana. amasTan, SesaZlebelia, rom momavali kritikosebis azriT, sxvadasx­vagvari Tanamedrove mimdinareobebi saerTo mimarTulebisa da Tvisebebis mqone aRmoCndes (iseve, rogorc axla inglisel romantikosebad miviCnevT yvelas erTad – bairons, uords­vorTs da Selis).20

339

literaturuli HJAanrebi

Janris ra magaliTebs iZleva mecxramete saukune? van tigemi da masTan erTad sxvebi, mudam axseneben isto riul romans.21 maSin ra SeiZleba iTqvas `politikur romanze~ (rac m.e. spiris monografiis Temaa)? da Tu arsebobs poli­tikuri romani, maSin xom unda vaRiaroT arsebobac sa­suliero romanisa, romelic moicavs komfton makenzis `robert elszmirs~ da `sakurTxevlis safexurebs~, `barC­esteris koSkTan~ da `seilemis samlocvelosTan~ er Tad? magram politikur da sasuliero romans aerTianebs mxo­lod Sinaarsi, rac wminda sociologiur klasifikacia­ze metyvelebs. am xazs Cven SegviZlia gauTaveblad mivs­dioT: gavixsenoT romani oqsfordis moZraobis Sesaxeb, maswavlebelTa aRwera mecxramete saukunis romanSi, mez­Rvaurebi mecxramete saukunis romanSi da romanebi zR­vis Sesaxeb. riT gamoirCeva istoriuli romani? ara marto imiT, rom misi Tema naklebad aris SezRuduli (anu ganxil­vis sagani SeiZleba iyos mTlianad warsuli da ara mxolod misi raRac nawili), aramed imiTac, rom istoriuli romani ganuyoflad ukavSirdeba romantizms da nacionalizms _ warsuli masSi aisaxeba axleburi damokidebulebis safuZ­velze. Janris kidev ufro TvalsaCino nimuSia gotikuri romani, romelsac meTvramete saukuneSi safuZ veli daudo `otrantos sasaxlem~ da romelic dRemde cocxlobs. es aris prozauli Txrobis Janri, am sityvis sruli mniSvne­lobiT: is moicavs nawarmoebebs, romlebsac aerTianebs ara marto gansazRvruli Sinaarsi Tu Te matika, aramed _ formaluri xerxebis da saSualebebis mTeli wyebac (aR­weriTi aqsesuaruli da naratiuli, mag., dangreuli cixe­darbazebi, Sua saukuneebis kaTolikuri tradiciis saSine­lebebi, idumali portretebi, saidumlo talanebi, sadac SeiZleba SeaRwio karis moZravi panelebis gavliT, motace­bebi, msxverp lis Cakirva kedelSi, devna udabur tyeSi). amas garda, arsebobs kidev Kunstwollen, es Tetikuri mizanswrafva, rom mkiTxvels gauCndes siamovnebis momgvreli SiSi da (go­tikuri romanebis av torebi, albaT, ityodnen, `TanagrZnoba da SiSio~).22

340

literaturis Teoria

saerTod, Cveni warmodgena Janris Sesaxeb gacile­biT metadaa gansazRvruli garegnuli formiT, vidre _ Si­naganiT. amitom Janrad CaiTvleba ufro oqtaviT dawerili `hudibrasi~ da soneti, vidre politikuri romani an romani muSebis Sesaxeb: aq vgulisxmobT `literaturul~ Janrebs da ara klasifikacias Sinaarsis mixedviT, romelic SeiZleba miesadagos aramxatvrul prozasac. aristoteles `poetika~, sadac poeziis ZiriTad gvarebad eposi, drama da liriku­li (melikuri) poezia moixsenieba, iTvaliswinebs, agreTve, gamoxatvis saSualebaTa optimalur Sesabamisobas TiToeuli maTganisadmi: drama imitom iqmneba iamburi leqsiT, rom is yvelaze ufro axlosaa sasaubro metyvelebasTan, xolo epo si moiTxovs daqtilur hegzametrs, romelic sruliad ar waaga­vs amgvar metyvelebas: `Tu vinme gadawyvets daweros epiku ri poema raime sxva sazomiT, anda ramdenime sazomiT, es Seusaba­mo iqneba, radgan sagmiro metri yvelaze ufro didebuli da maRalfardovania, amitom is yvelaze ufro advilad iTvi sebs nasesxeb sityvebs, metaforebs Tu ornamentebs..~23

`formis~ momdevno done – ̀ metrisa~ da ̀ strofis~ Semd­gom, `kompozicia~ unda iyos (mag., siuJetis or ganizaciis gansakuTrebuli tipi): sxvadasxvagvari kom poziciuri xer­xebis gamoyenebiT tradiciulad (igu lisxmeba Zveli berZnu­li tragedia) ganisazRvreba gansxvaveba epossa da trage dias Soris (dawyebuli in medias res­iT, tragediis `peripe tiiT~ da erTobebis principiT). magram `klasikur xerxTagan~ yve­la rodia struqturuli: sabrZolo scenebi da saiqioSi Casvla axasiaTebs nawarmo ebs misi Sinaarsis an Temis Tval­sazrisiT. meTvramete sauku nis Semdgom mwerlobaSi Znelia am donis lokalizacia, `kargad gakeTebuli piesebis~ da de­teqtiuri romanis garda (mkvlelobis sai dumloTi), sadac kompoziciuri xerxi TviT siuJetis safuZvels warmoadgens. magram moTxrobis Cexoviseul tradiciaSic arsebobs orga­nizacia, struqtura, Tumca is ufro `Tavisufalia~, vidre pos an o.henris nawarmoebebSi.24

Janris TeoriiT dainteresebulma mecnierebma unda gaiTvaliswinon, rom `klasicisturi~ midgoma gansxvavdeba

341

literaturuli HJAanrebi

Tanamedrove midgomisgan. klasicisturi Teoria maregu­lirebeli da direqtiulia, magram misi `wesebi~ ar unda CavTvaloT uazro avtoritarizmad, rasac mas jer kidev miaweren. klasicisturi Teoria aRiarebs, rom Janrebi erT­maneTisagan gansxvavdebian rogorc TavianTi bunebiT, ise asaxvis sagnis mixedviT; amasTan, dauSvebelia Janrebis aR­reva. es aris `Janris siwmindis~ anu `genre tranche~­is cnobili doqtrina.25 miuxedavad imisa, rom ar ganxorcielebula am doqtrinis Tanamimdevruli gaazreba, man mainc wamoayena garkveuli esTetikuri principi (ise, rom ar Semoifargla mxolod kasturi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis gamoyofiT): es iyo mowodeba, rom mkacrad yofiliyo daculi intonacia, stilis siwminde da `sisadave~, erTiani emociuri wyoba (maga liTad, saSineli da sasacilo), siuJeturi da Tematuri erTianoba. es doqtrina iTvaliswinebda agreTve Janruli saSualebebis SeuTavseblobas _ xelovnebis yovel saxeo­bas aqvs Tavisi SesaZleblobani da sakuTari saSualebebi: ratom unda eswrafvodes poezia `ferwerulobas~ an `musi­kalobas~, anda ratom unda movTxovoT musikas, rom aRweri­Ti an scenuri iyos? `esTetikuri siwmindis~ princi pis gaT­valiswinebiT, simfonia ufro `wminda~ aRmoCndeba, vidre opera an oratoria (romlebSic gamoiyeneba gundic iyos da orkestric), simebiani kvarteti ki _ kidev ufro wminda (vinaidan is ifargleba mxolod erT saorkestro an sambliT da ar iyenebs xis instrumentebs, spilenZis sa sule instru­mentebs da dasartyam instrumentebs).

klasicizmis Teorias hqonda agreTve Tavisi Janrebis socialuri diferenciacia. eposi da tragedia asaxavda me­fisa da Tavadaznaurobis cxovrebas, komedia – saSualo klasis (qalaqelebis, burJuaziis) yofas, xolo satirisa da farsis personaJebi iyvnen mdabioni. moqmed pirebs Soris aseTi mkveTri sxvaoba Seesatyviseba yovel tips. aqedan ga­momdinareobs moqmed pirTa ganawileba dramaSi maTi ran­gis mixedviT, rac `dekorumis~ doqtriniT iyo nakarnaxevi, agreTve _ metyvelebiTi daxasiaTebis sti listuri saxe­sxvaobebi: stili da metyveleba iyofa maRal, Sualedur

342

literaturis Teoria

da dabal doneebad.26 mas agreTve hqonda sakuTari kate­goriebis ierarqia, romlis elementebs warmoadgenda ara ubralod moqmed pirTa rangi da nawarmoebis stili, aramed _ nawarmoebis zoma an moculoba (Canafiqris ufro sru­lad ganxorcielebis unari), agreTve _ gadasawyveti prob­lemebis mniSvneloba.

`genealogiis~ (ase uwodebs van tigemi Cvens kvlevas)27 Tanamedrove momxre namdvilad moindomebs, rom Seiswav­los Janrebis klasicisturi doqtrina, Semdeg ki igrZnobs mis gar kveul araTanmimdevrulobas (esTetikis Tvalsazri­siT). am araTanmimdevrulobis mizezebi Cven nawilobriv ganvmarteT Janrebis `siwmindis~ Sesaxeb saubrisas. mag ram `genealogiis~ principi ar daiyvaneba erT romelime tradi­ciaze an doqtrinaze. klasicizmisTvis miuRebeli iyo sxva esTetikuri sistemebi, Janrebi da formebi. nacv lad imisa, rom eRiarebina gotikuri kaTedrali rogorc berZ nul ta­ZarTan SedarebiT ufro rTuli `forma~, igi masSi mxolod uformobas xedavda. igive vrceldebaunda iTqvas Janrebis Sesaxeb. yovel `kulturas~ aqvs Tavisi Janrebi, iqneba es Ci­nuri, arabuli Tu irlandiuri kulturebi; arsebobs pri­mitiuli zepirsityvieri `Janrebi~. Sua sau kuneebis mwer­lobam warmoSva uamravi Janri.28 amitom ver vityviT, rom marTebulia mxolod berZnul­romauli klasifikacia. arc imis saWiroebaa, rom davicvaT – Tavisi berZnul­romauli formiT – Janris siwmindis doqtrina, romelic miesadageba esTetikuri xedvis mxolod erT tips.

Janris Tanamedrove Teoria aSkarad aRweriTia. is ar zRudavs SesaZlebeli kategoriebis raodenobas, da arc we­sebs karnaxobs avtorebs. es Teoria aRiarebs, rom dasaSvebia tradiciuli Janrebis `Sereva~ da axali tipis (tragikome­diis msgavsad) Seqmna, agreTve _ Janrebis ageba iseT safuZ­velze, romelic moicavs rogorc `ur TierTgamdidrebas~, ise `siwmindes~ (Janri iwarmoeba ara marto danawevrebiT, aramed _ SeerTebiTac). nacvlad imisa, rom aqcenti gakeT­des Janrebs Soris gansxvavebaze da maTi saerTo mniSvnelis ZiebiT (romantikosTa im gancxadebis sapirispirod, romlis

343

literaturuli HJAanrebi

Tanaxmad, yoveli `originaluri geniosi~ da Semoqmedebis yoveli produqti unikaluria).

siamovneba, romelsac adamians aniWebs literaturu­li nawarmoebi, ganpirobebulia siaxliT da, imavdroulad, nacnobi elementebis amocnobiT. musikaSi sonatis forma da fuga warmoadgenen aSkarad amosacnob formebs; deteqtiu­ri fabulis mqone nawarmoebSi intriga TandaTanobiT iZa­beba, samxilebi erT wertilSi ikvreba (rogorc es xdeba `oidiposSi~). mTlianad nacnobi da ganmeorebadi saxe mosa­bezrebelia; sruliad axali romanis forma iqneba gaugebari da warmoudgenelic ki. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Janri warmoad­gens esTetikur xerxTa jams, romlebic xelmisawvdomia mwer lisTvis da cnobilia mkiTxvelisTvis. kargi mwerali iTvaliswinebs Janris moTxovnebs, Tan nawilobriv afar­Toebs Janris sazRvrebs. saboloo an gariSiT, didi mwer­lebi (Seqspiri da rasini, molieri da jonsoni, dikensi da dostoevski) ar qmnian axal Janrebs: isini iyenebdnen sxvaTa Seqmnil formebs.

Janrebis Seswavla Rirebulia Tundac imitom, rom yu­radRebas amaxvilebs literaturis Sinagan gan viTarebaze, rasac henri uelsma `literaturuli ge ne tika~ uwoda (`axali da Zveli poetebi~, 1940). raoden mniS vnelovanic unda iyos gareSe garemoebaTa zemoqmedeba literaturaze, wignebi ganicdian, pirvel yovlisa, sxva wignebis gavlenas; wignebSi xdeba sxva wignebis imitacia, parodia da trans­formireba da es araa ganpirobebuli, ubralod, qronolo­giuri siaxloviT. Tanamedrove Janre bis gansazRvrisTvis sjobs ganvixiloT yvelaze gavlenia ni avtorebi da wignebi: elioti da odeni, prusti da kafka.

Janris TeoriasTan dakavSirebiT, gvinda SevexoT ram­denime mniSvnelovan problemas, romlebic jer kidev araa gadaWrili. aseTia zepirsityvieri literaturis primi­tiuli Janrebis (anu folkloris) mimarTeba mwignob ruli literaturis JanrebTan. erT­erTi ru si formalisti, Sklovski, miiCnevs, rom xelovnebis axali formebi sxva araferia, Tu ara `dabali (anu subliteraturuli) Janrebis

344

literaturis Teoria

ubralo kanonizacia~. dos toevskis nawarmoebebi warmoad­gen gandidebul deteq tiur romanebs, romans á sensation, `puS kinis lirikuli leqsebi momdinareobs saalbomo leqse­bidan, blokisa – boSaTa simRerebidan, xolo maiakovskisa – sagazeTo­karikaturuli poeziidan~.29 bertold brehti, aseve odeni – Sesabamisad, germanulad da inglisurad – sa­gangebod cdilobdnen, gadaeqciaT popularuli poezia se­riozul literaturad. garkveul Tvalsazrisad, SeiZleba miviC nioT, rom literaturas aucileblad sWirdeba mud­mivi TviTganaxleba misi erTgvari `rebarbarizaciis~ meS­veobiT.30 andre Jolis TvalsazrisiT, rTuli literatu­ruli formebi viTardeba ufro martivi formebidan. Joles miaCnia, rom legenda, saga, miTi, andaza, SemTxveva, zRapari, xumroba warmoadgenen im primitiul elementarul Janrebs, romlebic yvela rTuli Janris safuZveli Zevs.31 romanis is­toria amgvari ganviTarebis magaliTia: `pamelas”, `tom jon­sis” da `tristram Sendis” `momwifebuli~ formebi emyareba `einfache Formen~­s: werilebs, dRiurs, mogzaurobis aRweras (anda `warmosaxul mogzaurobas~), memuarebs, meCvidmete saukunis `daxasiaTebebs~, agreTve _ sasceno komedias, eposs da saTavgadasavlo romans.

meore sakiTxia Janruli ganviTarebis uwyvetoba. cno­bilia, rom brunetierma daTvuri samsaxuri gauwia `genealo­gias~ Tavisi kvazibiologiuri `evoluciuri~ TeoriiT. man gamoitana metad moulodneli daskvna, rom meCvidmete sau­kunis oratorulma xelovnebam uSualo zegavlena moaxdina (qronologiuri siSoris miuxedavad) mecxramete saukunis lirikul poeziaze.32 es daskvna (paralelad gamodgeba is kav­Siri, romelic, van tigemis SexedulebiT, arsebobs homerosis epossa da uolter skotis `ueverlis~ Soris, Sua saukunee­bis galeqsil romansa da Tanamedrove fsiqologiur romans Soris, drosa da sivrceSi daSorebul nawarmoebebs Soris) efuZneba analogias avtori sa da mkiTxvelis mdgomareobasTan – romlebic yovelTvis ro di arian Tanamedroveni (`quelques tendances premordiales~). magram van tigemi aRniSnavs amgvari ana­logiebis SeuZleblobis Sesa xeb, radgan, misi azriT, Sedareba

345

literaturuli HJAanrebi

ar xorcieldeba ̀ literaturu li Janrebis CarCoebSi, am sity­vis zusti mniSvnelobiT~ ­ `les genres litteraires – proprement dits~.33 cxadia, Janruli ganviTarebis Tanmimdevrulobis gamovlena SesaZlebeli iqneba mxolod maSin, rodesac mis yovel etapze dasabuTebuli iqneba Janrisadmi `erTguleba~. warmoadgens Tu ara tragedia erT Janrs? Cven vaRiarebT, rom tragedias aqvs periodebi da erovnuli formebi: berZnuli tragedia, elisabedis xanis, klasikuri franguli da mecxramete sau­kunis germanuli tragedia. rogor aRviqvaT isini? rogorc mravali calkeuli Janri Tu, rogorc erTi Janris tipebi da nairsaxeobebi? rogorc Cans, pasuxi, nawilobriv mainc, damokidebulia imaze, Tu ras SevarCevT amosaval principad _ klasikuri elinuri xanis formalur memkvidreobiTo­bas Tu Sinaarsis ideur Taviseburebas. mecxramete saukunis literaturis ganxilvi sas kidev ufro Znelia pasuxis gacema am kiTxvaze: ra SeiZleba vTqvaT Cexovis `alublis baRze~ da `Toliaze~, anda ibsenis `moCvenebebze~, `rosmersholmze~, `mSenebel solnesze~? unda miviCnioT Tu ara isini trage­diebad? gamoxatvis saSualeba Seicvala da leqsidan prozaze gadainacvla; aseve Seicvala `tragikuli gmiris~ cneba.

am kiTxvebs mivyavarT im sakiTxTan, romelic exeba Janris istoriis xasiaTs. erTi mxriv, davoben imaze, rom SeuZlebelia kritikuli istoriis Seqmna (radgan Seqspiris tragediebis normad aRiareba imas niSnavs, rom saTanadod ver SevafasebT ZvelberZnul da frangul tragediebs), xolo, meore mxriv, istoria, romelsac ara aqvs istoriis filosofia, ubralo qronikad darCeba.34 orive pozicia Taviseburad samarTliania. pasuxad is gveguleba, rom eli sabedis xanis tragediis istoria unda iwerebodes ro­gorc Seqspirisken mimarTuli ganviTareba da misgan daw­yebuli daRmasvla; magram tragediis istoria valdebulia ga moiyenos ormagi meTodi: SeimuSavos tragediis zogadi gansazRvra (saerTo mniSvnelis Ziebis meTodi) da, meore mxriv, gamoavlinos qronologiuri kavSirebi tragediuli Janris erT skolasa da mogvianebiT Camoyalibebul meore skolas Soris erTi qveynisa da erTi literaturuli mimar­

346

literaturis Teoria

Tulebis farglebSi; amgvarad warmodgenili Janris isto­ria warmoadgens agreTve literaturuli procesis perio­dizaciis kritikul gadaazrebas (mag., franguli tra gedia Jodelidan rasinamde da rasinidan volteramde).

aSkaraa, rom Janris Tema win swevs literaturis isto­riis, literaturuli kritikisa da maTi ur Ti er T kavSirebis centralur sakiTxebs. igi gan sa kuTrebul li teraturul konteqstSi svams im filosofiur sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa zogadisa da individualuris, erTeulisa da mravlobiTis urTi erTmimarTeba, universaliebis arsi.

347

Tavi meTvramete

Sefaseba

*mizanSewonilia, erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT termi­

nebi `dafaseba~ da `Sefaseba~. istoriis mTel manZilze ka cobriobam icoda zepirsityvieri da mwignobruli li­teraturis fasi, didad iyo misiT dainteresebuli da dade biTad moixseniebda. magram kritikosebma da filo­sofosebma, romlebsac marTebT, `Seafason~ li te ratura an konkretuli literaturuli nawarmoebi, SeiZleba uaryofiTi verdiqti gamoitanon. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, interesis gancdidan gadavdivarT gansjis aqtze. normas­Tan mimarTebis dadgenis, kriteriumis gamoyenebis da sxva sagnebTan an interesebTan nawarmoebis Sedarebis gziT Cven ganvsazRvravT am mxatvruli obieqtis an interesis rangs.

Tu movindomebT dawvrilebiT aRvweroT adamianis damokidebuleba literaturisadmi, gagviWirdeba am uka­nasknelis definicia. is, rac amJamad moixsenieba rogorc literatura, etapobrivad aRmocenda sinkretuli qme­debidan, romelic moicavda simReras, cekvas da reli­giur rituals. xolo Tu vapirebT ganvmartoT kacobrio­bis siyvaruli literaturisadmi, maSin detalurad unda gaverkveT am movlenis arsSi. ra aris is, risTvisac xalxi afasebs literaturas? ra Rirebulebebi aqvs iseTi, rac iwvevs interess? unda iTqvas, rom aseTi ram bevria: hora­ciusis reziume `dulce et utile~ SegviZla vTargmnoT, ro­gorc `garToba~ da `ganswavla~, anda `TamaSi~ da `Sroma~, an `saboloo Rirebuleba~ da `qmediTi Rirebuleba~, anda `xelovneba~ da `propaganda~, an xelovneba, rogorc TviT­mizani da xelovneba, rogorc sazogadoebis ritualu ri da kulturuli gamaerTianebeli Zala.

348

literaturis Teoria

ganvixiloT normis sakiTxi. rogor unda davafasoT da SevafasoT literatura? – literatura unda davafa­soT imitom, rom is literaturaa da ara sxva ram; is unda SevafasoT literaturuli Rirebulebis cnebebisa da ska­lis Sesabamisad.1 literaturis buneba, funqcia da Sefaseba urTierTkorelaciuria. sagnis gamoyeneba – vgulisxmobT mis Cveulebriv, an profesiul an kidev _ erTaderT Sesa­Zlebel gamoyenebas – ganpirobebulia misi bunebiT (an misi struqturiT). is, rac potenciaSi aris sagnis buneba, sagnis gamoyenebisas warmoadgens mis funqcias. sagani SeiZleba gamoviyenoT da unda gamoviyenoT ise, rogorc amas gvkarna­xobs misi buneba. sagnis dafaseba SegviZlia imis gamo, rasac is warmoadgens da risi Sesrulebac mas ZaluZs, xolo misi Sefaseba unda moxdes sxva sagnebTan SedarebiT, romlebsac msgavsi xasiaTi da funqcia aqvT.

literatura unda SevafasoT misive bunebiT gansaz­Rvruli terminebiT da kategoriebiT. ra aris literaturis buneba? ras warmoadgens literatura, rogorc aseTi? ra aris `wminda literatura~? amgvarad Camoyalibebuli kiTx­va gulisxmobs garkveul analitikur da reduqciul proce­sebs; pasuxi masze, albaT, migviyvans `wminda poeziis~ kon­cefciasTan _ imaJizmTan da eqolaliasTan. magram im Sem­TxvevaSi, Tu vecdebiT, rom am gzaze `siwmindes~ mivaRwioT, maSin unda davarRvioT plastikuri saxeobriobisa da evfo­niis erTianoba da davutovoT isini, Sesabamisad, ferweras da musikas; magram amas mohyveba poeziis gaqroba.

`siwmindis~ amgvari gaazreba kritikuli analizis mxo­lod erT­erTi momentia. sjobs, daviwyoT literaturis organizaciiT da funqciiT. ekuTvnis Tu ara literaturas mocemuli nawarmoebi, amas gadawyvets ara elementTa raoba, aramed maTi urTierTganlageba da daniSnuleba.2 `wminda literaturis~ zogierTi Zveli damcveli, reformatoru­li saqmianobis procesSi, mzadaa `didaqtikur eresTan~ gaaigivos eTikuri an socialuri ideebis ubralo arsebo­bac ki romanSi Tu poemaSi. magram literaturas zians ver mivayenebT mxatvrul sistemaSi garkveuli ideebis CarTviT,

349

Sefaseba

radgan esaa erTgvari literaturuli masala, xasiaTebis an garemocvis msgavsad. Tanamedrove warmodgenebis mixed viT, literaturas ar unda hqondes praqtikuli daniSnuleba (propaganda, miTiTeba uSualo da dauyovnebliv moqmede­baze) da mecnieruli daniSnuleba (informaciis mowodeba, faqtebi, `damatebiTi codna~). Cven ar vgulisxmobT, rom romanSi an leqsSi ar moipoveba praqtikuli an mecnieruli codnis `elementebi~, romlebsac garkveuli Rirebuleba aqvT nawarmoebis konteqstisgan damoukideblad. vime o­rebT: savaraudod, TviT `wminda~ romanSi an leqsSic ki amovikiTxavT praqtikuli an mecnieruli Rirebulebis mqone azrebs. sazogadod, SesaZlebelia, nebismieri sagani aR viqvaT arasworad, ese igi, im funqciebis sapirispirod, rom lebic gamomdinareobs misi bunebidan:

zog vinmes msgavsad, vinc eklesias gaemarTebaara doqtrinis, aramed musikis iq mosasmenad.

Tavis droze, albaT sworad ar iyo gagebuli da wakiT­xuli gogolis `Sineli~ da `mkvdari sulebi~; es Se niSvna gonier kritikosebsac exeba. Sexeduleba am na warmoebebis TiTqosda propagandistuli daniSnulebis Sesaxeb efuZne­boda teqstidan amoglejil nawyvetebs, rom lebic sulac ar moiTxovs aseT daxvewil literatu rul organizacias an ironiis, parodiis, sityvaTa TamaSis, mimikriisa da burles­kis esoden rTul meqanizms.

SeiZleba Tu ara raimes gadawyveta literaturis amgvari definiciiT? garkveuli gagebiT, esTetikuri moqceulia `esTetikur gamocdilebasa~ (xelovnebis av­tonomiur sferos) da xelovnebas, rogorc mxolod mecni­eruli da sazogadoebrivi ideebis gamoxatulebas Soris. es gamoricxavs iseT tertium quid­s, rogoricaa `esTetikuri Rirebuleba~, Sualeduri ram `codnasa~ da `moqmedebas~ Soris, anu, erTi mxriv, mecnierebasa da filosofias, xolo meore mxriv – eTikasa da politikas So ris.3 cxadia, rodesac vambobT, rom xelovnebas ara aqvs misgan ganuyofeli, pirve­

350

literaturis Teoria

ladi `esTetikuri Rirebuleba~, ar SeiZleba uarvyoT, rom mas, sazogadod aqvs garkveuli Rirebuleba. xelovnebis nawarmoebis da, saerTod, xelovnebis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb TiToeuli adamiani msjelobs faseulobaTa `realuri~, `sabo loo~ sistemebis Sesaxeb sakuTari warmodgenidan gamomdinare. zogierTi filosofosis msgavsad, xelovne­ba SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc codnis primitiuli an damokidebuli forma, anda, zogierTi reformatoris Sexe­dulebisamebr, SevafasoT igi misi savaraudo efeqturobis kuTxiT (Tu ramdenad Seswevs mas unari, gamoiwvios garkveu­li moqmedeba). xelovnebis (gansakuTrebiT, mwerlobis) Ri­rebulebad SeiZleba miviCnioT misi SemcvelobiToba, es ki gamoricxavs garkveul specializacias raime principiT. mwerlebi da kritikosebi amiT gacilebiT ufro amayoben, vidre mwerlis an misi interpretatoris maRali profe­sionalizmiT. `literaturul azrovnebas~ aseT SemTxvevaSi miewereba `winaswarmetyvelebis~ uflebebi, gansakuTre­buli `WeSma ritebis~ kidev ufro farTod da Rrmad wvdo­mis unari, vidre es ZaluZs mecnierebasa da filosofias. magram saqme isaa, rom am grandiozuli pretenziebis dacva Zalze Znelia swored maTi grandiozulobis gamo. isini marTlzomieri iqneba mxolod maSin, rodesac Rirebulebis yoveli sfero, iqneba es religia, filosofia, ekonomika Tu xelovneba, SeZlebs daasabuTos Tavisi uzomo pretenziebi da SeiTavsebs sxvaTa yvela saukeTeso da WeSmarit elements Tu Tvisebas.4 zogierTis azriT, literaturis miCneva nati­fi xelovnebis erT­erT formad, ufro Ralats hgavs. lite­ratura miiswrafvis, iyos codnis aRmatebuli forma, da agreTve, zneobrivi da sazogadoebrivi moqmedebis forma: Sesabamisad, am poziciidan ukan daxeva xom ar niSnavs, rom is ugulebelyofs sakuTar daniSnulebas da, aqedan gamom­dinare, statuss? gana yovel sferos (iseve ro gorc yovel mzard ersa da pativmoyvare, Tavdajerebul pirovnebas) ar marTebs, rom ufro metisken miiswrafvo des, vidre is imsa­xurebs, mezoblis an moSurnis azriT?

351

Sefaseba

amitom literaturis zogi apologeti miiCnevs, rom, esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT, literatura ar aris `natifi xelovneba~. sxvebis mtkicebiT, `esTetikuri faseuloba~ da `esTetikuri gamocdileba~ ar warmoadgens Zireul, pirve­lad cnebebs. arsebobs Tu ara gansazRvruli av tonomiuri sfero `esTetikuri gamocdilebisa~ an es Te tikuri obieq­tis Tvisebebisa, romlebsac Tavisi bu nebiT ZaluZT gamoam­JRavnon aseTi gancda?

kantis Semdeg, filosofosTa da xelovnebaTmcodne­Ta umetesoba aRiarebs, rom natif xelovnebas, da, masTan erTad, literaturas, ganumeorebeli Tvisebebi da Ri­rebuleba aqvT. ase magaliTad, Teodor grini acxadebda, rom ar SeiZleba `mxatvruloba dayvanil iqnas sxva uf­ro primitiul Tvisebebamde~. igi werda: `xelovnebis na­warmoebis ganumeoreblobas SeiZleba mxolod intuiciiT CavwvdeT; is SeiZleba aRvniSnoT da warmovadginoT, magram SeuZlebelia misi gansazRvra, da miT umetes – aRwera.5

filosofosebi TiTqmis erTxmad aRiareben esTe­tikuri gancdis ganumeoreblobas. `wminda gonebis kri­tikaSi” kanti xazs usvams xelovnebis `umizno mi zan­dasaxulebas~ (rodesac mizani ar aris mimarTuli moq­medebisken), `wminda~ silamazis upiratesobas gamo yenebiT silamazesTan SedarebiT, agreTve _ interesis uqonlo­bas esTetikuri aRqmis obieqtSi (ara aqtiuri, aramed pa­siuri aRqma). Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi Se Tanxmdnen imaze, rom esTetikuri gamocdileba niSnavs iseT aRqmas, romelic Sinaganad sasiamovnoa da saintereso; is moicavs garkveul faseulobas, iZleva nimuSs, aRgviZravs sxva fa­seulobaTa molodins. esTetikuri gamocdileba ukavSir­deba grZnobebs (tkivilis, siamovnebis, srul fasovani ar­sebobis SegrZnebas) da cnobierebas; amasTan, is asagnebs da ayalibebs grZnobebs, romlebic xelovnebis nawarmoebSi pouloben ̀ obieqtur korelats~, grZnobebi, rodesac isini gvevlinebian mxatvruli gamonagonis for miT, TiTqos kar­gaven simZafres. esTetikuri obieqti aris iseTi obieqti, romelic iwvevs Cems interess TavisTavad, me ki ar SemiZlia

352

literaturis Teoria

misi gardaqmna an gaTaviseba. esTetikuri gamocdileba aris erTgvari Wvreta, mZafri interesi damaxasiaTebeli­sadmi. mas ar sCvevia da vnebs kidec uti litaruloba, xolo mTavari mteria Cveva, romelic war moadgens gamyarebuli praqticizmis Sedegs.

literaturuli nawarmoebi aris esTetikuri obieqti, romelsac ZaluZs, gaaaqtiuros esTetikuri gamocdileba. ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli, rom literaturuli nawar­moebis SefasebaSi mTlianad esTetikuri kriteriumiT vi­xelmZRvaneloT? T.s. eliotis varaudis Sesabamisad, xom ar gvmarTebs, rom mwerlobis literaturuloba ganvsajoT esTetikuri kriteriumiT, xolo literaturis rangi da sidiade – araesTetikuri kriteriumiT?6 eliotis pirve­li Tvalsazrisi or nawilad unda gavyoT. pirvel rigSi, lite raturad (moTxrobad, leqsad, piesad) unda miviCnioT specifikuri verbaluri konstruqciebi, da amis Semdeg ukve vsvamT kiTxvas, CaiTvleba Tu ara is `karg~, e.i. im ran­gis literaturad, romelic pasuxobs esTetikuri gamoc­dilebis mqone mkiTxvelis moTxovnebs. rac Seexeba `diad~ literaturas, aq ukve saWiroa standartebi da normebi. Tanamedrove kritikosebi ifarglebian iseTi esTetikuri kritikiT, romlebsac, saerTod, `formalisturs~ uwodeben (zogjer TviTon, zogjer ki _ kritikulad _ sxvebi). yovel SemTxvevaSi, sityva `forma~ orazrovania. aq masSi vgulisx­mobT literaturuli nawarmoebis esTetikur struqturas, anu imas, rac mas aqcevs literaturad.7 for misa da Sinaarsis Sepirispirebis nacvlad, Cven pirvel adgilas vayenebT asax­vis sagans da mxolod Semdeg `formas~, romelic Tavis masa­las uzrunvelyofs esTetikuri organizaciiT. xelovnebis namdvil nawarmoebSi, xdeba ma salis sruli asimilireba formaSi: is rac iyo `samyaro~, gadaiqca `enad~.8 literatu­ruli xelovnebis nawarmoebis ̀ masala~ erT doneze sityvier masalas warmoadgens, meore doneze – adamianuri qcevis ga­mocdilebas, xolo kidev sxva doneze – msoflmxedvelobas. yvela isini, enis CaTvliT, arseboben xelovnebis nawarmoe­bis samyaros miRma, sxva formiT, xolo leqsSi an romanSi, Tu

353

Sefaseba

esaa xelovnebis maRalmxatvruli nawarmoebebi, esTetikuri mizani aer Tianebs maT polifoniuri mTlianobis saxiT.

SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom literatura SevafasoT wminda formalisturi kriteriumiT? SevecdebiT Camo­vayaliboT pasuxi am kiTxvaze.

rusi formalistebis mier Seqmnili SefasebiTi krite­riumi, imavdroulad, esTetikuri kriteriumicaa – es aris siaxle, moulodneloba. Cveuli lingvisturi sityvaTSe­Tanxmebebs an `kliSeebs~ uSualod ver aR viq vamT: sityvebi ar gaiazreba rogorc sityvebi, xo lo sityvaTSeTanxmebebis mniSvneloba miaxloebiTia. Cveni reaq cia banalur, gacveTil gamoTqmebze aseve banalu ria; nacnobi, mobezrebuli mowye­na xom mxolod mowyenas iwvevs. sityvebis `realizeba~, maTi simbolikis wvdoma xde ba mxolod maSin, rodesac isini axle­burad da moulodnelad arian SeTanxmebulni. enis aRsaqme­lad aucilebelia misi `deformacia~, anu stilizebuli ar­qaizaciis an barbarizaciis mimarTulebiT. viqtor Sklovs­kis azriT, poeziis daniSnulebaa `ganaxleba~, `gaucnau­reba~. magram sia xlis aseTi kriteriumi ukve farTod iyo gavrcelebu li, yovel SemTxvevaSi romantikosTa Semdeg _ uots­daltoni mas `gaocebis aRorZinebas~ uwodebda.

uordsvorTi da kolriji sxvadasxvanairad da ur­TierTkorelaciurad iRvwodnen, raTa `ucnaurad war­moedginaT~ saTqmeli, oRond pirveli maTgani cdilobda eCvenebina Cveuli movlena rogor ucnauri, xolo meore, pi riqiT, warmogvidgenda ucnaurs, rogorc Cveuls. ufro gviandeli `moZraobebi~ poeziaSi cdilobdnen gadaewyvi­taT erTi da igive amocana: Tavi aeridebinaT mkiTxveli­seuli reaqciis avtomatizmisTvis, ramac xeli Seuwyo enis ganaxlebas (sityvis revolucias) da gaemZafrebinaT poe­turi xedva. romantizmma Tavis principad aRiara uSualo bavSvuri aRqma. matisma didi Sroma gaswia, raTa daenaxa sam­yaro `xuTi wlis bavSvis TvaliT~. peiteri irwmuneboda, rom esTetikuri disciplina gamoricxavs Cvevas, radgan es ukanaskneli xels uSlis aRqmas. kriteriumad siaxlea ga­mocxadebuli, magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom esaa aRqmis siax­le, romelic ganurCevelia Sinaarsis mimarT.9

354

literaturis Teoria

ramdenad Sors wagviyvans es kriteriumi? im formiT, ro­gorc is rusebma gamoiyenes, es kriteriumi rela tivisturad aris aRiarebuli. mukarJovski wers, rom es Tetikuri norma ar arsebobs, radgan swored esTetikuri normis arsia dasamsx­vrevi.10 aranairi poeturi stili ar aris mudam ̀ ucnauri~. ami­tom, – acxadebs mukarJovski, – nawarmoebma SeiZleba dakar­gos Tavisi esTetikuri funqcia, xolo Semdeg, mogvianebiT, kvlav daibrunos is, mas mere, rac kargad nacnobi movlena kvlav ucnobad warmogvidgeba. xdeba ise, rom kargad nacnobi leqss axleburad gadaviazrebT xolme, zogjer ki xangrZli­vi droiT gadavdebT mis kiTxvas, radgan gvgonia, rom masSi ver vipoviT verafers axals. aseTia literaturis mTeli istoria: zogierTi daviwyebuli poeti kvlav iwvevs Cvens gancvifrebas, sxvebs ki veCveviT da isini araviTar gavlenas aRar axdenen Cvens warmosaxvaze .11

rodesac vlaparakobT nawarmoebTan piradi damo­kidebulebis Sesaxeb, Cven ukve viyenebT sxva kri teriums. rodesac isev da isev vubrundebiT nawarmoebs da masSi `yovel jerze masSi axal­axal Tvisebebs vamCnevT~, aq ar xdeba Cveni codnis gazrda analogiuri cnobebis xarjze _ Cven, ubralod, vwvdebiT sazrisis axal doneebs, axal asociaciur kavSirebs; romansa Tu poemaSi vxedavT mraval­Sreobriv struqturas. magaliTad, homerosisa da Seqspiris nawarmoebebi kvlavac iwvevs aRtacebas, da, maSasadame, maT axasiaTebs is Tviseba, romelsac JorJ boesis kvalobaze, `polivalenturobas~ vuwodebT: maTi esTetikuri Rire­buleba imdenad didia, rom yoveli axali Taobis aRtacebas iwvevs am qmnilebaTa axalaRmoCenili mSveniereba.12 amasTan, aseTi nawarmoebebis amouwuravi mravalferovnebis wvdoma misi avtoris sicocxleSic ki, ar SeuZlia erT adamians, es xelewifeba mxolod koleqtivs, sazogadoebas. Seqspiris piesis yurebisas yvelaze ubralo msmeneli aRiqvams fabu­las, ufro gonieri – xasiaTebs da konfliqtebs, ufro ga­naTlebuli – calkeul sityvebs da frazebs, musikisadmi mgrZnobiare _ ritms, xolo sazriss TandaTanobiT swvdeba mxolod marTlac moazrovne da mgrZnobiare adamiani.13

355

Sefaseba

Cveni kriteriumi Sinaarsobrivi xasiaTisaa: `saxe­ob ri vi integracia~ da masalis `moculoba (da mra val­ferovneba)~.14 formalistebi Tvlidnen, rom rac uf ro `rTulia~ leqsi, rac ufro metia misi Rirebuleba da aana­lizebdnen Zalze rTuli struqturis nawarmoebebs, romle­bic gaSifvras saWiroebdnen. rTuli SeiZleba iyos erTi an ramdenime done. hopkinsis `sirTule~ _ esaa misi poeturi manerac, sintaqsic da prosodiac. nawarmoebis `sirTule~ SeiZleba gamovlindes saxeobriobis, Tematikis, tonis anda siuJetis doneze _ yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawarmoebebi rTulia swored am `maRali~ struqturebis doneze.

`masalaTa mravalferovnebaSi~ igulisxmeba konkre­tuli ideebi, xasiaTebi da sazogadoebrivi da fsiqologi­uri gamocdilebis tipebi. am mxriv relevanturia eliotis mier `metafizikos poetTa~ Taobaze gamoTqmuli mosazreba. aCvenebs ra, rom poetis goneba `ganuwyvetliv aerTianebs gansxvavebul gamocdilebas~, elioti, magaliTis saxiT, agebs nawarmoebs, romelic moicavs poetis siyvaruls, spinozas kiTxvas, sabeWdi manqanis kakuns da Semzadebuli saWmlis aromats. doqtori jonsoni amgvar nazavs discor-dia concors-s (`grZnobaTa disharmonias~) uwodebda, metad undoblad ekideboda poeturi warmosaxvis am Tvisebas da aRniSnavda, rom am dros `yvelaze ufro Seusabamo azrebi ZaliT aris SekavSirebuli~. ufro gviandeli avtori, jorj uiliamsoni, romelic aseve aanalizebda `metafizikosebs~, dadebiTad afasebs gansxvavebuli masalis SeTanxmebas. Cve­ni TvalsazrisiT, rom Tuki namdvilad xdeba `gaerTiane­ba~, maSin poemis Rirebuleba izrdeba misi masalis mra val­ferovnebis pirdapirproporciulad.

`sam leqciaSi esTetikis sakiTxebze~ bosanke ga­nasxvavebs `martiv mSvenierebas~ `Zneli mSvenierebisgan~, mTeli misi sirTuliT, Sinagani daZabulobiT da masStabu­robiT. Cven SegviZlia avxsnaT sxvaoba maT Soris masalaTa gansxvavebulobiT: martivi mSveniereba miiRweva martivi sa­SualebebiT (keTilxmovaneba, sasiamovno vi zualuri xate­bi, `poeturi siuJeti~); `Zneli mSveniereba~ TiTqmis unda

356

literaturis Teoria

`gamoiwuros~ urCi masalidan da amgvari urCi masalaa: mtan­jveli, maxinji, didaqtikuri, praqtikuli. am gansxvavebas ukve meTvramete saukune moaswavebda Tavisi kontrastiT `mSveniersa~ da `amaRlebuls~ (`Znel mSvenierebas~) Soris. `amaRlebulisa~ da `damaxasiaTeblis~ meSveobiT xorciel­deba `araesTetikuris~ esTetizeba. magaliTad, tragedia mxatvrulad gardasaxavs tkivils, tanjvas; komediac Sesa­bamisad moqmedebs `simaxinjeze~. saSualebebi, romlebiTac miiRweva martivi mSveniereba, TviT warmoadgenen mSve­nierebis pirvelad ̀ formebs~; ̀ Zneli mSveniereba~, piriqiT, yovelTvis warmoadgens for mas, mxatvrul gamoxatulebas.

Zneli mSveniereba ufro metad Seesabameba maRalmxatv­rulobas, vidre xelovnebis `srulyofili~ nawarmoebi da `diadi qmnileba~. rasakvirvelia, moculoba mniSvnelovani faqtoria ara TavisTavad, aramed imis gamo, rom igi Sesa­Zlebels xdis nawarmoebis sirTulis, Sinagani daZabulobi­sa da diapazonis gazrdas. ~msxvili~ nawarmoebi da `msxvili~ Janri moculobas ukavSirdeba. Tu am sakiTxSi ar veTanxme­biT klasicizmis Teoretikosebs, misi ugulebelyofa mainc ar SegviZlia: SegviZlia mxolod moviTxovoT, rom mocu­loba gamarTlebuli unda iyos, da rom dResdReobiT poemas sigrZisTvis gacilebiT meti moeTxoveba vidre adre.

zogierTi esTetikosisTvis `sidiade~ araesTetiku ri kategoriaa.15 ase, magaliTad, l.a. ridis TvalsazrisiT, xe­lovnebis sidiade momdinareobs Sinaarsobrivi aspeq tidan, da is diadia imdenad, ramdenadac gamoxatavs sicocxlis `diad” Rirebulebebs. t.m. grini ki gvTavazobs, rom ̀ simarT­le~ da `sidiade~ ganixilebodes, rogorc xelovnebis stan­darti, TumcaRa araesTetikuri, magram aucilebeli. sinamd­vileSi grini, da gansakuTrebiT, ridi, verc ki scildebian rTuli mSvenierebis bosankeseul kriteriums. magaliTad, `didi poetebis didi nawarmoebe bi – sofokles, dantes, miltonis, Seqspiris memkvidreoba – warmoadgens adamianis gamocdilebis didi speqtris organizebul xorcSesxmas~. Teoriasa an praqtikaSi ne bismier sferoSi, `diadis~ niSan­Tvisebebs, kriteriums warmoadgens: `rTulis wvdomis una­

357

Sefaseba

ri misi sazrisisa da daniSnulebis mixedviT~; magram rode­sac saubaria diadi xelovnebis Sesaxeb, maSin am moTxovnebs unda daematos `faseulobiTi situaciis xorcSesxma~, `ise­Ti faseulobis xorcSesxma, romelic siamovnebas, netare­bas gvaniWebs~. ridi ar kiTxulobs, didi poetis nawarmoebia diadi poema, Tu es poema diadia TavisTavad. amis nacvlad is cdilobs SeaTanxmos pasuxebi, romlebic SeiZleba gaices am kiT xvaze. ridi aRiarebs, rom nawarmoebs `sidiades~ ani­Webs masStaburi forma da Rrmaazrovani msjeloba, magram am kriteriums ufardebs ara raRac hipoTezur Erlebnis­s~,16 aramed mxolod mxatvrulad srulyofil poezias.

dantes `RvTaebrivi komedia~ da miltonis `dakarguli samoTxe” formalisturi kritikis mudmivi obieqtebia. maga­liTad, kroCe winaaRmdegi iyo ganexila `komedia” rogorc poema, _ esaa lirikuli nawyvetebis seriebi, romelTac drodadro enacvleba fsevdomecnieruli msjelobebi. misT­vis `grZeli poemac~ da `filosofiuri poemac~ logikuri Seusabamobaa. winandeli esTetizmi da misi warmomadgeneli logen persel smiti `dakargul samoTxes” miiCnevs arqauli Teologiis debulebaTa harmoniulad Camoyalibebul er­Tobliobad: igulisxmeba `saorRano harmonia~, _ erTa­derTi nawarmoebi, romelsac miltons uwoneben.17 Sinaarss yuradReba ar eqceva, forma ki Tavisuflad arsebobs.

Cveni azriT, formaluri analizis amgvari daskvnebi damajerebeli araa. xelovnebis nawarmoebis mimarT maTi midgoma atomisturia, radgan, mTeli nawarmoebis mxatvru­lobis nacvlad, isini ganixilaven misi zogierTi elementis SefardebiT mxatvrulobas, maSin, rodesac swored mTeli nawarmoebis mxatvrulobis saSualebiT SeiZleba gaviaz­roT yovelive, rac konteqstis gareSe usagno diskursad warmogvidgeba. rogorc dante, ise miltoni, poemebTan er­Tad, traqtatebsac werdnen da erTmaneTSi ar SeureviaT es ori forma. miltonma dawera independenturi diser­tacia `De Doctrina Christan” daaxloebiT im dros, rodesac `dakargul samoTxeze” muSaobda. rogorc ar unda ganvsaz­RvroT misi poe mis Janri (epikuri, qristianul­epikuri Tu

358

literaturis Teoria

filosofiur­epikuri poema) da mTlianad vendobiT ra av­toris ganzraxvas, `ganmartos RvTis neba­survili~, mainc vaRiarebT, rom poemisa da traqtatis miznebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan: poemis buneba ganisazRvreba literaturu­li tradiciebiT, romelTac is `eqvemdebareba~, da, agreTve, misi kavSiriT TviT miltonis adreul poeziasTan.

miltonis Teologia `dakargul samoTxeSi~ orTo­doqsul­protestantulia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, is ase gamoi­yureba. magram Tu mkiTxveli ver gaiziarebs poemaSi xorc­Sesxmul Teologias, es ar daakninebs am nawarmoebis Rirse­bebs. adre, jer kidev bleikis periodSi, iTvleboda, rom poemis gmiri satana iyo, rom aseTi iyo miltonis gaucno­bierebuli `Canafiqri~; ase rom, baironma da Selim Seqmnes `dakarguli samoTxis~ romantikuli varianti, sadac satana promeTeoss utoldeboda, xolo miltoniseuli edemis `pri­mitivizmi~ keTilganwyobiT ganixileboda, kolinzis msje­lobis analogiurad.18 rasakvirvelia, kidev arsebobs mil­tonis poemis `humanisturi~ wakiTxvac, romelic soram war­moadgina. is, rom mkiTxveli ar iziarebs poemis Teolo gi as an istorias, ver daakninebs nawarmoebis didebul panoramas, pirquS da grandiozul scenebs da peizaJebs.

amave dros, Zalze saeWvoa, rom swored `dakarguli sa­moTxis~ stili aqcevs am nawarmoebs diad poemad, imis miu­xedavad, rom misi doqtrina miZvelebuli da uvargisia. es Tvalsazrisi kidev erTxel amtkicebs mxatvruli nawarmoe­bis `formad~ da `Sinaarsad~ dayofis absurdulobas. forma aq stilad gvevlineba, xolo ideologia – sazrisad. garda amisa, aseTi dayofa ar iTvaliswinebs mTlianad nawarmoebs, is ugulebelyofs yvelafers, rac metrikis, poeturi ma­neris sazRvrebs scildeba. rac Seexeba `sazriss~, l.a. ridi mas uwodebs `meorad Sinaarss~ (vinaidan Sinaarsi, TviT sinamdvile, xelovnebis nawarmoebis miRma myofobs). is ar iTvaliswinebs siuJets (Txrobas), xasiaTebs (ufro zustad, `daxasiaTebas~), ese igi, im mxatvrul samyaros, romelic warmoiqmneba siuJetis, atmosferos da xasiaTebis erTiano­biT: samyaro, romelic warmoadgens ̀ metafizikur fenomens~

359

Sefaseba

(esaa xati im samyarosi, romelic warmogvidgeba nawarmoebSi avtoris Canafiqrisgan damoukideblad).

gansakuTrebiT miuRebelia is warmodgena, rom `saor­Rano harmonia~ SeiZleba gamoiyos poemidan. viwro mniS­vnelobiT, is SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc `forma luri silamazis~, anu fonetikuri rezonansis mqone. magram mwer­lobaSi, poeziis CaTvliT, formaluri silamaze TiTqmis yovelTvis emsaxureba gamoxatvas. amitom kiTxva sxva­gvarad unda davsvaT: ramdenad Seesatyviseba `saorRano harmonia~ siuJets, xasiaTebsa da Temas. mil toniseuli stili sasacilod gamoiyureba, rodesac mas iyeneben meorexarisxovani poetebi trivialur Temeb ze Seqmnil nawarmoebebSi.

formalisturi kritikis TvalsazrisiT, aucile­beli araa avtirisa da mkiTxvelis principTa Tanxvedra. ufro metic, es saWiro araa, radgan maSin unda mogvwondes mxolod is nawarmoebebi, romelTa avtorebis warmodgena cxovrebaze CvenTvis misaRebia. gana raime mniSvneloba aqvs Weltanschauung­s esTetikuri gansjisaTvis? eliots miaCnia, rom leqsSi asaxuli msoflmxedveloba unda iyos `Tanmim­devruli, momwifebuli da realur gamocdilebaze damyare­buli~.19 eliotis es gancxadeba isea Camoyalibebuli, rom scildeba nebismieri formalizmis farglebs: faqtia, rom Tanmimdevruloba, logikur kriteriumTan erTad, esTeti­kur kriteriumsac ganasaxierebs; rac Seexeba `simwifes~, es ukev fsiqologiuri kriteriumia, xolo `realuri gamoc­dileba~ _ esaa erTgvari mowodeba, SevadaroT xelovneba da sinamdvile. imas, rasac elioti xelovnebis nawarmoe­bis simwifes uwodebs, Cven vuwodebT erTobliobas, ro­melic icnobierebs sakuTar Tavs Sinagani Zalebis sir­Tuled, daZa bulobad da Widilad; Sesabamisobas romansa da cxovrebiseul sinamdviles Soris ver gavarkvevT elemen­tebis ubralo dawyvilebiT da gadarCeviT: gamarTlebulia mxolod dikensis, kafkas, balzakis an tolstois erTiani samyaros Sejereba Cvens saerTo gamocdilebasTan, anu Cveni azrebisa da grZnobebis `samyarosTan~. Cven vmsjelobT am

360

literaturis Teoria

Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb iseTi esTetikuri kategoriebis meS­veobiT, rogorebicaa sicxovle, intensivoba, gaazrebuli kontrastuloba, Ca na fiqris siRrme da diapazoni, stati­kuroba, dinamika. `cxovrebiseuli~ igivea, rac `xelovnebis msgavsi~, da analogia cxovrebasa da literaturas Soris arsad araa iseTi TvalsaCino, rogorc stilizebul xe­lovnebaSi: dikenss, kafkas da prusts namdvilad SeaqvT Ta­vianTi koreq tivebi Cvens warmodgenebSi cxovrebis Sesaxeb.20

mecxramete saukunemde SefasebiTi kriteriumi met­nak lebad ierarqiuli iyo _ arsebobda klasikosi avto­rebis ierarqia, romlebic `yovelTvis moswondaT da yo­velTvis moewonebaT~. bunebrivia, rom mTavari magaliTebi iyvnen berZeni da romaeli avtorebi, romelTa avtoriteti ganm tkicda renesansis epoqaSi. magram mecxramete saukuneSi cnobili gaxda Sua saukuneebis, kelturi, skandinaviuri, induri da Cinuri mwerloba, amitom `klasikuri~ principi ukve moZvelda. Cven ukve viciT, rom zogierTi nawarmoebi qreba TvalTaxedvidan da Semdeg kvlav Cndebian Tval­sawierSi, sxva nawarmoebebi droebiT kargaven es Tetikuri zemoqmedebis unars, magram Semdeg kvlav ib runeben: aseTe­bi iyvnen doni, lenglendi, poupi, moris sevi da grifiusi. reaqcia avtoritarizmze da saxelTa kanonikur nusxaze am­Jamad vlindeba midrekilebaSi Warbi, zedmeti relativizmi­saken da metyvelebs ̀ gemovnebaTa oromtrialis~ Sesaxeb, aki gaubedavad acxadebdnen kidec gardasuli xanis skeptikose­bi: De gustibus non est disputandum.

saqme gacilebiT ufro rTuladaa, vidre es humanis­tebs an skeptikosebs warmoudgeniaT.

survili, rom garkveuli formiT dasabuTdes lite­raturuli Rirebulebebis obieqturoba, ar iTxovs raime statikur kanons, romelsac ar daemateba araviTari axali saxeli da romlis SigniT ar xdeba raime gadanacvleba. alen teiti samarTlianad uwodebs `iluzoruls~ warmodgenas, rom `nebismieri mwerlis reputacia erTxel da samudamo­daa dafiqsirebuli~; is edaveba agreTve `ucnaur azrs~ imis Sesaxeb, rom `kritikis mTavari funqciaa avtorTa rangis,

361

Sefaseba

da ara maTi mniSvnelobis gansazRvra~.21 eliotis msgavsad (tei ti ixsenebs mis aforizms: `awmyo cvlis warsuls~) te­itic SemoqmedebiTad azrovnebs da grZnobs, rom marTebs iseve sjerodes inglisuri poeziis awmyosi da momavlis, rogorc misi warsulisa. adgili `rigSi~ yovelTvis piro­biTia da sakamaTo. rodesac gaiReba kari `axlisTvis,~ yo­velTvis iq neba SesaZlebloba, gamoCndes `ukeTesi~ da es, Tudac umniSvnelod, magram mainc daCrdilavs sxva nawar­moebTa didebas. uelerma da denhemma erTdroulad gaiTqves saxeli da daviw yebas miecnen, rodesac poupma ganimtkica Tavisi pozicia literaturaSi: maT ergoT winamorbedTa arasa xarbielo roli _ am poetebma gza gaukvales poups da manve gaauqma isini.

antiakademistebi _ universitetebSi da universi­tetebis gareT _ piriqiT, cdiloben ganamtkicon mud­mivi cvlilebis tirania.22 aris SemTxvevebi –es iTqmis, ma­galiTad, kaulize – rodesac mTeli Taobebis gemovnebas ar aRiarebdnen Semdgomi Taobebi, Tumca, ase Ti SemTxvevebi arc ise xSiria. ocdaaTi wlis win, kauli SeiZleba gaeTana­brebinaT skeltonTan, magram amJamad mas `brwyinvales~, `gulwrfels~ da `Tanamedroves~ uwodeben. magram udide­si reputacia Zlevs gemovnebis stadialurobas: Coseri, spenseri, Seqspiri, miltoni, Tundac draideni da poupi, vorsdvorti da tenisoni – maT yvelas aqvs mudmivi, Tum­caRa ara `uryevi~ mdgomareoba.

maTi poetikis esTetikuri struqtura ise Ti rTulida mdidaria, rom ZaluZs daakmayofi los mom dev no saukune­ebis gemovneba: adis ons (Ta vis `Spec tator~­is eseebSi) da po­ ups moswonT klasicis tu ri miltoni, magram arsebobs kidev romantikosTa mil to ni, iqneba sulac `miltonebi~, rom­lebic moswon daT bai rons, uordsvorTs, kitss, Selis. iyo agreTve kol ri ji seuli Seqspiri, axla ki Cven gvyavs uil­son naitis Seqs pi ri. yove li Taoba amCnevs xelovnebis did nawarmoeb Si Seu sabamo elementebs, arasakmarisad `lamaz~ an su lac ug van dones an Sreebs (ase aRiqvamdnen klasi­

362

literaturis Teoria

cistebi Seqs piris kalambure bs), magram mainc miiCnevs mas, mTlia noba Si, esTetiku rad damakmayofilebel qmnilebad.

SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom am etapze mivadeqiT iseTi tipis stadialurobis cnebas, romelic gamoricxavs in­dividualuri gemovnebis relativizms. literaturis is­toriaSi is xedavs met­naklebad urTierTsapirispiro es­Tetikur kriteriumTa monacvleobas (ase upirispirebda velflini renesanssa da barokos); `stadialuroba~ ar gu­lisxmobs araviTar saerTo principebs _ arc am monacv­leobis safuZvliiis, arc misi Sedegis saxiT. Cven mivadeqiT agreTve, `polivalenturobis`23 cnebas. xe lovnebis nawar­moebebi, romlebmac gauZles dros, sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo mainc moswons sxvadaxva Taobas, anda, rom gavaerTianoT es ori daskvna, mTavari nawarmoebebi, anu `klasika~ inarCu­nebs Tavis adgils, magram am adgils is inarCunebs imitom, rom epasuxeba cvalebad moTxovnebs an `mizezebs~. Tumca, rogorc ganumeorebeli qmnilebebi (mag., donis poezia), aseve meorexarisxovani nawarmoebebi (magaliTad, Tavisi droisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, Tumca ara umetes amisa, _ praiori an CerCili) maRal Sefasebas iReben, rodesac Ta­namedrove mwerlobas garkveulwilad exmianeba maTi moR­vaweobis xanas literaturis xanis mimarT, da piriqiT, kar­gaven am reputacias, rodesac viTareba xels ar uwyobs aseT damokidebulebas.24

aSkaraa, rom CixSi SevediT, magram am Cixidan Tavis daR­weva SesaZlebelia. daviwyoT imiT, rom aucilebeli araa da­viyvanoT klasikosTa (homerosis, virgiliusis, milto nis da sxvaTa) maRali Sefaseba Tanamedrove kritikosebis Sefase­bebze. SeiZleba dabejiTebiT vamtkicoT, rom adreuli xa­nis kritikas ar Seswevda unari, saTanadod ganesaja Tanad­rouli SemoqmedebiTi nawarmoebi, anda sulac sakuTari es­Tetikuri gamocdileba.25 SeiZleba isic davadasturoT, rom WeSmaritad adekvatur li teraturis Teorias SeuZlia Tavi aaridos `kategoriul~ an stadialur midgomas: xom faqtia, rom jorj ui liamsons26 metafizikosTa leqsebi ubralod,

363

Sefaseba

karg poeziad miaCnia. saWiro ar aris, moviwonoT, an piriqiT, SevrisxoT me tafizikosTa yvela leqsi, da faqtia, rom am skolis saukeTeso leqsebi ar aris ̀ yvelaze ufro metafizi­kuri~. magaliTad, amJamad poupi – nawilobriv mainc – aRi­arebulia rogorc `metafizikosi poeti~, ese igi, namdvi­li, kargi poeti, da ara, ubralod, `prozis xanaSi moRvawe poeti~.27cxadia, rom iseTi Teoretikosebi, rogorebic arian riCardsi (Tavis `praqtikul kritikaSi”), agreTve _ bruqsi da uoreni (`poeziis gageba”), eZieben poeziis erTian kri­teriums da miaCniaT, rom saWiroa, Tavdapirvelad ganvsa­joT da SevafasoT leqsi da mxolod Semdeg ganvsazRvroT misi `adgili~ poetis SemoqmedebaSi, epoqis li teraturul situaciaSi; mivakuTvnoT is garkve ul `skolas~. amgvari anTologiuri tipis midgoma, albaT, mogvcems msgavs kri­teriums (daaxloebiT, eliotiseuls) romelic miuRebeli iqneba bevri mkiTxvelisTvis. da mainc, am kriteriumebis meSveobiT SesaZlebeli gaxda poeziis mravali movlenis sa­Tanadod Sefaseba: romantikosTa mimarT Zalze uaryofiTi damokidebulebis miuxedavad, maTi saSualebiT `gadarCnen~ bleikic da kitsic.

Cveni azriT, arc erTi literaturuli kritikosi ar miemxroba uyoymanod stadialur midgomas, romelic uaryofs esTetikuri normis arsebobas, da arc mwir sqo­lastikur absolutizms, romelic aRiarebs mweralTa ran­Jirebis princips. zogjer esa Tu is kritikosi iziarebs sta­dialur midgmas protestis grZnobis zegavleniT, an imis gamo, rom surs Caswvdes warsuli xanis avtors romelime Tanamedrove avtorTan analogiiT. misi survilia daamtki­cos, rom esa Tu is faseuloba marTlac arsebobs (an poten­ciurad arsebobs) mxatvrul obieqtSi, rom is garedan araa Setanili an asociaciurad dakavSirebuli masTan, aramed aRmoCenilia mxolod da mxolod azris maZiebluri Zalisx­mevis wyalobiT.

kritikosi ikiTxavs, sadaa lokalizebuli esTetikuri faseulobao. leqsSi Tu leqsis mkiTxvelSi, Tu am oris urT­ierTmimarTebaSi? meore pasuxi subieqtivisturia: viRacam

364

literaturis Teoria

unda daafasos Rirebuli, magram am pasuxSi ara Cans urTi­erTkavSiri aRqmis bunebasa da aRqmis obieqts Sorisesaa fsiqologiuri midgoma, im TavalsazrisiT, rom yurad­Reba gadaaqvs aRqmisa da tkbobis obieqtidan ganzogade­bulad ganxiluli individis reaqciebze, emo ciur gancde­bze. pirveli an mesame Tvalsazrisis SerCeva interpreta­ciis sakiTxs ukavSirdeba. profesionali fi losofosebis TvaliT, pirveli pasuxi aucileblad gulisxmobs plato­nizms, anda absoluturi sidideebis nebismier sxva siste­mas, romelic arsebobs adamianis moT xovnilebebisgan da cnobierebisgan damoukideblad. Tu am dros mtkicdeba _ da amas xSirad sCadian literaturis kritikosebi _ lite­raturuli struqturis obieqturi xasiaTi, dawyebuli mxatvruli xerxebiT da damTavrebuli `SinaarsiT~, maSin pasuxis gacema pirvel kiTxvaze kidev ufro Zneldeba.aseT SemTxvevaSi mxatvruli faseulobebi warmogvidgeba, ro­gorc yvelasTvis gankuTvnili fase ulobebi, iseTive sayo­velTao mniSvnelobis mqone Tvisebe bi, rogorebicaa siwi­Tle an sicive. sinamdvileSi arc erTi kritikosi ar daeTa­nxmeba amgvar arakvalificirebul `obieqturobas~; longine da sxva `klasicistebi~ mimar Tavden ra yvela droisa da yve­la qveynis adamianebs, malu lad dahyavdaT `yvela~ – `yvela kompetentur ganmsjelze~.

formalistebi amtkiceben, rom leqsi aris ara marto mkiTxvelis `poeturi gamocdilebis~ mizezi an potenciu­ri mizezi, aramed am gamocdilebis specifikuri maRal­organizebuli kontrolic, anu es gamocdileba yvelaze srulad ganisazRvreba, rogorc `leqsis gamocdileba~. leq­sis Sefaseba niSnavs ganicado da xorci Seasxa im esTetiku­rad Rirebul Tvisebebsa da kavSirebs, romlebic nebismieri wignieri mkiTxvelisaTvis warmodgenilia leqs Si, rogorc misi struqtura. ̀ obieqturi relativizmis~ an ̀ perspeqtiu­li realizmis~ koncefciis Camoyalibebisas elizeo vivasi amgvarad gansazRvravs mSvenierebis arss: `...esaa zogier­Ti movlenis Tviseba, is damaxasiaTebelia maTTvis, magram

365

Sefaseba

mJRavndeba mxolod im adamianebisTvis, vi sac aqvs Sesabamisi unari da Cvevebi~.28

literaturul struqturebs aqvs potenciuri faseu­loba, romlebic realizdeba mkiTxvelis mier garkveul pi­robebSi. rasakvirvelia, arsebobs tendencia, rom uaryofil iqnas (demokratiis an mecnierebis saxe liT) obieqturoba an `faseuloba~, romelic sayovelTa od misawvdomi araa. mag­ram Znelad warmosadgenia iseTi `faseulobebis~ arseboba, romlebic upirobod xelmi sawvdomia yvelasTvis .

Zveli literaturuli saxelmZRvaneloebi, Cveu­lebriv, erTmaneTs upirispireben `miukerZoebel kri tikas~ da `impresionistul kritikas~, magram es araswori defi­niciebia, maT mxolod SecdomaSi SevyavarT. marTlac, `miu­kerZoebeli kritika~ emyareboda TiTqosda obieqturad ar­sebul wesebsa da principebs; `impresionistuli kritika~, piriqiT, aRiarebda wminda subieqtivizms. sinamdvileSi `im­presionistuli kritika~ aris im specialistis SeniRbuli av­toritetuli msjeloba, romlis gemovneba warmoadgens nor­mas bundovani sakiTxebis ganxilvisas. meore mxriv, araerTi kritikosi miizida macdunebelma rCevam remi de gurmonisa, romlis azriT, nebismieri gulwrfeli adamianis udidesi damsaxurebaa `sakuTari STabeWdilebebis dakanoneba~.29 dResdReobiT `kritikad~ wodebuli bevr ese Si ganmartebu­lia nawarmoebebisa da SemoqmedebiTi pirovnebis calkeuli mxareebi, magram araa warmodgenili saerTo Sefaseba. bevri ewinaaRmdegeba imas, rom amgvari eseebi ayvanil iqnas `kriti­kis~ (rac berZnulad `gansjas~ niSnavda) rangSi. zogjer ga­nasxvaveben kritikis `ganmmartavsa~ da `ganmsjel~ alterna­tiul tipebs.30 magram, rogorc wesi, SeiZleba ganvacalkevoT Sinaarsis ganmarte ba (Deutung) da RirsebaTa gansja (Wertung) literaturul kritikaSi erTmaneTisgan araa gamijnuli da es, albaT, SeuZlebelicaa. Cveulebriv, `miukerZoebeli~ kvlevis Sedegia avtorebisa da poemebis tlanqi klasifika­cia, rasac Tan erTvis avtoritetTa citireba anda lite­raturuli Teoriis zogierTi dogmis moxsenieba. Semdgomi kvleva saWiroebs analizs da analitikur Sedarebas. meore

366

literaturis Teoria

mxriv, `ganmartebis~ JanrSi dawerili ese aucileblad Sei­cavs (Tundac minimaluri doziT) Semfaseblur msjelobebs: Tu, magaliTad, ganimarteba leqsi, es unda iyos esTetikuri xasiaTis msjeloba da ara istoriuli, biografiuli an fi­losofiuri sakiTxebis ganxilva. saerTod, poetisa an poe­misTvis drois da yuradRebis daTmoba, TavisTavad, ukve niSnavs Rirebulebis gansjas. magram Zalze iSviaTia SemTx­vevebi, rodesac ganmartebiTi eses avtori, ukve sagnis Ser­Cevis gamo, saWirod miiCnevs gamoTqvas logikurad dasab­uTebuli azri. `poeziis gageba~ Zalze advilad iqceva `poe­ziis gans jad~, romelic detaluricaa da Tanmimdevrulic, magram masSi ver naxavT daskvnas, msjelobis Sedegs. Tavis droze eliotis eseebis siaxles warmoadgenda swored is, rom maTSi ar iyo mocemuli Se ma jamebeli daskvna an saerTo idea. am eseeb Si garkveuli Tvisebis safuZvelze Sedarebu­li an Sepirispirebuli iyo ori gansxvavebuli poeti, rasac drodadro sdevda frTxi li ganzogadebebi.

rogorc Cans, unda ganvasxvavoT Ria da, meore mxriv, impliciturad gamoxatuli msjelobebi da ar gavutoloT isini cnobiersa da aracnobiers msjelobebs. arsebobs grZnobebze damyarebuli gansja da, agreTve, dasabuTebuli, logikuri gansja. ar unda vifiqroT, rom isini aucileblad urTierTsapirispiro xasiaTisaa: `grZnobebi~ ar iqceva kritikul azrad ise, rom ar daem yaros sakmarisad organi­zebul Teoriuli safuZvels, xolo logikuri gansja lite­raturis sferoSi SeiZleba Camoyalibebul iqnas mxolod raime grZnobis safuZvelze, romelic damoukideblad war­moiSoba an msjelobis mTeli msvlelobiTaa gamowveuli.

367

Tavi mecxramete

literaturis istoria

*SeiZleba Tu ara literaturis istoriis dawera

imgvarad, rom is erTdroulad iyos literaturac da is­toriac? unda vaRiaroT, rom literaturis istoriebi metwilad aris an sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis istoria, an sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis istoria _ met­naklebad qro­nologiuri TanamimdevrobiT dala gebuli gansakuTrebuli nawarmoebebisgan miRebuli STa beW dilebebi an maTi Sefa­sebebi. inglisuri literaturis istoriis istoriografia­ze erTi Tvalis gadavlebiTac ki dasturdeba es Sexeduleba. tomas uortoni, inglisuri poeziis pirveli `oficialuri~ istorikosi, Zveli lite raturis Seswavlas imiT asabuTebs, rom masSi `sworadaa gadmocemuli droTa Taviseburebani, asaxulia zne­Cveu lebaTa yvelaze ufro lamazi, xatovani da STambeWdavi mxa reebi~ da `momaval Taobebs gadascems cxovrebis WeSmarit suraTs~1. henri morlis literatura esmis, rogorc `nacionaluri biografia~, an `inglisuri su­liskveTebis istoria~2. lesli stiveni literaturas Tvlis `mTeli socialuri organizmis gansakuTrebul funqciad~, socia luri cvalebadobis `erTgvar Tanaproduqtad~3. u. j. korthoupi, sakuTriv inglisuri poeziis istoriis avto­ri, eyrdnoboda poeziis ganviTarebis erTian koncefcias. misi gansazRvriT, `inglisuri `poeziis Seswavla, faqtob­rivad, niSnavs, literaturaSi areklili Cveni erovnuli institutebis ganuwyvetili aRmavlobis Seswavlas~. amitom kort houpi xedavs Tavisi sagnis erTianobas `zustad iq, sa­dac politikis istorikosi cdilobs moaTavsos Tavisi sa­gani, saxeldobr, eris cxovrebaSi, mis mTlianobaSi~ 4.

zemoCamoTvlili (da kidev mravali sxva) istoriko­se bi literaturas ganixilaven, rogorc erovnuli an so­

368

literaturis Teoria

cialuri istoriis sailustracio ubralo dokuments; am mimarTulebis mowinaaRmdegeebs miaCniaT, rom literatu­ra, pirvel yovlisa, xelovnebaa, magram maT, rogorc Cans, ar xelewifebaT istoriis dawera _ isini gvTavazoben ese­e bis dausrulebul seriebs calkeul avtorTa Sesaxeb, mag­ram ar aqvT realuri istoriuli evoluciis koncefcia. `Tanamedrove inglisuri literaturis mokle istoriis~ (1897) SesavalSi edmund grosem ganacxada, rom gviCvenebda `Zvrebs inglisur literaturaSi~, Segviqmnida `inglisuri literaturis evoluciis gancdas~5. magram, sinamdvile­Si, es iyo mxolod uaxlesi franguli mimdinareobebisgan nasesxebi frazeologia. praqtikulad, groses wignebi war­moadgens qronologiurad dalagebul kritikul SeniSv­nebs mwerlebsa da maTs nawarmoebebze. SemdgomSi gro sem dakarga interesi tenisadmi da aRiara, rom didad iyo dava­lebuli biografiuli portretis didostatis, sent­bevis moZRvrebisgan.6 Mutatis mutandis, rac samarTliania jorj sentsberis mimarT, romlis kritikis koncefcia yvelaze metad uaxlovdeba peiteris `Rirseuli Sefasebis~ Teo­riasa da praqtikas,7 agreTve _ oliver eltonis ̀ inglisuri literaturis mimoxilvis~ eqvstomeuls, ro melic yvelaze TvalsaCino miRwevad unda CaiTvalos inglisSi ukanask­nel dros gamoqveynebul literaturis istoriebs Soris. oliver eltoni gulwrfelad aRiarebs, rom es aris `namd­vili mimoxilva, uSualod kritika~ da ara istoria8. es sia SeiZ leba usasrulod gaizardos. frangu li da germanuli lite raturaTa istoriebi, zogierTis gamoklebiT, migvi­yvans TiTqmis identur daskvnamde. ase, magaliTad, tens, pirvel rigSi, ainteresebda Tavisi Teo riia erovnuli xa­siaTis Sesaxeb da `garemosa~ (`milien~) da rasis miseuli filosofia; Jiuserani ikvlevda, Tu rogor airekla ing­lisur li teraturaSi adaT­wesebis istoria, xolo kaza­mianma gamoigona mTeli Teoria `inglisur erovnul sulSi moraluri ritmis cvalebadobis Sesaxeb~9. yvelaze wamyvani, mniSvnelovani literaturis istoriebi aris an civiliza­ciis istoriebi an kritikuli eseebis krebulebii. maTgan pirvelni ar warmoadgenen xelovnebis istorias, meoreni ki _ xelovnebis istorias.

369

literaturis istoria

ratom aravin scada, Seeswavla literaturis, rogorc xelovnebis dargis evolucia? amis erTi mizezi isaa, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebTa winaswari analizi ar ganxorciele­bula Tanamimdevrulad da sistematurad. Cven vkmayofil­debiT Zveli ritorikuli kriteriumebiT, romlebic sakma­od zedapirulia, an vcdilobT maRalfardovani frazebiT aRvweroT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens mkiTxvelze xelovnebis nawarmoebi, Tanac Cvens mosazrebebs gamovxatavT im cnebe­biT, romlebic ar See sabameba TviT xelovnebis nawarmoebebs.

meore siZnele warmoSva mcdarma mosazrebam, romlis Tanaxmad, literaturis istoriis Seqmna SeuZlebelia, da mi­si axsna SesaZlebelia mxolod adamianis moRvaweobis Tval­sazrisiT. mesame siZnele unda veZioT sityvakazmuli xelov­nebis ganviTarebis saerTo koncefciaSi. mxatvrobisa da musikis Sinagani, organuli istoriis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba­Si cota vinmes Tu epareba eWvi. Tu gavivliT romelime sam­xatvro galereaSi, romelSic eqsponatebi ganlagebulia qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT an `skolebis~ mixedviT, davinaxavT, rom aq ferweris xelovnebis istoria sruliad gansxvavdeba mxatvrebis istoriisagan, an calkeuli suraTis Sefasebisa da masze msjelobisagan. sakmarisia movisminoT koncerti, romelzec nawarmoebebi qronologiulad iqneba dalagebuli, rom davrwmundeT: arsebobs musikis istoria, romelsac saerTo TiTqmis araferi aqvs kompozitorTa bio­grafiebTan, im socialur viTarebasTan, romlis drosac es nawarmoebebi Seiqmna da arc individualur qmnilebaTa Se­fasebasTan. ferwerisa da qandakebis istoriaTa Seqmnas See­cadnen mas Semdeg, rac C. bernim yuradReba gadaitana musi­kaluri formebis istoriaze.

literaturis istoriis winaSe dgas analogiuri prob­lema, kerZod, literaturis istoria unda Camoyalibdes imgvarad, rom gamoeyos socialur istorias, mweralTa biografiebsa da calkeul nawarmoebTa Sefasebas. cxa­dia, literaturis istoriis Seqmna (amgvari SezRuduli gagebiT) Tavisebur dabrkolebebs waawydeba. ferwerasTan SedarebiT, romlis danaxva Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac

370

literaturis Teoria

SeiZleba, literaturuli nawarmoebis, rogorc xelovnebis qmnilebis aTviseba mxolod garkveuli drois gavlis Sem­deg xerxdeba da amitomac ufro Zneldeba misi Sinagani wyobis mTlianobaSi Secnoba, magram musikalur formasTan analogia gviCvenebs, rom garkveuli modeli SesaZlebelia, da rom literaturuli nawarmoebia droiTi aRqma CixSi jer kidev ar gvaqcevs. arsebobs sxva specialuri prob­lemebic. literaturaSi arsebobs gardamavali formebi martivi gamonaTqvamebidan xelovnebis maRalorganize­bul na war moebebamde, radganac literaturis mediumi aris ena, romelic, amave dros, yoveldRiuri urTierTobis sa­Sualebacaa da gansakuTrebiT, mecnierebis enac. amitomac gacilebiT ufro Znelia literaturuli nawarmoebis esTe­tikuri struqturis gamoyofa. Tumca, ilustracia samedi­cino saxelmZRvaneloebSi da samxedro marSi mow mobs, rom sxva xelovnebebsac aqvT gardamavali formebi. Sesabamisad, zRvris gavleba xelovnebasa da araxelovnebas Soris sity­vier gamonaTqvamSi ufro rTuli amocanaa, magram, princi­pulad, SesaZlebeli.

miuxedavad amisa, arseboben iseTi Teoretikosebic, romlebic, ubralod, martivad acxadeben, literaturas is­toria ara aqvso. u. p. keri, magaliTad, irwmuneba, rom lite­raturis istoria ar gvWirdeba, radganac misi obieqtebi yovelTvis arseboben, `maradiulni~ arian da, amdenad, ara­viTari gansakuTrebuli istoria ara aqvT10. T. s. elioti, agreTve, uaryofda, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi warsuls ganekuTvneba. `homerosiT dawyebuli, mTeli evropis lite­ratura, _ ambobs elioti, _ erTdroulad arsebobs da qm­nis erTdroul mimdevrobas~11. SeiZleba, daveTanxmoT Sopen­haueris mosazrebas, rom xelovneba yovelTvis aRwevs Tavis mizans. arasodes SeiZleba misi gaumjobeseba, Senacvleba an ganmeoreba. xelovnebaSi ar unda veZioT, `rogor ityvian~ _ `wie es eigenthich gewesen~, Tumca swored amas miiCnevda ranke istoriografiis miznad. amitom, literaturis istoria ar aris istoria, am sityvis zusti mniSvnelobiT, radganac is warmoadgens awmyos codnas, saerTod awmyos, maradiuli

371

literaturis istoria

awm yos codnas. cxadia, veravin uaryofs, rom namdvilad ar­sebobs sxvaoba politikis istoriasa da xelovnebis isto­rias Soris. is toriuli warsuli gansxvavdeba istoriisgan, romelic awm yos cocxal Sinaarss warmoadgens.

rogorc adre mogaxseneT, xelovnebis calkeuli nawar­moebi droTa ganmavlobaSi cvlilebebs ganicdis. ra Tqma un da, struqtura, garkveulwilad, ucvleli rCeba sauku­neTa ganmavlobaSi. magram es struqtura dinamikuria da icv­leba istoriis procesTan erTad, radganac is ganSualebu­lia mkiTxvelis, kritikosebis, xelovnebis muSakTa aRqmiT. interpretaciis procesi, kritika da Sefaseba arasdros Sewyvetila da Cans, dausrulebliv gagrZeldeba, an yovel SemTxvevaSi manamde, sanam ar Sewydeba TviT kulturuli tradicia. literaturis isto riis daniSnulebaa, aRweros es procesi, aCvenos mcire an SedarebiT mozrdil jgufebSi gaerTianebul xelovnebis im nawarmoebTa ganviTareba, rom­lebic SerCeul iqna saerTo wyaros, Janris, stilisturi tipis, anda lingvisturi tradiciis mixedviT da, zogadad, literaturis sqemis farglebSi.

magram, rogorc Cans, xelovnebis qmnilebaTa jgufis gan viTarebis koncefcia araCveulebrivad rTulia. yoveli mxatv ruli nawarmoebis struqtura, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos ar ukavSirdeba xelovnebis mezobel an momijnave nawarmoe bebs. SeiZleba, daiwyon mtkiceba, rom ar arsebobs ganviTareba erTi inidividualurobidan meoris mimarTulebiT. iseTi Sexedule­bac gvxvdeba, romelic literaturis istoriasac ki uaryofs da Tvlis, rom is mweralTa istoriaa12. imave argumentis Tanax­mad, Cven uari unda ganvacxadoT enis istoriis daweraze, vinai­dan mxolod adamianebi warmoTqvamen sityvebs, iseve, rogorc SeuZlebelia filosofiis istoriis Seqmna, radgan mxolod adamianebi azrovneben. amgvari ukiduresi ̀ per sonalizmi~ mig­viyvans im Sexedulebamde, rom xelovnebis yoveli individua­luri nawarmoebi savsebiT izolirebulad ar sebobs, rac praq­tikulad niSnavs, misi sazrisis miuwvdomlo bas da gaugebrobas. literatura ufro unda warmovidginoT, rogorc nawarmoebTa mTliani sistema, romelic mdidrdeba axali nimuSebiT, gamud­

372

literaturis Teoria

mebiT cvlis urTierTobebs maT Soris, rogorc mzardi cva­lebadi mTlianoba.

magram literaturuli situaciis cvlilebebi erTi aTwleulis Tu erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi jer kidev ar gansazRvravs moqmedi literaturuli evoluciis pro cess _ bunebriv movlenaTa mTeli samyaroc xom icvleba. es SeiZleba iyos yovel jerze axali gadaadgileba, romelic ganZarculia azrisa da kavSirebisgan. ase, f. j. tegartis mier `istoriis TeoriaSi~13 rekomendebuli Seswav la cva­lebadobisa, ubralod, istoriul da bunebriv procese bs Soris arsebul yvela sxvaobaTa gauqmebas gulisxmobs. is­torikosebs ki tegarti urCevs, isRa dagrCeniaT, saxelmZR­vanelod sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi ga mo iyenoTo. Tu amgvari cvlilebebi absoluturad regu larulad meorde­ba, maSin gamoyenebuli unda iqnes kanonis imgvarive koncef­cia, romelsac mimarTaven fizi kosebi. da mainc, Spenglerisa da toinbis brwyinvale hi poTezebis mixedviT, amgvari prog­nozirebadi cvlilebebi arasodes aRmouCeniaT arc erT is­toriul procesSi.

ganviTareba niSnavs raRaca sxvasa da ufro metsac, vidre cvlilebaa, Tundac regularuli da winaswar nagu­lisxmevi cvlileba. aSkaraa, rom termini `ganviTareba~ im azriT unda iqnes gamoyenebuli, romelic biologiaSia miRe­buli. Tu kargad davakvirdebiT, biologiaSi evo luciis ori sruliad gansxvavebuli koncefcia ar sebobs: pirvel SemTx­vevaSi nimuSad moyvanilia kverc xis ganviTareba frinvelSi, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi evoluciis nimuSad iTvleba cva­lebadoba Tevzis tvinidan adamianis tvinamde. aq araa gan­viTareba tvinidan tvinamde, warmodgenilia mxolod kon­cefciuri abstraqcia _ `tvini~, romelic gansazRvrulia misi funqciis TvalsazrisiT. ganviTarebis indivi dualuri fazebi gaazrebulia, rogorc TandaTanobiTi miaxloeba ideal Tan, romelSic `adamianis tvini~ igulisxmeba.

SeiZleba Tu ara gamoviyenoT erT­erTi zemoxsenebu li Tvalsazrisi literaturis evoluciis mimarT? ferdinand

373

literaturis istoria

briunetieri da jon adington saimondsi varaudobd nen, rom SesaZlebelia orive maTganis gamoyeneba. isini Tvlidnen, rom literaturuli Janrebi biologiur saxeobaTa analo­giuria14. rodesac literaturuli Jan rebi aRweven srul­yofilebis garkveul dones, isini sust debian, Wknebian da, bolos, qrebian, _ gvaswavlis briunetieri. ufro metic, Janrebi gardaiqmneba ufro maRal da gansxvavebul saxecv­lil Janrebad, zustad ise, rogorc, darvinis evoluciis koncefciis Tanaxmad, xdeba saxeobaTa transformireba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi termini `evolucia~, ra Tqma unda, mxo­lod maxvilgonivruli metaforaa. magaliTad, briune­tieris mixedviT, franguli tragedia warmoiSva, gaizarda, dakninda da mokvda. magram tragediis warmoSobisTvis tez-tium comparationis ubra lod gaxlavT is faqti, rom frangul enaze tragediebi Jodelamde ar dawerila. tragedia mokvda im azriT, rom araviTari mniSvnelovani tragedia, romelic briunetieris ideals Seesabameboda, volteris Semdeg ar dawerila. mag ram yovelTvis arsebobs imis SesaZlebloba, rom momavalSi brwyinvale tragedia daiwereba swored fran­gulad. briunetieris Tanaxmad, rasinis `fedra~ qronolo­giurad tragediis dacemis dasawyiss emTxveva; es, SeiZleba iTqvas, Janris siberea. magram es tragedia gvaocebs Tavisi sinorCiT, renesansis Rrmaazrovan tragediebTan Sedare­biT, romlebic, am Teoriis Tanaxmad, warmoadgens fran­guli tragediis `axalgazrdobas~. kidev ufro sakamaToa Janrebis sxva Janrebad gardaqmnis idea: magaliTad, briu­netieris mixedviT, klasicisturi epoqis mWevrmetyveleba ga daizarda franguli romantizmis lirikaSi. da mainc, ara­viTari realuri `gardaqmna~ ar momxdara. ukeTes SemTxveva­Si SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erTi da igive emociebi iyo gadmo­cemuli Tavdapirvelad ritorikaSi, Semdeg ki _ lirikul poeziaSi; dasaSvebia isic, rom orive maTgani emsaxureboda erTsa da imave, an msgavs socialur miznebs.

amgvarad, unda uarvyoT analogia literaturis gan­viTarebasa da Caketil biologiur process _ dabadebi­dan sikvdilamde _ Soris (es idea jer kidev coc xalia da

374

literaturis Teoria

axlaxan aRadgines Spenglerma da toinbim). amasTan, ganvi­Tarebis meore koncefcia, rogorc Cans, ufro uaxlovdeba WeSmaritad istoriuli ganviTarebis koncefcias. aq mTa­vari principia ara cvlilebaTa Tan mimdevruloba, aramed misi mizani. am rigis calkeuli Semadgenlebi procesis dasrulebis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens. specialuri miznisken (Cvens SemTxvevaSi esaa `adamianis tvini~) mimar­Tuli evoluciis koncefcias Seaqvs cvalebadobaTa rigSi urTierTkavSiri, dasawyisi da dasasruli. da mainc, arse­bobs mniSvnelovani sxvaoba biologiur evoluciasa (meore gagebiT) da `istoriul evo lucias~ Soris. imisTvis, raTa CavwvdeT biologiurisgan gansxvavebuli istoriuli evo­luciis arss, unda gaviazroT calkeuli istoriuli movle­nebi da, amasTan erTad, ar daviyvanoT istoriuli procesi Tanamimdevrul, magram urTierTdaukavSirebul movlenaTa krebulamde.

sakiTxis gadasawyvetad saWiroa ganvixiloT isto­riuli procesi Sefasebis anu normis TvalsazrisiT. mxo­lod maSin iqneba SesaZlebeli movlenaTa garegnulad uaz­ro rigis danawevreba arsebiT da ararsebiT elementebad. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi SevZlebT, vilaparakoT isto­riul evoluciaze, romelic inarCunebs calkeuli movle­nis individualobas. individualuri realobisa da saerTo Sefasebis urTierTmimarTebis dadgenisas Cven ar dagvyavs individua luri zogadi koncefciis upi rovno gamovline­bamde, _ piriqiT, individualurs vaniWebT mniSvnelobas, sazriss. istoria, zogadad, mTavar mniSv nelobebis ubralod individualizacias ar axdens (cxadia, es ar aris arc wyveti­li uazro nakadi): istoriuli proce si mudam warmoSobs Se­fasebis axal, ucnob formebs, romel Ta winaswarmetyvele­ba SeuZlebelia. xelovnebis indi vidualuri nawarmoebis amgvari Sefardeba faseulobaTa skalasTan sxva araferia, Tu ara misi individualobis aucilebeli korelati. gan­viTarebis etapebi ganisazRvreba faseulobaTa, anu nor­maTa sqemebis mixedviT, magram es faseulobebi TavisTavad vlindeba mxolod am procesis ganxilvis Sedegad. simarTle

375

literaturis istoria

rom vTqvaT, esaa logikuri wre: imisTvis, raTa vimsjeloT istoriuli procesis Sesaxeb, unda gvqondes garkveuli Se­fasebebi; amasTan erTad, SefasebaTa skalis SemuSaveba Sesa­Zlebelia mxolod istoriidan gamomdinare15 rogorc Cans, es gardauvalia. sxva SemTxvevaSi mogvixdeba imis aRiareba, rom istoriuli procesi warmoadgens cvalebadobis uazro nakads, an unda gamoviyenoT raime araliteraturuli stan­dartebi _ vaRiaroT garkveuli absoluti, romelic lite­raturuli procesis mimarT gareSe fenomenia.

literaturis evoluciis problemis Cveneuli gan xil­va ganyenebuli xasiaTisaa. SevecadeT dagvesabuTebina, rom literaturis evolucia gansxvavdeba biologiurisagan da rom mas araferi aqvs saerTo zogad warmodgenasTan erTiani zedrouli modelisken swrafvis Sesaxeb. istoria SeiZleba daiweros mxolod maSin, Tu gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba fa­seulobaTa cvalebadi skalebi, romlebic abst rahirebulia TviT istoriidan. am ideis sailustraciod SeiZleba mivmar­ToT zog iseT problemas, romlebic wa moiWreba literatu­ris istoriis winaSe.

aSkara kavSiri xelovnebis nawarmoebTa Soris _ maTi wyaroebi da gavlenebi _ yvelaze ufro xSirad ganixileba da Seadgens tradiciuli kvlevis Temas. mweralTa Soris li­teraturuli kavSirebis dadgena jer kidev araa literatu­ris istoria, magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani mosamzadebeli etapia mis dasawerad. ase, magaliTad, Tu gvinda davweroT meTvramete saukunis inglisuri poeziis istoria, amisTvis zustad unda vicodeT, ra kavSiri aqvT meTvramete sauku­nis poetebs spenserTan, miltonTan da draidenTan. amgvari wignia reimond heivensis `miltonis gavlena inglisur poe­ziaze~16, wminda literaturuli gamokvleva, romelSic Tav­moyrilia friad STambeWdavi damadasturebeli masala mil­tonis gavlenis Sesaxeb, garda amisa, Sekrebilia ara marto meTvramete saukunis poet Ta Sexedulebani miltonis Se­saxeb, aramed Seswavlilia teqstebi da mocemulia msgavse­baTa da paralelTa ana lizic. am bolo dros paralelebis Zieba didi ndobiT aRar sargeblobs, xolo gamoucdeli mkv­

376

literaturis Teoria

levrisTvis is saxifaTocaa. pirvel yovlisa, paralelebi unda iyos namdvili paralelebi da ara bundovani msgavse­bani, romlebic, ubralod, simravlis gamo SeiZleba aRiare­bul iqnan paralelebad. ormocjer ganmeorebuli sisule­le sisuleled rCeba. Semdgom, isini namdvilad unda iyos paralelebi, ese igi, savsebiT darwmunebulni viyoT imaSi, rom saerTo wyaros arseboba aq gamoricxulia. mkvlevari moiZiebs WeSmarit paralels, Tu is aRWurvilia literatu­ris farTo codniT da Tu paraleli sakmarisad rTuli xa­siaTisaa (anu Tu saubari araa calkeuli motivis an sityvis Sesaxeb). am elementaruli pirobebis darRvevis SemTxvevebi marTlac Zalze xSiria. zogjer es nakli axasiaTebT gamoCe­nil mecnierebsac, romlebic, ra Tqma unda, kargad unda ic­nobdnen epoqis enas _ kliSeebs, stereotipur metaforebs, erTi da imave Temis msgavsi xorcSesxmis magaliTebs.17

rogorc unda gavkicxoT es meTodi, is mainc legi­timuri meTodia da misi in toto uaryofa SeuZlebelia. wyaroe­bis kritikuli Seswavlis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia dadgindes literaturuli urTierTkavSirebi. maT Soris naklebad sain­teresoa citireba, plagiati, mibaZvebi. uke Tes SemTxvevaSi, isini amtkiceben urTierTobis Cveulebriv faqts, Tumca, ar­seboben sternisa da bertonis msgavsi mwerlebi, romlebic citatebs TavianTi mxatvruli amoca nebis gadasawyvetad iyenebdnen. magram literaturul kavSirTa sakiTxebis um­ravlesoba namdvilad bevrad ufro rTulia da maT gadasaw­yvetad kritikuli analizia saWiro _ amisTvis paralelebis Tavmoyra ubralod ar kmara. mravali amgvari gamokvlevis nakli aixsneba swored imiT, rom ugulebelyofilia mniS­vnelovani ram: erTi calkeuli Stri xis gamoyofisas li­teraturul na warmoebs aqucmaceben patar­patara mozai­kur nawilebad. literaturis ori an meti nawarmoebis urT­ierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb nayofieri msjeloba SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, rodesac literaturis ganviTarebis sistema­Si maT saTanado adgili ukaviaT. literaturul nawarmoebTa urTierTkavSiri warmoadgens im ori mTlianobis, ori kon­figuraciis Sedarebis sagans, romelTa danawevreba calkeul komponentebad dasaSvebia mxolod kvlevis sawyis etapebze.

377

literaturis istoria

rodesac yuradRebis centrSi moeqceva ori das­rulebuli sistema, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom literaturis istoriis fundamentur problemas, originalurobis prob­lemas vikvlevT. Cvens droSi, Cveu lebriv, arasworad esmiT, ras niSnavs originaluri. miaCniaT, rom origina luri niSnavs, ubralod, tradiciis darRvevas, an mas eZieben xelovnebis nawarmoebis masalaSi, an mis garegnul wyobaSi (tradiciuli siuJeti, tradi ciuli konstruqcia). adreul periodebSi literaturuli Semoqmedebis Taviseburebis saRi, jansaRi Sefaseba iyo miRebuli. originalur Sinaarss an siuJets didad rodi afasebdnen. renesansis da klasicizmis epoqa­Si, sruliad marTebulad, udides mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen Targmans, gansakuTrebiT poeziis Targmans da `mibaZvas~, im azriT, rogorc houpi baZavda horaciusis satirebs, an doq­tor jonsoni _ iuvenals18. ernest robert kurciusi Tavis `evropis literaturasa da laTinur Sua saukuneebSi~ (1948) damajereblad gviCvenebs literaturis istoriaSi bana­lurobis (topoi) uzarmazar rols, Temebisa Tu saxeebis gan­meorebas, imas, rom isini antikuri xanidan STamomavlobiT miiRo laTinizebulma Sua saukuneebma da, Semdeg, Tanamed­rove literaturam. arc erTi mwerali ar Takilobda da Ta­vis Tavs ar Tvlida araoriginalur mwerlad `imis gamo, rom iyenebda, iTvisebda da Taviseburad cvlida Temebsa da sa­xeebs, romlebic tradiciulad memkvidreobiT gadmodioda da antikuri literaturis avtoritetiT iyo sanqcionirebu­li. amgvari xa siaTis bevri nawarmoebis Sefasebas safuZvlad daedo mxatv ruli procesis mcdari gageba. aseTia, magali­Tad, ser sidni lis naSromebi elisabedis droindeli sone­tebis Sesaxeb, romlebic formis TvalsazrisiT, ra Tqma unda, tradiciulia, magram (sidni lis Tvalsazrisis sapirispirod) es ar niSnavs, rom maTSi araa asaxuli gulwrfeli grZnobebi, da rom isini mdare nawarmoebebia19. garkveuli tradiciisadmi erTguleba da misi nimuSebis mibaZva ar gamoricxavs suli­eri ganwyobilebis gamoxatvas da nawarmoebis mxatvrul Ri­rebulebas. amgvari Seswavlis dros kritikuli problemebi wamoiWreba maSin, rodesac viwyebT Sedarebas da Sefasebas

378

literaturis Teoria

imis gamosavlenad, Tu rogor iyenebs erTi xelovani meore xelovanis miRwevebs, _ rodesac warmogvidgeba gardamqmne­li SemoqmedebiTi Zalisxmeva. literaturis istoriis pirve­li amocanaa, zustad daadginos yoveli nawarmoebis adgili ama Tu im tradiciaSi.

xelovnebis ori an meti nawarmoebis urTierTkavSiris Seswavlas mivyavarT literaturis istoriis Semdgom prob­lemebamde.xelovnebis nawarmoebTa pirvel da yvelaze uf­ro TvalsaCino rigs miekuTvneba is qmnilebebi, romle bic dawerilia erTi avtoris mier. aq arc ise Znelia faseu­lobaTa skalis dadgena: Cven SegviZlia SevafasoT erTi an ramdeni me nawarmoebi, romlebic mwerlis saukeTeso, srul­yofili qmnilebebia da am tipis nawarmoebebTan siaxlovis Tvalsaz risiT gavaanalizoT misi danarCeni nawarmoebebi. bevri monografiis avtorebi isaxavdnen amgvar mizans, Tum­ca mkafiod ver icnobierebdnen warmoSobil rTul prob­lemebs da ufro uSedegod cdilobdnen mwerlis piradi cxovre bis problemebSi garkvevas.

evoluciuri rigis meore tipi SeiZleba Semdegnairi iyos: xelovnebis nawarmoebidan gamoyofen garkveul Tvi­sebas da akvirdebian idealisaken mis ganviTarebas idea­lisken (Tumca ideali aq pirobiTi, droebiTi cnebaa). es SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes erTi mwerlis nawarmoebTa Seswavlisas ise, rogorc magaliTad, klemenma20 gamoikv lia tropebi SeqspirTan; an SeiZleba Catardes erT periodis, an sulac mTeli erovnuli literaturis farglebSi. maga­liTad, inglisuri prosodiisa da prozis ritmis21 Sesaxeb jorj sentsberis naSromebSi gamoyofilia struq turis garkveuli elementi da misi istoriis gezi, Tumca sents­beris pretenziuli wignebis naklovaneba isaa, rom maT safuZvlad udevT leqsis zomisa da ritmis Sesaxeb bundo­vani da dromoWmuli koncefciebi, rac cxadyofs, rom WeSma­riti istoriis dawera SeuZlebelia adekvaturi mecnieruli Sromebis gamoyenebisa da miTiTebis gareSe. amave xasiaTis problemebi wamoiWreba inglisuri poeturi enis istoria­sTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac mieZRvna mxolod jozefina

379

literaturis istoria

mailzis statistikuri gamokvleva, rac Seexeba inglisuri poeziis mxatvrul saxeTa istorias, jer misi Seswavla ara­vis ucdia.

SesaZlebelia hamletTan, don JuanTan an agasferTan dakavSirebuli mravalricxovani motivebisa da Temebisad­mi miZRvnili mravalricxovani istoriuli mimoxilvebis amgvari sistematizeba. sinamdvileSi es sruliad gansx­vavebuli problemebia. siuJetis sxvadasxvagvari vari an­tebi ar gulisxmobs iseTive urTierTkavSirs da uw yvetobas, rogoric axasiaTebs sazomisa da poeturi enis istorias. mariam stiuartis Sesaxeb arsebuli yvela literaturuli siuJetis ganxilva, albaT, sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa istoriis TvalsazrisiT, saintereso iqneba da, albaT, ga­moavlens gemovnebis cvalebadobas sxvadasxva epoqaSi, tragediis sxvadasxvagvar koncefciebs. magram aq araa Sina­gani kavSiri da dialeqtika. ar wamoiWreba arc erTi prob­lema da, miT umetes, literaturuli kritikis problema22. Stoffgeschichte (aq: legenda) yvelaze naklebadaa literaturis istoria.

literaturuli Janrebisa da tipebis istoria prob­lemaTa sxva jgufs gvTavazobs, magram es problemebi ar aris gadauWreli; miuxedavad imisa, rom kroCe Seecada, mTe­li koncefciis diskreditireba moexdina, arsebobs bevri gamokvleva, romlebic SeiZleba CaiTvalos amgvari koncef­ciis Seqmnis mosamzadebel etapad da romlebic TavisTavad Teoriulad sakmarisad safuZvliania imisTvis, raTa zus­tad moiniSnos istoriuli perspeqtiva. Janris istoriaSi arsebobs igive dilema, rac literaturis istoriaSi: imisT­vis, raTa mivagnoT mecnierulad damuSavebul miTiTebas (am SemTxvevaSi Janris Sesaxeb), saWi roa istoriis Seswavla, magram istorias ver SeviswavliT, Tu gonebaSi ar gveqneba Camoyalibebuli SerCevis sqema. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs gamosavali am daxSuli wridan. zog SemTxvevaSi aucilebel amosaval wertils warmoadgens klasifikaciis garegnuli myari sqema (magaliTad, garkveuli wesis mixedviT gariT­muli ToTxmeti striqoni sonetSi). sapirispiro SemTxvevaa

380

literaturis Teoria

elegia an oda, rodesac SeiZ leba daveWvdeT, SeinarCuna Tu ara odam, saxelwodebis garda, raime niSan Tviseba, romelic Tanabrad axasiaTebs yvela odas. ben jonsonis `oda saku­Tari Tavisadmi~, kolinzis `oda saRamosadmi~ da uords­vorTis `ukvdavebis wi naTgrZnoba~ TiTqos naklebad hgva­nan erTmaneTs, magram maxvili Tvali imTaviTve daadgens horaciusis da pindares odebTan maT msgavsebas, SeniSnavs TiTqosda gansxvavebu li tradiciebisa da saukuneebis uwy­vet erTobas. literatu ris istoriis Sesaswavlad Janrebis istoria, udavod, yvela ze mravlisaRmTqmeli sferoa.

SeiZleba da savaldebulocaa `morfologiuri~ mid­goma farTod gamoviyenoT folkloris mimarT, radgan folklorSi Janrebi xSirad ufro mkafiodaa gaforme­buli, vidre _ mogvianebiT Camoyalibebul sityvakazmul xelovnebaSi. folklorisadmi amgvari midgoma, bolos da bolos, iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc `motivebisa~ da siu­Jetebis migraciaTa Seswavla. safuZveli Caeyara karg wamow­yebebs, gansakuTrebiT _ ruseTSi23. Tu ar SegviZlia ro­gorc klasikuri, aseve axali (Sua saukuneebSi warmoSobili) Janrebis cocxali aRqma, ver CavwvdebiT Tanamedrove lite­raturas _ yovel SemTxvevaSi, im li teraturas, romelic win uZRoda romantikul amboxs. ma Ti brZola Seadgens li­teraturis istoriis mniSvnelovan nawils 1500­1800 wlebs Soris. da marTlac, rogorc unda gaebundovnebina roman­tikul saukunes sxvaoba Janrebs Soris da rogori Sereuli formebic unda Semoetana, didi Secdoma iqneboda, saTa­nadod ar dagvefasebina Janrebis koncefciis avtoriteti da Zala Tundac uaxles literaturaSi. Janrebis pirveli is­toriebis (romlebic Seqmnes briunetierma da saimonma) nak­lovanebad unda CaiTvalos biologiur paralelebze metis­meti dayrdnoba. magram am bolo aTwleulebSi gamoCnda ise­Ti gamokvlevebi, romlebic meti gulisyuriTaa damuSave­buli. Tumca, maT emuqreba tipebis aRweriT Semofargvlisa da SemTxveviT diskusiebSi daxarjvis saSiSroeba, rogorc es mouvida mraval naSroms, romlebsac dramis an romanis istoriebad miiCneven. magram arsebobs wignebi, romlebSic

381

literaturis istoria

dasmuli da gamokvleulia tipebis ganviTarebis problema. Seqspiramdeli inglisuri dramis istoriis daweris dros dauSvebelia imis ugulebelyofa, rom misteriebisa da mo­raliteebis memkvidreobisa da Tanadrouli aRmavali dra­mis gasaocrad Sereuli forma SeiniSneba, vTqvaT, beilis `mefe jonSi~. Janris kargi istoriis nimuSia u. u. gregis wigni `pastoraluri poezia da pastoraluri drama~, Tumca avtori masSi sxva mizans isaxavda;24 mogvianebiT k. s. lu­isma `siyvarulis alegoriaSi~25 Camoayaliba ganviTarebis mkafiod da kargad gaazrebuli sqema. germaniaSi, sxva rom ara iyos ra, ori kargi wigni arsebobs: karl vietoris `ger­manuli odis istoria~ da giunTer miuleris `germanuli simReris istoria~26. orive avtori mwvaved ayenebs im prob­lemebs, romlebsac waawydnen27. vietori garkveviT aRiarebs daxSuli wris arsebobas, magram mainc ar epueba mas: vieto­ris SexedulebiT, istorikosi intuiciiT, magram mainc unda mixvdes, ra aris arsebiTi im JanrisaTvis, romelsac ikvlevs da mere gamoiyenos am Janris nimuSebi Tavisi hipoTezebis dasasabuTeblad an Sesasworeblad. Tumca Janri istoriaSi vlindeba calkeul nawarmoebTa saxiT, magram ar SeiZleba misi aRwera am nawarmoebTa yvela niSnis mixedviT. Cven gavi­azrebT Janrs, rogorc `maregulirebel~ princips, rogorc fuZemdeblur models; pirobiTobas, romelic realuria, e. i. qmediTia, radganac ganapirobebs konkretuli nawarmoe­bebis Seqmnas. istorias ar esaWiroeba miRweva specialuri miznisa, romelic zRvars udebs Janris Semdgom gagrZelebas an diferenciacias; mag ram Tu miznad davisaxavT, davweroT WeSmariti istoria, maSin unda veyrdnobodeT garkveul droiT mizans an tips.

srulad analogiuri problemebi wamoiWreba perio di­sa da mimdinareobis istoriasTan dakavSirebiT. ganviTa re ­b is Sesaxeb diskusiam cxadyo, rom Cven ver daveTanxmebiT or ukidures Sexedulebas: erTia metafizikuri Sexedule­ba, romlis mixedviTac, periodi aris garkveuli arsi da mis bunebas intuiciiT unda CavwvdeT; meore _ ukiduresad nominalisturi _ SexedulebiT ki, periodi yovel droSi,

382

literaturis Teoria

drois yovel monakveTSi, ubralod, aRweris mizniT gaT­valiswinebuli lingvisturi, stilisturi Ta viseburebaa. ukiduresi nominalizmis mixedviT, periodSi igulisxmeba TviTneburi Zaldataneba masalaze, romelic sinamdvileSi, mimarTulebis gareSe, uwyvet dinebad iqceva da amgvarad, gvrCeba, erTi mxriv, konkretul movlenaTa qaosi da meore mxriv, wminda subieqturi iarliyebi. Tu davemyarebiT am Sexedulebas, maSin aSkarad ar eqneba mniSvneloba, Tu sad gavatarebT gamyof xazs arsebiTad erTian, magram mraval­ferovan realobaSi. amitomac mniSvneloba ara aqvs, perio­dis romel sqemas miviRebT _ xelovnur pirobiTsa Tu meqanikurs. SeiZleba istoriografiuli wesiT davweroT literaturis istoria saukuneebis, aTwleulebis an wlebis mixedviT. SeiZleba miviRoT iseTi kriteriumi, rogoric gamoiyena arTur saimondsma Tavis wignSi `romantikuli mimarTuleba inglisur poeziaSi~.28 igi ganixilavs mxolod im avtorebs, romlebic 1800 wlamde daibadnen da 1800 wlis mere gardaicvalen. gamodis, rom periodi, ubralod, xelsayreli sityvaa savaldebulo wignis an SerCeuli Te­mis dasayofad. Tumca, xSirad es Sexeduleba gaucnobiere­blad STaagonebs naSromebs, romlebic mowiwebiT ekidebian saukuneTa mijnebs an Tavs axveven sagans zust droiT (mag­aliTad, 1700­50 wlebi), rac verafriT aixsneba, garda imisa, rom erTgvari SemosazRvra praqtikulma saWiroebam gamoi­wvia. kalendaruli TariRebisadmi aseTi pativiscema, rasak­virvelia, kanonieria bibliografiuli nusxebis Sedgenisas; aq is gvexmareba orientaciaSi, iseve, rogorc diuis mier biblioTekebisaTvis SeTavazebuli decimaluri sistema; amgvar periodizacias saerTo araferi aqvs literaturis istoriasTan.

miuxedavad amisa, literaturis istoriebis umete­soba periodebad aris dayofili politikur cvlilebaTa Sesabamisad. amgvarad, miCneulia, rom literatura mTli­anad determinirebulia politikuri Tu socialuri revo­luciebiT, xolo determinirebuli periodebis prob le mas wyveten istorikosebi. inglisuri literaturis SedarebiT

383

literaturis istoria

Zvel istoriebs Tu CavxedavT, vnaxavT, rom isini dawerilia an kalendaruli principiT an erTi martivi politikuri kriteriumis mixedviT, inglisis monarqTa mefobis drois Sesabamisad. sulac araa saWiro imis Cveneba, Tu ra aRre­vas gamoiwvevda, bolo drois ing lisuri literaturis is­toria rom dagveyo monarqebis gardacvalebis TariRebis Sesabamisad. seriozulad aravis mo s vlia azrad, adreu­li mecxramete saukunis literatura ga nesxvavebina er­Timeorisgan georg mesamis, georg meo Txis an uiliam meoT­xis mefobis droTa mixedviT; zogan jer kidev SemorCe­nilia literaturis aseTi xelovnuri dayofa elisabedis, jeimz pirvelisa da Carlz pirvelis mefobaTa droebis Sesabamisad.

inglisuri literaturis uaxles istoriebSi sau­kuneebis kalendris Tu mefeTa mmarTvelobis Sesabamisi dayofa TiTqmis mTlianad moispo da Seicvala axleburi periodizaciiT, romlis saxelwodebebi emyareba sulieri cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos movlenebs. Tumca, Cven kvlav vxmarobT terminebs `elisabedis droindeli~ da `viqtori­anuli~, maT mefobaTa dros Seqmnili es ganmasxvavebeli ter­minebi ki SemogvrCa, magram maT axali mniSvneloba SeiZines inteleqtualuri istoriis sistemis farglebSi. Cven isini SevinarCuneT, radgan vgrZnobT, rom es ori dedofali, ro­gorc Cans, TavianTi drois simboloebi iyvnen. Cven katego­riulad aRar moviTxovT, rom drois monakveTi romelime monarqis taxtze asvlidan mis sikvdilamde gansazRvravdes literaturuli periodis qronologiuri mijnebs. rodesac viyenebT termins `eli sa bedis droindeli~, vgulisxmobT mwerlebs, romlebic moR vaweobdnen Teatrebis daxur­vamde (1642), im droisTvis ki TiTq mis ormocma welma gan­vlo dedoflis gardacvale bi dan. magram, meore mxriv, Cven iSviaTad vuwodebT oskar uai l ds `viqtorianels~, Tumca misi sicocxlis wlebi zustad emTxveva viqtorias mefobis qronologiur sazRvrebs. politikuri warmomavlobis ter­minebma inteleqtisa da literaturis istoriaSic ki mii­Res gansazRvruli mniSvnelo ba. miuxedavad amisa, Cveni ax­

384

literaturis Teoria

landeli dasa xelebebi maTi Seqmnis siWrelis gamo, cota ar iyos dama bnevelia. `reformacia~ momdinareobs saekle­sio isto riidan, `humanizmi~, umTavresad, _ inteleqtua­luri moZraobis istoriidan, `renesansi~ _ xelovnebis is toriidan, `respublikis literatura da `restavraciis literatura~ _ garkveuli politikuri movlenebidan. ter mini `meTvramete saukune~ Zveli qronologiuri termi­nia, romelic dazustebul iqna literaturuli movlenebis TvalsazrisiT: `avgustinelebis literatura~ da `klas­icizmis literatura~, `preromantizmi~ da `romantizmi~ imTaviTve literaturuli terminebia, maSin, rodesac `viq­torianuli~, `edvardianuli~ da `georgianuli” momdin­areobs monarqTa mefobidan. igive gan sacvifrebeli su­raTi xSirad gvxvdeba sxva qveyne bis literaturaSi: maga­liTad, `koloniuri periodi~ ameri kul literaturaSi politikuri terminia, xolo `romantiz mi~ da `realizmi~ literaturuli terminebia.

terminTa amgvari aRrevis gasamarTleblad unda aRv­niSnoT, rom amis mizezi Tavad istoria gaxlavT. rogorc literaturis istorikosebma, Cven, pirvel yovlisa, unda gaviTvaliswinoT TviT mwerlebis mosazrebebi da koncef­ciebi, programebi da personaliebi, ese igi, unda gaviziaroT sakuTriv maTi Sexeduleba periodizaciis Sesaxeb. ra Tqma unda, literaturis istoriaSi ar SeiZleba gonivrulad Camoyalibebuli programebis, manifestebis, SemoqmedebiTi TviTanalizis mniSvnelobis ugulebelyofa. da safiqrebe­lia, rom moRvaweobas, romelic esoden kargad icnobierebs sakuTar sazrissa da daniSnulebas, yvelaze ukeT Seesa­bameba termini `mimdinareoba~ (`movement~); misi daxasiaTeba analogiuri iqneba ama Tu im movlenisa da dekretebis daxa­siaTebisa. rac Seexeba literaturul periods, mis mimarT es programebi _ mxolod masalaa, iseve, rogorc kritikis istoria aris mxolod da mxolod literaturis istoriis Tanmxlebi komentari. epoqis literaturul dokumentebs CvenTvis damxmare mniSvneloba aqvT, maT ver vaRiarebT literaturis periodizaciis principebad. es imitom ki ar

385

literaturis istoria

xdeba, rom CvenTvis damaxasiaTebelia ufro Rrma Sexedule­ba movlenebis Taobaze: ubralod, Cven upiratesoba gvaqvs _ warsuls awmyos poziciidan ganvixilavT.

isic unda iTqvas, rom es sxvadasxva warmomavlobis terminebi Tavis droze ar gamoiyeneboda. termini `hu­manizmi~ pirvelad gamoCnda 1832 wels, `renesansi~ _ 1840 wels, `elisabedis epoqa~ _ 1817 wels, `avgustusis xana~ _ 1819 wels, xolo `romantizmi~ _ 1844 wels. es monacemebi moyvanilia `oqsfordis leqsikonSi~ da, albaT, sando araa, radganac termini `avgustusis xana~ sporadulad Cndeba ukve 1690 wels, karlaili ki termin `romantizms~ iyenebs 1831 wels29. yovelive es mxolod imas aRniSnavs, rom li­teraturuli periodi da misi saxelwodeba sinqronulad rodi warmoiSoba. cnobilia, rom romantikosebi TavianT Tavs ar uwodebdnen romantikosebs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, inglis Si. rogorc Cans, mxolod daaxloebiT 1849 wels daukavSi res kolriji da uordsvorTi romantikul mim­dinareobebsa da Selis, kiTsisa da baironis jgufs30. misis olifanti Tavis `meTvramete saukunis dasasrulisa da mecxramete sauku nis dasawyisis inglisuri literaturis istoriaSi ~ (1882 w.) arsad xmarobs am termins da erTsa da imave mimdinareobas ar miakuTvnebs `tbis~ poetebs, `koknis~ skolasa da `satanur~ bairons. amgvarad, inglisuri lite­raturis amJamad arsebuli periodizacia araa istoriulad dasabuTebuli. aSkaraa, rom is sxva araferia, Tu ara poli­tikuri, literaturuli da mxatvruli iarliyebis TviTne­burad SerCeuli erToblioba.

kidec rom gvqondes adamianTa kulturis istoriis _ politikis, filosofiis, sxva xelovnebaTa srulyofili periodizacia, literaturis istoria mainc ver SeZlebda iseTi sqemis gamoyenebas, romelic SemuSavebulia, romelic sxva masalaze muSaobis meSveobiT, specifikuri amocanebis gadawyvetis procesSi. literatura ar SeiZleba gagebul iqnes, rogorc kacobriobis politikuri, socialuri an Tundac inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis pasiuri anarekli an asli. amdenad, literaturuli periodi unda dadgin des wminda literaturuli kriteriumis daxmarebiT.

386

literaturis Teoria

Tu Cveni Sedegebi daemTxveva politikis, sa zo­gadoebis, xelovnebisa da azrovnebis istoriebs, amis sawi­naaRmdego araferi gveqneba. magram Cveni amosavali werti­li iqneba literatura, rogorc literaturis ganviTareba. maSasadame, periodi aris sayovelTao evo luciis qveda­nayofi. misi istoria SeiZleba daiweros mxo lod faseu­lobaTa cvalebad skalis gaTvaliswinebiT, xo lo es skala SemuSavebul unda iqnes Tavad istoriuli procesis gaaz­rebis safuZvelze. amgvarad, periodi aris drois monakveTi, romelSic dominirebs literaturuli normebi, standarte­bi da pirobiTobebi, romelTa Semota na, gavrceleba, dana­wevreba, integracia da gaqroba SeiZ leba davinaxoT, Tvali mivadevnoT.

cxadia, es ar niSnavs imas, rom aucileblad unda mi­viRoT esa Tu is normatiuli sistema. istoriidan is unda gamoviyvanoT istoriidan, aRmovaCinoT istoriaSi, rogorc realoba. magaliTad, `romantizmi~ ar aris erTia ni Tviseba, romelic vrceldeba gadamdebi seniviT an WiriviT, da is arc ubralo sityvieri iarliyia. es istoriuli kategoria, an, kantis terminologiiT, `maregulirebeli idea~ (ufro zustad ki, ideaTa mTeli sistema) gvexmareba movaxdinoT istoriuli procesis interpretacia. magram ideebis komp­leqsi Cven TviT procesSi aRmovaCineT. termin `periodis~ amgvari koncefcia gansxvavdeba misi sayovelTaod aRiare­buli gagebisgan, romelSic cneba gadatanilia fsiqolo­giur planSi da ganZarculia is toriuli konteqstisgan. rodesac amgvari fsiqologiuri an mxatvruli tipebis sa­xelwodebaTa SemoReba xdeba is toriulad damkvidrebuli terminologiis zegavleniT, es araa sababi maTi upirobo dagmobisTvis; amasTan, kargad unda gavicnobieroT, rom literaturis aseTi tipologia Zalze Sorsaa Cveni ganxil­vis sagnisgan _ is ar miekuTvneba literaturis istorias, viwro gagebiT.

amgvarad, periodi aris ara tipi an klasi, aramed _ drois monakveTi gansazRvruli normaTa sistemiT, rom­lebic ganuyofelia istoriuli procesisgan. ro mantizmis

387

literaturis istoria

ganmartebis uSedego mcdelobebi mowmobs, rom `periodis~ cneba ar ar waagavs logikaSi miRebul `klasis~ cnebas. wi­naaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi moxdeboda nawarmoebis individualo­bis waSla, misi STanTqma kategoriis mier. magram es aSkarad SeuZlebelia. xelovnebis individualu ri qmnileba klasis warmomadgeneli rodia; esaa nawilia, romelic yvela sxva nawarmoebTan erTad warmoqmnis pe riodis cnebas. amgvarad, is TavisTavad gansazRvravs mTlianis koncefcias. `roman­tizmis~31 uamravi sxva das xvagvari ganmarteba Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, rogorc Cans, mcdaria, magram, miuxedavad amisa, maTSi mainc vlindeba im sqemis sirTule, romelsac See­sabameba TiToeuli amgvari definicia. kargad unda gavicno­bieroT, rom periodi ar aris idealuri tipi, abstraqtuli modeli an cnebiTi kla sifikacia; esaa drois monakveTia normebis erTiani sis temiT, romlebic xelovnebis arc erT nawarmoebSi ar aris mTlianad realizebuli. periodis is­toria mdgomareobs imaSi, rom daafiqsiros normaTa erTi sistemas Secvla meoriT. amgvarad, periodi aris drois monakveTi, romelic xasiaTdeba garkveuli erTianobiT; aSkaraa, rom es erTiano ba mxolod SefardebiTi xasiaTisaa. es niSnavs, ubralod, imas, rom drois garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi normebis esa Tu is sqema mTeli sisruliT iqna realizebuli. erTi romelime periodis erTianoba absolu­turi rom iyos, maSin periodebi qvis blokebiviT erTimeo­ris gverdiT dalagdeba yovelgvari memkvidreobis gareSe. amitom yovel periodSi aucileblad monawileoben norma­Ta winamorbedi sistemas gadmonaSTebi da momavali sqemis Canasaxebi32.

periodis istoriis daweris problema, pirvel yovli ­sa, aris aRweris problema: saWiroa amovicnoT pirobiToba­Ta erTi sistemisdacema da meoris Casaxva. ratom xdeba mim­dinareobaTa aseTi Secvla garkveul momentSi? _ es aris istoriuli problema, romelic, zogadad, gadauWrelia. gamoiTqva varaudi, rom literaturis ganviTareba gamo­fitvis safexurs aRwevs da moiTxovs axali kanonebis Se­moRebas. rusi formalistebi am process aRweren rogorc `avtomatizaciis~ process, e. i. poeturi ostatobis bevri

388

literaturis Teoria

xer xi, Tavis droze efeqturi iyo, iseTi Cveulebrivi da gac veTili xdeba, rom axali mkiTxveli maT veRar aRiqvams. mas sWirdeba raRac gansxvavebuli, raRac sruliad sapir­ispiro. aseT SemTxvevaSi ganviTarebis sqema waagas qanqaras rxevas: erTi ukiduresobidan meorisken moZraoba adre Tu gvian ganapirobebs axleburi poeturi metyvelebis, Temebi­sa da yovelgvari sxva mxatvruli xerxebis `aqtualizacias~. magram Teoria ver ganmartavs, Tu ratom miemarTeba gan­viTareba konkretuli mimarTulebiT _ procesis mTeli sirTule namvilad ar daiyvaneba rxevaTa martiv sqemamde. arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, literaturis gan­viTarebis mimarTuleba ganisazRvreba gareSe pirobebiT da sazogadoebrivi garemos moTxovnebiT. maSin yoveli cvli­leba literaturul situaciaSi gamowveuli iqneba axali klasis an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebri vi dajgufebis warmoSobiT: magaliTad, ruseTSi 1917 wlam de yvelaze mkve­Trad iyo gamoxatuli klasobrivi struq tura, amitom cvl­ilebebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi iq xSirad Seesabameboda literaturul evolucias. magram da savleTSi am urTierT­mimarTebis gamovlena Zneldeba, da sruliad SeuZlebelic xdeba im epoqebis ganxilvisas, romlebic ar xasiaTdeba mka­fiod gamokveTili socialuri dapirispirebebiT da isto­riuli katastrofebiT.

literaturuli situaciis cvlilebebs ganmartavd­nen agreTve axali Taobis SeWriT literaturaSi. kurnos wignis _ `mosazrebani ideaTa ganviTarebis Sesaxeb~ (1872) _ gavleniT am Teorias bevri mimdevari gamouCnda. is gul­modgined iqna damuSavebuli, gansakuTrebiT germaniaSi, petersenisa da veqsleris mier33. magram ver daveTanxmebiT imas, rom Taobis, rogorc biologiuri erTeulis cneba problemas gadaWris saSualebas gvaZlevs. Tu miviCnevT, rom erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi erTmaneTs enacvleba sami Taoba, magaliTad, 1800­33, 1834­69, 1870­1900, maSin dasaSvebia iseTi seriebis arsebobac, rogorebicaa 1801­1834, 1835­70, 1871­1901 da a. S. biologiuri TvalsazrisiT, es seriebi savsebiT Tanabaruflebiania da Tu adamianTa jgufebma, romlebic 1800­iani wlebis periodSi daibadnen,

389

literaturis istoria

ufro Rrma gavlena moaxdines literaturis ganviTareba­ze, vidre 1815­iani wlebis periodSi dabadebul adamianTa jgufebma, es unda mivaweroT ara wminda biologiur, aramed sxva mizezs. ra Tqma agaliTad,unda, zogjer literaturis istoriaSi cvlileba erTi da imave Taobis axalgazrdaTa jgufs Seaqvs, risi aSkara magaliTicaa germanuli `qariS­xali da Seteva~ da, saerTod, romantizmis epoqa. TaobaTa erTianobas, rogorc Cans, ayalibebs iseTi istoriuli da socia luri faqtebi (magaliTad, safrangeTis revolucia an orive msoflio omi), romelTa srulad aRqma yoveli asa­kis adamianebs rodi ZaluZT da amas yvelaze ukeT gaarTves Tavi mgrZnobiare axalgazrdebma. magram es swored imis magaliTia, rom literaturisTvis zogjer gadamwyveti mniSv neloba aqvs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis zegavlenas. SeiZleba davasaxeloT sapirispiro xasiaTis uamravi mov­lena _ rodesac literaturis cvlilebaze Rrma da Zlieri gavlena moaxdina xandazmuli mwerlebis Se moqmedebam. saer­Tod ki, Taobebisa da socialuri klase bis cvla sakmarisi ar aris literaturul cvlilebaTa asaxsnelad. es aris komp­leqsuri procesi, romelic yo velTvis erTnairad rodi mimdi nareobs; nawilobriv, es gamofitviTa da ganaxlebis surviliT gamowveuli Sinagani procesia, magram, nawilob­riv, garegnulic, romelic ganpirobebulia cvlilebebiT socialur da kulturul cxovrebaSi, kulturaSi.

Tanamedrove literaturis istoriis mTavari pe­riodebi dausrulebeli polemikis sagans warmoadgens. terminebi _ `renesansi~, `klasicizmi~, `romantizmi~, `sim­bolizmi~, bolo xanebSi ki `barokoc~ _ ganmartes, Semdeg daazustes, Semdeg gadaiazres.34 rogorc Cans, veraviTari SeTanxmeba ver miiRweva manamde, sanam Tavidan ar avicilebT bundovanebas zemoganxilul Teoriul sakiTxebSi, sanam opo nentebi daJinebiT cdiloben Tavs moaxvion definici­ebs cnebiTi gvareobrivi Sinaarsi (logikis analogiiT), erTmaneTSi ureven `periodisa~ da `tipis~ terminebs, ter­minTa semantikur istorias da stilis realur istorias. savsebiT gasagebia, rom a. o. lavjoi da sxvebi gvTavazoben,

390

literaturis Teoria

uarvyoT iseTi termini, rogoricaa `romantizmi~. magram kamaTi periodis Sesaxeb, sxva rom ara iyos ra, wamoWris li­teraturis istoriis yvela iseT sakiTxs, romlebic exeba terminis istorias, kritikul programebs, iseve, rogorc realur stilistur cvlilebebs, literaturuli periodis urTi erTkavSirebs adamianis moRvaweobis sxva sferoebTan; saerTaSoriso literaturul kavSirebs gansaxilveli pe­riodis farglebSi. `romantizmi~, rogorc termini, gvian Semovida inglisSi, magram ukve uordsvorTisa da kolri­jis Teo riebSi arsebobda axali programa, romelic unda ganvixiloT uordsvorTisa da kolrijis, agreTve maTi Ta­namedrove sxva poetebis SemoqmedebasTan mimarTebaSi. meT­vramete saukunis dasawyisSi ukve SeiniSneboda axali stilis Canasaxebi. Cven SegviZlia SevadaroT inglisuri romantizmi romantikul moZraobas safrangeTsa da ger maniaSi, Seviswav­loT paralelebi romantikuli mim dinareobis gamovline­bebTan saxviT xelovnebaSi. yo vel droSi da yovel adgilas sxvadasxva problema iCens Tavs, amitom SeuZlebelia zog­adi wesebis Camoyalibeba. swori araa kazamianis mosazreba, rom periodebi mzardi siCqariT enacvleboda erTmaneTs vidre dRemde, rodesac maTi rxevebis stabilizacia moxda. aseve mcdaria imis dasabuTebis mcdelobebi, Tu xelovnebis romelma dargma (an romelma erma) aiTvisa pirvelad axali stili. ra Tqma unda, didi imedebi ar unda davamyaroT ter­minologiur garkveulobaze periodebis daxasiaTebisas, _ SeuZlebelia erTi sityva mravali konotaciis matarebeli iyos. magram aseve gaumarTlebelia skeptikuri damokide­buleba da problemis ugulebelyofa, radganac periodis cneba istoriuli Semecnebis erT­erTi mTavari iaraRia.

kidev ufro rTulia iseTi farTo problemis ganxi­l va, rogoric aris erovnuli literaturis istoria. Zne­lia Tvali mivadevnoT erovnul literaturis istorias, Tuki gamokvlevis struqtura moiTxovs, arsebiTad, ara­literaturuli orientirebis gamoyenebas, msjelobas erovnuli zneobisa da erovnuli xasiaTis Sesaxeb, rasac cota ram aqvT saerTo sityvakazmul xelovnebasTan. mravali

391

literaturis istoria

problema warmoiqmneba, magaliTad, amerikul literaturas­Tan dakavSirebiT: vinaidan is iqmneba imave enaze, romelze­dac _ sxva erovnuli literatura, amitom lite raturis ganviTareba amerikaSi absoluturad damoukideblad rodi mimdinareobs, is, nawilobriv, imarTeba ufro Zveli da Zli­eri tradiciebiT. nebismieri erovnuli literaturis ganvi­Tareba aSkarad warmoadgens problemas, romelsac istor­ikosi ver ugulebelyofs, Tumca is TiTqmis arc arasdros ar gamoukvleviaT sistematuri wesiT. zedmetia imis aRniSvna, rom literaturis jgufebis istoria, Seswavlis Tvalsaz­risiT, kidev ufro Sorsaa idealisagan. arsebuli nimuSebi, rogoricaa ian maxalis `slavuri literaturebi~ an leo­nardo olSkis cda, daewera Sua saukuneebis yvela romanuli literaturis istoria, warmatebuli ar aRmoCnda35. msoflio literaturis isto riaTa umetesoba warmoadgens mcdelobas, gamovlenil iqnas mTavari tradicia evropis literaturisa, romelsac aerTianebs saerTo warmomavloba Zveli berZnuli da romauli literaturebidan, magram verc erTi ver gascda ideologiuri ganzogadebebisa da zerele kompilaciebis dones, garda Zmebi Slegelebis brwyinvale narkvevebisa, romlebic Tanamedrove problemebis gadawyvetisas, albaT, ar gamogvadgeba. bolos, unda aRiniSnos, rom literaturis zogadi istoria jer kidev metad Soreuli idealia. arse­buli mcdelobebi, magaliTad jon braunis `poeziis Casax­visa da ganviTarebis istoria~, romelic 1763 wliT iwyeba, metismetad gonebaWvretiTi da sqematuria,xolo CaduikTa samtomeuli, `literaturis ganviTareba~TiTqmis mTlianad eZRvneba folklorSi asaxuli statikuri tipebis ganxilvas.36

yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, Cven mxolod axla viwyebT imis Seswavlas, Tu rogor unda gavaanalizoT xe­lovnebis nawarmoebi mTlianad. saamisod ki Cveni me Tode bi metismetad mouqnelia da arc maTi Teoriuli safuZvelia myari. amgvarad, bevri samuSao mogvelis. ar unda SegvaSi­nos iman, rom literaturis istorias, warsulis garda, aqvs momavali, romelic ver SeZlebs da arc unda ecados, rom ubralod amoavsos xarvezebi, romlebic Zveli meTodebis

392

literaturis Teoria

`damsaxurebaa~. Cven unda veZioT literaturis istoriis axa­li ideali da meTodebi, romlebic am idealis realiza ciis SesaZleblobas mogvcems. SeiZleba aq SemoTavazebuli idea­li zedmetad ̀ puristulad~ mogeCvenoT (radgan literatu­ris istoriaze rogorc xelovnebazea aqcenti gadatanili), magram, Cveni azriT, marTlzomieria ne bismieri sxva meTodis gamoyeneba. erTaderTi ram, raSic darwmunebuli varT, isaa, rom literaturis istoriisaTvis, romelmac ukanasknel dekadebSi eqspansionizmis Semoteva ganicada, sWirdeba kon­centracia.sxvadasxva meTodis ur TierTmimarTebaTa gaaz­reba exmareba mkvlevars, Tavidan aicilos cnebaTa aRrevis safrTxe, _ im SemTxvevaSic ki, ro desac misi meTodologia moicavs gansxavebul meTodebs.

393

SeniSvna

394

395

SeniSvna

SeniSvna

*Tavi pirveli

literatura da literaturuli swavla

1. Advocated in Stephen Potter’s The­Muse­ in­Chains,­London 1937.

2. ix. bibliografia. 19, section IV.3. I. A. Richards, Principles­of­Literary­Criticism,­London 1924, pp.

120, 251.4. Wilhelm Dilthey, Einleitung­in­die­Geisteswissenschaften,­Berlin

1883.5. Wilhelm Windelband, Geschichte­ und­ Naturwissenschaft,­

Strassburg 1894. Reprinted in Präludien,­fourth ed., Tübingen 1907, Vol. II, pp. 136-60.

6. Heinrich Rickert, Die­ Grenzen­ der­ naturwissenschaftlichen­Begriffsbildung,­Tübingen 1913; also Kulturwissenscbaft­und­Naturwis-senscbaft,­Tübingen 1921.

7. A. D. Xénopol, Les­Principes­ fondamentaux­ de­ l’histoire,­Paris 1894; second ed., under title La­Thiorie­de­I’histoire,­Paris 1908; Bene-detto Croce, History,­lis­Theory­and­Practice,­New York 1921, and His-tory­as­the­Story­of­Liberty,­New York 1940 (new ed., 1955).

8. Fuller discussions of these problems in Maurice Mandelbaum, The­Prob­lem­of­Historical­Knowledge,­New York 1938; Raymond Aron, La­Philosophie­critique­de­I’histoire,­Paris 1938.

9. Louis Cazamian, L’Évolution­psychologique­de­ la­ littérature­ en­Angleterre,­Paris 1920, and the second half of É. Legouis and L. Caza-mian, Histoire­de­la­littérature­anglaise,­Paris 1924 (English translation by H. D. Irvine and W. D. Maclnnes, two vols., London 1926-7).

10. See W. K. Wimsatt, Jun., ‘The Structure of the “Concrete Universal” in Literature’,PMLA,­1x11(1947), pp. 262-80 (reprinted in The­Verbal­ Iton,­Lexington Ky 1954, pp. 69-83); Scott Elledge, ‘The

396

SeniSvna

Background and Development in English Criticism of the Theories of Generality and Particularity’, ibid., pp. 147-82.

11. R. G. Collingwood, ‘Are History and Science Different Kinds of Know ledge?’, Mind,­xxxi (1922), pp. 449-50, and Pitirim Sorokin, Social­and­Cultural­Dynamics,­Cincinnati 1937, Vol. 1, pp. 168-74, etc.

Tavi meore

literaturis buneba

1. Edwin Greenlaw, The­Province­ of­ Literary­History,­Baltimore 1931, p. 174.

2. Mark van Doren, Liberal­Education,­New York 1943.3. Thomas C. Pollock, The­Nature­of­Literature,­Princeton 1942.4. Most of the work of E. E. Stoll is relevant here. See also L.

L. Schücking Charakterprobleme­bei­Shakespeare,­Leipzig 1919 (English tr., London 1922 and L. C. Knights, How­Many­Children­Had­ Lady­Macbeth­?,­Cambridge 1933 (reprinted in Explorations,­London 1946, pp. 15-54). Recent treatments conventionalism v.­naturalism in the drama are S. L. Bethell, Shakespeare­and­the­Popular­Dramatic­Tradition,­Durham, N. C. 1944, and Eric Bend The­Playwright­as­Thinker,­New York 1946.

5. SeniSvnebisTvis ix. Edwin Muir, The­Structure­of­the­Novel,­London 1928. sxva Janrebis damuSavebisTvis, ix. T. Zielinski, ‘Die Behandlung gleichzeitiger Vorgänge im antiken Epos’ Philolo-gus,­Supplementband,­vii (1899-1901), pp. 405-99; Leo Spitzer’ ‘Über zeitliche Perspektive in der neueren französischen Lyrik’, Die­neuer-en­Sprachen,­xxxi (1923), pp. 241-66 (reprinted, Stilstudien,­ii, Munich 1928 pp. 50-83); Oskar Walzel, ‘Zeitform im lyrischen Gedicht’, Das­Wort-kunstwerk,­ Leipzig 1926, pp. 277-96. Tanamedrove wlebSi (partly owing to the influence of Existentialist philosophy) didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda drois problemas literaturaze. ix. Georges Poulet, Études­sur­le­temps­humain,­Paris, English tr. Bal-timore 1956, and La­Distance­intérieure,­Paris 1952, English tr. Balti-more 1959; A. A. Mendilow, Time­and­the­Novel,­London 1952; Hans

397

SeniSvna

Meyerhoff, Time­in­Literature,­Berkeley, Cal. 1955! agreTve ix. Emil Staiger, Die­Zeit­als­Einbildungskraft­des­Dichters,­Zürich 1939, second ed. 1953; Günther Müller, Die­Bedeutung­der­Zeit­in­der­Erzählkunst,­Bonn 1946.

6. Wordsworth‘s ‚We Are Seven‘ is an instance of a non-figura-tive poem. Robert Bridges‘s ‚I love all beauteous things, I seek and adore them‘ is an example of an imageless poem. The term ‚poetry of statement‘ was used first by Mark van Doren in defence of Dryden‘s poetry. (See John­Dryden,­A­Study­of­his­Poetry,­New York 1946, p. 67; originally published in 1920.) One can, however, argue that meta-phor in a broad sense is the principle of all poetry. See e.g. William K. Wimsatt and Cleanth Brooks, Literary­Criticism.­A­Short­History,­New York 1957, pp. 749-50.

7. Adolf von Hildebrand, Das­Problem­der­Form­in­der­bildenden­Kunst,­third ed., Strassburg 1901 (English tr. New York 1907). See also Hermann Konnerth, Die­Kunsttheorie­Conrad­ Fiedlers,­Munich 1909; Alois Riehl, ‘Bemerkungen zu dem Problem der Form in der Dich-tkunst’, Vierteljahrschrift­für­wissenschaftliche­Philosophie,­xxi (1897), pp. 283-306, xxii (1898), pp. 96-114 (an application of the concept of pure visibility to literature); Benedetto Croce, ‘La teoria dell’arte come pura visibilità’, Nuovi­saggi­di­estetica,­Bari 1920, pp. 239-54.

8. Theodor A. Meyer, Das­Stilgesetz­der­Poesie,­Leipzig 1901.9. ix. am Tavis bibliografia CamoTvlil wignebSi, rom­

lebzec damyarebulia es diskusia.

Tavi mesame

literaturis funqcia

1. Horace (Ars­poetica,­lines 353-44): Horace faqtiurad, poe­ziis sam alternatiul variants gvawvdis:

Aut prodesse volunt aut delectare poetaeOmne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci, Lectorem delectando pariterque monendo ... The ‘polar heresies’ - erT­erTi alternatiuli varian­

398

SeniSvna

tis aReba TavisTavad _ uaryofilia R. G. Collingwood-is Principles­of­Art-Si,­Oxford 1938 (Tavebi ‘Art as Magic’ da ‘Art as Amusement’).

2.­Mortimer Adler, Art­and­Prudence,­New York 1937, p. 35 and passim;­K. Burke, Counterstatement,­New York 1931, p.151

3. G. Boas, Primer­ for­Critics,­Baltimore 1937; T. S. Eliot, Use­of­Poetry,­Cambridge, Mass. 1933, pp. 113, 155.

4. W. T. Stace, The­Meaning­of­Beauty,­London 1929, p. 161.5. ‘Flat’ and ‘round’ are terms from Forster’s Aspects­of­the­Novel,­

London 1927, pp. 103 ff.6. Karen Horney, Self-Analysis,­New York 1942, pp. 38-9; Forster,

op. cit., p. 74.7. Max Eastman, The­Literary­Mind:­Its­Plate­in­an­Age­of­Stiente,­

New York 1935, esp. p. 155 ff.8. ix. Bernard C. Heyl, New­bearings­in­Esthetics­and­Art­Criticism,­

New Haven 1943, pp. 51-87.9. ix. Dorothy Walsh, ‘The Cognitive Content of Art’, Philosophi-

cal­Re-view,­Lii (1943), pp. 433-51.10. Eliot, Selected­ Essays,­New York 1932, pp. 115-17: poeti,

romelic ̀ fiqrobs~,’ wers elioti, ‘aris ubralod poeti, vi­sac SeuZlia gamoxatos fiqris emocionaluri ekvivalenti,, diadi poezia gvaZlevs iluzias sicocxlis Sexedulebaze. rodesac SevdivarT homerosis, sofokles, an virgiliusis, an dantes, an Seqspiris samyaroSi, vijerebT, rom Cven vimec­nebT raRacas, rac SeiZleba gamoxatuli iyos inteleqtua­lurad; yoveli zusti,namdvili emocia inteleqtualuri formulaciisaken ixreba.

11. Susanne K. Langer, Philosophy in a New Key, Cambridge, Mass. 1942, ‘Discursive Forms and Presentational Forms’, p. 79 ff.

12. op. cit., p. 288.13. faqti, rom biblioTekarebi iketebian da rom kri­

tikosebi krZalaven zogierTi wignis gayidvas, ar amtkicebs imas rom is wignebi TavisTavad propagandistulia, popu­larulobis mxrivac ki. es ufro imas amtkicebs, rom akrZal­uli wignebi propagandistulia im mizezebis gamo, romlebic ar moiwona wamyvanma sazogadoebam.

399

SeniSvna

14. Eliot, ‘Poetry and Propaganda’, in Literary­Opinion­in­America­(ed. Zabel)­New York 1937, p. 25 ff.

15. Stace, op. cit., p. 164 ft”.16. Goethe, Dichtung­und­Wahrheit,­Bk xiii. Collingwood (op. cit.,

pp.121-4) ansxvavebs `emociis gamoxatvas~ (xelovneba) `emo­ciis gamocemisagan~ non­artis erTi forma.

17. Plato, Republic,­x, § 606 d; Augustine, Confessions,­1, p. 21; A. Warren ‘Literature and Society’, Twentieth-Century­English­(ed. W. S. Knickerbocker), New York 1946, pp. 304-14.

18. Spingarn’s History­ of­ Literary­ Criticism­ in­ the­ Renaissance­(New York, rev ed., 1924) ikvlevs Cvens Temas poeziis `funq­cionirebis~ da `safuZvlis~ terminebis saxelwodebiT.

19. A. C. Bradley, ‘Poetry for Poetry’s Sake’, Oxford­Lectures­on­Poetry­Oxford 1909, pp. 3-34.

Tavi meoTxe

literaturuli Teoria, kritika da istoria

1. Philip August Boeckh, Encyklopädie­und­Metbodologie­der­philo-gischen­Wissenschaften,­Leipzig 1877 (second ed., 1886).

2. F. W. Bateson, ‚Correspondence‘, Scrutiny,­iv (1935), pp. 181-5.3. Ernst Troeltsch, Der­Historismus­und­seine­Probleme,­Tübingen

1922; Der­Historismus­und­seine­Überwindung,­Berlin 1924.4. Hardin Craig, Literary­Study­and­the­Scholarly­Profession,­Seat-

tle, Wash. 1944, p 70.ix. agreTve gv. 126-7: `bolo Taobam sakmaod moulodnelad gadawyvita, rom Tavad aRmoaCenda Zveli av­torebis mniSvnelobas da Rirebulebebs da es rwmena daukav­Sires ideas, magaliTad, rom Seqspiris sakuTari mniSv neloba aris udidesi Seqspiruli mniSvnelobebidan.”

5. e.g. in Poetsand­Playwrights,­Minneapo is1930,p.217; and From Shekespeare to Joyce, New York 1944, p. ix

6. e.g. in Lily Campbell, Shakespeare’s­Tragic­Heroes:­Slaves­of­Pas-sion,­Cam bridge 1930; also Oscar J. Campbell, ‘What is the Matter with Hamlet?’ Yale­ Review,­ xxxii (1942), pp. 309-22. Stoll-i isto­

400

SeniSvna

400

ricizmis sxva gansxvavebulobas uWers mxars, romelic da­JinebiT moiTxovs scenuri Sekrebis rekonstruqcias, magram Tavs esxmis fsiqologiuri Teoriebis rekonstruqcias. ix. ‘Jaques and the Anti quaries’, From­Shakespeare­to­Joyce,­pp. 138-45.

7. ‘Imagery and Logic: Ramus and Metaphysical Poetics’, Jour-nal­of­the­History­of­Ideas,­III (1942), pp. 363-400.

8. F. A. Pottle, The­Idiom­of­Poetry,­Ithaca, N. Y. 1941 (second ed., 1946)

9. The example comes from Harold Cherniss, ‘The Biographical Fashion in Literary Criticism’, University­of­California­Publications­in­Classical­Philology,­xii (1943). pp. 279-93.

10. R. G. Collingwood, Principles­of­Art,­Oxford 1938, p. 4. ro­gorc Allen Tate aRniSnavs `moswavle, romelic ambobs, rom igebs Dryden­s, magram Hopkins-isgan da Yeats-isgan verafers iRebs, imaze metyvelebs, rom mas ar esmis frideni~ in ‘Miss Emily and the Bibliographer’ (Reason­in­Madness,­New York 1941 p. 115).

11. Norman Foerster, The­American­Scholar,­Chapel Hill 1929, p. 36.

Tavi mexuTe

ZiriTadi, SedarebiTi da nacionaluri literatura

1. ix. Fernand Baldensperger, ‘Littérature comparée Le mot et la chose’, ‘Revue­de­littérature­comparée,­1 (1921), pp. 1-29.

2. F. C. Green, Minuet,­London 1935.3. Hans Naumann, Primitive­Gemeinschaftskultur,­Jena 1921. 4. sakmaod Seusabamo Seqspiris swavlaSi aris msoflio

maStabis paralelebi hamletis istoriaze, Tavmoyrili Schick­is Corpus Hamleticum-Si, five vols.,Berlin 1912-38.

5. es aris simarTle Alexander Veselovsky-is Sromis Sesa­xeb, daTariRebuli 1870­iani wlebiT; mogvianebiT Sesrule­buli J.Polivka-s Sroma rusul zRaprebze; da Gerhard Gese-mann-is nawarmoebebi iugoslaviis eposze. ix. instruqciuli

401

SeniSvna

moxseneba e.g. Studien­zur­südslavischen­Volksepik,­Reichenberg 1926). ixileT instruqciuli moxseneba Margaret Schlauch- is, ‘Folk-lore in the Soviet Union’, Science­ and­Society,­vii (1944) pp. 203-22; Stith Thompson, The­Folktale,­New York 1946; Vladimir I. Propp, Mor-phology­of­the­Folk-Tale,­tr. Laurence Scott, Bloomington Indiana 1958; Albert B. Lord, The­Singer­of­Tales,­Cambridge, Mass. 1960.

6. ix. P. Bogatyrev and Roman Jakobson, ‘Die Folklore als eine besondere Form des Schaffens’, Donum­Natalicium­Schrijnen,­Nijmegen, Utrecht 1929, pp. 900-13. es narkvevi qmnis gansxvavebas folklo­rul literaturas da umaRles literaturas Soris.

7. ix. bibliografia.8. See Benedetto Groce’s ‘La letteratura comparata’ in Problemi­

di­Estetica­Bari 1910, pp. 73-9, Tavdapirvelad gamowveuli iyo

George Woodberry’-is pirveli moklevadiani JurnaliT Jour-nal­of­Comparative­Literature,­New York 1903 See R. Wellek, ‘The Cri-sis of Comparative Literature’ in Compara­Literature.­Proceedings­ of­the­Second­Congress­of­the­International­Compara­Literature­Association,­ed. W. P. Friederich, Chapel Hill 1959, Vol. I, 149-59.

9. Goethe’s Gespräche­mit­Eckermann,­31 January 1827; Kunst­und­Altertum­(1827); Werke,­Jubiläumsausgabe,­Vol. xxxviii, p. 97 (a review of Duval’s Le­Tasse).

10. Paul Van Tieghem, ‘La Synthèse en histoire littéraire: littéra-ture comparée et littérature générale’, Revue­ de­ synthése­ historique,­xxxi (1921) pp. 1-27; Robert Petsch, ‘Allgemeine Literaturwissen-schaft’, Zeitscbrift­fur­Astbelik,­xxviii (1934), pp. 254-60.

11. August Wilhelm Schlegel, Über­dramatische­Kunst­undLiter-atur,­ three vols., Heidelberg 1809-11; Friedrich Schlegel, Geschichte­der­alten­und­neuen­Literatur,­Vienna 1815; Friedrich Bouterwek, Ge-schichte­der­Роеsie­und­Beredsamkeit­seit­dem­Ende­des­drei’zehnten­Jahr-hunderts,­thirteen vols., Göttingen 1801-19; Simonde de Sismondi, De­la­littérature­du­midi­de­I’Europe­four vols., Paris 1813; Henry Hallam, meTxuTmete, meTeqvsmete da meCvidmete saukuneebis liter­aturis Sesavali,­four vols., London 1836-9.

12. germaniaSi H. Steinthal, damaarsebeli Zeitschrift­ für­Völkerpsychologie-is (1860 wlidan) rogorc Cans iyo pirveli, romelmac gamoiyena literaturis sistematuri swavlis

402

SeniSvna

evoluciuri principebi. A. Veselovsky, romelmac ruseTSi uzarmazari mecnieruli cda Caatara `evoluciur poetika~­ze iyo Steinthal­is moswavle. safrangeTSi, evoluciuri koncefciebi cnobilia. e.g. in Edelstand du Meril, Histoire­ de­la­ comedie,­ two vols., 1864. Brunetière­m gamoiyena isini Taname­drove literaturebze, rogorc es gaakeTa John Addington Symonds-ma inglisSi (see bibliography, chap. 19, section iv).

13. Europäische­ Literatur­ und­ Lateinisches­Mittelalter,­Bern, 1948 (English tr., New York 1953); Mimesis.­Dargestellte­Wirklichkeit­in­der­abendländischen­Literatur,­Bern 1946 (English tr., Princeton 1953). See review by René Wellek, in Kenyon­Review,­xvi (1954), pp. 279-307, and E. Auerbach, ‘Epilegomena zu Mimesis’ in Romanische­Forschun-gen­txv (1953), pp. 1-18.

14. Leonardo Olschki, Die­ romanischen­ Literaturen­ des­Mittelal-ters,­Wildpark-Potsdam 1928 (a volume of O. Walzel’s Handbuch­der­Literaturwissenschaft).

15. Andreas Heusler, Die­ altgermanische­ Dichtung,­ Wildpark-Potsdam 1923 (also in Walzel’s Handbuch),­is an excellent sketch.

16. Jan Máchal, Slovanské­ literatury,­ three vols., Prague 1922-9 (unfinished), aris yvela slavuri literaturis istoriis daweris yvelaze axali mcdeloba. SesaZlebloba, slavuri SedarebiTi literaturis istoriis ganxilulia Slavische­Rundschau-Si,­ Vol. iv. slavuri literaturebis saerTo mem­kvidreobis damajerebeli mtkicebuleba warmodgenili iyo Roman Jakobson-is mier, “The Kernel of Comparative Slavic Lit-erature’, in Harvard­Slavic­Studies­(ed. H. Lunt) Vol. 1, pp. 1-71, Cam-bridge, Mass. 1953 and by Dmitry Cizevsky, Outline­of­Comparative­Slavic­Literatures,­Boston, Mass. 1952.

17. e.g. A. O. Lovejoy, ‘On the Discrimination of Romanticisms’ in PMLA,­xxxix (1924), pp. 229-33. (Reprinted in Essays­ in­ the­His-tory­of­Ideal,­Baltimore 1945, pp. 228-53.) Henri Peyre (Le­Classicisme­français,­New York 1942) mtkiced asabuTebs franguli klas­icizmis mkveTr gansxvavebas yvela sxva neo­klasicizmisgan. Erwin Panofsky - ‘Renaissance and Renascences’, Kenyon­Review,­vi (1944), pp. 201-36 - favours the traditional view of the Renaissance.

18. Josef Nadler, Literaturgeschichte­ der­ deutschen­ Stamme­ und­

403

SeniSvna

Landschaften­Regensburg, three vols., 1912-18 (second ed., four vols., 1923-8; a fourth, and Nazi, edition under the title, Literaturgeschichte­des­deutschen­Volkes­fourth vols., Berlin 1938-40). See Berliner­Roman-tik,­Berlin 1921, and the theoretical discussion, ‚Die Wissenschaft-slehre der Literaturgeschichte‘ in Eupborion,­xxi (1914), pp. 1-63. ix. aseve H. Gumbel, ‚Dichtung und (Dta‘,­in Philosophie­der­Literaturwis-senschaft­(ed. E. Ermatinger), 1930, РР- 43-9 - a foggy interpretation.

Tavi meeqvse

samxilis mowesrigeba da aRdgena

1, Henry Medwall, Fulgens­and­Lucrece­(ed. Seymour de Ricci), Ney 1920 (Critical ed. by F. S. Boas and A. W. Reed, Oxford 1926); The­book­of­Margery­Kempe,­1436 (modern version by W. Buder-Bow-den, I 1936. originali teqstis redaqtireba gaakeTa Sanford B. Meech­ma. Vol. I gamoica Zveli inglisuri teqstis sazoga­doebis mier, London 1940); Chris Smart, Rejoice­in­the­Lamb­(ed. W. F. Stead), London 1939.

2. Leslie Hotson, The­Death­of­Christopher­Marlowe,­London 1925, Shakespeare­ versus­ Shallow,­Boston 1931; The­Private­Papers­ of­ James­Boswell­Malahide­Castle­(ed. Geoffrey Scott and F. A. Pottle), eighteen Oxford 1928-34; The­Yale­Edition­of­the­Private­Papers­of­James­Boswell­F. A. Potte et­al.)­New York 1950 ff.

3. ixileT maxvilgonieri rCeva J. M. Osborn-is, ‘The Search for English Literary Documents’, English­Institute­Annual,­19)9,­New York 1940, pp. 31-55.

4. yvelaze sasargeblo inglisuris studentebisTvis aris J. W. Spargo, A­Bibliog­Manualfor­Students,­Chicago 1939 (sec-ond ed., 1941); Arthur G. Kennedy, A­Concise­Bibliography­ for­Stu-dents­of­English,­third ed., Stanford Un Press 1954.

5. e.g. W. W. Greg, A­Bibliography­of­the­English­Printed­Dram­to­the­Restoration,­Vol. 1, London 1939; F. R. Johnson, A­Critical­Bibliog-raphy­of­ the­Works­of­Edmund­Spenser­Printed­before­1770,­Baltimore 1933 Macdonald, John­Dryden:­ A­ Bibliography­ of­ Early­ Editions­ and­Drydeniama­Oxford 1939; see James M. Osborn, ‘Macdonald’s Bib-

404

SeniSvna

liography of Dryden’, Modern­Philology,­xxxix (1942), pp. 312-19; R. H. Griffith, A­Pope:­A­Bibliography,­two parts, Austin, Texas 1922-7.

6. R. B. McKerrow, An­ Introduction­ to­ Bibliography­ for­ Literary­Students,­Oxford 1927.

7. ix. bibliografia, nawili 1. 8. inglisuri literaturuli dokumentebis paleogra­

fiaSi, ix.Wolfgang Angelsächsische­ Paleographie,­ two vols., Berlin 1906 (Palaestrat,­ 43a On Elizabethan handwriting, see Muriel St Clare Byrne, ‘Elizabethan Handwriting for Beginners’, Review­ of­English­Studies,­1(1925), pp. 1 Hilary Jenkinson, ‘Elizabethan Hand-writings’, Library,­fourth Se (•922), pp. 1-34; McKerrow, loc. cit. (for Appendix on Elizabethan handwriting); Samuel A. Tannenbaum, The­Handwriting­of­the­Renaissance,­New York 1930. xelnawerebis gamokvlevis teqnikuri mowyobilobebi (microscopes, ultra-violet rays, etc.) aRwerilia R. B. Haselden-Si, Scientific­ Aids­ for­theStudy­of­Manuscripts,­Oxford 1935.

9. sabolood SemuSavebul genealogias vxvdebiT iseT wignebSi, rogorebicaa R. K. Root’s The­Textual­Tradition­of­Chau-cer’s­Troilus,­Chaucer Society, London 1916

10. ix. bibliografia, nawili 1.11. ix. bibliografia, nawili 1.12. W. S. MacCormick and J. Haseltine, The­MSS.­of­the­Canter-

bury­tales Oxford 1933; J. M. Manley, The­Text­of­the­Canterbury­Tales,­eight Chicago 1940; R. W. Chambers and J. H. Grattan, ‘The Text of Piers Plowman:­Critical Methods’, Modern­Language­Review,­xi (1916), pp.257-75 and ‘The Text of Piers­Plowman’,­ibid., xxvi (1926), pp. 1-51.

13. ufro detalurad ganxiluli gansxvavebebisTvis ixi­leT Kantorowicz-i, mocemuli bibliografiaSi, nawili 1.

14. ix. Sculley Bradley, ‘The Problem of a Variorum Edition of Whitman’s Leaves­of­Grass’,­English­Institute­Annual,­1941,­New York 1942, pp.129-58; A. Pope, The­Dunciad­(ed. James Sutherland), Lon-don 1943.

15. Sigurd B. Hustvedt, Ballad Books and Ballad Men, Cam-bridge, Mass. 1930

16. ix. bibliografia, nawili II.17. Shakespeare’s­Hand­in­The­Play­of­Sir­Thomas­More,­Cambridge

405

SeniSvna

1923 (con tributions by A. W. Pollard, W. W. Greg, Sir E. M. Thomp-son, J. D. Wilson, and R. W. Chambers); S. A. Tannenbaum, The­Booke­of­Sir­Thomas­More,­New York 1927.

18. Тhe­ Tempest­ (ed. Sir A. Quiller-Couch and J. D. Wilson), Cambridge 1921, p. xxx.

19. E. K. Chambers,’ The Integrity of The­Tempest’,­Review­of­Eng-lish­ Studies,­1 (1923), pp. 129-50; S. A. Tannenbaum, ‘How Not to Edit Shakespeare: A Review’, Philological­Quarterly,­x (1931), pp. 97-137; H. T. Price, ‘To wards a Scientific Method of Textual Criticism in the Elizabethan Drama’, Journal­of­English­and­Germanic­Philology,­xxxvi (1937), pp. 151-67 (namdvilad gatacebuli Dover Wilson­iT, Robertson, etc.).

20. Michael Bernays, Zur­Kritik­ und­Geschichte­ des­Goetheschen­Textes,­Munich 1866, iyo dasawyisi ‘Goethe-philologie’-is. ixi­leT aseve R. W. Chapman, ‘The Textual Criticism of English Clas-sics’, The­Portrait­of­a­Scholar,­Oxford 1922, pp. 65-79.

21. ix. bibliografia, nawili III.22. Michael Bernays, ‘Zur Lehre von den Zitaten und Noten’,

Schriften­ zur­Kritik­ und­ Literaturgeschichte,­Berlin 1899, Vol. iv, pp. 253-347; Arthur Friedman, ‘Principles of Historical Annotation in Critical Editions of Modern Texts’, English­ Institute­ Annual,­ 1941,­New York 1942, pp. 115-28.

23. Edmond Malone, ‘An Essay on the Chronological Order of Shakespeare’s Plays’, George Steevens-is Seqspiris piesebis ga­mocema (meore gamoc., 1788, Vol. I, pp. 269-346) iyo pirveli war­matebuli mcdeloba. sazomi tabulebi dafuZnebuli Sromaze Fleay, Furnivall, and König in Т. M. Parrott’s Shakespeare.­Twenty-three­Plays­and­the­Sonnets,­New York 193 8, p. 94, and in E. K. Cham bers, William­Shakespeare,­Oxford 1930, Vol. 11, pp. 397-408.

24. James Hurdis, Cursory­Remarks­upon­ the­Arrangement­of­ the­Plays­of­Shakespeare,­London 1792.

25. Wincenty Lutoslawski, The­Origin­and­Growth­of­Plato’s­Logic­with­an­Account­of­Plato’s­Style­and­the­Chronology­of­His­Writings,­Lon-don 1897; for comment see John Burnet, Platonism,­Berkeley 1928, pp. 9-12.

26. Giles Dawson, ‘Authenticity and Attribution of Written Mat-

406

SeniSvna

ter’, English­Institute­Annual,­1942,­New York 1943, pp. 77-100; G. E. Bentley, ‘Au thenticity and Attribution of the Jacobean and Caroline Drama’, ibid., pp.101-18; see E. H. C. Oliphant, ‘Problems of Au-thorship in Elizabethan Dramatic Literature’, Modern­Philology,­vii (1911), pp. 411-59.

27. August Wilhelm Schlegel, ‚Anhang, über die angeblich Shakespeare‘n unterschobenen Stücke‘, Über­dramatische­Kunst­und­Literatur,­Heidelberg 1811, Zweiter Theil, Zweite Abtheilung, pp. 229-42.

28. J. M. Robertson, The­Shakespeare­Canon,­four parts, London 1922-32; An­Introduction­to­the­Study­of­the­Shakespeare­Canon,­London 1924; E. K. Cham bers, ‘ The Disintegration of Shakespeare’, Proceed-ings­of­the­British­Academy,­xi (1925), pp. 89-108 (reprinted in Shake-spearean­Gleanings,­Oxford 1944, pp. 1-21).

29. E. N. S. Thompson, ‘Elizabethan Dramatic Collaboration’, Englische­Sttudien,­xL (1908), pp. 30-46; W. J. Lawrence, ‘Early Dra-matic Collabora tion’, Pre-Restoration­Stage­Studies,­Cambridge, Mass. 1927; E. H. C. Oliphant, ‘Collaboration in Elizabethan Drama: Mr W. J. Lawrence’s Theory’, Philological­Quarterly,­vii (1929), pp. 1-10. ganxilvis kargi magaliTebisTvis Diderot –ze da Pascal-ze ixileT André Morize, Problems­and­Methods­of­Literary­History,­Bos-ton 1922, pp. 157-93.

30. E. H. C. Oliphant, The­Plays­of­Beaumont­and­Fletcher.­An­At-tempt­ to­ Determine­ Their­ Respective­ Shares­ and­ the­ Shares­ of­ Others,­New Haven 1927; ‘The Authorship of The­Revenger’s­Tragedy’,­Stud-ies­in­Philology,­xxiii (1926), pp. 157-68.

31. John Robert Moore, in Daniel­ Defoe:­ Citizen­ of­ the­Modern­World,­Chicago 1958, claims 541 titles for Defoe.

32. New­ Essays­ by­Oliver­ Goldsmith­ (ed. R. S. Crane), Chicago 1927.

33. G. Udny Yule, The­ Statistical­ Study­ of­ Literary­ Vocabulary,­Cambridge 1944.

34.­J. S. Smart, James­Macpherson,­London 1905; G. M. Fraser, ‘The Truth about Macpherson’s Ossian’,Quarterly­ Review,­ ccxLv (1925),

407

SeniSvna

pp. 331-45; Derick S. Thomson, The­Gaelic­Sources­of­Macpherson’s­Os-sian,­Edinburgh 1952; W. W. Skeat (ed.), The­Poetical­Works­of­Thomas­Chatterton­with­an­Essay­on­the­Rowley­Poems,­two vols., London 1871; Thomas Tyrwhitt, Appendix to Poems­supposed­to­have­been­written.­..by­Thomas­Rowley,­second ed., London 1778, and A­Vindication­of­the­Appendix­to­the­Poems­called­Rowley’s,­London 1782; Edmond Malone, Cursory­Observations­on­the­Poems­atributed­to­Thomas­Rowley,­London 1782; Thomas Warton, An­Enquiry­into­the­Authenticity­of­the­Poems­attributed­to­Thomas­Rowley,­London 1782; J. Mair, The­Fourth­Forger,­London 1938; George Chalmers, An­Apology­ for­ the­Believers­ in­ the­Shakespeare­Papers,­London 1797.

35. Zoltán Haraszti, ‘The Works of Hroswitha’, More­Books,­xx (1945) 87-119, pp. 139-73; Edwin H. Zeydel, ‘The Authenticity of Hroswitha’s Works’, Modern­ Language­Notes,­ Lxi (1946), pp. 50-55; André Mazon, Le­ Slovo­ d’Igor,­Paris 1940; Henri Grégoire, Roman Jakobson, et­al.­(ed.), La­Geste­du­Prince­Igor,­New York 1948.

36. saukeTeso cnobebi inglisurad aris Paul Selver­is Masaryk-Si: A­Biography­London 1940.

37. John Carter and Graham Pollard, An­Enquiry­into­the­Nature­of­Certain­Nineteenth-Century­Pamphlets,­London 1934; Wilfred Part-ington, Forging­Ahead:­The­True­Story­of..­.T.J.­Wise,­New York 1939; Letters­of­Thomas­J.­Wise­to­J.­H.­Wrenn­(ed. Fannie E. Ratchford), New York 1944 (the introduction implicates H. Buxton Forman and, un-convincingly, Edmund Gosse).

38. am wignebis CamonaTvali aris bibliografiaSi, Ta­vi.19 nawili 1.

Tavi meSvide

literatura da bibliografia

1. S. T. Coleridge, in a letter to Thomas Poole, Feb. 1797, Letters­(ed. E. H. Coleridge), London 1895, Vol. 1, p. 4.

2. ix. bibliografia, nawili 1.3. Georg Brandes, William­Shakespeare,­ two vols., Copenhagen

1896 (Eng lish tr., two vols., London 1898); Frank Harris, The­Man­

408

SeniSvna

Shakespeare,­New York 1909.4. C. J. Sisson, The­Mythical­Sorrows­of­Shakespeare,­British Acad-

emy Lecture, 1934; E. E. Stoll,’ The­ Tempest’,­ Shakespeare­ and­ other­Masters,­Cambridge, Mass. 1940, pp. 281-316.

5. John Keats, Letter to Richard Woodhouse, 27 October 1818, Letters­ (ed. M. B. Forman), fourth ed., Oxford 1952, pp. 226-7. See W. J. Bate, Negative­Capability:­The­Intuitive­Approach­in­Keats,­Cam-bridge, Mass. 1939; T. S. Eliot, ‘Tradition and the Individual Talent’, The­Sacred­Wood,­London 1920, pp. 42-53.

6. Brandes, op. cit., p. 425; H. Kingsmill, Matthew­Arnold,­Lon-don 1928, pp. 147-9.

7. Ramon Fernandez,’ L’Autobiographie et le roman: l’exemple de Stend hal’, Messages,­Paris 1926, pp. 78-109 (English tr., London 1927, pp- 91” 136); George W. Meyer, Wordsworth’s­Formative­Years,­Ann Arbor, Mich.1943.

8. Wilhelm Dilthey, Das­Erlebnis­und­die­Dichtung,­Leipzig 1907; Friedricn Gundolf, Goethe,­Berlin 1916 (a distinction is made between Urerlebnis­and Bildugserlebnis).­

9. V. Moore, The­Life­ and­Eager­Death­ of­ Emily­Brontë,­London 1936; Edith­ E. Kinsley, Pattern­ for­ Genius,­New York 1939 ( bio­grafia aerTianebs citirebebs Brontës-s novelebidan namd­vili saxelebiT, romlebic anacvlebs gamogonil saxelebs) ; Romer Wilson, The­Life­and­Private­History­of­Emily­Jane­Brontë,­New York 1928 (Wuthering­ Heights­ ganxilulia, rogorc namdvili avtobiografia).

10. The example is taken from С. B. Tinker, The­Good­Estate­of­Poetry,­Boston 1929. p.30.

Tavi merve

literatura da fsiqologia

1. ix. Alfred Adler, Study­ of­ Organ­ Inferiority­ and­ Its­ Physical­Compensation,­ 1907 (English tr. 1917); Wayland F. Vaughan, ‘The Psychology of Com pensation’, Psych.­Review,­xxxiii (1926), pp. 467-79; Edmund Wilson, The­Wound­and­the­Bow,­New York 1941; aseve L. MacNiece, Modern­Poetry,­London 1938, p. 76; L. Trilling, ‘Art and

409

SeniSvna

Neurosis’, Partisan­Review,­xn (1945), pp. 41-9 (xelaxla dabeWdi­li The­Liberal­Imagination,­New York 1950, pp. 160-80).

2. ix. bibliografia.3. W. H. Auden, Lettersfrom­Iceland,­London 1937, p. 193; see L.

MacNiece, Modern­Poetry,­London 1938, pp. 25-6; Karen Horney, The­Neurotic­Personality­of­our­Time,­New York 1937; Eric Fromm, Escape­from­Freedom,­New York 1941, and Man­for­Himself,­New York 1947.

4. ix. W. Silz, ‘Otto Ludwig and the Process of Poetic Creation’, PMLA,­Lx (1945), pp. 860-78, romelic gamoscems Temebis umrav­lesobas mwerlis siqologiaSi, Seswavlili Tanamedrove germanul kvlevaSi; Erich Jaensch, Eidetic­ Imagery­ and­ Typologi-cal­Methods­ of­ Investigation,­London 1930; also ‘Psycho logical and Psychophysical Investigations of Types . ..’ in Feelings­and­Emotions,­Worcester, Mass. 1928, p. 355 ff.

5. On synaesthesia, see Ottokar Fischer, ‘Über Verbindung von Farbe und Klang: Eine literar-psychologische Untersuchung’, Zeitschrift­ fur­ Asthetik,­ 11 (1907), pp. 501-34; Albert Wellek, ‚Das Doppelempfinden in der Geistesgeschichte‘, Zeitschrift­ für­Ästhetik,­xxiii (1929), pp. 14-42; ‘Renaissance-und Barock-synasthesie’, Deut-sche­Vierteljahrschrift­ für­ Literaturwissenschaft,­ ix (1931), pp. 534-84; E. v. Erhardt-Siebold, ‘Har mony of the Senses in English, German, and French Romanticism’, PMLA,­xLvii (1932), pp. 577-92; W. Silz, ‘Heine’s Synaesthesia’, PMLA,­L v 11 (1942), pp. 469-8 8; S. de Ull-man,’ Romanticism and Synaes thesia’, PMLA,­Lx (1945), pp. 811-27; A. G. Engstrom, ‘In Defense of Synaesthesia in Literature’, Philologi-cal­Quarterly,­xxv (1946), pp.1-19.

6. ix. Richard Chase, ‘The Sense of the Present’, Kenyan­Review,­vi (1945), p. 218 ff. citirebebi T. S. Eliot-is The­Use­of­Poetry aris on pp. 118-19,155,and 148 and n. narkvevi, romelsac Eliot-i exeba,’ Le Symbolisme et Fame primitive’, gamoCnda Revue­de­lit-térature­comparées-Si, xii (1932), pp. 356-86. ix. aseve Émile Caillet’s Symbolisme­et­amtes­primitives,­Paris 1936, the ‘conclusion’ of which reports a conversation with Eliot.

7. Carl G. Jung, ‘On the Relation of Analytical Psychology to Po-etic Art’ Contributions­to­Analytical­Psychology,­London 1928, and Psy-chological­Types­(tr. H. G. Baynes), London 1926; and see J. Jacobi, The­

410

SeniSvna

Psychology­of­Jung­(tr. Bash), New Haven 1943. British philosophers, psychologists, and aestheticians publicly indebted to Jung include John M. Thorburn, Art­and­the­Unconscious,­1925; Maud Bodkin, Ar-chetypal­Patterns­ in­Poetry­Psychological­Studies­ of­ Imagination,­1934; Herbert Read, ‘Myth, Dream, and Poem’, Collected­Essays­in­Literary­Criticism,­London 1938, pp. iot-jg. H. G. Baynes, Mythology­of­the­Soul,­London 1940; M. Esther Harding Women’s­Mysteries,­London 1935.

8. xasiaTis tipologiebze, ixileT, istoriuli cno­bebisTvis, A. A. Roback, The­Psychology­of­Character­with­a­Survey­of­Temperament,­New York 1928-Eduard Spranger, Types­of­Men:­the­Psychology­.­.­.of­Personality­(tr. Pigors)] Halle 1928; Ernst Kretschmer, Physique­and­Character­...­(tr. Sprott), London 1925; The­Psychology­of­Men­of­Genius­(tr. Cattell), London 1931. On the ‘maker’ and the ‘pos-sessed’, see W. H. Auden, ‘Psychology and Art’, The­Arts­Today­(ed. G. Grigson), London 1935, pp. 1-21.

9. F. W. Nietzsche, Die­Geburt­der­Tragödie,­1872; Th. Ribot, Essai­sur­l’imagination­créatrice,­Paris 1900 (tr. Baron, London 1906); Liviu Rusu, Essai­sur­la­criation­artistique,­Paris 1935. The ‘daemonic’ modis Goethe-dan (first used in Urworte,­1817) da aris cnobili koncef­cia Tanamedrove germanul TeoriaSi; ix. M. Schutze, Academic­Illusions­in­the­Field­of­Letters,­Chicago 1933, p. 91 ff.

10. C. S. Lewis, The­Personal­Heresy..., London 1939, pp. 22-3; W. Dilthey, Das­Erlebnis­und­die­Dichtung­... , Leipzig 1906; see Schutze, op. cit., p. 96 ff.

11. Norah Chadwick, Poetry­and­Prophecy,­Cambridge 1942 (on shamanism);­Ribot, Creative­Imagination­(tr., London 1906), p. 51.

12. Elisabeth Schneider, ‘The “Dream” of Kubla Khan’, PMLA,­Lx (1945), pp. 784-801, detalurad damuSavebuli Coleridge,­Opi-um,­and­Kubla­Khan,­Chicago 1953. See also Jeanette Marks, Genius­and­Disaster:­Studies­in­Drugs­and­Genius,­New York 1925.

13. Aelfrida Tillyard, Spiritual­ Exercises­ and­ Their­ Results­ ..­ .,­London 1927; R. van Gelder, Writers­ and­Writing,­New York 1946; Samuel Johnson, Lives­of­the­Poets,­‘Milton’.

14. On Hemingway and the typewriter: R. G. Berkelman, ‘How to Put Words on Paper’, Saturday­Review­of­Literature,­29 Dec. 1945. On dictation and style: Theodora Bosanquet, Henry­ James­ at­Work­

411

SeniSvna

(Hogarth Essays), London 1924.15. germaneli esTetikisoebi umetesad Goethe da Otto

Ludwig-is citirebas akeTeben; the French, Flaubert (the corre-spondence) and Valery; American critics. Henry James (the pref-aces to the New York edition) and Eliot. An excellent. franguli Sexedulebis nimuSi aris Valéry on Рое (P. Valéry, ‘Situation de Baudelaire’, Variété­ii, Paris 1937, pp. 155-60 - English tr., Variety,­sec-ond series, New York 1938, pp. 79-98).

16. niSnebze da simboloebze, ix. S. K. Langer, Philosophy­in­a­New­Key,­Cam bridge, Mass. 1942, pp. 53-78, and Helmut Hatzfeld, ‘The Language of the Poet’, Studies­ in­ Philology,­ xLiii (1946), pp. 93-120.

17. J. L. Lowes, The­Road­ to­Xanadu:­A­Study­ in­ tbe­Ways­of­ the­Imagination,­Boston 1927.

18. W. Dibelius, Charles­Dickens,­Leipzig 1926, pp. 347-73.19. Albert R. Chandler, Beauty­ and­Human­Nature:­ Elements­ of­

Psychological­Aesthetics,­New York 1934, p. 328; A. Thibaudet, Gus-tave­Flaubert,­Paris 1935, pp. 93-102; Frederick H. Prescott, ‘The For-mation of Imaginary Characters’, The­Poetic­Mind,­New York 1922, p. 187 ff.; A. H. Nethercot, ‘Oscar Wildeon His Subdividing Himself’, PMLA,­Lx (1945), pp.616-17.

20. The­Utters­of­John­Keats­(ed. M. B. Forman), fourth ed., New York 1935, p. 227. momdevno teqstualuri Sesworeba rekomen­direbulia Forman’s­is SeniSvnaSi.

21. A. Feuillerat, Comment­Proust­a­tomposi­son­roman,­New Ha-ven 1934; ix. aseve naSromebi Karl Shapiro-sa da Rudolf Arnhe-im-is in Poets­at­Work­(ed. C. D. Abbott), New York 1948.

22. ix. James H. Smith, The­Reading­of­Poetry,­Boston 1939 (sare­daqcio variantebi ikavebs avtoris mier uaryofili varian­tebis adgils).

23. Lily B. Campbell, Shakespeare’s­Tragic­Heroes:­ Slaves­ of­Pas-sion,­Cambridge 1930; Oscar J. Campbell, ‘What is the Matter with Hamlet?’, Yale­Review,­xxxii (1942), pp. 309-22; Henri Delacroix, La­Psychologiede­Stendhal,­Paris 1918; F. J. Hoffman, Freudianism­and­the­Literary­Mind,­Baton Rouge 1945, pp. 256-88.

24. ix. L. С. T. Forest, ‘A Caveat for Critics against Invoking

412

SeniSvna

Elizabethan Psychology’, PMLA,­Lxi (1946), pp. 651-72.25.­ix. the writings of E. E. Stoll, passim,­especially From­Shake-

speare­to­Joyce,­New York 1944, p. 70 ff.

Tavi mecxre

literatura da sazogadoeba

1. ix. bibliografia, nawili 1.2. ix. Morris R. Cohen’s excellent discussion, ‘American Liter-

ary Criticism and Economic Forces’, Journal­of­the­History­of­Ideas,­1 (1940), pp. 369-74.

3. On De Bonald, see Horatio Smith, ‘Relativism in Bonald’s Lit-erary Doctrine’, Modern­Philology,­xxxn (1934). pp. 193-210; B. Croce, ‘La letteratura come “espressione dclla società”’, Problemi­di­estetica,­Bari 1910,pp. 56-60.

4. Introduction to Histoire­de­la­littirature­anglaise­(1863):’ Si elles fournissent des documents, e’est qu’elles sont des monuments’, p. xlvii, Vol. 1 of second ed., Paris 1866.

5. ix. e.g. Havelock Ellis, A­Study­of­British­Genius,­London 1904 (rev. ed Boston 1926); Edwin L. Clarke, American­Men­of­Letters:­Their­Nature­and­Nurture,­New York 1916 (‘Columbia Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law’, Vol. 72); A. Odin, Genése­ des­ grands­hommes,­two vols., Paris 1895.

6. Sakulin, N. P., Die­russische­Literatur,­Wildpark-Potsdam 1927 (in Oskar Walzel’s Handbuch­der­Literaturwissenschaff).

7. e.g. D. Blagoy, Sotsiologiya­tvorchestva­Pushkina­(The Sociology of Pushkin’s Creation), Moscow 1931.

8. Herbert Schoeffler, Protestantismus­und­Literatur,­Leipzig 1922. socialuri warmoSobis sakiTxebi SesamCnevad axlo saa ad­reul STabeWdilebebTan, mwerlis adreul fizikur da so­cialur garemosTan. rogorc Schoeffler­i GgviCvenebs, qveynis/soflis sasuliero pirebis Svilebma bevri iSromes, rom SeeqmnaT meTvramete saukunis britanuli pre­romantiuli literatura da gemovneba. sofelSi TiTqmis eklesiis ezoSi cxovrebam, ganawyo isini peizaJis da saflavis poeziisaken,

413

SeniSvna

sikvdilze da ukvdavobaze fiqrisTvis.9. L. C. Knights, Drama­and­Society­in­the­Age­of­Jonson,­London

1937 and Penguin Books 1962.10. Lily Campbell, Shakespeare’s­Histories:­Mirrors­of­Elizabethan­

Policy,­San Marino 1947; Sir Charles Firth, ‘The Political Significance of Swift’s Gulliver’s­ Travels’,­ Essays:­Historical­ and­ Literary,­Oxford 1938, pp. 210-41.

11. Prosper de Barante, De­la­ littérature­ française­pendant­ le­dix-huitiéme­siécle,­Paris, third ed., 1822, p. v. winasityvaoba ar aris pirvel gamocemaSi, 1809 wlis. Barante-is Teoria brwyinva­ledaa SemuSavebuli Harry Levin –is mier in ‘Litera ture as an Institution’, Accent,­vi (1946), pp. 159-68. Reprinted in Criticism­(ed. Schorer, Miles, McKenzie), New York 1948, pp. 546-53.

12. Ashley H. Thorndike, Literature­in­a­Changing­Age,­New York 1921, p. 36.

13. Q. D. Leavis, Fiction­and­the­Reading­Public,­London 1932.14. ramodenime namuSevari am sakiTxebze: Alfred A. Har-

bage, Shakespeare’s­Audience,­New York 1941; R. J. Allen, The­Clubs­of­Augustan­London,­Cambridge, Mass. 1933; Chauncey B. Tinker, The­Salon­and­English­Letters,­New York 1915; Albert Parry, Garrets­and­Pretenders:­a­History­of­Bobemianism­in­America,­New York 1933.

15. ix. Grace Overmeyer, Government­ and­ the­Arts,­New York 1939. On Russia, see the writings of Freeman, Max Eastman, W. Frank, etc.

16. Georgi V. Plekhanov, Art­and­Society,­New York 1936, pp. 43, 63. umTavresi ideologiuri msjelobebi aris: A. Cassagne, La­Théorie­de­I’art­pour­l’art­en­France,­Paris 1906, reprinted 1959; Rose R. Egan, The­Genesis­of­the­Theory­of­Art­for­Art’s­Sake­in­Germany­and­England,­two parts, Northamp ton 1921-4; Louise Rosenblatt, L’ldie­de­I’art­pour­I’art­dans­la­littérature­anglaise,­Paris 1931.

17. L. L. Schücking, Die­Soziologie­der­literarischen­Geschmacksbil-dung,­Munich 1923 (second ed., Leipzig 1931. English tr., The­Soci-ology­of­Literary­Taste,­London 1941); ix. Schücking, Die­Familie­ im­Puritanismus,­Leipzig 1929.

18. ix. T. A. Jackson, Charles­Dickens,­The­Progress­ of­ a­Radical,­London 1937.

19. Mrs Leavis, quoted in note 13; К. C. Link and H. Hopf, People­

414

SeniSvna

and­Books,­New York 1946; F. Baldensperger, La­Littérature:­création,­succés,­durée,­Paris 1913; P. Stapfer, Des­réputations­ littéraires,­Paris, 1893; Gaston Rageot, Le­Succés:­auteurs­et­public­-­essai­de­critique­so-ciologique,­Paris 1906; Émile Hennequin, La­Critique­scientifique,­Paris 1882. socialuri Sedegebi sxva xelovnebis, moZravi naxatebi, gonivruladaa Seswavlili Adler-is mier in Art­ and­Prudence,­New York 1937. brwyinvale dialeqtikuri proeqti ‘aesthetic function, norm and value as social facts’ gvxvdeba Jan Mukarovský-is, Estetickà­funkce,­norma­a­hodnota­jako­sociàlnifakt-Si,­Prague 1936.

20. Thomas Warton, History­of­English­Poetry,­London 1774, Vol. 1, p. 1.

21. E. Kohn-Bramstedt, Aristocracy­and­the­Middle­Classes­in­Ger-many,­London 1937, p.4.

22.­ix. André Monglond, Le­Héros­préromantique,­Le­Préromant-isme­français,­Vol. 1, Grenoble 1930; R. P. Utter and G. B. Needham, Pamela’s­Daughters,­New Yorit 1937. aseve E. E. Stoll-is nawermoe­bebi, e.g.’ Heroes and Villains: Shakespeare, Middle ton, Byron, Dickens’, in From­Shakespeare­to­Joyce,­Garden City 1944, pp. 307-27.

23.­Charles Lamb, ‘On the Artificial Comedy’, Essays­ of­ Elia,­1821; Т. B. Macaulay, ‘The Dramatic Works of Wycherley, Congreve, Vanbrugh, and Farquhar’, Edinburgh­Review,­ Lxii (1841); J. Palmer, The­Comedy­of­Man­ners,­London 1913; К. M. Lynch, The­Social­Mode­of­Restoration­Comedy,­New York 1926.

24. E. E. Stoll, ’Literature and Life’, Shakespeare­ Studies,­New York 1927, and several papers in From­Shakespeare­to­Joyce,­Garden City 1944.

25. John Maynard Keynes, A­Treatise­on­Money,­New York 1930, Vol. 11, p.154.

26. A. V. Lunacharsky, quoted by L. C. Knights, loc. cit., p. 10, from the Listener,­27 December 1934.

27. Einführung­ zur­ Kritik­ der­ politischen­ Ökonomie­ (1857, xel­naweri, romelic Marx-ma miatova da romelic gamoica uc­nob recenziaSi/periodul JurnalSi 1903 wels. xelaxla daibeWda Karl Marx-Friedrich Engels-Si, Über­Kunst­und­Literatur,­ed. M. Lipschitz, Berlin 1948, pp. 21-2. es pasaJi srulad ambobs uars marqsistul pozociaze. recenziaSi aris sxva frTxili

415

SeniSvna

cnobebi, , e.g. Engels’-is mier miwerili werili Starkenburg-isadmi, 1894 wlis 25 ianvari. ‘politikuri, legaluri, fi­losofiuri, religiuri, literaturuli, artistuli da a.S. ganviTareba efuZneba ekonomikur ganviTarebas. magram yvela maTgani gavlenas axdens, erToblivad da cal­calke, erTi meoreze, da ekonomikur principebze’ (Marx-Engels, Se-lected­Works,­Vol. 1, p. 391) . werilSi Joseph Bloch-is mimarT, 1890 wlis 21 seqtembers, Engels eTanxmeba, rom man da Marx-ma zedmeti yuradReba miaqcies ekonomikis faqtors da Seamci­res sapirispiro qmedebis roli; da werilSi Mehring-isadmi, 1893 wlis 14 ivliss, is ambobs rom maT ‘ignorireba gauke­Tes’ formalur mxares, gza, romelSic ideebi viTardeba (See Marx-Engels, Selected­Works,­Vol pp. 383, 390.) saguldagulo swavlisaTvis ixileT Peter Demetz, Marx,­Engels­und­die­Dichter,­Stuttgart 1959.

28. From Die­ Deutsche­ Ideologie­ (1845-6), in Karl Marx and F. Engels, Historisch-kritische­Gesamtausgabe­(ed. V. Adoratskij), Berlin 1932, Vol. v, pp. 21, 373.

29. A. A. Smirnov, Shakespeare:­ A­Marxist­ Interpretation,­New York 1936 p. 93.

30. Max Scheler, ‘Probleme einer Soziologie des Wissens’, Ver-such­ zu­ einer­ Soziologie­ des­Wissens­ (ed. Max Scheler), Munich and Leipzig 1924, Vol. 1 pp. 1-146, and ‘Probleme einer Soziologie des Wissens’, Die­Wissensformen­ und­ die­ Gesellschaft,­Leipzig 1926, pp. 1-226; Karl Mannheim, Ideology­and­Utopia­(tr. L. Wirth and Z. Shils), London 1936 (xelaxla dabeWdili New York 1955). aris zogi­erTi ganxilva: H. Otto Dahlke, “The Sociology of Know ledge’, in H. E. Barnes, Howard Becker, and F. B. Becker, Contemporary­Social­Theory,­New York 1940, pp. 64-99; Robert K. Merton, ‘The Soci ology of Knowledge’, Twentieth-Century­ Sociology­ (ed. Georges Gurvitch and Wilbert E. Moore), New York 1945, pp. 366-405; Gerard L. De Gre, Society­ and­ Ideology:­ an­ Inquiry­ into­ the­Sociology­ of­Knowledge,­New York 1943; Ernst Gruenwald, Das­ Problem­ der­ Soziologie­ des­Wissens,­Vienna 1934; Thelma Z. Lavine, ‘Naturalism and the So-ciological Analysis of Know ledge’, Naturalism­and­the­Human­Spirit­(ed. Yervant H. Krikorian), New York 1944, pp. 183-209; Alexander

416

SeniSvna

C. Kern, ‘The Sociology of Know ledge in the Study of Literature’, Sewanee­Review,­L (1942), pp. 505-14.

31. Max Weber, Gesammelte­Aufsätze­zur­Religions­soziologie,­three vols., Tübingen 1920-21 (partially translated as The­Protestant­Ethic­and­the­Spirit­of­Capitalism,­London 1930); R. H. Tawney, Religion­and­the­Rise­of­Capital­ism,­London 1926 and Penguin Books 1938 (new ed. with Preface, 1937)» Joachim Wach, The­Sociology­of­Religion,­Chicago 1944.

32. ix. kritika Pitirim A. Sorokin-is, Contemporary­Sociological­Theories,­New York 1928, p. 710.

33. P. A. Sorokin, Fluctuations­of­Forms­of­Art,­Social­and­Cultural­Dynamic,­Vol. 1, New York 1937, especially chapter 1.

34. Edwin Berry Burgum, ‘Literary Form: Social Forces and In-novations’, The­Novel­and­the­World’s­Dilemma,­New York 1947, pp. 3-18.

35. Fritz Bruggemann, ‘Der Kampf um die bürgerliche Welt und Lebensauf-fassung in der deutschen Literatur des 18. Jahrhunderts’, Deutsche­Vierteljahrschrift­für­Literaturwissenschaft­und­Geistesgeschich-te,­111 (1925),pp. 94-127.

36. Karl Bücher, Arbeit­und­Rhythmus,­Leipzig 1896; J. E. Harri-son, Ancient­Art­and­Ritual,­New York 1913; Themis,­Cambridge 1912; George Thom son, Aeschylus­and­Athens,­A­Study­in­the­Social­Origins­of­the­Drama,­London 1941, and Marxism­and­Poetry,­London 1945 (a small pamphlet of great interest, with application to Irish materials); Christopher Caudwell, Illusion­ and­Reality,­London 1937; Kenneth Burke, Attitudes­ toward­History,­New York 1937; Robert R. Marett (ed.), Anthropology­and­the­Classics,­Oxford 1908.

Tavi meaTe

literatura da ideebi

1. Hermann Ulrici, Über­Shakespeares­dramatische­Kunst,­1839.2.­George Boas, Philosophy­and­Poetry,­Wheaton College, Mass.

1932, p. 9.

417

SeniSvna

3. T. S. Eliot, Selected­Essays,­New York 1932, pp. 115-16.4. e.g. `RmerTi~ samoTxeSia; samyaroSi yvelaferi kar­

gadaa’ aris mtkicebuleba, rom RmerTma Seqmna yvelaze uke­Tesi samyaro yvela SesaZlebeli samyaroebidan.’ dedami­waze damsxvreuli rkali; samoTxeSi, srulyofili wre aris argumenti limitirebulidan usasrulobamde, arasru­lyofilebis codnidan srulyofilebis SesaZleblobamde, da a.S.

5. ix. bibliografia.6. ix. bibliografia.7. Leo Spitzer, ‘Milieu­and Ambiance:­An Essay in Historical Se-

mantics’, Philosophy­ and­ Phenomenological­ Research,­ 111 (1942), pp. 1-42, pp. 169-218 (reprinted in Essays­ in­Historical­ Semantics,­New York 1948, pp. 179-316); ‘Classical and Christian Ideas of World Har-mony: Prolegomena to an Interpretation of the Word “Stimmung”,’ Traditio:­Studies­in­Ancient­and­Medieval­History,­Thought­and­Religion,­11 (1944), pp. 409-64, and in (1945), pp. 307-64. Expanded version, Baltimore 1963.

8. Etienne Henri Gilson, Les­Idées­et­les­lettres,­Paris 1932.9. Paul Hazard, La­Crise­de­la­conscience­européenne,­three vols.,

Paris 1934; La­Pensée­européenne­au­X­VIII’­siècle­de­Montesquieu­à­Less-ing,­three vols..Paris 1946 (English translations: The­European­Mind:­The­Critical­Years,­1680-1715, New Haven 1953; European­Thought­in­the­Eighteenth­Century,­New Haven 1954).

10. M. O. Gershenzon, Mudrost­Pushkina­ (Pushkin’s Wisdom), Moscow 1919.

11. For ‘metaphysical’ studies of Dostoyevsky, see V. Rozanov, Legenda­o­Velikom­inkvizitore,­St Petersburg 1894; D. Merezhkovsky, Tolstoy­i­Dostoyevsky,­two vols., St Petersburg 1912 (incomplete Eng-lish tr. as Tolstoi­as­Man­and­Artist,­with­an­Essay­on­Dostoyevsky,­New York 1902); Leo Shestov, Dostoyevsky­i­Nietzsche,­St Petersburg 1905 (German tr. Berlin 1931); Nikolay Berdyaev, Mirosozertsanie­ Dos-toevskovo­ (Dostoyevsky’s­World-view),­Prague 1923 (English tr. from French, New York 1934), Vyacheslav Ivanov, Freedom­and­the­Tragic­Life:­A­Study­in­Dostoyevsky,­New York 1952.

12. Hermann Glockner, ‘Philosophie und Dichtung: Typen ihrer

418

SeniSvna

Wechsel-wirkung von den Griechen bis auf Hegel’, Zeitschrift­fur­Äs-thetik,­xv (1920-21), pp. 187-204.

13. ix. René Wellek, ‘Literary Criticism and Philosophy: A Note on Revaluation”.­Scrutiny,­v (1937), pp.375-83 and F. R. Leavis, ‘Lit-erary Criticism and Philosophy: A Reply’, ibid., vi (1937), pp. 59-70 (xelaxla dabeWdili The­Importance­of­Scrutiny,­ed. E. Bentley, New York 1948, pp. 23-40).

14. Rudolf Unger, Philosophische­ Probleme­ in­ der­ neueren­ Liter-aturwissenshaft,­Munich 1908; Weltanschauung­­und­Dichtung,­Zurich 1917; Literaturgeschichte’­als­Problemgeschichte,­Berlin 1924; ‘Literatur-geschichte und Geistesgeschichte’, Deutsche­Vierteljahrschrift­für­Lit-eraturwissenschaft­und­Geistesgeschichte,­iv (1925), pp. 177-92. yvela wina dokumentebi Segrovebulia Aufsätze­zur­Prinzipienlehre­der­Literaturgeschichte-Si,­two vols., Berlin 1929.

15. Rudolf Unger, Herder,­ Novalis,­ Kleist:­ Studien­ über­ die­ En-twicklung­ des­ Todesproblem,­ Frankfurt 1922; Walther Rehm, Der­Todesgedanke­in­der­deutschen­Dichtung,­Halle 1928; Paul Kluckholn, Die­Auffassung­der­Liebe­ in­der­Literatur­des­achtzehnten­ Jahrhunderts­und­in­der­Romantik,­Halle 1922

16. Mario Praz, La­carne,­ la­morte­e­ il­diavolo­nella­ letteratura­ro-mantica,­Milano 1930 (English tr. by Angus Davidson, The­Romantic­Agony,­London 1933)

17. C. S. Lewis, The­ Allegory­ of­ Love,­Oxford 1936; Theodore Spencer, Death­and­Elizabethan­Tragedy,­Cambridge, Mass. 1936.

18. Hoxie Neale Fairchild, Religious­Trends­in­English­Poetry,­four vols. New York 1939-57.

19. André Monglond, Le­Préromantisme­français,­two vols., Gre-noble 1930; Pierre Trahard, Les­Maltres­ de­ la­ sensibilité­ française­ au­XVIII’­siècle,­four vols., Paris 1931-3.

20. ix. kvlevis brwyinvale gegma ‘The Use of Color in Litera-ture’ by Sigmund Skard, in Proceedings­of­the­American­Philosophical­Society­xc (No. 3, July 1946), pp. 163-249. 1183 Temebis bibliogra­fia aseve vrceli literaturis CamonaTvals akeTebs peiza­Jis grZnobaze.

21. Balzac, Cousine­Bette,­ch. ix.22. Gellert, Letter to Count Hans Moritz von Brühl, 3 April 1755

(in Yale University Library).

419

SeniSvna

23. Dr Johnson, Prayers and Meditations, Letters to Miss Booth-by, etc.

24. ix. Dilthey’­is pirveli versia misi Teoriis ‘Die drei Grundformen der Systeme in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts’, Archiv­für­Geschichte­der­Philosophie,­xi­(iSg8),­p. 557-86 (reprinte din Gesammelte­Schriften,­Leipzig 1925, Vol. iv, pp. 528-54). mogvianebi­Ti versiebi ‘Das Wesen der Philosophie’ in Paul Hinneberg’s Die­Kulturder­ Gegenwart­ (Teil 1, Abteilung vi, ‘Systematische Philoso-phie’, Berlin 1907, pp. 1-72, reprinted in Gesammelte­Schriften,­loc. cit., Vol. v, Part 1, pp. 339-416), and ‘Die Typen der Weltanschauung und ihre Ausbildung in den philosophischen Syste-men’, Weltanschau-ung,­Philosophie,­Religion­ (ed. Max Frischeisen-Kohler) Berlin 1911, pp. 3-54 (reprinted loc. cit., Vol. vm, pp. 75-120).

25. Herman Nohl, Die­Weltanschauungen­der­Malerei,­Jena 1908; Typische­Kunst­stile­in­Dichtung­und­Musik,­Jena 1915.

26. Unger in’ Weltanschauung und Dichtung’, Aufsätze...,op. cit., p. 77 ff.

27. O. Walzel, Gehalt­und­Gestalt­im­dichterischen­Kunstwerk,­Ber-lin-Babelsberg 1923,­p.­77.ff

28. H. W. Eppelsheimer, ‚Das Renaissanceproblem‘, Deutsche­Vierteljahrschrif­ für­ Literaturwissensc­ haft­ und­ Geistesgeschichte,­ 11 (1933), p. 497.

29. H. A. Korff, Geist­der­Goethezeit:­Versuch­einer­ideellen­Entwick-lung­der­klassisch-romantischen­Literaturgeschichte,­four vols., Leipzig 1923-53; Her bert Cysarz, Erfahrung­und­Idee,­Vienna 1921; Deutsche­Barockdichtung,­ Leipzig 1924; Literaturgeschichte­ als­ Geisteswissen-schaft,­Halle 1926; Von­Schiller­bis­Nietzsche,­Halle 1928; Schiller,­Halle 1934; Max Deutschbein, Das­Wesen­des­Romantischen,­Coethen 1921; George Stefansky, Das­Wesen­der­deutschen­Romantik,­Stuttgart 1923; Paul Meissner, Die­geisteswissenschaftlichen­Grundlagen­des­englischen­Literaturbarocks,­Berlin 1934.

30. Ernst Cassirer, Freiheit­und­Form,Berlin 1922;­Idee­und­Gestalt,­Berlin 1921. ix. Cysarz, op. cit.

31. B. Croce, Lapoesia­di­Dante,­Bari 1920.31 B. Croce, Goethe,­ Bari 1919 (English tr. London 1923, pp.

185-6).

420

SeniSvna

Tavi meTerTmete

literatura da sxva xelovneba

1. Émile Legouis, Edmund­Spenser,­Paris 1923; Elizabeth W. Man-waring, Italian­Landscape­ in­Eighteenth-Century­England,­New York 1925; Sir Sidney Colvin, John­Keats,­London 1917.

2. Stephen A. Larrabee, English­Bards­ and­Grecian­Marbles:­The­Relationship­between­Sculpture­and­Poetry­especially­in­the­Romantic­Pe-riod,­New York 1943.

3. Albert Thibaudet, La­Poésie­de­Stéphane­Mallarmé,­Paris 1926.4. ix. bibliografia, nawili 1.5. ix. Bruce Pattison, Music­and­Poetry­of­the­English­Renaissance,­

London 1948; Germaine Bontoux, La­Chanson­en­Angleterre­au­temps­d’Elizabeth,­Paris 1938; Miles M. Kastendieck, England’s­Musical­Poet:­Thomas­Campion,­New York 1938; John Hollander, The­Untuning­of­the­Sky,­Princeton 1961.

6. Erwin Panofsky, Studies­in­Iconology,­New York 1939, xelax­la daibeWda 1962 wels, and Meaning­ in­ the­Visual­Arts,­Garden City, N. Y. 1955. ixileT aseve the Warburg Institute-is gamocema, of Fritz Saxl-is, Edgar Wind-is, da sxvebis nawarmoebebi. ufro meti samuSaoa warmodgenili ilustrirebul gamosaxulebe­bze (vazebze) Homer-is da the Greek tragedies, e.g. Carl Robert, Bild­und­Lied,­Berlin 1881; Louis Sechan, Études­sur­la­tragédie­grecque­dans­ses­rapports­avec­la­céramique,­Paris 1926.

7. Larrabee, loc. cit., p. 87. A fuller discussion by R. Wellek in a review, Philological­Quarterly,­xxni (1944), pp. 382-3.

8. W. G. Howard, ‘Ut Pictura Poesis’, PMLA,­xxiv (1909), pp. 40-123,­Cicely Davies, ‘Ut Pictura Poesis’, Modern­Language­Review,­xxx (1935), pp. 159-69; Rensselaer W. Lee, ‘Ut Pictura Poesis: The Humanistic Theory of Painting’, Art­Bulletin,­xxu (1940), pp. 197-269; Jean H. Hagstrum, The­Sister­Arts:­The­Tradition­of­Literary­Pictorialism­and­English­Poetry­from­Dry­den­to­Gray,­Chicago 1958.

9. mis Una Ellis-Former gvaZlevs iseT detalurad damu­Savebul ‘musical analysis’ of Jonson’s Volpone­in her Jacobean­Dra-

421

SeniSvna

ma,­London 1936; and George R. Kernodle tried to find’ The Sym-phonic Form of King­Lear’­in Elizabethan­Studies­and­Other­Essays­in­Honor­of­George­C.­Reynolds,­Boulder, Colorado, 1945 pp. 185-91.

10. ix. Erwin Panofsky, The Neoplatonic Movement and Michelangelo’ Studies­in­Iconology,­New York 1939, p. 171 ff.

11. Charles de Tolnay, Pierre­Bruegel­ I’Ancien,­ two vols., Brux-elles 1935; see also Die­Zeichnungen­Peter­Breugels,­Munich 1925; Carl Neumann’s criticism in Deutsche­Vierteljabrscbrift,­iv (1926), p. 308 ff.

12. ix. winamdebare Tavi, ‘Literature and Ideas’.13. Benedetto Croce, Aesthetic­(tr. D. Ainslie), London 1029, pp.

62,110, 188, et­passim.14. John Dewey, Art­As­Experience,­New York 1934, p. 212.15. Т. M. Greene, The­Arts­and­the­Art­of­Criticism,­Princeton 1940,

p. 213 ff., especially pp. 221-6; John Dewey, op. cit., pp. 175 ff., 218 ff. argumentebi plastikur xelovnebaSi ritmis gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg gvxvdeba in Ernst Neu mann, Untersuchungen­zur­Psy-chologie­und­Aesthetik­des­Rhythmus,­Leipzig 1894; and in Fritz Medi-cus,’ Das Problem einer vergleichenden Geschichte der Künste’, in Philosophie­der­Literaturwissenschaft­(ed. E. Ermatinger), Berlin 1930, p. 195 ff.

16. George David Birkhoff, Aesthetic­Measure,­Cambridge, Mass. 1933.

17. e.g. in John Hughes’s Preface to his edition of the Faerie­Queene­(1715) and in Richard Hurd’s Letters­on­Chivalry­and­Romance­(1762).

18. Oswald Spengler, Der­ Untergang­ des­ Abendlandes,­Munich 1923, Vol. 1, pp. 151,297,299,322,339.

19. ix. R. Wellek-is statia mocemuli bibliografiaSi, se­qcia r , da misi ‘The Con cept of Baroque in Literary Scholarship’, Journal­of­Aesthetics­and­Art­Criticism,­v (1946), pp. 77-108. There are many concrete examples and further references.

20. H. Wölfflin, Kunstgeschichtliche­Grundbegriffe,­Munich 1915 (English tr. by M. D. Hottinger, New York 1932).

21. ix. Hanna Lévy, Henri­Wöllfflin,­Sa­théorie.­See­prédécesseurs,­Rottweil 1936 (a Paris thése).

22. H. Wölfflin, ‘Kunstgeschichtliche Grundbegriffe: Eine Revi-

422

SeniSvna

sion’, Logos,­xxii (1933), pp. 210-24 (reprinted in Gedanken­zur­Kunst-geschichte,­Basel 1941), pp. 18-24.

23. O. Walzel, ‘Shakespeares dramatische Baukunst’, Jahrbuch­der­ Shakes-pearegesellschaft,­ LII(1916), pp. 3-35 (reprinted in Das­Wortkunstwerk,­Mittel­seiner­Erforschung,­Leipzig 1926, pp. 302-25).

24. ibid. (Berlin 1917), esp. Gehalt­und­Gestalt­ im­Kunstwerk­des­Dichters,­Wildpark-Potsdam 1923, pp. 265 ff. and 282 ff.

25. Fritz Strich, Deutsche­Klassik­und­Romantik,­ oder­Vollendung­und­Unendlichkeit,­Munich 1922. ix. also the criticism in Martin Schi-itze, Academic­ Illu­sions,­ Chicago 1933, reprinted Hamden, Conn. 1962, pp. 13,16.

26. ix. Christopher Hussey, The­Picturesque:­Studies­in­a­Point­of­View,­London 1927, p.5.

27. Jakob Burckhardt, Die­Kultur­der­Renaissance­in­Italien­(ed. W. W. Kaegi) Bern 1943, p. 370.

28. am Teoriebis kargi ganxilva mocemulia in Pitirim Sorokin’s Social­ and­Cultural­Dynamics,­Vol. 1, Cincinnati 1937. ix. aseve W. Passarge, Die­philosophie­der­Kunstgeschichte­ in­der­Gegen-wart,­Berlin 1930.

29. É. Legouis and L. Cazamian, Histoire­de­la­littérature­anglaise,­Paris 1924, p. 279.

ivaaaaaaaaaaaaa Taaaavis Sesavali

1. Sir Sidney Lee, The­ Place­ of­ English­ Literature­ in­ the­Modern­University,­London 1913 (reprinted in Elizabethan­and­Other­Essays,­London 1929, p. 7)

2. ix. bibliografia, nawili III.3. e.g. Oskar Walzel, Wechselseitige­Erhellung­der­Künste,­Berlin

1917; Gehalt­und­Gestalt­im­Kunstwerk­des­Dichters,­Potsdam 1923; Das­Wortkunstwerk­Leipzig 1926.

4. rusuli moZraobisaTvis ixileT Victor Erlich, Russian­Formalism,­The Hague 1955.

5. ix. esp. William Empson, Seven­Types­of­Ambiguity,­London 1930 and Penguin Books 1962; F. R. Leavis, New­Bearings­in­English­

423

SeniSvna

Poetry,­London 1932; Geoffrey Tillotson, On­the­Poetry­of­Pope,­1938.6. ix. bibliografia, nawili IV.7. L. C. Knights, How­many­ Children­ had­ Lady­Macbeth?,­Lon-

don 1933, pp 15-54 (xelaxla dabeWdili Explorations­Si,­London 1946, pp. 15-54) ayenebs faqts dramis da cxovrebis uwes­rigobis winaaRmdeg. E. E. Stoll, L. L. Schücking-is da sxvebis naSromebma nawilobriv gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba miani­Wes tradiciebis rols da distancias, romelic arsebobs si­cocxlesa da dramas Soris.

8. nawarmoebebi Joseph Warren Beach-is and Percy Lubbock’s The­Craft­of­Fiction,­London 1921, cnobilia. In Russia, Viktor Shk-lovsky’s O Teoriyi­prozy­(The­Theory­of­Prose),­1925, da bevri nawar­moebi V. V. Vinogradov da В. M. Eikhenbaum iyeneben sfor­malistur midgomas.

9. Jan Mukarovský, winasityvaoba Máchúv­Máj­(Mácha’s­May)­is,­Pragu 1928, pp. iv-vi.

10. ix. `romanis faqtiuri siuJeti Tavs aridebs the epitomist-s iseve srulad, rogorc xasiaTs mxolod rogorc mexsierebis grafikebi aris Sinaarsi an realuri xasiaTi; mx­olod gadawyvetilebaSi aqvT maT emociuri valenturoba~ valency’ (С. H. Rid word, ‘A Note on Fiction’, Toward­Standards­of­Criticism,­ed. F. R. Leavis, London 1935, p. 33).

Tavi meTormete

xelovnebis literaturuli namuSevris arsebobis forma

1. ixileT bibliografiis nawili I.2.­Ernest Fenollosa, The­Chinese­Written­Character­at­a­Medium­for­

Poetry, New York 1936; Margaret Church, ‘The First English Pattern Poems’,­PMLA,­lxi (1946), pp. 636-50; A. L. Korn, ‘Puttenham and the Oriental Pattern Poem’, Comparative­Literature,­iv­(1954),­PP-­289-303.

3. ix. Alfred Einstein, ‘Augenmusik im Madrigal’, Zeitschrift­der­

424

SeniSvna

internationalen­Musikgesellschaft,­xiv (1912), pp. 8-21.4. I. A. Richards, Principles­of­Literary­Criticism,­London 1924, pp.

125, 248. ixileT ­Practical­Criticism,­London­1929,­p.­349.5. Richards, Principles, pp. 225-7.6. ix. bibliografiis nawili V.7. magaliTebi Walzel’s statiidan CamoTvlilia biblio­

grafiis V nawilSi. 8. spingarnis sityvebiT, `poetis mizanze SeiZleba vim­

sjeloT Tavad Semoqmedebis momentidan gamomdinare, anu TviT poemis mxatvrulobis aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT~ (`ax­ali kritika~, Criticism and America, New York, 1924, gv. 24-5.

9. E. M. Tillyard and C. S. Lewis, The­Personal­Heresy:­A­Contro-versy,­Lon don 1934; Tillyard’s Milton,­London 1930, p. 237.

10. parizSi, 1925 wels gamocemul, Tavis Biographie de láuvre littéraire-Si, pPier Audiati amtkicebda, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi `ganasaxierebs mwerlis cxovrebis monakveTs”, da Sesabamisad, CarTuli aRmoCndeba savsebiT SeuZlebel da savsebiT zedmet, arasaWiro dilemebSi.

11. Jan Mukarovský, ‘L’art comme fait sémiologique’, Actes­de­buitème­congrès­international­dephilosophie­à­Prague, Prague 1936, pp. 1065-72.

12. Roman Ingarden, Das­literarische­Kunstwerk, Halle 1931.13. Esp. in De Saussure’s Cours­ de­ linguistique­ générale,­ Paris

1916.14. ix. E. Husserl’s Méditations cartésiennes, Paris 1931, pp.

38- 915. ix. SeniSvna 7 IV nawilis SesavalSi. 16. ix. bibliografiis II nawili. 17. ix. Louis Teeter, ‘Scholarship and the Art of Criticism’, ELH,­

v (1938), pp. 173-93.18. ix. Ernst Troeltsch’s ‘Historiography’, in Hastings’s Encyclo-

paedia­of­Religion­and­Ethics, Edinburgh 1913, Vol. vr, p. 722.19. Ortega y Gaseti agreTve iyenebs am termins, Tumca ki

gansxvavebulad.

425

SeniSvna

Tavi mecamete

hangebi, riTmi da zoma

1. Birkhoff, Aesthetic­Measure,­Cambridge, Mass., 1933.2. rusuli instrumentovka iTargmneba instrumentation-dan

rene gilis mier mis Traité­ du­ verbe­ (Paris 1886)-Si, sadac igi upiratesobas aniWebs mis poeziis ganacxads (ix. gv. 18). gili mogvianebiT SeuTanxmda valeri briusovs, rus simbolist poets (ix. Lettres­de­René­Ghil,­Paris 1935, pp..13-16, 18-20.)

3. ix. Carl Stumpf, Die­ Sprachlaute-is eqsperimentuli na­muSevrebi Berlin 1926, esp. p. 38 ff.

4. W. J. Bate, The­Stylistic­Development­of­John­Keats,­New York 1945.

5. Osip Brik,’ Zvukovie povtory’ (Sound-figures), in Poetika,­St Petersburg 1919.

6. Henry Lanz, The­Physical­Basis­of­Rime,­Palo Alto 1931.7. W. K. Wimsatt, ‘One Relation of Rhyme to Reason’, Modern­

Language­Quarterly,­v (1944)» PP- 323—38 (reprinted in The­Verbal­Icon,­Lexington, Ky. 1954, pp-153-66).

8. H. C. Wyld, Studies­in­English­Rhymes­from­Surrey­to­Pope,­Lon-don 1923. ixileT aseve­Frederick­Ness,­The­Use­of­Rhyme­in­Shake-speare’s­Plays,­New Haven 1941.

9. V. Zhirmunsky, Rifma,­ee­istoria­i­teoriya (Rhyme, Its History and Theory), Petrograd 1923; Valery Bryusov, ‘O rifme’ (On Rhyme), Pachat­ i­ revolutsiya­1924 (I, pp. 144-23)reviews Zhirmunsky’s book and suggests many further problems for the investigation of rhyme. Charles F. Richardson,­A­ study­ of­ English­Rhyme,­Honover, N. H., 1909, is a modest beginning in the right direction.

10. Wolfgang Kayser, Die­ Klangmalerei­ bei­ Harsdörffer,­Leipzig 1932 (Palaestra, vol. 179); I. A. Richards, Practical­Criticism,­London 1929, pp. 232-3.

11. j. k. rensomi, The World’s Body, New York, 1938, gv. 95­7. aq SeiZleba imaze vidavoT, rom Mr rensomis Semotanili cvlileba, mxolod Cans, rom odnavi da mcirea. ‘d’- Ti ‘m’­is Senacvleba murmuring­Si, arRvevs bgeraTa ‘m-m’ saxes, ris

426

SeniSvna

gamoc sityva innumerable amovardnili aRmoCndeba im bgera­Ta saxidan, romelSic is iyo Setanili. cxadia, rom calke, gamoyofilad aRebuli es sityva – innumerable, onomatopo­etikis TvalsazrisiT, araefeqturi warmogvidgeba.

12. M. Grammont, Lе­Vers­ français,­ ses­moyens­d’expression,­ son­harmonie,­Paris 1913.

13. René Etiemble, ‘Le Sonnet des Voyelles’, Revue­de­littérature­comparée,­xix (1939), pp. 235-61, discusses the many anticipations in A. W. Schlegel and others.

14. Albert Wellek, ‘Der Sprachgeist als Doppelempfinder’, Zeitschrift­für­Ästhetik,­xxv (1931), pp. 226-62.

15. ix. Stumfvi da volfgang kioleris `Akustische Unter-suchungen, Zeitsschrifrt für Psychologie, LIV (1910), pp. 241­89, LVIII (1911), pp. 59­140, LXIV (1913), pp. 92­105, LXXII (1915), pp. 1­192. am Sedegebs mxars uWers roman iakobsoni im magaliTebiT da dasabuTebiT, rac man amoiRo bavSvTa enidan da afaziis Sem­Txvevidan da gamoaqveyna Tavis KIndersprache, Aphasie und allgemeine Lautgesetze, Upsala, 1941.

16. ix. e.g. E. M. Hornbostel, ‚Laut und Sinn‘, in Festschrift­Meinhof,­Ham burg 1927, pp. 329-48; Heinz Werner, Grundfragen­der­Sprachphysiognomik,­Leipzig 1932. Katherine M. Wilson, Sound­ and­Meaning­in­English­Poetry,­London 1930, is rather a general book on metrics and sound-patterns.

17. Sesabamisi wina mimoxilva aris A. W. de Groot, ‘Der Rhythmus’, Neophilologus,­ xvii (1932), pp. 81-100, 177-97, 241-65; and Dietrich SeckeL Hölderlins­Sprachrhythmus,­Leipzig 1937 (Palaes-tra 207), wigni, romelic moicavs riTmisa da sruli biblio­grafiis zogad diskusias.

18. e.g. in W. K. Wimsatt’s The­Prose­Style­of­Samuel­Johnson,­New Haven I941, pp. 5-8.

19. Joshua Steele, Prosodia­Rationalis,­or­an­Essay­towards­Estab-lishing­the­Melody­and­Measure­of­Speech,­London 1775.

20. Eduard Sievers, Rhythmisch-melodische­ Studien,­Heidelberg 1912; Ottmar Rutz, Musik,­ Wort­ und­ Körper­ als­ Gemütsausdruck,­Leipzig 1911, Sprache,­Gesang­und­Körperhaltung,­Munich 1911, Men-schheitstypen­ und­Kunst,­ Jena 1921; Gunther Ipsen and Fritz Karg,

427

SeniSvna

Schallanalytische­Versuche,­Heidelberg 1938, lists the literature on this question.

21. O. Walzel, Gehalt­ und­ Gestalt­ im­ dichterischen­ Kunstwerk,­Potsdam 1923, pp. 96-105, 391-94. Gustav Becking, Der­musikalische­Rhythmus­ als­ Erkenntnis-quelle,­Augsburg 1923, is an admired, but fantastic attempt to use Sievers’s theories.

22. W. M. Patterson, The­Rhythm­of­Prose,­New York 1916.23. G. Saintsbury, A­History­ of­ English­ Prose­ Rhythm,­London

1913.24. Oliver Elton, ‘English Prose Numbers’, A­ Sheaf­ of­ Papers,­

London 1922; Morris W. Croll, ‘The Cadence of English Oratorical Prose’, Studies­in­Philology,­xvi (1919), pp. 1-55.

25. B. Tomashevsky, ‘Ritm prozy (po Pikovey Dame)’ (Prose Rhythm, according to The­Queen­of­Spades),­О­Stikhe.­Statyi.­(Essays on Verse), Leningrad 1929.

26. Eduard Norden, Die­antike­Kunstprosa,­Leipzig 1898, stand­artuli ortomeuli. aseve ixileT Albert de Groot, A­Handbook­of­Antique­Prose­Rhythm,­Groningen 1919.

27. ix. William K. Wimsatt’s The­Prose­Style­of­Samuel­ Johnson,­New Haven 1941.

28. G. Saintsbury, History­of­English­Prosody,­three vols., London 1906-10.

29. Bliss Perry, A­Study­of­Poetry,­London 1920, p. 145.30. T. S. Omond, English­Metrists,­Oxford 1921; Pallister Barkas,

A­Critique­ of­Modern­ English­ Prosody,­Halle 1934 (Studien­ zur­ eng-lischen­Philologie,­cd. Morsbach and Hecht, Lxxxii).

31. ix. esp. M. W. Croll, ‘Music and Metrics’, Studies­in­Philology,­xx (1923), pp. 388-94; G. R. Stewart, Jun., The­ Technique­ of­ English­Verse,­New York 1930.

32. moxseniebuli notacia momdinareobs moris v. kro­lis statiidan `inglisuri leqsis ritmi~ (mimeografiuli werili, prinstoni, 1929) gv. 8, romelic imdenad xelovnur STabeWdilebas tovebs, rom ver Secvlis danarCen publika­ciebs pirveladi aqcentis sakiTxze.

33. The most elaborate theoretical book, with hundrets of exam-

428

SeniSvna

ples, is William Thomson’s The­Rhythm­of­Speech,­Glasgow 1923. A recent subtle exponent is John C. Pope, The­Rhythm­of­Beowulf,­New Haven 1942.

34. e.g. Donald Stauffer, The­Nature­of­“Poetry,­New York 1946, pp. 203-4.

35. George R. Stewart, Jun., Modern­Metrical­Technique­as­ Illus-trated­by­ballad­Meter­(1700-1920), New York 1922.

36. ix. bibliogragis nawili III, 2.37. W. L. Schramm, University of Iowa Studies, Series on Aims

and Progress of Research, No. 46, Iowa City, la. 1935.38. ixileT The title-page of Henry Lanz, The­Physical­Basis­of­

Rime,­Stanford Press 1931.39. Vittorio Benussi, Psychologie­ der­Zeitauffassung,­Heidelberg

1913, pp. 215 ff.40. G. R. Stewart, The­Technique­of­English­Verse,­New York 1930,

p. 3.41. Saran, Deutsche­Verslehre,­loc. cit., p. 1; Verrier, Essai. .., Vol.

1, p. ix.42. stiuartma SemoiRo termini `fraza~, rac mniSvnelo­

bis gagebas niSnavs.43. ix. bibliografia da Victor Erlich, Russian­Formalism,­The

Hague 1955. 44. Jan Mukarovský, ‘Intonation comme facteur de rythme poé-

tique’, Archives­néerlandaises­de­phonétique­expérimentale,­viii-ix (1933), pp. 153-65.

45. Eduard Fraenkel, Iktus­und­Akzent­im­lateinischen­Sprechvers,­Berlin 1928.

46. zogierTi sawyisi nanaxia Albert H. Licklider, Chapters­on­the­Metric­of­the­Chaucerian­Tradition,­Baltimore 1910.

47. A. Meillet, Les­Origines­indo-européennes­des­métres­grecs,­Paris 1923.

48. Roman Jakobson, ‘Über den Versbau der serbokroatischen Volksepen’, Archives­ néerlandaises­ de­ phonétique­ expérimentale,­ viii-ix (1933), pp. 135—53.

429

SeniSvna

49. Thomas MacDonagh (Thomas­Campion­and­the­Art­of­English­Poetry,­Dublin 1913) distinguishes between song, speech, and chant verse.

50. Boris E. Eikhenbaum, Melodika­lyricheskovo­stikha­(The­Melody­of­Lyrical­Verse),­St Petersburg 1922.

51. ix. the criticism of Eikhenbaum in Viktor Zhirmunsky’s Vo-prosy­teorii literatury­(Questions­of­the­Theory­of­Literature),­Leningrad 1928.

Tavi meToTxmete

stili da stilistika

1. F. W. Bateson, English­Poetry­and­the­English­Language,­Oxford 1934, p. vi.

2. K. Vossler, Gesammelte­Aufsätze­zur­Sprachphilosophie,­Munich 1923, p. 37.

3. Vossler, Frankreichs­Kultur­im­Spiegel­seiner­Sprachentwicklung,­Heidelberg 1913 (new cd., 1929, as Frankreichs­Kultur­ undSprache);­Viktor Vinogradov, Yazyk­ Pushkina­ (Pushkin‘s­ Language),­Moscow 1935.

4. aq aris Sedegebi P. Verrier­is mier mocemuli eqsperi­mentebis Essai­sur­les­principes­de­la­métrique­anglaise,­Paris 1909-10, Vol. i, p. 113.

5. a.h. kingi, The Language of Satirized Characters in Poetaster: a Socio-Stylistic Analysis, 1597-1602, Lund­Studies­in­English, Vol. X, Lund, 1941; viliam franci, `Seqspiris gramatika~, halle, 1898­1900 (axali gamocema – haidelbergi, 1924), lazar seneani, `rables ena~, or tomad, parizi, 1922­3. ufro sruli bibli­ografia motanilia gerlen de geris `mwerlis enaSi~: Qu’en sont les études de Français?, parizi 1935, gv. 227­337.

6. ix. bibliografiis nawili I.7. From Tennyson’s ‘Edwin Morris’, drawn from H. C. Wyld,

Some­Aspects­of­the­Diction­of­English­Poetry,­Oxford 1933. There is a highly historical discussion of the problem in the Preface to Geoffrey Tillotson’s Essays­in­Criticism­and­Research,­Cambridge 1942.

430

SeniSvna

8. Marvell’s ‘To His Coy Mistress’.9. Louis Teeter, ‘Scholarship and the Art of Criticism’, ELH,­v

(1938), p. 183.10. 1909 w. Sarl balis mier haidelbergSi gamocemul

gamokvlevaSi, `mimdinareobebi frangul stilistikaSi”, agreTve, leo spitceris mier dawerili adreuli periodis kvlevebSi, stilistika sintaqsTn aris gaigivebuli: ix. `Über syntaktische Methoden auf romanischen Gebiet”, Die neueren Sprachen, XXV (1919) p. 338.

11. On ‘Grand Style’, see Matthew Arnold’s On­ Translating­Homer­and G. Saintsbury’s ‘Shakespeare and the Grand Style’, ‘Mil-ton and the Grand Style’, and ‘Dante and the Grand Style’, Collected­Essays­and­Papers,­Lon don 1923, Vol. iii.

12. Friedrich Kainz, ‘Höhere Wirkungsgestalten des sprach-lichen Ausdrucks im Deutschen’, Zeitschrift­für­Ästhetik,­xxviii (1934), pp. 305-57.

13. Wimsatt, op. cit., p. 12.14. Wilhelm Schneider, Ausdruckswerte­ der­ deutschen­ Sprache:­

Eine­Stilkunde,­Leipzig I931,p. 21.15. ix. bibliografiis V nawili.16. ix. Morris W. Croll’s Introduction to Harry Clemons’s edi-

tion of Lyly’s Euphues,­London 1916.17. ix. Henry C. Wyld, Spenser’s­Diction­and­Style,­London 1930;

B. R. McElderry, Jun., ‘Archaism and Innovation in Spenser’s Po-etic Diction’, PMLA,­xlvii (1932), pp. 144-70; Herbert W. Sugden, The­Grammar­of­Spenser’s­Fairie­Queene,­Philadelphia 1936.

18. Austin Warren, ‘Instress of Inscape’, Gerard­Manley­Hopkins,­By­the­Kenyan­Critics,­Norfolk, Conn., 1945, pp. 72-88, and in Rage­for­Order,­Chicago 1948, pp. 52-65.

19. J. M. Robertson, The­Shakespeare­Canon,­ four vols., London 1922-32.

20. ix. bibliografiis II nawili.21. Josephine Miles, ‘The Sweet and Lovely Language’, Gerard­

Manley­ Hop-kins,­ By­ the­ Kenyon­ Critics,­ Norfolk, Conn. 1945, pp. 55-71.

22. Geoffrey Tillotson, Essays­ in­ Criticism­ and­ Research,­Cam-

431

SeniSvna

bridge 1942, p. 84.23. Friedrich Gundolf, Goethe,­Berlin 1915.24. Herman Nohl, Die­Kunst­ stile­ in­Dichtung­und­Musik,­ Jena

1915, and Stil­und­Weltanschauung,­Jena 1920.25. Motiv­und­Wort,­Studien­zur­Literatur-­und­Sprachpsychologie,­

Hans Sperber, Motiv­und­Wort­bei­Gustav­Meyrink,­Leo Spitzer, Die­groteske­Gestaltungs-­und­Sprachkunst­Christian­Morgensterns,­Leipzig 1918; Josef Кöгпег, Arthur­Schnitzlers­Gestalten­und­Probleme,­Munich, 1921. ix. aseve Josef Korner, ‘Erlebnis-Motiv-Stoff’, Vom­Geiste­ne-tier­Literaturforschung.­Festchrift­fur­Oskar­Walzel,­Wildpark-Potsdam 1924, pp. 80-9; Leo Spitzer, Sfudien­zu­Henri­Barbusse,­Bonn 1920.

26. Leo Spitzer, ‘Zu Charles Péguys Stil’, Vom­Geiste­neuer­Lifer-aturforsthung:­ Festschrift­ für­Oskar­Walzel,­Wildpark-Potsdam 1924, pp. 162-83 (reprinted in Stilstudien,­loc. cit., Vol. 11, pp. 301-64); ‘Dcr Unanimismus Jules Romains’ im Spiegel seiner Sprache’, Archivum­Komanicum,­viii 1924), pp. 59-123 (reprinted in Stilstudien,­loc. cit., 11, pp. 208-300). On Morgenstern, sec note 25.

27. Spitzer, Die­Wortbildung­ als­ stilistisches­Mittel­ (bei­Rabelais),­Halle 1910; ‘Pseudo-objektive Motivierung bei Charles-Louis Philippe’, Zeitschrift­fűr­franzosische­Sprache­und­Literatur,­xLvi (1923), pp. 659-85 (reprinted in Stilstudien,­loc. cit., Vol. n, pp. 166-207).

28. Spitzer, ‘Zur sprachlichen Interpretation von Wortkunst-wereken’, Neue­ Jahrhbücher­ für­ Wissenschaft­ und­ Jugendbildung,­ vi (1930), pp. 632-51 (re printed in Romanische­Stil­und­Literaturstudien,­Marburg 1931, Vol. 1); ix. aseve ‘Wortkunst und Sprachwissen-schaft’, Germanisch-romanische­Monatsschrift,­ xiii (1925), pp. 169-86 (reprinted in Stilstudien,­ loc. cit., Vol. n, pp. 498-536); ‘Linguistics and Literary History’, Linguistics­and­Literary­History,­Princeton 1948, pp. 1-40.

29. From Comparative­Literature­X­(1958), 371. See my article ‘Leo Spitzer (1887-1960)’ in Comparative­Literature,­xn (i960), 310-34. With full bibliography of Spitzer’s numerous writings.

30. e.g. Fritz Strich, ‘Der lyrische Stil des siebzehnten Jahrhun-derts’, Abhandlungen­zur­deutschen­Literaturgeschichte,­Franz­Muncker­...­dargebracht,­Munich 1916, pp. 21-53, esp.p. 37.

31. ix. Morris W. Croll’s excellent essay, ‘The Baroque Style in

432

SeniSvna

Prose’, Studies­in­English­Philology:­A­Miscellany­in­Honor­of­F.­Klaeber,­Minneapolis 1929, pp. 427-56; also George Williamson, The­Senecan­Amble,­Chicago 1951.

32. ix. bibliografiis IV nawili.33. ix. bibliografiis IV nawili.

Tavi meTxuTmete

gamosaxuleba, metafora, simbolo, miTi

1. maqs istmani, `literaturuli Segneba mecnierebis xa­naSi~, niu iorki 1931, gv. 165.

2. `diskursis tipebTan~ dakavSirebuli Tematika ix. Carlz morisis wignSi, `niSnebi, enebi da qceva~, niu iorki 1946, gv. 123. morisi asaxelebs `diskursis~ Tormet tips, romelTagan am Tavs da Cven mier dasaxelebul oTx pirobas epasuxeba Semdegi: `mxatvruli~, anu `romanis samyaro~, `mi­Tologiuri~ da `poeturi~.

3. 1940 wels dabeWdil statiaSi, `poeziis semantika~, filip uilraiti xmarobs terminebs: `mono­niSani~ da `plu­ra­niSani~, Kenyon Review, II, gv. 263­83. plura­niSani `seman­tikurad refleqsuria, rameTu igi aris nawili imisa, rasac is Tavad aRniSnavs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom plura­niSani, po­etikuri simbolo, garda imisa, rom gamoiyeneba, kidev sia­movnebis momgvrelad unda viguloT; xolo misi Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba ara misi qmediTobiT, aramed misi esTetikuri, organuli aspeqtiT~.

4. ix. G. Boring, Sensation­and­Perception­in­the­History­of­Experi-mental­Psychology,­New York 1942; June Downey, Creative­Imagina-tion:­Studies­in­the­Psychology­of­Literature,­New York 1929; Jean-Paul Sartre, L’Imagination,­Paris 1936.

5.I. A. Richards, Principles­ of­ Literary­ Criticism,­ London 1924, Chapter xvi, ‘The Analysis of a Poem’.

6. Ezra Pound, Pavannesand­Divisions,­New York 1918; T. S. Eliot, ‘Dante’, Selected­Essays,­New York 1932, p. 204; Eliot, ‘A Note on the Verse of John Milton’, Essays­and­Studies­by­Members­of­tbe­English­As-

433

SeniSvna

sociation,­xxi, Oxford 1936, p. 34.7. Tanamedrove fsiqologiam gvaswavla, rom `saxis~,

rogorc terminis, es ori mniSvneloba erTi­meoreze gada­dis; SeiZleba iTqvas, rom spontanurad gaCenili yoveli az­robrivi saxe garkveulwilad simboluria. Sarl boduini, `fsiqoanalizi da esTetika~, niu iorki, 1924, gv. 28.

8. J. M. Murry, ‘Metaphor’, Countries­of­the­Mind,­second series, London 1931, pp. 1-16; L. MacNiece, Modern­Poetry,­New York 1938, p. 113.

9. An admirable study of one literary movement and its influ-ence upon an other is René Taupin’s L’Influence­du­symbolisme­français­sur­la­poésie­américaine­..., Paris 1929.

10. terminologia mocemulia , ixileT Craig la Driére, The­American­Bookman,­1 (1944), pp. 103-4.

11. s. t. kolriji, `saxelmwifo moRvawis saxelmZRvane­lo: TxzulebaTa krebuli~ (red. Sedi), niu iorki 1853, t. I, gv. 427­8. es sxvaoba simbolosa da alegorias Soris pirve­lad goeTem warmoaCina. ix. kurt rixard miuleris `Die ges-chichtlichen Voraussetzungen des Symbolbegriffs in Goethes Kun-stanschauung’, Leipzig 1937.

12. j. h. vikstidi, bleikis `umankoeba da gamocdileba~, londoni 1928, gv. 23; v. b. ieitsi, Essays, londoni 1924, gv. 95, Selis `warmmarTvel simboloebze~. rodis iqcevian meta­forebi simboloebad? (a) rodesac metaforis `matarebeli~ aris konkretul­grZnobieri, rogorc magaliTad, kravi. jva ri metafora ki ar aris, aramed metonimuri simbolo (rac ganasaxierebs mas, vinc jvarcmaze gardaicvala, ro­gorc wminda lorensis gridironi da wminda katarinas bor­bali (orive sawamebeli iaraRia), an tanjvis gamomxatvelia da am SemTxvevaSi TviT iaraRi aRniSnavs imas, rasac akeTebs, anu Tavis moqmedebis Sedegs. (b) Tu metafora meordeba da centraluria, rogorc amas vxvdebiT kreSousTan, ieitsTan da eliotTan, Cveulebrivi sqema gulisxmobs saxeTa ga­daqce vas metaforebad, xolo metaforebisa – simboloebad, rogorc amas vxvdebiT henri jeimsTan.

13. m.o. persivalis sityvebiT, rasac vxvdebiT mis

434

SeniSvna

`bleikiseul bedisweris wreSi~ (niu iorki 1938, gv. 1), `blei­kis heterodoqsia iseve tradiciuli iyo, rogorc dantes orTodoqsia~. xolo niu iorkSi 1946 wels gamocemul wignSi, `viliam bleiki~, mark Soreri wers: `ieitsis msgavsad, blei­kic poulobs im metaforul sayrdens, romelsac emyareba misi dialeqtikuri TvalTaxedva. es aris svedenborgisa da boemes Sesabamisobis sistema, kabalistebis Sesatyvisi Zie­bani da paracelsusis da agripas alqimia~.

14. ix.komentarebi Frost of Cleanth Brooks, Modern­Poetry­and­the­Tradition,­Chapel Hill 1939, p. 110 ff.

15. ix. Nietzsche, Die­Geburt­der­Tragödie,­Leipzig 1872.16. gansazRvrebis mocemuli jgufisTvis ixileT Lord

Raglan’s The­Hero­...,­London 1937.17. ix. Fritz Strich, Die­Mythologie­in­der­deutschen­Literatur­von­

Klopstock­bis­Wagner, ortomeuli, Berlin 1910. 18. S. H. Hooke, Myth­and­Ritual,­Oxford 1933; J. A. Stewart, The­

Myths­of Plato,­London 1905 ; Ernst Cassirer, Philosophie­der­symbol-ischen­Formen,­Vol. ii, ‚Das mythische Denken‘, Berlin 1925, p. 271 ff. (English tr. NewHaven 1955).

19. Georges Sorel, Reflexions­on­Violence­(tr. Т. E. Hulme), New York 1914; Reinhold Niebuhr, ‘The Truth Value of Myths’, The­Na-ture­of­Religious­Experience­. . . , New York 1937.

20. gansakuTrebiT ix. R. M. Guastalla, Le­My­the­et­le­livre:­essai­sur­I’origine­de­la litterature,­Paris 1940.

21. ix. Donald Davidson, ‘Yeats and the Centaur’, Southern­Re-view,­vil (1941), pp. 510-16.

22. artur meiCenis `ieroglifika~, londoni 1923, qmedi­Tad icavs (SeiZleba arateqnikurad, magram Zalze romanti­ulad) im Tvalsazriss, rom religia (e.i. miTi da rituali) SigniT qmnis ufro did klimats, romlis gulSi mxolod poezias (e.i. simbolizms, esTetikur mWvretelobas) ZaluZs isunTqos da ganviTardes.

23. kvintilianes `oratorobis institutebSi” warmod­genilia Zveli standartuli klasifikacia sqemebisa da tropebis. yvelaze ufro daxvewil, dedofal elisabedis xanis midgomis gasacnobad, ixileT putenhemiseuli `ing­

435

SeniSvna

lisuri poeziis xelovneba” (red. uilkoki da uokeri), kem­briji 1936.

24. Karl Bühler, Sprachtheorie,­ Jena 1934, p. 343; Stephen J. Brown, The­World­of­Imagery,­p. 149 ff.; Roman Jakobson, ‘Randbe-merkungen zur Prosa des Dichters Pasternak’, Slavische­Rundschau,­vii (1935), pp. 357-73.

25. D. S. Mitsky, ‘Walt Whitman: Poet of American Democracy’, Critics­Group­Dialectics,­No. 1, 1937, pp. 11-29.

26. G. Campbell, Philosophy­ of­Rhetoric,­London 1776, pp. 321, 326.

27. i. a. riCardsis `ritorikis filosofiaSi~ (londoni 1936, gv. 117), kempbelis pirveli tipi moixsenieba rogorc `verbaluri metafora~, vinaidan avtors miaCnia, rom lit­eraturuli metafora verbalur kavSirs ki ar warmoadgens, aramed is aris erTgvari SeTanxmeba konteqstebs Soris, obi eqtebs Soris gavlebuli analogia.

28. ix. milmen paris ̀ tradiciuli metafora ho me rosTan~ klasikuri filologia, XXVIII, 1933, gv 30­43. pari miuTiTebs homerosis metaforizmis aristoteleseul araistoriul identifikaciaze ufro gviandeli poemebis konteqstSi, da adarebs homerosis `dafiqsirebul metaforebs~ imas, rasac gviCvenebs Sedareba Zveli inglisis poetebTan da (ufro SezRudulad) – XVIII saukunis augustinelebTan.

29. ix. k. balis `mimdinareobebi frangul stilistikaSi~ /haidelbergi 1909, t. 1, gv. 184/, `figuratiuli ena~ /gv. 194­5/: bali msjelobs ara rogorc literaturis Teoretikosi, aramed rogorc lingvisti, da ase axdens metaforebis kla­sifikacias: `konkretuli saxeebi, rasac warmosaxva `ita­cebs~, da afeqtiT ganpirobebuli saxeebi, rasac win uZRvis erTgvari inteleqtualuri operacia~. mis sam kategorias me vuwodebdi: (1) poetur metaforas, (2) ritualis (anu fiq­sirebul metaforas) da (3) lingvistur (anu etimologiur, anda damarxul) metaforas.

30. For a defence of ritual metaphor and guild images in the style of Milton, sec C. S. Lewis, Preface­to­Paradise­Lost,­London 1942, pp. 39 ff.

436

SeniSvna

31. ix. Heinz Werner, Die­Ursprünge­der­Metapher,­Leipzig 1919.32. Hermann Pongs, Das­Bild­ in­ der­Dichtung.­1: Versuch­ einer­

Morphologie­der­metaphorischen­Formen,­Marburg 1927. 11: Vorutersu-chungen­zum­Symbol,­Marburg 1939.

33. L. B. Osborn (ed.), The­.­.­.­Writings­of­John­Hoskyns,­New Ha-ven 1937, p. 125 ; George Campbell, Philosophy­of­Rhetoric,­pp. 335-7; A. Pope, The­Art­of­Sinking;­A. Dion, L’Art­d’écrire,­Quebec 1911, pp. 111-12.

34. Thomas Gibbons, Rhetoric­..­., London 1767, pp. 15-16.35. John Dryden, Essays­(ed. W. P. Ker), Oxford 1900, Vol. 1, p.

247 (‘Dedi cation of The­Spanish­Friar’).­36. ix. i. a. riCardsis `ritorikis filosofia~/londoni

1936. gv. 117­18/: `is metaforebsa, romelTa moqmedeba eyrd­noba raRac uSualo msgavsebas or sagans Soris, tenorsa da matarebels Soris Zalian farTod gansxvavdeba im meta­forebisgan, romelTa zemoqmedeba emyareba raRac saerTo damokidebulebas, rac SeiZleba gagviCndes orives mimarT~.

37. gviandeli periodis Seqspiris nawarmoebebSi War­badaa swrafad moZravi figurebi, rasac ufrosi Taobis maswavleblebi moixseniebdnen, rogorc `narev metaforas~. volfgang klemenis azriT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Seqspiri ufro swrafad fiqrobs, vidre metyvelebs /`Seqspiris sax­eebis ganviTareba~, kembriji, masaCuzeTsi, 1951/.

38. h. j. uelsi, `poeturi saxovaneba~, niu iorki 1924, gv. 127: pasaJi citirebulia donis Txzulebidan: `pirveli wlisTavi: qveynis anatomia~, 409­12.

radikaluri saxovanebis tipur gamomyeneblebad, uelsi

asaxelebs (savaraudo citatebi – gv. 136­7) dons, vebsters,

merstons, turners da Seqspirs, xolo XIX s­is gviandeli

periodidan – jorj meredits (romlis `Tanamedrove siyva­

ruls~ is uwodebs `simboluri azrovnebis araCveu lebrivad

SekumSul da saintereso magaliTs~) da frensis tompsons. 39. The imagery of Macbeth­is brilliandy considered by Cleanth

Brooks in ‘The Naked Babe and the Cloak of Manliness’, The­Well­Wrought­Urn,­New York 1947, pp. 21-46.

437

SeniSvna

40. jer kidev kvintilianes (`institutebis~, wign. VIII,

Tavi 6.) xanidan, igrZnoboda, rom sxvaoba metaforebis

tipebs Soris uTanabrdeba sxvaobas organulsa da

araorganuls Soris. kvintilianiseuli oTxi kategoria

moi cavs: erTi tipis cocxali arsebis miCneva meore tipad,

erTi tipis usulo sagnis meore usulo saganTan gaigiveba,

usulo sagnis gamoyeneba sulieris nacvlad, xolo cocxali

sagnis gamoyeneba usulos nacvlad.pirvel am tips pongi Beseeltypus-s uwodebs, xolo meores

– Erfühltypus­s; pirvelis funqcia gulisxmobs `sulis Cadg­mas~ an anTropomorfias, xolo meorisa – empathizes.

41. raskinis TvalsazrisSi gasarkvevad `paTetikur Sec­domaze~, ix. `Tanamedrove mxatvrebi~, londoni 1856, T. III, 4, moyvanili magaliTebi xsnian erTgvar `braldebas~ simile­sagan, vinaidan igi gamohyofs bunebriv faqtebs grZnobieri, emociluri varaudisagan.

anTropomorfizmis da simbolizmis sapirispiro ere­

sis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, ix. m. t. l. penidos SesaniSnavi

wigni: `analogiis roli dogmatur TeologiaSi~, parizi

1931, gv. 197.

42. M. A. Ewer, Survey­of­Mystical­Symbolism,­London 1933, p. 164-6.

43. Vossler, Spengler, Т. E. Hulme {Speculations,­London 1924), and Yeats, as well as Pongs, have been stimulated by Wilhelm Worringer’s Abstrak-tion­und­Einfühlung,­Berlin 1908 (English tr., Abstraction­and­Empathy,­New York 1953).

Our first quotation comes from Joseph Frank’s admirable study of’Spatial Form in Modern Literature’, Sewanee­Review,­liii (1945), p. 645; our second from Spengler, who quotes Worringer in his discus-sion of the Magian culture, Decline­of­the­West,­New York 1926, Vol. 1, pp. 183 ff.,­192.

44. ix. Ernest Kris, ‘Approaches to Art’, in Psychoanalysis­Today­(ed. S. Lorand), New York 1944, pp. 360-2.

438

SeniSvna

45. W. B. Yeats, Autobiography,­New York 1938, pp. 161, 219-25.46. k. vosleris `enis suli civilizaciaSi~ (londoni

1932), gv. 4. karl vosleri aRniSnavs, rom magebi da mis­tikosebi warmoadgenen maradiul sapirispiro tipebs. `ma­giursa da misticizms Soris mudmivi brZola mimdinareobs: magiuri iaraRad iyenebs enas da amitom cdilobs, rom Tavis kontrolis qveS rac ASeiZleba meti moiqcios, RmerTic ki, xolo misticizmi arRvevs da texs formas, arTmevs mas Rire­bulebas da saerTod uaryofs~.

47. H. Pongs, Das­Bild,­Vol. 1, p. 296. 48. Emily Dickinson, Collected­ Poems,­ Boston 1937, pp. 192,

161; see also p. 58 (‘ I laughed a wooden­laugh’) and p. 215 (‘A clock stopped - not the man-tel’s’)

49. For the significance of Byzantium, see Yeats’ A­Vision,­Lon-don 1938, pp. 279-81.

50. Herman Nohl, Stil­und­Weltanschauung,­Jena 1920.51. ix. emil kaies `simbolizmi da primitiuli suli~,

parizi 1936; wigni saocrad gabedulad atarebs paralels da aRiarebs igeveobas – erTi mxriv, primitiuli xalxebis `logikamdel~ azrovnebasa da meore mxriv, simbolisti po­etebis miznebs Soris.

52. MacNiece, op. cit., p. III.53. ix. Harold Rosenberg,’ Myth and Poem’, Symposium,­

11(1931), pp. 179 ff.54. Gladys Wade, Thomas­ Traherne,­Princeton 1944, pp. 26-37.

See the critical review of the book by E. N. S. Thompson, Philological­Quarterly,­xxiu (1944),pp. 383-4.

55. Dr Johnson, Lives­of­the­Poels,­‘Thomson’.On the argument from imagistic silence, including the exam-

ples we cite, ix. L. H. Hornstein’s penetrating ‘Analysis of Imagery’, PMLA,­lvii (1942), pp. 638-53.

56. Mario Praz, English­ Studies,­ xviii (1936), pp. 177-81, wittily reviews Caroline Spurgcon’s Shakespeare’s­Imagery­and­What­It­Tells­Us­ (Cambridge 1935), gansakuTrebiT pirveli nawili, ‘The Revelation of the Man’, with its ‘fallacy of trying to read . . . into Shakespeare’s images his senses, tastes, and interests’, and rightly

439

SeniSvna

praises Clemen (whose book appeared in 1936) for thinking that ‘Shakespeare’s use and choice of images is not so much con ditioned by his own personal tastes as by what are in each case his artistic intentions....’.

57. Caroline Spurgeon’s essay is reprinted in Anne Bradby’s Shakespeare­Criticism,­1919-35, London 1936, pp. 18-61.

On autobiography and Hamlet,­see C. J. Sisson, The­Mythical­Sor-rows­of­Shakespeare,­London 1936.

58. T. S. Eliot, ‘Hamlet’, Selected­Essays,­London 1932, pp. 141-6.59. G. Wilson Knight: Myth­ and­Miracle:­An­Essay­ on­ the­Mys-

tic­Symbolism­of­Shakespeare,­London 1929; The­Wheel­of­Fire,­London 1930; The­ Imperial­ Theme,­ London 1931; The­ Christian­ Renaissance,­Toronto 193 3; The­Burning­Oracle,­London 1939; The­Starlit­Dome,­London 1941.

60. Wolfgang Clemen, Shakespeares­Bilder,­Bonn 1936 (English tr. Cambridge, Mass. 1951).

Tavi meTeqvsmeTe

naturaluri mxatvruliprozis Tavisebureba da nairsaxeobani

1. sidnei: ̀ rac Seexeba poets, is arafers asabuTebs da am­denad arasodes tyuis~.

2. Wilson Follett, The­Modern­Novel,­New York 1918, p. 29.3. mkiTxvelis rwmena, rom romanists `cxovreba gaegeba~,

xSirad aris Segoneba, raTa mecxramete saukunis mxavruli prozis zogierTi pirobiToba iyos Semonaxuli~.

4. D. McCarthy, Portraits,­London 1931, pp. 75, 156.5. J. Frank,’ Spatial Form in Modern Literature’, Sewanee­Review,­

Liii (1945), pp. 221-40, 433-56. Reprinted in Criticism­(Schorer, Miles, McKenzie), New York 1948, pp. 379-92.

6. `siamaye da crurwmenis~ pirveli ori Tavi TiTqmis mTlianad gansakuTrebul dialogs warmoadgens, im dros, rodesac mesame Tavi iwyeba Sejamebuli TxrobiT, mere

440

SeniSvna

ubrundeba `scenur~ meTods. 7. Clara Reeve, Progress­of­Romance,­London 1785.8. houTornis `Svidfrontoniani saxlisa~ da `marmari­

los favnis~ winasityveobebi. 9. pos `kompoziciis filosofia~ iwyeba citatiT diken­

sidan: `iciT Tu ara Tqven, rom godvinma `kaleb uiliamsi~ dawera ukuRma?~ ufro adre `barnebi rejis~ mimoxilvaSi, pom magaliTad moiyvana godvinis romani, rogorc mWidrod Sekruli ostaturi Sinaarsis nawarmoebi.

10. Wkvianurad asabuTebs, rom Cven inglisurad vxma­robT `motivs~ nacvlad franguli formisa, romelmac Ta­vis mxriv mniSvneloba SeiZina germanuli `motivis~ gavle­niT. `motivi~, Cveulebriv, ixmareba inglisur kritikul literaturaSi.

11. ix. Aarne -Thompson, Types­of­the­Folk-Tale,­Helsinki 1928.12. ix. G. Polti, Thirty-six­Dramatic­Situations,­New York 1916; P.

Van Tieghem, La­Littérature­comparée,­Paris 1931, p. 87 ff.13. mohyavs ser uolter skotis sityvebi da ̀ motivacias~

uwodebs teqnikur termins, romelic gulixmobs Sinaarsis moZraobis mizezobriobas, gansakuTrebiT aRniSnavs, rom igi Segnebulad da ostaturad aris dalagebuli.

`siamaye da crurwmenis~ pirveli winadadeba `motivaci­is~ eqsplicituri gamoxatvis kargi magaliTia: `es saerTod aRiarebuli WeSmaritebaa, rom karga didi qonebis patron martoxela kacs usaTuod esaWiroeba coli~.

14. Dibelius, Dickens,­second ed., Leipzig 1926, p. 383.15. Cven aq gansakuTrebiT mivmarTavaT16. ix. diskusia ‘tempo’ in Carl Grabo’s Technique­of­the­Novel,

New York 1928, pp. 214-36, and ‘Zeit’ in Petsch’s Wesen­und­Formen­der­Erzählkunst, Halle 1934, p. 92 ff.

17. ix. e. berendi, ‘Die Namengeburg bei Jean Paul’, PMLA,­LVII (1942), pp. 820-50; E.H. Gordon, ‘The Naming of Characters in the Works of Dickens’, University­of­Nebraska­Studies­in­Language, etc., 1917; also John Forster’s Life­of­Dickens, Bk ix, Ch. 7, mocemulia saxelebis sia mwerlis /dikensis/ memorandumidan.

henri jeimzi Tavisi daumTavrebeli romanebis `spilos

441

SeniSvna

Zvlis koSkisa~ da `warsulis gancdis~ dasasrulSi, rome­lic dabeWdilia memorandumSi, yveba, Tu rogor arqmevda saxelebs Tavis gmirebs. ix. balzakis xasiaTTa saxelebis Sesaxeb ix. gogolis xasiaTTa Sesaxeb ix. nabokovis Sesaxeb.

18. brtyeli da mrgvali daxasiaTebani: ix.E. M. Forser, As-pects­of­the­Novel, London 1927, pp. 103-4.

19. ingliseli gmiri qalebis tipurobis Sesaxeb ix. R.P. Utter and G. B Needham,­Pamela’s­Daughters, New York 1936. qera da Savgvremani gmirTa qalebis Sesaxeb ix. F. Carpenter, ‘Puri-tans Preferred Blondes’, New­England­Quarterly, ix (1936), pp. 253-72; Philip Rahv, ‘The Dark Lady of Salem’, Partisan­Review,­viii (1941), pp. 362-81.

20. Dibelius, Dickens,­Leipzig 1916.21. Mario Praz, The­Romantic­Agony,­London 1933.22. ix. Arthur Sewell, ‘Place and Time in Shakespeare’s Plays’,

Studies­in­Philology,­xlii (1945), pp.205-24.23. ix. P. Lubbock, Craft­of­Fiction,­London 1921, pp. 205-35.24. Otto Ludwig, ‘Romanstudien’, Gesammelte­ Schriften,­ vi

(1891), p. 59 ff.; Maupassant, Introduction to Pierre­et­Jean­(1887); H. James, Prefaces to the New York Edition (collected as The­Art­of­the­Novel,­New York 1934). aseve ix. Oskar Walzel’s ‘Objektive Erzäh-lung’, in Das­Wortkunstwerk,­Leipzig 1926, p. 182 ff., and J. W. Beach, The­Twentieth-Century­Novel,­New York 1932.

25. iqve, ludvigi gv. 66­67: dikensis romanebis struqtu­ra piesebis analogiuria. jeimzisa da ibsenis ix. Francis Fer-gusson, ‘James’ Idea of Dramatic Form’, Kenyon Review, v(1943), pp. 495-507.

26. jeimzis `suraTisa~ da `scenis~ Sesaxeb ixile jeimzis `romanis ostatoba~ ix.

27. iqve, jeimzi uaryofs Txrobas pirvel pirSi, iseve rogorc `ubralod abda­ubdobis upasuxismgeblo Tavxedo­bas~ /yovlismcodne mTxrobelsa/

28. R. Fernandez, ‘La Méthode de Balzac: le réckit et l’esthétique du roman’, Messages,­Paris 1926, p. 59 ff. (English tr. London 1927, pp. 59-88).

29. Oskar Walzel, ‘Von “erlebter Rede”,’ Das­ Wortkunstwerk,­

442

SeniSvna

Leipzig 1926, p. 207 ff.; Albert Thibaudet, Flaubert,­Paris 1935, pp. 229-32; E. Dujardin, Le­Monologue­ intérieur­ ..., Paris 1931; Albrecht Neubert, Die­ Stilformen­ der­ ‘erlebten­Rede’­ in­ neueren­ englischen­Ro-man,­Halle 1957 (with bibliography); William James, Principles­ of­Psychology,­New York 1890, Vol. 1, p. 243: chap, ix, in which the phrase appears, is called ‘The Stream of Thought’ uiliam jeimzis `fsiqologiis principebSi~ IX TavSi Cndeba fraza `fiqris nakadi~

30. laboki ambobs, ix. roca streTeris goneba daZabu­lia, araferi araa naCvenebi, mxolod saxeTa dineba, rasac yvela SeniSnavs, roca dainaxavs, rom goneba TandaTanobiT SesamCnevi xdeba.

31. ixileT L. E. Bowling, ‘What Is the Stream of Conscious-ness Technique?’ PMLA,­lxv (1950), pp. 337-45, Robert Humphrey, Stream­ of­ Conscious­ness­ in­ the­Modern­Novel,­Berkeley, Calif., 1954, and Melvin Friedman, Stream­ of­Consciousness:­A­ Study­ in­ Literary­Method,­New Haven 1955.

Tavi meCvidmete

literaturis Janrebi

1. Croce, Aesthetic­(tr. Ainslie), London 1922. See Chs. ix and xv.2. N. H. Pearson, ‘Literary Forms and Types ...’, English­Institute­

Annual,­1940 (1941), p. 59 ff., especially p. 70.3. W. P. Ker, Form­and­Style­in­Poetry,­London 1928, p. 141.4. Harry Levin, ‘Literature as an Institution’, Accent,­vi (1946),

pp. 159-68 (reprinted in Criticism,­New York 1948, pp. 546-53).5. A. Thibaudet, Physiologie de la critique, Paris 1930, p. 184 ff.6. But see С. E. Whitmore, ‘The Validity of Literary Definitions’,

PMLA, xxxix (1924), pp. 722-36, especially pp. 734-5.7. Karl Viötor, ‘Probleme der literaischen Gattungsgeschichte’,

Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift­ für­Literaturwissenschaft ... , ix (1931), pp. 42J-47 (re printed in Geist undForm, Bern 1952, pp. 292-309): an ad-mirable discussion which avoids positivism on the one hand and

443

SeniSvna

‘metaphysicalism’ on the other.8. odas, baladas da msgavs formebs, goeTe Dichtarten-s

uwodebs, xolo eposs, lirikas da dramas ­ Naturformen der Dichtung: inglisur terminologias gaugebroba Semoaqvs: Cven Tavisuflad SegviZlia `tipi~ vuwodoT mTavar kat­egoriebs (rogorc amas akeTebs n. h. parsoni), xolo kate­goriis `Janrs~ – tragedia, komedia, oda da a.S.

sityva `Janri~ gvian damkvidrda inglisurSi. misi lit­eraturuli aspeqti ar aris Setanili `axal inglisur leqsikonSi~ (iseve rogorc kind); `literaturuli tipis~, rogorc terminis gamosaxatavad, XVIII s­is mwerlebi ZiriTa­dad xmarobdnen `jiSs~­a da `kategorias~. 1910 w. irving be­bitma moixsenia `Janri~ (`axali laokoonis~ winasityvaoba) rogorc inglisur kritikul enaSi damkvidrebuli termini.

9. `platons mSvenivrad esmis, Tu ra eTikur xifaTs Sei­cavs gansaxiereba, radgan kaci sakuTar mowodebas avnebs, Tuki mas darTes sxvaTa mowodebis imitirebis neba~. jeims j. donahiu, `literaturuli tipebis Teoria~, diubuki, aiova, 1943, gv. 88; aristoteles azri – iqve, gv. 99.

10. Hobbes, in Critical Essays of the Seventeenth Century (ed. J. E. Spingarn), Oxford 1908, pp. 54-5.

11. E. S. Dallas, Poetics: An Essay on Poetry, London 1852, pp. 81, 91,105.

12. John Erskine, The­Kinds­of­Poetry, New York 1920, p. 12.13. Roman Jakobson,’Randbemerkungen zur Prosa des Dichters

Pasternak’, Slavische­Rundschau,­vii (1935), pp. 357—73.14. poeziis zepir wakiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT, jon er­

skini miuTiTebs (`elisabedis xanis lirika~, niu iorki, 1903, gv. 3), rom am tradiciam lamis vordsvortamde gaZlo, romelmac Tavisi leqsebis winasityvaobaSi aRniSna: `zogi es leqsi arsebiTad lirikulia da amis gamo maT ver eqnebaT kuTvnili Zala, Tuki moklebulni iqnebian savaraudo musi­kalur akompanements; magram umTavresad, me mainc arafers sxvas ar viTxov, garda cocxali anda auRelvebeli deklam­ciisa, rac sagangebod iqneba gaTvlili aseTi TemisaTvis,

444

SeniSvna

rogorc klasikuri qnaris an lirikuli arfis erTgvari Sesanacvlebeli.

15. maSin rodesac Soum da barim, faqtobrivad, gazar­des mayurebelTa auditoria TavianTi winasityvaobebiT da iseTi sasceno remarkebiT, romelTa detaluroba ufro ro­manis Janrs Seesabameba da amave dros aCvenebs mdidar war­mosaxvas, dResdReobiT, mTeli dramaturgiuli doqtrina ewinaaRmdegeba piesis nebismier Sefasebas, rac ganxiluli iqneba saTeatro da sasceno xelovnebisTan erTad, da ara gancalkevebulad: franguli tradicia – kokleni da sarsi; xolo rusebi amas eTanxmebian (stanislavski da moskovis samxatvro Teatri).

16. Veit Valentin (‘Poetische Gattungen’, Zeitschrift­ für­ ver-gleichende­Litteraturgeschichte,­Vol. v, 1892, p. 34 ff.) also, on different grounds, questions the canonical three. One should, he says, distin-guish ‘die epische, die lyrischce, und die reflektierende Gattung . . . die Dramatik ist keine poetisehe Gattung, sondern eine poetische Form.’

17. Thibaudet, op. cit., p. 186.18. Aristotle, Poetics,­Chap. 14: ‘One should not seek every pleas-

ure from tragedy but only that proper to it.’19. ufro davazustoT: XVIII s­s hqonda ori rvamarcv­

lovani Tanamimdevroba: ­ komikuri (misi fesvebi `hudibrass” swvdeba, xolo Semdeg – sviftsa da greis da meditaciur­aR­weriTi (igulisxmeba `Allegro” da `Ïl Penseroso”).

20. Not till 1849, apparently, were the ‘Lake Poets’ first definite-ly grouped with Shelley, Keats, and Byron as English Romantics. See Wellek, ‘The Concept of Romanticism in Literary History’, Compara-tive­Literature,­Vol. 1 (1949), csp. p. 16.

21. Paul Van Tieghem, ‘La Question des genres littéraires’, Heli-con,­1 (1938), p. 95 ff.

22. There are already many monographs on the Gothic genre - e.g. Edith Birkhead, The­Tale­of­Terror­ . . . , London 1921; A. Kil-len, Le­Roman­terrifiant­on­roman­noir­.­.­.­,­Paris 1923; Eino Railo, The­Haunted­Castle,­London 1927; Montague Summers, The­Gothic­Quest.­.­.,­London 1938.

445

SeniSvna

23. Poetics,­Chap. 24.24. ix. Arthur Mizener’s reply to Ransom: ‘The Structure of

Figurative Language in Shakespeare’s Sonnets’, Southern­Review,­v (1940), pp. 730-47.

25. ix. Irving Babbitt, The­ New­ Laokoön,­ 1910. André Chénier (1762-94) held the distinction between genres to be a phenomenon of nature. In ‘L’ivention’, he writes:

La nature dicta vingt genres opposés D’un fil léger entre cux chez les Grecs divisés;Nul genre, s’échappant de ses bornes prescrites, N’aurait osé d’un autre envahir les limites.

26. The social implications of the Renaissance genre hierarchy, long familiar, are specifically studied in Vernon Hall’s Renaissance­Literary­Criticism,­New York 1945.

27. Van Tieghem, op. cit., p. 99.28. ix. e.g. Warner F. Patterson’s Three­Centuries­of­French­Poetic­

Theory­...,­Ann Arbor 1935, Part 111, for a list of medieval verse gen-res and sub-genres.

29. ix. bibliografia.30. For the ‘rebarbarization’ of literature, see the brilliant article,

‘Literature’ by Max Lerner and Edwin Mims, Jun., Encyclopaedia­of­the­Social­Sciences,­ix(1933). pp. 523-43.

31. André Jolles, Einfache­ Formen,­Halle 1930. Jolles’s list cor-responds roughly to the list of folk-types, or ‘forms of popular lit-erature’, studied by Alexander H. Krappe in his Science­of­Folk-Lore,­London 1930: the Fairy Tale, the Merry Tale (or Fabliau), the Animal Tale, the Local Legend, the Migratory Legend, the Prose Saga, the Proverb, the Folk-Song, the Popular Ballad, Charms, Rhymes, and Riddles.

32. Ferdinand Brunetiére, L’Évolution­des­genres­dans­I’histoire­de­la­littérature­. . . , Paris 1890.

33. Van Tieghem, Helicon,­1 (1938), p. 99.34. Viëtor has held both positions in turn: see his Geschichte­

der­deutschen­Ode­(Munich 1923) and essay cited in note 7; sec also

446

SeniSvna

Günther Müller, ‘Bemer-kungen zur Gattungspoetik’, Philosophischer­Anzeiger,­111 (1929), pp. 129-47.

Tavi meTvramete

Sefaseba

1. s. k. peperi, `kritikis safuZvlebi~, kembriji, masaCu­setsi, 1945, gv. 33: `gansazRvreba, rogorc esTetikuri gan­sjis xarisxobrivi kriteriumi, romelic wyvets, ra aris, da ra ar aris esTetikuri Rirebuleba, da dadebiTia Tu uaryofiTi misi Rirebuleba. arsebiTi standartebi, ro­gorc raodenobrivi kriteriumi, romelic gansazRvravs esTetikuri Rirebulebis odenobas... Sesabamisad, stand­artebi gansazRvrebidan, definiciidan iwarmoeba da raode­nobrivi kriteriumi – xarisxobrividan momdinareobs.

2. Cven axla `literaturaze~ vlaparakobT da am sityvas viyenebT `xarisxobriv kriteriumad~ (Tu ramdenad aris is literaturuli Tavisi bunebiT – literatura, da ara mec­niereba an socialuri mecniereba an filosofia); am sityvas Cven ar viyenebT `didi literaturis~ honorifuli, Sedar­ebiTi mniSvnelobiT.

3. pepers ase Semoaqvs paraleluri sakiTxi (cit. gv. 87) `sawinaaRmdegod ganwyobil avtors SeuZlia wamoayenos dilema: an unda iyos kargad Camoyalibebuli praqtikuli mizani, rasac Tan sdevs konceptualuri mizani, anda pasiuri umizno siamovneba. kantis antinomia da bertran moris para­doqsi esTetikur mizanze, romelic ar warmoadgens dasmul mizans, `texavs~ am dilemas da warmoaCens mentaluri meobis mesame tipis STambeWdav suraTs, romelic ar aris arc kone­cia (anu nebelobiTi moZraobis unari) da SegrZneba, aramed aris specifikuri esTetikuri moqmedeba.~

4. Tu vaRiarebT bevris momcvel warmodgenas, amiT ki ar uarvyofT literaturaSi esTetikur Rirebulebas, aramed vamtkicebT sxva Rirebulebebs, romlebic masTan Tanaarse­boben; literaturaze aseTi gansja imas iwvevs, rom an erT­maneTSi vurevT eTikur­politikursa da esTetikurs, anda ormagi daskvnis mowmeni vxdebiT. ix. n. forsteri, `esTeti­

447

SeniSvna

kuri da eTikuri gansja~, `kritikosis survili~, prinstoni, 1941, gv. 85.

5. Т. M. Greene, The­Arts­and­the­Art­of­Criticism,­Princeton 1940, p. 389.

6. literaturis `sidiades~ ver davadgenT mxolod da mxolod literaturuli standartebiT, Tumc ki unda gvaxsovdes, rom mxolod literaturuli standartebiT vx­elmZRvanelobT, rodesac vadgenT, aris Tu ara is litera­tura, `Zveli da axali esseebi~, niu iorki, 1936, gv. 93.

7. cnobisTvis ixileT W. P. Ker, Form­and­Style­in­Poetry,­Lon-don 1928, gansakuTrebiT pp. 95-104 and pp. 137-45; C. La Driére, ‘Form’, Dictionary­of­World­Literature,­p. 250 ff.; R. Ingarden, Das­Iit-erarische­Kunstwerk,­Halle 1931; ‘Das Form-Inhalt Problem im litera-rischen Kunstwerk’, Helicon,­1 (1938), pp. 51-67.

8. Emil Lucka’s brilliant essay, ‘Das Grundproblem der Dich-tkunst’, Zeitschrift­ für­Ästhetik,­xxn (1928), pp. 129-46, studies ‘wie sich Welt in Sprache verwandelt...’. In an unsuccessful poem or nov-el, says Lucka, ‘fehlt die Identität von Welt und Sprache’.

9. ix. Dorothy Walsh, ‘The Poetic Use of Language’, Journal­of­Philosophy,­xxxv (1938), pp. 73-81.

10. J. Mukarovský, Aesthetic­Function,­Norm,­and­Value­as­Social­Facts,­Prague 1936, in Czech.

11. aq upriani iqneba gavixsenoT peperis konteqstual­isturi kritika, sadac sicxovele pirvelad cdad aris nax­senebi, xolo misi aqcenti Tanamedrove xelovnebaze aucile­blad Seesabameba aseTi gamocdis pirobebs: `Tu adrindeli xanis xelovneba misaRebia gviandel xanaSi, es xSirad im mize­zebiT rodi xdeba, ris gamoc es xelovneba warmatebuli iyo Tavis droze, amitom kritikosebs moeTxovebaT, rom aRniS­non sakuTari xanis esTetikuri Tvalsazrisi. (cit. gv. 68).

12. George Boas, A­Primer­for­Critics,­Baltimore 1937, p. 136 and passim.

13. T. S. Eliot, Use­of­Poetry,­Cambridge, Mass. 1933, p. 153.14. This is Pepper’s ‘organistic criticism’ (op. cit., esp. p. 79), ear-

lier repre sented by Bosanquet’s Three­Lectures­on­Aesthetic,­London 1915.

448

SeniSvna

15. ix. Lascelles Abercrombie’s Theory­of­Poetry­(1924) and his Idea­of­Great­Poetry­(1925).

16. L. A. Reid, A­Study­in­Aesthetics,­London 1931, p. 225 if., ‘Sub-ject-matter, Greatness, and the Problem of Standards’.

17. Т. M. Greene, The­Arts­and­the­Art­of­Criticism,­Princeton 1940, pp. 374 ff., 461 ff.

18. ix. gansakuTrebiT E. E. Stoll’s ‘Milton a Romantic’, From­Shakespeare­to­Joyce,­New York 1944, and Mario Praz’s The­Romantic­Agony,­London 1933.

19. Eliot, op. cit., p. 96.20. ix. Jacques Barzun, ‘Our Non-Fiction Novelists’, Atlantic­

Monthly,­clxxviii (1946), pp. 129-32, and J. E. Baker, ‘The Science of Man’, College­English,­vi (1945), pp. 395-401.

21. Tate, Reason­in­Madness,­New York 194т, pp. 114-16.22. E. E. Kellett, The­Whirligig­of­Taste,­London 1929, and Fash-

ion­in­Litera­ture,­London 1931; F. P. Chambers, Cycles­of­Taste,­Cam-bridge, Mass. 1928, and The­History­of­Taste,­New York 1932; Henri Peyre, Writers­ and­Their­Critics:­ a­Study­of­Misunderstanding,­ Ithaca 1944.

23. ‘Multivalence’: ix. George Boas, A­Primer­ for­Critics,­Balti-more 1937.

24. F. Pottle, The­Idiom­of­Poetry,­Ithaca 1941; new ed., 1947.25. maTvramete saukunis kritikosebi uZlurebi iyvnen

aexsnaT adreuli periodis poeziis virtuozebisa da saku­Tari periodis arsic.

26. doqtor jonsonma scada aRewera donis poezia misi naklidan gamomdinare: `yvelaze kargi da samarTliani msj­eloba maT (metafizikos poetebis) naklovanebebze maSin iqneba, Tu Cven vimsjelebT kargi poeziis normatiuli stan­dartebiT, da ar vecdebiT vapatioT maT raRac ucnauroba an inteleqtualuri zedapiruloba. de, jonsoni iyos ase­Ti standarti da aRmoCndeba, rom donis tradicia Seicavs leqsis sagulisxmo Sres, romelic mTlianad pasuxobs ing­lisuri leqsis Cveulebriv moTxovnebs, xolo zogjer ki Segvxvdeba saukeTeso nimuSebi.~ (jorj viliamsoni, `donis tradicia~, kembriji, mas. 1930, gv. 21, 211.)

449

SeniSvna

27. F. R. Leavis, Revaluation:­Tradition­and­Development­in­English­Poetry,­London 1936, p. 68 ff.

28. e. vivasi, `esTetikuri msjeloba”, `filosofiis Ju­rnali~ XXXIII (1936), gv. 57­69. `axali poza esTetikasa da xe­lovnebis kritikaSi~, niu heiveni 1943, gv. 91, gansakuTrebiT – 123: heili gamoricxavs `obieqtivizmis~ da (gacilebiT ufro advilad) `subieqtivizmis~ ukiduresobebs, raTa Camoayalibos relativizmi, rac gaazrebulia rogorc gonivruli via media.

29. ‘Ériger en lois ses impressions personnelles, c’est le grand effort d’un homme s’il est sincère.’ Eliot quotes this, from de Gour-mont’s Lettres­à­L’amazon,­as epigraph to his essay, ‘The Perfect Crit-ic’, The­Sacred­Wood,­1920.

30. As does Mr Heyl (New­Bearings,­p. 91).

Tavi mecxrameteme

literaturuli istoria

1. Thomas Warton, History­ of­ English­ Poetry,­1 (1774), p. ii. A fuller discus sion may be found in René Wellek’s Rise­of­English­Liter-ary­History,­Chapel Hill 1941, pp. 166-201.

2. Henry Morley, Preface to English­Writers,­1, London 1864.3. Leslie Stephen, English­Literature­and­Society­in­the­Eighteenth­

Centuryt­London 1904, pp. 14, 22.4. W. J. Courthope, A­History­of­English­Poetry,­London 1895, Vol.

1, p. xv.5. Edmund Gosse, A­Short­History­ of­Modern­English­Literature­

(London 1897), Preface.6. ix. werili F. C. Roe, 19 March 1924, quoted by Evan Char-

teris, The­Life­and­Letters­of­Sir­Edmund­Gosse,­London 1931, p. 477.7. ix. citata Oliver Elton’s lecture on Saintsbury, Proceedings­

of­the­British­Academy,­xix (1933), and Dorothy Richardson, ‘Saints-bury and Art for Art’s Sake’, PMLA,­lix (1944), pp. 243-60.

8. Oliver Elton, A­Survey­of­English­Literature,­1780-1830, London

450

SeniSvna

1912, Vol. 1, p. vii.9. L. Cazamian, L’Évolution­psychologique­de­la­­littérature­en­Angl-

eterre,­Paris 3” 1920, and the second half of É. Legouis and L. Caza-mian, Histoire­de­la­littérature­anglaise,­Paris 1924.

10. W. P. Ker, ‘Thomas Warton’ (1910), Essays,­London 1922, Vol. i, p. 100.

11. T. S. Eliot, ‘Tradition and the Individual Talent’, The­Sacred­Wood,­Lon don 1920, p. 42.

12. R. S. Crane, ‘History Versus Criticism in the University Study of Litera ture’, The­English­Journal,­College Edition, xxiv (1935), pp. 645-67.

13. F. J. Teggart, Theory­of­History,­New Haven 1925.14. ix. bibliografia, nawili IV.15. ix. bibliografia, nawili IV.16. R. D. Havens, Milton’s­Influence­on­English­Poetry,­Cambridge,

Mass. 1922.17. ix. es diskusiebi: R. N. E. Dodge, ‘A Sermon on Source-

hunting’, Modern­Philology,­ ix (1911-12), pp. 211-23; Louis Cazami-an, ‘Goethe en Angleterre. Quelques réflexions sur les problèmes d’influence’, Revue­ Germanique,­ xn (1921), 371-8; Hardin Craig, ‘Shakespeare and Wilson’s Arte­ of­ Rhetorique:­An Inquiry into the Criteria for Determining Sources’, Studies­ in­Philology,­xxviii (1931), pp. 86-98; George C. Taylor, ‘Mon taigne-Shakespeare and the Dead-ly Parallel’, Philological­Quarterly,­ xxn (1943), pp. 330-37 (giving a curious list of the seventy-five types of evi dence actually used in such studies); David Lee Clark,’ What was Shelley’s Indebtedness to Keats?’ PMLA,­lvi (1941), pp. 479-97 (an interesting refutation of parallels drawn by J. L. Lowes); Ihab H. Hassan, ‘The Problem of In-fluence in Literary History’, Journal­of­Aesthetics­and­Art­Criticism,­xiv (1955), 66-76; Haskell M. Block, ‘The Concept of Influence in Com-parative Literature’, Yearbook­of­Comparative­and­General­Literature,­vii (1958), 30-36; Claudio Guillén, ‘The Aesthetics of Influence Studies in Comparative Literature’ in Comparative­Literature:­Proceedings­ of­the­Second­Congress­of­the­International­Comparative­Literature­Associa-tion,­ed. W. P. Fricdcrich, Chapel Hill, N. C, 1959, Vol. 1, pp. 175-92.

18. ix. H. O. White, Plagiarism­and­ Imitation­during­ the­English­

451

SeniSvna

Renaissance,­Cambridge, Mass. 1935; Elizabeth M. Mann, ‘The Prob-lem of Originality in English Literary Criticism, 1750-1800’, Philologi-cal­Quarterly,­xvni (1939), pp. 97-118; Harold S. Wilson, ‘Imitation’, Dictionary­of­World­Literature­(cd. J. T. Shipley), New York 1943, pp. 315-17.

19. Sidney Lee, Elizabethan­Sonnets,­two vols., London 1904.20. Wolfgang Clemen, Shakespeares­Bilder,­ ihre­Entwicklung­und­

ihre­Funktionen­ im­dramatischen­Werk,­Bonn 1936 (English tr. Cam-bridge, Mass. 1951).

21.­George Saintsbury, A­History­of­English­Prosody,­three vols., 1906-10; A­History­of­English­Prose­Rhythm,­Edinburgh 1912.

22. Benedetto Croce, ‘Storia di temi e storia letteraria’, Problemi­di­Estetica,­Bari 1910, pp. 80-93.

23. e.g. André Jolles, Einfache­ Formen,­Halle 1930; A. N. Ves-elovsky, Istoricheskaya­ Poetika­ (cd. V. M. Zhirmunsky), Leningrad 1940 (a selection from writings dating back, in part, to the 1870s); J. Jarcho, ‘Organische Struktur des russischen Schnaderhüpfels (caS-tuska)’, Germano-Slavica,­iii (1937), pp. 31-64 (an elaborate attempt to state the correlation between style and theme by statistical methods, drawing the evidence from a popular genre).

24. W. W. Greg, Pastoral­Poetry­and­Pastoral­Drama,­London 1906.25. C. S. Lewis, The­Allegory­of­Love,­Oxford 1936.26. Karl Viëtor, Geschichte­ der­ deutschen­ Ode,­ Munich 1923;

Günther Müller, Geschichte­des­deutschen­Liedes,­Munich 1925.27. ix. bibliografia. Tavi 17.28. Arthur Symons, The­ Romantic­Movement­ in­ English­ Poetry,­

London 1909.29. ix. J. Isaacs in The­Times­Literary­Supplement,­9 May 1935, p.

301.30. rogorc Cans, pirveli iyo Thomas Shaw in Outlines­ of­

English­Literature,­London 1849.31. ix. bibiliografia nawili III. 4.32. ix. bibliografia nawili I.33. Wilhelm Pinder, Das­Problem­der­Generation,­Berlin 1926; Ju-

lius Petersen, ‘Die literarischen Generationen’, Philosophie­der­Liter-aturwissenschaft­(ed. Emil Ermatinger), Berlin 1930, pp. 130-87; Edu-

452

SeniSvna

ard Wechssler, Die­Generation­ als­ Jugendreihe­ und­ ihr­Kampf­ um­die­Denkform,­Leipzig 1930; Detlev W. Schumann,’ The Problem of Cul-tural Age-Groups in German Thought: a Critical Review’, PMLA,­li (1936), pp. 1180-1207, and ‘The Problem of Age-Groups: A Statistical Approach’, PMLA,­lii (1937), pp. 596-608; H. Peyre, Les­Générations­littéraires,­Paris 1948.

34. ix. bibiliografia nawili II.35. Jan Máchal, Slovanské­­literatury,­three vols., Prague 1922-9,

and Leonardo Olschki, Die­ romanischen­ Literaturen­ des­Mittelalters,­Wildpark-Potsdam 1928 (in Handbuch­ der­ Literaturwissenschaft,­ ed. Oskar Walzel).

36. H. M. and N. K. Chadwick, The­Growth­of­Literature,­ three vols., London 1932, 1936.1940.

453

bibliografia

454

455

bibliografia

pirveli Tavi

Lliteratura da literaturaTmcodneoba

I. zogadi msjeloba literaturis Teoriisa da lite­raturaTmcodneobis meTodebis Sesaxeb

BaLdensperger, Fernand, La­ Littérature:­ création,­ succès,­ durée,­Paris 1913; new ed., Paris 1919

BiLLeskov, J an sen, F. J., Esthétique­de­I’auvre­d’art­littéraire,­Co-penhagen 1948

croce, Benedetto, La­ critica­ litteraria:­ questioni­ teoriche, Rome 1894; re printed in Primi­saggi (2nd ed., Bari 1927, pp. 77-199)

daiches, david, A­Study­of­Literature, Ithaca 1948dragomirescou, micheL, La­ Science­ de­ la­ littérature, four vols.,

Paris 1928-9eckhoFF, Lorentz, Den­Nye­Litteraturforskning.­Syntetisk­Metode,

Oslo 1930eLster, ernst, Prinzipien­ der­ Literaturwissenschaft, two vols.,

Halle 1897 and 1911ermatinger, emiL (ed.), Die­Philosophie­der­Literaturwissenschaft,­

Berlin 1930Foerster, norman; mcgaLLiard, John С.; WeLLek, renÉ ; War-

ren, austin; schramm, WiLBur Lang, Literary­Scholarship:­Its­Aims­and­Methods, Chapel Hill 1941

guÉrard, aLBert L., A­Preface­to­World­Literature, New York 1940 hytier, Jean, Les­Arts­de­littérature, Paris 1945kayser, WoLFgang, Das­ sprachliche­Kunstwerk.­ Eine­ Einfiihrung­

in­ die­ Literaturwissenschaft, Bern 1948 (Portuguese and Spanish translations)

kridL, manFred, Wstep­ do­ badan­ nad­ dzielem­ literackiem, Wilno

456

bibliografia

1936 ‘The Integral Method of Literary Scholarship’, Comparative­Lite-

rature 111 (1951), pp. 18-31marckWardt, a.; peckham, m.; WeLLek, R.; thorpe, J., ‘The Aims,

Methods, and Materials of Research in the Modern Languages and Literatures’, PMLA Lxvii (1952), No. 6, pp. 1-37

michaud, guy, Introduction­à­une­science­de­la­littérature, Istanbul 1930

momigLiano, attiLio (ed.), Problemi­ed­orientamenti­critici­di­lin-gua­e­di­litteratura­italiana and Tecnica­e­teoria­letteraria, Milano 1948

mouLton, r. G., The­Modern­Study­of­Literature,­Chicago 1915oppeL, horst, Die­Literaturwissenschaft­in­der­Gegenwart:­Metho-

dologie­und­Wissenschaftslehre, Stuttgart 1939 ‘Methodenlehre der Literaturwissenschaft’, Deutsche­Philologie­

im­Aufrisss (ed. Wolfgang Stammler), Berlin 1951, Vol. 1, pp. 39-78petersen, JuLius, Die­Wissenschaft­von­der­Dichtung:­System­und­

Methodenlehre­ der­ Literaturwissenschaft - i, Werk­ und­Dichter, Berlin 1939

reyes, aLFonso, El­ Deslinde:­ Prolegómenos­ a­ la­ teoria­ literaria, Mexico City 1944

shipLey, Joseph t. (ed.), Dictionary­of­World­Literature:­Criticism­-­Forms­-Technique,­New York 1943; 2nd ed., 1954

tomashevsky, Boris, Teoriya­ literatury:­Poetika, Leningrad 1925; 2nd ed., 1931

torre, guiLLermo de, Problemàtica­de­la­literatura, Buenos Aires 1951

WaLzeL, oskar, Gehalt­ und­ Gestalt­ im­ dichterischen­ Kunstwerk,­Berlin 1923

Wosnessensky, A. N., ‘Der Aufbau der Literaturwissenschaft’, Idealistische­Philologie, 111 (1928), pp. 337-68

II. literaturaTmcodneobis istoriis sakiTxebi

gayLey, charLes miLLs, ‘The Development of Literary Studies During the Nineteenth Century’, Congress­of­Arts­and­Science:­Univer-sal­Exposi­tion:­St­Louis,­1904, Vol. iii, Boston 1906, pp. 323-53

getto, giovanni, Storia­delle­ storie­ letterarie [in Italy only], Mi-

457

bibliografia

lano 1942 kLemperer, viktor, ‘Die Entwicklung der Neuphilologie’, Roma-

nische­Sonderart, Munich 1926, pp. 388-99 Lempicki, sigmund von, Geschichte­der­deutschen­Literaturwissen-

schaft, Gottingen 1920mann, maurycy, ‘Rozwój syntezy literackiej od jej poczatków

do Gervinusa’, Rozprawy­Akademii­Umiejetnosci, Serja 111, Tom 111, Cracow 1911, pp. 230-360 (a history of literary historiography from antiquity to Gervinus)

o’Leary, gerard, English­Literary­History­and­Bibliography,­Lon-don 1928

rothacker, erich, Einleitung­ in­ die­Geisteswissenschaften,­Tü b i-n gen 1920 (2nd ed., 1930, contains sketch of the history of German literary history in the nineteenth century)

unger, rudoLF, ‘Vom Werden und Wesen der neueren deut-schen Literaturwissenschaft’, Aufsätze­ zur­ Prinzipienlehre­ der­Literaturge­schichte, Berlin 1929, Vol. 1, pp. 33-48

WeLLek, renÉ, The­Rise­ of­English­Literary­History, Chapel Hill 1941; a history of English literary historiography up to Warton (1774)

­A­History­of­Modern­Criticism 1750-1950, four vols., Vol. 1, The­Later­Eighteenth­Century; Vol. II, The­Romantic­Age, New Haven 1955 (contains much on growth of literary history)

III. literaturis Seswavlis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba1. zogadi

Lunding, erik, Strömungen­ und­ Strebungen­ der­ modernen­Literaturwissen­schaft,­Aarhus, Denmark, 1952

richter, Werner, ‘Strömungen und Stimmungen in den Litera-turwissenschaften von heute’, Germanic­ Review, xxi (1946), pp. 81-113

van tieghem, phiLLipe, Tendances­ nouvelles­ en­ histoire­ littéraire­(Études françaises, No. 22), Paris 1930

WehrLi, max, Allgemeine­Literaturwissenschaft, Bern 1951 WeLLek, renÉ, ‘The Revolt against Positivism in Recent Euro-

pean Literary Scholarship’, Twentieth-Century­English (ed. William

458

bibliografia

S. Knicker bocker), New York 1946, pp. 67-89

2. ramdenime inglisuri Sexeduleba

hoLLoWay, John, The­Charted­Mirror. Literary­and­Critical­Essays, London 1960

knights, L. c., ‘The University Teaching of English and History: a Plea for Correlation’, Explorations, London 1946, pp. 186-99

Leavis, F. r., Education­and­the­University, London 1944 ‘The Literary Discipline and Liberal Education’, Sewanee­Re-

view, lv (1947), PP. 586-609 Lee, sir sidney, ‘The Place of English Literature in the Modern

Univer sity’, Elizabethan­and­Other­Essays, Oxford 1929 (this particu-lar essay dates from 1911), pp. 1-19

mckerroW, ronaLd В., A­Note­on­the­Teaching­of­English­Language­and­Literature­(English Association Pamphlet No. 49), London 1921

potter, stephen, The­Muse­in­Chains:­A­Study­in­Education, Lon-don 1937

sutherLand, James, English­in­the­Universities, Cambridge 1945 tiLLyard, E. M. W., The­Muse­Unchained:­An­Intimate­Account­of­

the­Revolu­tion­in­English­Studies­at­Cambridge, London 1958

3. germanel mecnierTa Sexeduleba

Benda, oskar, Der­gegenwärtige­Stand­der­deutschen­Literaturwis-senschaft, Vienna 1928

BruFord, W. h., Literary­ Interpretation­ in­Germany, Cambridge 1952

mahrhoLz, Werner, Literaturgeschichte­und­Literaturwissenschaft, Berlin 1923 (2nd ed., 1932)

merker, pauL, Neue­ Aufgaben­ der­ deutschen­ Literaturgeschichte, Leipzig 1921

oppeL, horst, Die­Literaturwissenschaft­ in­ der­Gegenwart, Stutt-gart 1939

rossner, h., Georgekreis­und­Literaturwissenschaft, Frankfurt 1938 schÜtze, martin, Academic­Illusions­in­the­Field­of­Letters­and­the­

Arts, Chicago 1933 (new ed. Hamden, Conn., 1962)

459

bibliografia

schuLtz, Franz, Das schicksal Der Deutschen literaturgeschich-te, FrankFurt a. m. 1929

viËtor, karL, ‘Deutsche Literaturgeschichte als Geistesges-chichte: ein Rückblick’, PMLA, Lx (1945), pp. 899-916

4. informacia rusuli formalizmis Sesaxeb

erLich, victor, Russian­Formalism: History­-­Doctrine (with pre-face by René Wellek), The Hague 1955

gourFinkeL, nina, ‘Les nouvelles méthodes d’histoire littéraire en Russie’, Le­Monde­Slave, vi (1929), pp. 234-63

kridL, manFred, ‘Russian Formalism’, The­ American­ Bookman, i (1944), pp. 19-30

Neumann, F. W.,’ Die formale Schule der russischen Literatur-wissenschaft’, Deutsche­Vierteljahrschrift­für­‘Literaturwissenschaft­und­Geistesgeschichte, xxix (1955), pp. 99-121

setschkareFF, vsevoLod, ‘Zwei Tendenzen in der neuen rus-sischen Literaturtheorie’, Jahrhuch­für­Ästhetik, III (1955-7), PP- 94-107

tomashevsky, Boris, ‘La nouvelle école d’histoire littéraire en Russie’, Revue­des­études­slaves, viii (1928), pp. 226-40

vantieghem, phiLLipe, and gourFinkeL, nina, ‘Quelques pro-duits du formalisme russe’, Revue­de­littérature­comparée, xii (1932), pp. 425-34

vosnesensky, A., ‘Die Methodologie der russischen Literatur-forschung in den Jahren 1910-25’, Zeitschrift­für­slavische­Philologie, iv (1927), pp. 145-62, and v (1928), pp. 175-99

‘Problems of Method in the Study of Literature in Russia’, Sla-vonic­Review, vI (i927), PP- 168-77

zhirmunsky, viktor, ‘Formprobleme in der russischen Literaturwis senschaft’, Zeitschrift­ für­ slavische­ Philologie, 1 (1925), pp. 117-52

IV. amerikuli Sexeduleba literaturaTmcodneobisa da kritikis Sesaxeb

BaBBitt, irving, Literature­and­the­American­College, Boston 1908 crane, ronaLd S., The­Languages­of­Criticism­and­the­Structure of­

460

bibliografia

Poetry, Toronto 1953Foerster, norman, The­American­Scholar:­A­Study­in­Litterae­In-

humaniores, Chapel Hill 1929 ‘The Study of Letters’, Literary­Scholarship:­Its­Aims­and­Methods,

Chapel Hill 1941, pp. 3-32Foster, richard, The­ New­ Romantics:­ A­ Reappraisal­ of­ the­ New­

Criticism, Bloomington, Indiana 1962 gauss, christian, ‘More Humane Letters’, PMLA, lx (1945),

pp. 1306-12hyman, stanLey edgar, The­Armed­Vision:­A­Study­in­the­Methods­

of­Modern­Literary­Criticism, New York 1948 (new ed. 1955) Jones, hoWard mumFord, ‘Literary Scholarship and Contem-

porary Criticism’, English­ Journal (College edition), xxiii (1934), pp. 740-66

krieger, murray, The­ New­ Apologists­ for­ Poetry, Minneapolis 1957

La driÈre, James craig, Directions­in­Contemporary­Criticism­and­Literary­Scholarship, Milwaukee, Wis. 1953

Leary, LeWis (ed.), Contemporary­Literary­Scholarship:­A­Critical­Review, New York 1958

Levin, harry, ‘Criticism in Crisis’, Contexts­ of­ Criticism,­Cam-bridge, Mass. 1957, pp. 251-66

miLLet t, Fred В., The­Rebirth­of­Liberal­Education, New York 1946 o’connor, WiLLiam van, An­Age­of­Criticism, 1900-19)0, Chicago

1952 peyre, henri, Writers­and­Their­Critics, Ithaca 1944 schÜtze, martin, ‘Towards a Modern Humanism’, PMLA, Li

(1936), pp. 284-99sherman, stuart P., ‘Professor Kittredge and the Teaching of

English’, Nation, xcvii (1913), pp. 227-30 (reprinted in Shaping­Men­and­Women, Garden City, N.Y. 1928, pp. 65-86)

shorey, pauL, ‘American Scholarship’, Nation, xcii (1911), pp. 466-9 (reprinted in Fifty­Years­of­American­Idealism, Boston 1915, pp. 401-13)

spitzer, Leo, ‘A New Program for the Teaching of Literary His-tory’, American­Journal­of­Philology, Lxiii (1942), pp. 308-19 ‘

461

bibliografia

Deutsche Literaturforschung in Amerika’, Monatshefte für deutschen Unterricht, xxxviii (1946), pp. 475-80

staLLman, roBert W., ‘The New Critics’, in Critiques­and­Essays­in­Criticism 1920-1948, New York 1949, pp. 488-506

tate, aLLen, ‘Miss Emily and the Bibliographer’, Reason­in­Mad-ness, New York 1941, pp. 100-16

WeLLek, renÉ, ‘Literary Scholarships’, in American­ Scholarship­in­the­Twentieth­Century (ed. M. Curti), Cambridge, Mass. 1953, pp. m-45

‘The Main Trends of Twentieth-Century Criticism’, Yale­Review, Li (1961), pp.102-18

Wimsatt, W. k., ‘Chariots of Wrath: Recent Critical Lessons’, Es-says­in­Criticism, xn (1962), pp. 1-17

Wimsatt, WiLLiam k., Jun. and Brooks, cLeanth, Literary­Criti-cism:­A­Short­History, New York 1957

zaBeL, morton D., ‘Introduction: Criticism in America’, in Lite-rary­Opinion­in­America (revised ed.), New York 1951, pp. 1-43 ‘Sum-mary in Criticism’, in Literary­History­of­the­United­States (ed. R. Spill-er, et al.), New York 1948, Vol. 11, pp. 1358-73

meore Tavi

literaturis buneba

zogierTi Sexeduleba literaturis bunebisa da poe­ziis Sesaxeb

BeardsLey, monroe c., Aesthetics:­ Problems­ in­ the­ Philosophy­ of­Criticism, New York 1958

BLanchot, maurice, L’Espace­littéraire, Paris 1955Brooks, cLeanth, Jun., Modern­Poetry­and­the­Tradition, Chapel

Hill 1939­The­Well­Wrought­Urn, New York 1947BÜhLer, karL, Sprachtheorie, Jena 1934 christiansen, Broder, Philosophie­der­Kunst, Hanau 1909 croce, Benedetto, Estetica­come­scienza­dell’espressione­e­ linguis-

462

bibliografia

tica­generale, Bari 1902 (English tr. by Douglas Ainslie, London 1929) La­Poesia, Bari 1936‘La teoria dell’arte come pura visibilità’, Nuovi­Saggi­de­Este-

tica, Bari 1920, pp.239-54dessoir, max, Aesthetik­ und­ allgemeine­Kunstwissenschaft, Stutt-

gart 1906 eastman, max, The­Literary­Mind, New York 1931 eLiot, T. S., The­Use­of­Poetry­and­the­Use­of­Criticism, Cambridge,

Mass. 1933 Frye, northrop, Anatomy­ of­ Criticism:­ Four­ Essays, Princeton

1957 greene, theodore meyer, The­Arts­and­the­Art­of­Criticism, Prin-

ceton 1940hamBurger, kÄthe, Die­Logik­der­Dichtung, Stuttgart 1957 ingarden, roman, Das­literarische­Kunstwerk, Halle 1931 James, D. G., Scepticism­and­Poetry, London 1937LÜtzeLer, heinrich, Einführung­in­die­Philosophie­der­Kunst, Bonn

1934 meyer, theodor A., Das­Stilgesetz­der­Poesie, Leipzig 1901 mukarovsky, Jan, ‘La dénomination esthétique et la fonction

esthétique de la langue’, Actes­du­quatrième­congrès­international­des­linguistes, Copen hagen 1938, pp.98-104

morris, charLes, ‘Aesthetics and the Theory of Signs’, Journal­of­Unified­Science, viii (1940), pp. 131-50

‘Foundations for the Theory of Signs’, International­Encyclopedia­of­Unified­Science, Vol. 1, No. 2 Signs,­Language­and­Behaviour, New York 1946

Оgden, С. k., and riснards, i. a., The­Meaning­ of­Meaning: A­Study­ of­ the­ Influence­ of­Language­upon­Thought­ and­ of­ the­Science­ of­Symbolism, London 1923; seventh ed., New York 1945

osBorne, haroLd, Aesthetics­and­Criticism, London 1955 poLLock, thomas c., The­Nature­of­Literature, Princeton 1942 pottLe, Frederick a., The­ Idiom­of­Poetry, Ithaca 1941; new en-

larged ed. 1946press, John, The­Fire­and­the­Fountain. An­Essay­on­Роеtry, London

1955

463

bibliografia

ransom, John croWe, The­New­Criticism, Norfolk, Conn. 1941­The­World’s­Body, New York 1938 richards, ivor armstrong, Principles­ of­Literary­Criticism, Lon-

don 1924sartre, J.-p., ‘Qu’est-ce que la littérature?’ in Situations 11, Paris

1948 (English tr. by B. Frechtman, New York 1949) seWeLL, eLizaBeth, The­ Structure­ of­ Poetry, New

York 1952skeLton, roBin, The­Poetic­Pattern, London 1956 smith, chard poWers, Pattern­and­Variation­in­Poetry, New York

1932 stauFFer, donaLd, The­Nature­of­Poetry, New York 1946 tate, aLLen (ed.), The­Language­of­Poetry, Princeton 1942 (essays

by phiLip WheeLWright, i. a. richards, cLeanth Brooks and WaLLace stevens)

­Reason­in­Madness: Critical­Essays, New York 1941 Warren, roBert penn, ‘Pure and Impure Poetry’ in Critiques­and­

Essays­in­Criticism (ed. R. W. Stallman), New York 1949, pp. 85-104 Wimsatt, WiLLiam k., Jun., The­Verbal­Icon:­Studies­in­the­Meaning­

of­Poetry, Lexington, Ky 1954

mesame Tavi

literaturis funqcia

zogierTi Sexeduleba literaturis rogorc codnis Sesaxeb

aiken, henry david, ‘Some Notes Concerning the Aesthetic and the Cognitive’, Journal­of­Aesthetics­and­Art­Criticism, xiii (1955), pp. 378- 94 (reprinted in Aesthetics­ Today, ed. Morris Philipson, Cleveland 1961, pp. 254-74)

eastman, max, The­Literary­Mind:­Its­Place­in­an­Age­of­Science, New York 1935

harap, Louis, ‘What Is Poetic Truth?’ Journal­of­Philosophy, xxx (1933), pp. 477-88

hospers, John, Meaning­and­Truth­in­the­Arts, Chapel Hill 1946meyer, theodor A., ‘Erkenntnis und Poesie’, Zeitschrift­für Äs-

464

bibliografia

thetik, xiv (1920), pp. 113-29morris, charLes W., ‘Science, Art, and Technology’, Kenyon­Re-

view, I (1939), pp. 409-23

ransom, John croWe, ‘The Pragmatics of Art’, Kenyon­Review, II (1940), pp.76-87

roeLLinger, F. X., Jun., ‘Two Theories of Poetry as Knowledge’, Southern­Review, II (1942), pp. 690-705

tate, aLLen, ‘Literature as Knowledge’, Reason in Madness, New York 1941, pp. 20-61

vivas, eLiseo, ‘Literature and Knowledge’, Creation­ and­Disco-very:­Essays­in­Criticism­and­Aesthetics, New York 1955, pp. 101-28

WaLsh, dorothy, ‘The Cognitive Content of Art’, Philosophical­Review, LII (1943), pp. 433-51

WheeLWright, phiLip, ‘On the Semantics of Poetry’, Kenyon­Re-view, ii (1940), pp. 263-83

meoTxe Tavi

literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria

msjeloba literaturaTmcodneobisa da kritikis urTi erTobis Sesaxeb

Brooks, cLeanth, ‘Literary Criticism’, English­ Institute­ Essays 1946, New York 1947, pp. 127-58

‘The New Criticism and Scholarship’, Twentieth-Century­Eng-lish (ed. Wil liam S. Knickerbocker), New York (1946), pp. 371-83

crane, ronaLd S., ‘History versus Criticism in the University Study of Literature’, English­ Journal (College Edition), xxiv (1935), pp. 645-67

FeuiLLerat, aLBert, ‘Scholarship and Literary Criticism’, Yale­Review, xiv (1924), pp. 309-24

Foerster, norman, ‘Literary Scholarship and Criticism’, English­Journal (College edition), xxv (1936), pp. 224-32

gardner, heLen, On­the­Limits­of­Literary­Criticism, Oxford 1957 Jones, hoWard mumFord, ‘Literary Scholarship and Contem-

porary Criticism’, English­ Journal (College edition), xxiii (1934),

465

bibliografia

pp. 740-66 peyre, henri, Writers­and­their­Critics, Ithaca 1944 spiegeLBerg, herBert, Antirelativismus, Zurich 1935 teeter, Louis, ‘Scholarship and the Art of Criticism’, ELH, v

(1958), pp.173-94Warren, austin, ‘The Scholar and the Critic: An Essay in Me-

diation’, University­of­Toronto­Quarterly, vi (1937), pp. 267-77 WeLLek, renÉ, ‘Literary Theory, Criticism, and History’, Se-

wanee­Review, Lxviii (i960), pp. 1-19 (also in English­Studies­Today:­Sec-ond­Series, ed. G. A. Bonnard, Bern 1961, pp. 53-65)

Wimsatt, WiLLiam K., Jun., ‘History and Criticism: A Proble-matic Re lationship’, The­Verbal­Icon, Lexington, Ky 1954, pp. 253-66

mexuTe Tavi

zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literatura

BaLdensperger, Fernand, ‘Littérature comparée: le mot et la chose’, Revue­de­littérature­comparée, 1 (1921), pp. 1-29

BeiL, E., Zur­Entwicklung­ des­ Begriffs­ der­Weltliteratur, Leipzig 1915 (in Probefahrten, xxviii)

Betz, L.-P., ‘Kritische Betrachtungen über Wesen, Aufgabe und Bedeutung der vergleichenden Literaturgeschichte’, Zeitschrift­ für­französische­Sprache­und­Literatur, xviii (1896), pp. 141-56

­La­ littérature­comparée:­Essai­bibliographique, second ed., Stras-bourg 1904

BrunetiÈre, Ferdinand, ‘La littérature européenne’, Revue­ des­deux­mondes, clxi (1900), pp. 326-55 (reprinted in Variétés­littéraires,­Paris 1904, pp. 1-51)

campBeLL, oscar J., ‘What Is Comparative Literature?’ Essays­in­Memory­of­Barrett­Wendell, Cambridge, Mass., 1926, pp. 21-40

croce, Benedetto, ‘La letteratura comparata’, Problemi­ di­ este-tica, Bari 1910, pp.73-9

ÉtiemBLe, renÉ, ‘Littérature comparée, ou comparaison n’est pas raison’, Hygiène­des­lettres,­Paris 1958, Vol. III, pp. 154-73

FarineLLi, arturo, Il­sogno­di­una­letteratura­mondiale,­Rome 1923

466

bibliografia

Friederich, Werner P.,’ The Case of Comparative Literature’, American­ Association­ of­ University­ Professors­ Bulletin, xxxi (1945), pp. 208-19

guyard, M.-F., La­Littérature­comparée, Paris 1951 hankiss, Jean, ‘Littérature universelle?’ Helicon, 1 (1938),

pp. 156-71 hÖLLerer, WaLter, ‘Methoden und Probleme der ver-

gleichenden Literaturwissenschaft’, Germanisch-romanische­Monatss-chrift, II (1952), pp. 116-31

hoLmes, t. urBan, Jun., ‘Comparative Literature: Past and Fu-ture’, Studies­in­Language­and­Literature (ed. G. C. Coffman), Chapel Hill 1945, pp. 62-73

Jones, hoWard mumFord, The­ Theory­ of­ American­ Literature, Cambridge, Mass., 1949

merian-genast, E. W., ‘Voltaires Essai sur la poésie épique und die Entwicklung der Idee der Weltliteratur’, Romanische­Ferschun-gen, xL, Leipzig 1926

partridge, eric, ‘The Comparative Study of Literature’, A­Criti-cal­Medley, Paris 1926, pp. 159-226

peyre, henri, Shelley­et­la­France, La Caire 1935, Introduction and pp. 7-19

posnett, hutchison macauLay, Comparative­Literature,­London 1886 ‘The Science of Comparative Literature’, Contemporary­Review, Lxxix (1901), pp. 855-72

remak, henry h. h., ‘Comparative Literature at the Cross-roads’, Year­book­ of­ Comparative­ and­ General­ Literature, ix (i960), pp. 1-28

‘Comparative Literature: Its Definition and Function’, Com-parative­Litera­ture:­Method­and­Perspective (ed. Newton P. Stallknecht and Horst Frenz), Carbondale, 111. 1961, pp. 3-37

texte, Joseph, ‘L’histoire comparée des littératures’, Études­ de­littérature­ettropéenne, Paris 1898, pp. 1-23

van tieghem, pauL, La­littérature­comparée, Paris 1931 ‘La synthèse en histoire littéraire: Littérature соmраrée et lit-

térature générale', Revue­de­synthése­historique, xxxi (1921), pp. 1-21 Wais, kurt (ed.), Forschungsprobleme­der­vergleichenden Literatur-

467

bibliografia

geschichte, Tübingen 1951WeLLek, renÉ, ‘The Concept of Comparative Literature’, Year-

book­of­Comparative­Literature (ed. W. P. Friederich), Vol. II, Chapel Hill 1953, pp. 1-5

‘The Crisis of Comparative Literature’, Comparative­Literature:­Proceedings­of­the­Second­International­Congress­of­Comparative­Litera-ture (ed. W. P. Friederich), Chapel Hill, N.C., 1959, Vol. I, pp. 149-59

WiLL, J. S., ‘Comparative Literature: Its Meaning and Scope’, University­of­Toronto­Quarterly, viii (1939), pp. 165-79

meeqvse Tavi

faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTeba

I. teqstis kritika

BÉdier, Joseph, ‘La tradition manuscrite du Lai­de­I’ombre: réflex-ions sur l’art d’éditer les anciens textes’, Romania, Liv (1928), pp. 161-96, 3x1—56

Birt, theodor, ‘Kritik und Hermeneutik’, Iwan von Müller’s Handbuch­der­Altertumswissenschaft, Vol. 1, Part 3, Munich 1913

BoWers, Fredson, Textual­and­Literary­Criticism, New York 1959 chapman, R. W., ‘The Textual Criticism of English Classics’,

Portrait­of­a­Scholar, Oxford 1922, pp. 65-79 coLLomp, pauL, La­Critique­des­textes, Paris 1931 dearing, vinton A., A­Manual­of­Textual­Analysis, Los Angeles

1959 greg, WaLter WiLson, The­Calculus­of­Variants, Oxford 1927 ‘Principles of Emendation in Shakespeare’, Shakespeare­Criti-

cism, 1919-35 (ed. Anne Bradby), Oxford 1930, pp. 78-108 ‘Recent Theories of Textual Criticism’, Modern­Philology, xxviii

(1931), pp.401-4havet, Louis, Manuel­de­critique­verbale:­appliqué­aux­textes­latins,

Paris 1911 kantoroWicz, hermann, Einführung­ in­ die­ Textkritik:­ Systema-

tische­Darstellung­der­textkritischen­Grundsätze­für­Philologen­und­Ju-risten, Leipzig 1921

maas, pauL, ‘Textkritik’, in Gercke-Norden, Einleitung­in­die Al-

468

bibliografia

terturnswissenschaft, Vol. I, part 2, Leipzig 1927 pasquaLi, giorgio, Storia­ delIa­ tradizione­ e­ critica­ del­ testo, Flo-

rence 1934 (new ed. 1952)quentin, dom henri, Essais­ de­ critique­ textuelle (Ecdotique),

Paris 1926 severs, J. Burke, ‘Quentin’s Theory of Textual Criticism’, Eng-

lish­Insti­tute­Annual, 1941, New York 1942, pp. 65-93 shepard, WiLLiam, ‘Recent Theories of Textual Criticism’, Mo-

dern­Philology, xxviii (1930), pp. 129-41 WitkoWski, georg, Textkritik­und­Editionstechnik­neuerer­Schrift-

werke, Leipzig 1924

II. bibliografia

greg, WaLter WiLson, ‘Bibliography - an Apologia’, The­Library, xiii (19ЗЗ), PP- 113-43

‘The Function of Bibliography in Literary Criticism Illustrat-ed in a Study of the Text of King­ Lear’,­Neopbilologus, xviii (1933), pp. 241-62

‘The Present Position of Bibliography’, The­Library, xi (1930), pp. 241-62

‘What Is Bibliography?’ Transactions­of­the­Bibliographical­Soci-ety, xii (1912), PP- 39-53

hinman, charLes, The­Printing­and­Proof-reading­of­the­First­Folio­of­Shake­speare, Oxford 1962

MckerroW, ronaLd В., An­ Introduction­ to­Bibliography­ for­Lite-rary­Stu­dents, Oxford 1927

simpson, percy, ‘The Bibliographical Study of Shakespeare’, Ox-ford­Bibliographical­Society­Proceedings, 1 (1927), pp. 19-53

WiLson, F. P., ‘Shakespeare and the “New Bibliography”,’ The­Biblio­graphical­Society,­1892-1942;­Studies­in­Retrospect, London 1945, pp. 76- 45

WiLson, John dover, ‘Thirteen Volumes of Shakespeare: a Ret-rospect’, Modern­Language­Review, xxv (1930), pp. 397-414

III. redaqtireba

greg, W. W., The­Editorial­Problem­in­Shakespeare:­A­Survey­of­the

469

bibliografia

Founda­tions­of­the­Text, Oxford 1942 (revised 1952) Leach, macedWard, ‘Some Problems in Editing Middle-Eng-

lish Manu scripts’, English­ Institute­ Annual, 1939, New York 1940, pp. 130-51

MckerroW, ronaLd В., Prolegomena­for­the­Oxford­Shakespeare:­A­Study­in­Editorial­Method, Oxford 1939

StÄhLin, otto, Editionstechnik, Leipzig-Berlin 1914 Strich, Fritz, ‘Über die Herausgabe gesammelter Werke’, Fest-

schrift­Edouard­Tièche, Bern 1947, pp. 103-24. Reprinted in Kunst­und­Leben, Bern i960, pp. 24-41

WitkoWski, georg, loc. cit. under ‘Textual Criticism’

meSvide Tavi

literatura da biografia

I. ramdenime Teoriuli Sexeduleba

Bush, dougLas, ‘John Milton’, English­Institute­Essays, 1946, New York 1947 (a part of the symposium ‘The Critical Significance of Bio-graphical Evidence’, pp. 5-11)

cherniss, haroLd, ‘The Biographical Fashion in Literary Criti-cism’, University­ of­ California­ Publications­ in­ Classical­ Philology, xii (1933-44), pp. 279-92

diLthey, WiLheLm, Das­Erlebnis­und­die­Dichtung, Leipzig 1907 Fernandez, ramon, ‘L’Autobiographie et le roman: l’exemple

de Stendhal’, Messages, Paris 1926, pp. 78-109 (English tr. London 1927, pp.91-136)

FiedLer, LesLie A., ‘Archetype and Signature: A Study of the Relation ship between Biography and Poetry’, Sewanее­Review, xL (1952), pp. 253- 73

gundoLF, Friedrich, Goethe, Berlin 1916, Introduction Lee, sir sidney, Principles­of­Biography, Cambridge 1911 LeWis, C. s., and tiLLyard, e. n. W., The­Personal­Heresy­in­Criti-

cism, Oxford 1934maurois, AndrÉ, Aspects­ de­ la­ biographie, Paris 1928 (English

translation, Aspects­of­Biography, Cambridge 1929) ‘The Ethics of Biography’, English­Institute­Annual, 1942, New

470

bibliografia

York 1943, pp. 6-28oppeL, horst, ‘Grundfragcn der literaturhistorischen Biogra-

phie’, Deutsche­Vierteljahrschrift­für­Literaturwissenschaft­und­Geistes-geschichte, xviii (1940), pp. 139-72

romein, Jan, Die­Biographie, Bern 1948sengLe, Friedrich, ‘Zum Problem der modernen Dichterbiogra-

phie’, Deutsche­Vierteljahrschrift­für­Literaturwissenschaft­und­Geistes-geschichte, xxvi (1952), pp. 100-111

sisson, C. J., The­Mythical­ Sorrows­ of­ Shakespeare, British Aca-demy Lecture, 1934, London 1934

stanFieLd, James FieLd, An­Essay­on­the­Study­and­Composition­of­Biog­raphy, London 1813

White, neWman i., ‘The Development, Use, and Abuse of In-terpretation in Biography’, English­Institute­Annual, 1942, New York 1943, pp. 29-58

merve Tavi

literatura da fsiqologiaI. zogadi, warmosaxviTi, SemoqmedebiTi procesi

arniieim, rudoLF, et­al., Poets­at­Work, New York 1948 Аuden, W. H., ‘Psychology and Art’, The­Arts­Today (ed. Geof-

frey Grigson), London 1935, pp. 1—21 BÉguin, aLBert, L’Ame­romantique­et­le­réve:­essai­sur­le­romantisme­

allemand­et­la­poésie­française, two vols., Marseille 1937; new ed., one vol., Paris 1946

BerkeLman, roBert g., ‘hoW to Put Words on Paper’, Saturday­Review­of­Literature, xxviii (29 Dec. 1945), pp. 18-19 (on writers’ met-hods of work)

BÜhLer, charLotte, ‘Erfindung und Entdeckung: Zwei Grund-begriffe der Literaturpsychologie’, Zeitschrift­für­Ästhetik, xv (1921), pp. 43-87

BuLLough, edWard, Aesthetics.­Lectures­and­Essays (ed. Elizabeth M. Wilkinson), London 1957

Busemann, A., ‘Über lyrische Produktivität und Lebensablauf’, Zeitschrijt­für­angewandte­Psychologie, xxvi (1926), pp. 177-201

471

bibliografia

chandLer, aLBert r., Beauty­and­Human­Nature:­Elements­of­Psy-chological­Aesthetics, New York 1934

deLacroix, henri, Psychologie­de­I’art, Paris 1927 de vries, Louis peter, The­Nature­of­Poetic­Literature, Seattle 1930 diLthey, W., ‘Die Einbildungskraft des Dichters', Gesammelte­

Schriften, Vol. vi, Leipzig 1924, pp. 103-241doWney, June, Creative­Imagination, London 1929Frey, dagoBert, ‘Das Kunstwerk als Willensproblem’, Zeitschrift­

für­Ästhetik, xxv (Beilage) (1931), pp. 231-44 ghiseLin, BreWster (ed.), The­Creative­Process:­A­Symposium, Ber-

keley, Calif. 1952; new ed. New York 1955 Hargreaves, H. L., ‘The “Faculty” of Imagination’, British­Jour-

nal­of­Psychology, Monograph Supplement, in, 1927 HiLL, J. C., ‘Poetry and the Unconscious’, British­Journal­of­Medi-

cal­Psy­chology, iv (1924), PP- 125-33 koFFka, k., ‘Problems in the Psychology of Art’, Art,­A­Sympo-

sium,­Bryn­Mawr­Notes­and­Monographs, ix (1940), PP-180-273 kretschmer, E., Physique­ and­ Character (tr. Sprott), New York

1925 kroh, E., ‘Eidetiker unter deutschen Dichtern’, Zeitschrift­ für­

Psychologie, Lxxv (1920), pp. 118-62 Lee, vernon, ‘Studies in Literary Psychology’, Contemporary­Re-

view, Lxxxiv (1903), pp. 713-23 and 856-64; Lxxxv (1904), pp. 386-92 LoWes, J. L., The­Road­to­Xanadu:­A­Study­in­the­Ways­of­the­Imagi-

nation, Boston 1927Lucas, F. L., Literature­and­Psychology, London 1951maLraux, andrÉ, Psychologie­de­I’art, three vols., Geneva 1947-

50 (new version, Les­Voix­du­silence, Paris 1951; English tr. by Stuart Gilbert, Garden City, N. Y. 1953)

maritain, Jacques, Creative­Intuition­in­Art­and­Poetry, New York 1953; new ed., 1955

marrett, R. R., Psychology­and­Folk-lore, London 1920Moog, WiLLy, ‘Probleme einer Psychologie der Literatur’,

Zeitschrift­ für­ Psychologie und­ Physiologie­ der­ Sinnesorgane, cxxiv (1932), pp. 129-46

morgan, dougLas N., ‘Psychology and Art Today: A Summary

472

bibliografia

and Critique’, Journal­of­Aesthetics, x (1950), 81-96 (reprinted in The­Problems­of­Aesthetics, eds. E. Vivas and M. Krieger, New York 1953, pp. 30-47)

mÜLLer-FreienFeLs, R., Psychologie­ der­Kunst, two vols., second ed., Leipzig 1923

‘Die Aufgaben einer Literaturpsychologie’, Das­ literarische­Echo, xvi (1913-14), pp. 805-11

Munro, Tномas, 'Methods in the Psychology of Art', Journal­of­Aesthetics, vi (1948), pp. 225-35

nixon, H. K., Psychology­for­the­Writer, New York 1928perky, С. W., ‘An Experimental Study of Imagination’, American­

Journal­of­Psychology, xxi (1910), pp. 422-52 PLAUT, PAUL, Psychologie­der­produktiven­Persönlichkeit, Stuttgart

1929 PONGS, HERMANN, ‘L’image poétique et i’inconscient’, Journal­de­

Psycholo­gie, xxx (1933), pp. 120-63 REICKE, ILSE, ‘Das Dichten in psychologischer Betrachtung’,

Zeitschrift­für­Ästhetik, x (1915), pp. 290-345 riBot, th., L’Imagination­créatrice, Paris 1900 Rusu, Liviu, Essai­sur­la­création­artistique, Paris 1935 sartre, Jean-p., L’Imagination, Paris 1936sterzinger, othmar h., Grundlinien­der­Kunstpsychologie, Vols.

1 and 11, Graz 1938tsanoFF, radosLav a., ‘On the Psychology of Poetic Construc-

tion’, American­Journal­of­Psychology, xxv (1914), pp. 528-37

II. kvlevebi fsiqiatriasa da fsiqoanalizSi

BasLer, roy p., Sex,­Symbolism,­and­Psychology­in­Literature, New Brunswick, N. J., 1948

Baudouin, charLes, Psychoanalysis­and­Aesthetics (tr. of Le­Sym-bole­chez­Verbaeren), New York 1924

BergLer, edmund, The­Writer­and­Psychoanalysis, New York 1950 Boeschenstein, hermann, 4Psychoanalysis in Modern Litera-

ture’, Columbia­Dictionary­ of­Modem­Literature (ed. H. Smith), New York 1947, pp. 651-7

473

bibliografia

Bonaparte, marie, Edgar­Рое:­étude­psychoanalytique..., Paris 1933 BURCHELL, S. C., ‘Dostoyevsky and the Sense of Guilt’, Psychoan.­

Rev., xvii (1930), pp. 195-207 ‘Proust’, Psychoan.­Rev., xv (1928), pp. 300-3 Burke, kenneth, ‘Freud and the Analysis of Poetry’, Philosophy­

of­Literary­Form, Baton Rouge 1941, pp. 258-92coLeman, stanLey, ‘Strindberg: the Autobiographies’, Psychoan.­

Rev., xxiii (1936), pp. 248-73davis, roBert gorham, ‘Art and Anxiety’, Partisan­Review, xiv

(1945), pp. 310-21Freud, sigmund, ‘Dostoyevsky and Parricide’, Standard­Edition­

of­ the­Collected­Psychoanalytical­Works, ed. James Strachey, London 1961, VoL xxi, pp. 172-94

‘The Relation of the Poet to Day-Dreaming’, Collected­Papers­(tr. London 1945), iv, pp. 173-83

hoFFman, Frederick J., Freudianism­and­the­Literary­Mind, Baton Rouge 1945

hoops, reinoLd, Der­Einfluss­ der­Psychoanalyse­ auf­ die­ englische­Literatur, Heidelberg 1934

Hyman, stanLey E., ‘The Psychoanalytical Criticism of Litera-ture’, Western­Review, xii (1947-8), pp. 106-15

Jaspers, KarL, ‘Strindberg and Van Gogh’, Arbeiten­ zur­ ange-wandten­Psychiatrie, Leipzig, v (1922)

Jones, dr Ernest, ‘A Psycho-analytic Study of Hamlet’, Essays­in­Applied­Psycho-analysis, London 1923

­Hamlet­and­Oedipus, Garden City, N. Y., 1954 Jung, C. G., ‘On the Relation of Analytical Psychology to Poetic

Art’, Con­tributions­to­Analytical­Psychology, London (1928) ‘Psychology and Literature’, Modern­Man­in­Search­of­his­Soul­(tr.

Dell and Baynes), New York 1934, pp. 175-99 Kris, Ernst, Psychoanalytic­Explorations­in­Art, New York 1952 LeWis, C. S., ‘Psychoanalysis and Literary Criticism’, Essays­and­

Studies­of­the­English­Association, xxvn (1941), pp. 7-21 muschg, WaLter, Psychoanalyse­und­Literaturwissenschaft, Berlin

1930 oBerndorF, cLarence, ‘Psychoanalytic Insight of Hawthorne’,

474

bibliografia

Psychoan.­Rev., xxix (1942), pp. 373-85 ­The­Psychiatric­Novels­of­O.­W.­Holmes, New York 1943 pongs, H., ‘Psychoanalyse und Dichtung’, Euphorion, xxxiv

(1933), pp. 38-72prinzhorn, h., ‘Der künstlerische Gestaltungsvorgang in

psychiatrischer Beleuchtung’, Zeitschrift­ für­ Ästhetik, xix (1925), pp. 154-81

pruette, Lorine, ‘A Psycho-analytic Study of E. A. Рое', Ameri-can­Journal­of­Psychology, xxxi (1920), pp. 370-402

rank, otto, Art­and­Artists:­Creative­Urge­and­Personality­Deve-lopment (tr. C. F. Atkinson), New York 1932

rosenzWeig, sauL, ‘The Ghost of Henry James’, Partisan­Review, xi (1944), pp. 436-55

sachs, hanns, Creative­ Unconscious, Cambridge, Mass., 1942, second ed., 1951

squires, P. C., ‘Dostoyevsky: A Psychopathological Sketch’, Psy-choan.­Rev., xxiv (1937), pp. 365-88

stekeL, WiLheLm, ‘Poetry and Neurosis’, Psychoan.­Rev., x (1923), pp. 73-96, 190-208, 316-28, 457-66

triLLing, LioneL, ‘A Note on Art and Neurosis’, Partisan­Review, xii (1945), pp. 41-9 (reprinted in The­Liberal­ Imagination, New York 1950, pp. 34-57,160-80)

‘The Legacy of Freud: Literary and Aesthetic’, Kenyon­Review, 11 (1940), pp. 152-73 (reprinted in The­Liberal­Imagination, New York 1950, pp. 34-57, 160-80)

mecxre Tavi

literatura da sazogadoebaI. zogadi msjeloba literaturisa da sazogadoebis

Sesa xeb da zogierTi wigni individualur problemebze

BruFord, W. H., Theatre,­Drama­and­Audience­in­Goethe’s­Germa-ny, London 1950

duncan, hugh daLzieL, Language­and­Literature­in­Society,­with­a­Biblio­graphical­Guide­to­the­Sociology­of­Literature, Chicago 1953

daiches, david, Literature­and­Society, London 1938

475

bibliografia

­The­Novel­and­the­Modern­World, Chicago 1939 ­Poetry­and­the­Modern­World, Chicago 1940 Escarpit, RoBert, Sociologie­ de­ la­ littérature­ (Que­ sais-je?), Paris

1958 guÉrard, aLBert LÉon, Literature­and­Society, New York 1935 guyau, J., L’Art­au­point­de­vue­sociologique, Paris 1889 hennequin, ÉmiLe, La­Critique­scientifique, Paris 1888 kaLLen, horace M., Art­and­Freedom, two vols., New York 1942 kern, aLexander С., 'The Sociology of Knowledge in the Study

of Literature', Sewanee­Review, L (1942), pp. 505-14 knights, L. С., Drama­and­Society­ in­ the­Age­of­ Jonson, London

1937 and Penguin Books 1962 kohn-Bramstedt, ernst, Aristocracy­ and­ the­ Middle­ Classes­ in­

Germany:­Social­Types­in­German­Literature, 1830-1900, London 1937 (contains introduction: ‘The Sociological Approach to Literature’).

LaLo, CharLes, L’Art­et­la­vie­sociale, Paris 1921Lanson, gustave, ‘L’Histoire littéraire et la sociologie’, Revue­de­

Métaphysique­et­morale, xii (1904), pp. 621-42 LEAVIS, Q. D.,­Fiction­and­the­Reading­Public, London 1932 Lerner, max, and mims, edWin, ‘Literature’, Encyclopedia­of­So-

cial­Sciences, ix (1933), pp. 523-43 Levin, harry, ‘Literature as an Institution’, Accent, vi (1946),

pp. 159-68. Reprinted in Criticism (eds. Schorer, Miles, McKenzie), New York 1948, pp.546-53

LoWenthaL, Leo, Literature­ and­ the­ Image­ of­ Man,­ Sociological­Studies­of­the­European­Drama­and­Novel, 1600-1900, Boston 1957

NIEMANN, LUDWIG, Sociologie­des­naturalistischen­Romans, Berlin 1934 (Germanische Studien 148)

READ, HERBERT, Art­and­Society, London 1937schÜcking, Levin, Die­ Sociologie­ der­ literarischen­Geschmacksbil-

dung, Munich 1923. (Second, enlarged ed., Leipzig 1931; English tr. The­Sociology­of­Literary­Taste, London 1941)

seWter, A. C., ‘The Possibilities of a Sociology of Art’, Sociologi-cal­Review (London), xxvii (1935), pp. 441-53

sorokin, pitirim, Fluctuations­ of­ Forms­ of­ Art, Cincinnati 1937 (Vol. 1 of Social­and­Cultural­Dynamics)

476

bibliografia

tomars, adoLph siegFried, Introduction­ to­ the­ Sociology­ of­ Art, Mexico City 1940

Witte, W., ‘The Sociological Approach to Literature’, Modern­Language­Review, xxxvi (1941), pp. 86-94

ziegenFuss, Werner, ‘Kunst’, Handwörterbuch­der­Soziologie­(ed. Alfred Vierkandt), Stuttgart 1931, pp, 301-38

II. ramdenime Sexeduleba literaturis ekonomikuri is­toriis Sesaxeb

BeLJame, aLexandre, Le­Public­ et­ les­hommes­des­ lettres­ en­Angl-eterre­au­XVIIIе­Siècle:­Dryden,­Addison­et­Pope, Paris 1883 (English tr. Men­of­Letters­and­the­English­Public, London 1948)

coLLins, a. s., Authorship­in­tbe­Days­of­Johnson, New York 1927The­Profession­of­Letters (1780-1832), New York 1928 hoLzknecht, karL J., Literary­Patronage­in­the­Middle­Ages, Phila-

delphia 1923LÉvy, roBert, Le­Mécénat­ et­ l’organisation­ du­ crédit­ intellectual,

Paris 1924 martin, aLFred von, Soziologie­ der­ Renaissance, Stuttgart 1932

(English tr. Sociology­of­the­Renaissance, London 1944) overmyer, grace, Government­and­the­Arts, New York 1939 sheavyn, phoeBe, The­Literary­Profession­ in­ the­Elizabethan­Age,

Man chester 1909

III. literaturis zogierTi marqsistuli kvleva da mar­qsistuli midgomis Sesaxeb msjeloba

Bukharin, nikoLay, ‘Poetry, Poetics, and Problems of Poetry in the U.S.S.R.’, Problems­of­Soviet­Literature, New York, n.d., pp. 187-210 (reprinted in The­ Problems­ of­ Aesthetics, eds. E. Vivas and M. Krieger, New York 1953, pp. 498-514)

Burgum, edWin Berry, The­Novel­and­the­World’s­Dilemma, New York 1947

Burke, kenneth, Attitudes­towards­History, two vols., New York 1937

caudWeLL, christopher, Illusion­and­Reality, London 1937

477

bibliografia

cohen, morris r., ‘American Literary Criticism and Economic Forces’, Journal­of­the­History­of­Ideas, 1 (1940), pp. 369-74

demetz, peter, Marx,­Engels­und­die­Dichter. Zur­Grundlagenforsc-hung­des­Marxismus, Stuttgart 1959

FarreLL, James Т., A­Note­on­Literary­Criticism, New York 1936 FinkeLstein, sidney, Art­and­Society, New York 1947 FrÉviLLe, Jean (ed.), Sur­la­littérature­et­l’art, two vols., Paris 1936

(con tains relevant texts on Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin)griB, V., Balzac (tr. from Russian; Critics’ Group Series), New

York 1937 henderson, P., Literature­ and­ a­ Changing­ Civilization, London

1935 The­Novel­of­Today:­Studies­ in­Contemporary­Attitudes, Oxford 1936

iskoWicz, marc, La­ Littérature­ à­ la­ lumière­ du­materialisme­ his-torique, Paris 1926

Jackson, T. A., Charles­Dickens.­The­Progress­of­a­Radical, New York 1938

kLingender, F. D., Marxism­and­Modern­Art, London 1943 LiFshitz, mikhaiL, The­Philosophy­ of­Art­ of­Karl­Marx (tr. from

Russian; Critics’ Group Series), New York 1938 LukÁcs, georg, Balzac­und­der­francösische­Realismus, Berlin 1951­Beiträge­zur­Geschichte­der­Ästhetik, Berlin 1954 Der­historische­Roman, Berlin 1955 (English tr. London 1962) Der­russische­Realismus­in­der­Weltliteratur, Berlin 1949 Essays­über­Realismus, Berlin 1948 Deutsche­Realisten­des­19.­Jahrhunderts,­Bern 1951 ­Goethe­und­seine­Zeit, Bern 1947 Karl­Marx­und­Friedrich­Engels­als­Literaturhistoriker, Berlin 1948 Schriften­zur­Literatur­soziologie (ed. Peter Ludz), Neuwied 1961

(with bibliography) Thomas­Mann,­Berlin 1949 marx, K., and engeLs, F., Über­Kunst­und­Literatur (ed. m. Lifs-

chitz), Berlin 1948novitsky, paveL J., Cervantes­and­Don­Quixote (tr. from Russian;

Critics’ Group Series), New York 1936 pLekhanov, georgi, Art­ and­ Society (tr. from Russian; Critics’

478

bibliografia

Group Series), New York 1936; new enlarged ed. London 1953 SakuLin, N. P., Die­ russische­ Literatur, Potsdam 1930 (in series

Handbuch­der­Literaturwissenschaft, ed. O. Walzel) (tr. from Russian) smirnov, A. A., Shakespeare (tr. from Russian; Critics’ Group Se-

ries), New York 1936smith, Bernard, Forces­in­American­Criticism,­New York 1939 thomson, george, Aeschylus­ and­Athens.­A­Study­ in­ the­ Social­

Origin­of­the­Drama, London 1941 Marxism and Poetry, London 1945 trotsky, Leon, Literature­and­Revolution, New York 1925

meaTe Tavi

literatura da ideebi

Teoriuli msjeloba

Boas, george, ‘Some Problems of Intellectual History’, Studies­in­Intellectual­History, Baltimore 1953, pp. 3-21

crane, ronaLd S., ‘Literature, Philosophy, and Ideas’, Modern­Philology, LII (1954), 78-83

giLson, Étienne, Les­Idées­et­Us­lettres, Paris 1932 gLockner, hermann, ‘ Philosophie und Dichtung: Typen ihrer

Wechselwirkung von den Griechen bis auf Hegel’, Zeitschrift­für­Äs-thetik, xv (1920-21), pp. 187-204

Jockers, ernst, ‘Philosophic und Literaturwissenschaft’, Ger-manic­Re­view, x (1935), pp. 73-97» 166-86

Laird, John, Philosophical­Incursions­into­English­Literature, Cam-bridge 1946

LoveJoy, arthur o., Essays­in­the­History­of­Ideas, Baltimore 1948 The­Great­Chain­of­Being, Cambridge, Mass. 1936 ‘The Historiography of Ideas’, Proceedings­of­the­American­Philo-

sophical­Society, Lxxvii (1937-8), pp. 529-43 ‘Present Standpoint and Past History’, Journal­ of­ Philosophy,

xxxvi (1939), pp. 471-89 ‘Reflections on the History of Ideas’, Journal­ of­ the­History­ of­

Ideas, 1 (1940), pp. 1-23 ‘Reply to Professor Spitzer’, Ibid., v (1944), pp. 204-19 LÜtzeLer, heinrich, ‘Gedichtsaufbau und Welthaltung des

479

bibliografia

Dichters’, Euphorion, nF, xxxv (1934), pp. 247-62 nicoLson, marJorie, ‘The History of Literature and the History

of Thought’, English­Institute­Annual, 1939, New York 1940, pp. 56-89 nohL, herman, Stil­und­Weltanschauung, Jena 1923santayana, george, ‘Tragic Philosophy’, Works (Triton ed.),

New York 1936, pp. 275-88 (reprinted in Literary­Opinion­in­America, m. d. Zabel, ed. New York 1937, pp. 129-41)

spitzer, Leo, ‘Geistesgeschichte vs. History of Ideas as applied to Hitlerism’, Journal­of­the­History­of­Ideas, у (1944), pp. 191-203

stace, W. Т., The­Meaning­of­Beauty. A­Theory­of­Aesthetics, Lon-don 1929, especially pp. 164 ff.

tayLor, haroLd A., ‘Further Reflections on the History of Ide-as’, Journal­of­Philosophy, xL (1943), pp. 281-99

triLLing, LioneL, ‘The Meaning of a Literary Idea’, The­Liberal­Imagina­tion, New York 1950, pp. 281-303

unger, rudoLF, Aufsätze­zur­Prinzipienlehre­der­Literaturgeschich-te, two vols., Berlin 1929. (Vol. 1 contains ‘Literaturgeschichte’,’Phi-losophische Problemc der neucren Literaturwissenschaft’, ‘Weltan-schauung und Dichtung’)

WaLzeL, oskar, Gehalt­ und­ Gestalt­ im­ dichterischen­ Kunstwerk, Berlin-Pots dam 1923

WechssLer, eduard, ‘Über die Beziehung von Weltanschauung und Kunstschaffen’, Marburger­Beiträge­zur­romanischen­Philologie, ix (1911), 46 pp.

meTerTmete Tavi

literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi

I. zogadi msjeloba

Binyon, Laurence, ‘English Poetry in its Relation to Painting and the Other Arts’,­ Proceedings­ of­ the­ British­Academy, viii (1918), pp. 381-402

480

bibliografia

BroWn, caLvin s., Music­and­Literature:­A­Comparison­of­the­Arts, Atlanta 1948

ComBarieu, JuLes, Les­Rapports­de­la­musique­et­de­la­poésie, Paris 1894

greene, theodore meyer, The­Arts­and­the­Art­of­Criticism, Prin-ceton 1940

hatzFeLd, heLmut A.,’ Literary Criticism Through Art and Art Criticism Through Literature’,­Journal­of­Aesthetics, vi (1947), pp. 1-21

hourticq, Louis, L’Art­et­littératture, Paris 1946maury, pauL, Arts­et­littérature­comparés:­état­présent­de­la­ques-

tion, Paris 1933 MEDICUS, FRITZ, ‘Das Problem einer vergleichenden Geschichte

der Künste’, Philosophie­der­Literaturwissenschaft (ed. Emil Ermatin-ger), Berlin 1930, pp. 188-239

read, herBert, ‘Parallels in English Painting and Poetry’, In­De-fence­of­Shelley­and­other­Essays, London 1936, pp. 233-48

sachs, curt, The­Commonwealth­of­Art:­Style­ in­ the­Arts,­Music­and­the­Dance, New York 1946

souriau, Étienne, La­Correspondence­des­arts.­Eléments­d’esthétique­comparée, Paris 1947

vossLer, karL, ‘Über wechselseitige Erhellung der Künste’, Fest-schrift­Heinrich­Wölfflin­zum­70.­Geburtstag, Dresden 1935, pp. 160-7

WaLzeL, oskar, Gehalt­ und­ Gestalt­ im­ Kunstwerk­ des­ Dichters, Berlin-Potsdam 1923, csp. pp. 265 ff. and 282 ff.

Wechselseitige­Erhellung­der­Künste, Berlin 1917 Wais, kurt, Symbiose­der­Künste, Stuttgart 1936 ‘Vom Gleichlauf der Künste’, Bulletin­of­the­International­Com-

mittee­of­the­Historical­Sciences, ix (1937), pp. 295-304

II. ramdenime naSromi literaturasa da xelovnebas So­ris istoriuli urTierTobebis Sesaxeb

ВaLdensperger, F., Sensibilité­musicale­et­romantisme, Paris 1925 Bontoux, germaine, La­Chanson­en­Angleterre­an­temps­d’Elizabeth,

Paris 1938FairchiLd, arthur h. r., Shakespeare­and­the­Arts­of­Design (Ar-

chitecture,­Sculpture,­and­Painting), Columbia, Miss. 1937 Fehr, Bernhard, ‘The Antagonism of Forms in the Eighteenth

481

bibliografia

Century’, English Studies, xviii (1936), pp. 115-21,193-205; xix (1937), pp. 1-13, 49-57 (reprinted in Von­Englands­geistigen­Beständen, Frau-enfeld 1944, pp. 59-118)

hatzFeLd, heLmut a., Literature­Through­Art:­A­New­Approach­to­French­Literature, New York 1952

hautecoeur, Louis, Littérature­et­peinture­en­France­du­XVIIе­au xxе­siècle, Paris 1942

hautmann, max, ‘Der Wandel der Bildvorstellungen in der deutschen Dichtung und Kunst des romanischen Zeitalters’, Fest-schrift­Heinrich­Wölfflin, Munich 1924, pp, 63-81

hoLLander, John, The­Untuning­of­the­Sky:­Ideas­of­Music­in­Eng-lish­Poetry 1500-1700, Princeton 1961

LarraBee, stephen a., English­ Hards­ and­ Grecian­ Marbles:­ The­Relation­ship­between­Sculpture­and­Poetry, New York 1943

manWaring, eLizaBeth W., Italian­Landscape­ in­Eighteenth­Cen-tury­England, New York 1925

meyer, herman, ‘Die Verwandlung des Sichtbaren. Die Bedeu-tung der modernen bildenden Kunst für Rilkes späte Dichtung’, Deutsche­ Vierteljahrschrift­ für­ Literaturwissenschaft­ und­ Geistesge-schichte, xxxi (1957), pp. 465-505

pattison, Bruce, Music­and­Poetry­of­the­English­Renaissance, Lon-don 1948

seznec, Jean, ‘Flaubert and the Graphic Arts’, Journal­of­the­War-burg­and­Courtauld­Institutes, viii (1945), pp. 175-90

smith, Warren H., Architecture­ in­English­Fiction, New Haven 1934

tinker, chauncey BreWster, Painter­and­Poet:­Studies­in­the­Lite-rary­Relations­of­English­Painting, Cambridge, Mass. 1938

WeBster, thomas B. L., Greek­Art­and­Literature­530-400 b.c., Ox-ford 1939

Wind, edgar, ‘Humanitätsidee und heroisches Porträt in der englischen Kultur des achtzenhten Jahrhunderts’, Vorträge­der­Bibli-othek­Warburg,­1930-31, Leipzig 1932, pp. 156-229

meTormete Tavi

482

bibliografia

literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

I. msjeloba literaturis arsebobis wessa da ontologiaze

BiLsky, manueL, ‘The Significance of Locating the Art Object’, Philosophy­and­Phenomenological­Research, xiii (1935), pp. 531-36

Bonati, FÉLix martinez, La­estructura­de­la­obra­literaria, Santiago de Chile i960

conrad, WaLdemar, ‘Der ästhetische Gegenstand’, Zeitschrift­für­Ästhetik, iii (1908), pp. 71-118, and iv (1909), pp. 400-55

duFrenne, mikeL, Phénoménologie­de­I’objet­esthétique, Paris 1950 hartmann, nikoLai, Das­Problem­des­geistigen­Seins, Berlin 1933hirsch, e. d., Jun., ‘Objective Interpretation’, PMLA, Lxxv

(1960), pp. 463-79husserL, edmund, Méditations­cartésiennes, Paris 1931 ingarden, roman, Das­literarische­Kunstwerk, Halle 1931 Joad, С. E. M., Guide­to­Philosophy (New York 1935), pp. 267-70 Kahn, ShoLom J., ‘What Does a Critic Analyze?’ Philosophy­and­

Phenomenological­Research, xiii (1952), pp. 237-45 LaLo, charLes, ‘The Aesthetic Analysis of a Work of Art: An

Essay on the Structure and Superstructure of Poetry’, Journal­of­Aes-thetics, vii (1949), PP- 278-93

mÜLLer, gÜnther, Über die Seinsweise von Dichtung’, Deutsche­Vierteljahrschrift­ für­ Literaturwissenschaft­ und­ Geistesgeschichte, xvn (1939), pp. 137-53

MukaŘovskÝ, Jan, ‘L’Art comme fait sémiologique’, Actes­de­hu-itiéme­congrés­ international­de­philosophie­à­Prague, Prague 1936, pp. 1065-72

souriau, Étienne, ‘Analyse existentielle de L’oeuvre d’art’, a sec-tion of La­Correspondance­des­arts, Paris 1947

vivas, eLiseo, ‘What Is a Poem?’ Creation­ and­Discovery, New York 1955, pp. 73-92

ziFF, pauL, ‘Art and the “Object of Art’”, Mind, Lx (1951), pp. 466-80

II. msjeloba ‘expLication de textes’–is Sesaxeb da misi

483

bibliografia

gamoyeneba

Brunot, F., ‘Explications françaises’, Revue­ universitaire, iv (1895), pp. 113- 28, 263-87

hatzFeLd, heLmut, Einführung­ in­ die­ Interpretation­ neufranzö-sischer­Texte, Munich 1922

Lanson, gustave, ‘Quelques mots sur l’explication de textes’, Méthodes­de­I’histoire­littéraire, Paris 1925, pp. 38-57

roustan, M., Précis­d’explication­française, Paris 1911 rudLer, gustave, L’Explication­française, Paris 1902 vigneron, roBert, Explication­de­Textes­and­Its­Adaptation­to­the­

Teaching­of­Modern­Languages, Chicago 1928

III. msjeloba ‘cLose reading’–is Sesaxeb da misi meTodebis nimuSebi

BLackmur, richard P., Language­ as­ Gesture,­ Essays­ in­ Poetry, New York 1952

The­Lion­and­the­Honeycomb, New York 1955 BLoom, haroLd, The­Visionary­Company. A­Reading­of­English­Ro-

mantic­Poetry, New York 1961 Brooks, cLeanth, Modern­Poetry­and­ the­Tradition, Chapel Hill

1939 and Warren, roBert penn, Understanding­ Poetry, New York 1938

The­Well­Wrought­Urn, New York 1947BroWer, reuBen A., The­Fields­of­Light.­An­Experiment­in­Critical­

Reading, New York 1951 Burger, heinz otto (ed.), Gedicht­und­Gedanke, Halle 1942 BurnshaW, stanLey (ed.), The­Poem­Itself, New York i960 cohen, gustave, Essai­ d’explication­ du­ ‘Cimetière­ marin’, Paris

1933 crane, ronaLd s.,’Interpretation of Texts and the History of

Ideas’, College­English, ii (1941), pp. 755-65 empson, WiLLiam, Seven­Types­of­Ambiguity, London 1930 (new

ed., New York 1948; Penguin Books 1962) Some­Versions­of­Pastoral, London 1935 (American title: English­

Pastoral­Poetry, New York 1938)

484

bibliografia

The­Structure­of­Complex­Words, Norfolk, Conn., s.d. (1951) Étienne, S., Expériences­d’analyse­textuelle­en­vue­d’explication­lit-

téraire, Paris 1935hartman, geoFFrey h., The­Unmediated­Vision.­An­Interpretation­

of­Wordsworth,­Hopkins,­Rilke,­and­Valiry, New Haven 1954 goodman, pauL, The­Structure­of­Literature, Chicago 1954 kommereLL, max, Gedanken­über­Gedichte, Frankfurt 1943 Geist­und­Buchstabe­der­Dichtung, Frankfurt 1940 Leavis, F. r., New­Bearings­in­English­Poetry, London 1932Revaluation.­Tradition­and­Development­in­English­Poetry, London

1936 (re printed New York 1947) oLson, eLder, ‘Rhetoric and the Appreciation of Pope’, Modern­

Philology, xxxvn (1939), PP- 13-35 ‘Sailing­ to­Byzantium. Prolegomena to a Poetics of the Lyric’,

University­Review (Kansas City), viii (1942), pp. 209-19 Martini, Fritz, Das­Wagnis­der­Sprache:­Interpretationen­deutscher­

Prosa­von­Nietzsche­bis­Benn, Stuttgart 1954 (second ed. 1956) ransom, John croWe, The­World’s­Body, New York 1938 richards, I. A., Practical­Criticism, London 1929, New York 1955 spitzer, Leo. See list of works under chapter 14, section 1, below staiger, emiL, Die­Kunst­der­Interpretation, Zürich 1955 Meisterwerke­deutscher­Sprache­aus­dem­neunzehnten­Jahrhundert,

Zürich 1943 tate, aLLen, On­the­Limits­of­Poetry.­Selected­Essays:­1928-1948,

New York 1948unger, Leonard, ‘Notes on Ash­Wednesday’, Southern­Review, iv

(1939), pp. 745-70Wain, John (ed.), Interpretations:­Essays­on­Twelve­English­Poems,

London 1955WaLzeL, oskar, Gehalt­ und­ Gestalt­ im­ dichterischen­ Kunstwerk,

Berlin 1923 (part of series: Handbuch­der­Literaturwissenschaft, ed. O. Walzel)

­Das­Wortkunstwerk:­Mittel­seiner­Erforschung, Leipzig 1926 Wasserman, earL r., The­Finer­Tone, Baltimore 1953 (on Keats)

The­Subtler­Language, Baltimore 1959Wiese, Benno von (ed.), Die­deutsche­Lyrik.­Form­und­Geschichte,

485

bibliografia

Interpretationen, two vols., Dusseldorf 1957

IV. literaturul naSromSi ‘intention`-is Sesaxeb msjeloba

coomarasWamy, amanda K., ‘Intention’, American­ Bookman, 1 (1944), pp.41-8

WaLcutt, charLes chiLd, ‘Critic’s Taste and Artist’s Intention’, The­University­of­Kansas­City­Review, XII (1946), pp. 278-83

WaLzeL, oskar, ‘Künstlerische Absicht’, Germanisch-romanische­Monatsschrift, VIII (1920), pp. 321-31

Wimsatt, W. K., Jun., and BeardsLey, monroe C., ‘Intention’, Dic­tionary­ of­ World­ Literature (ed. J. T. Shipley), New York 1944, pp. 326-9

‘The Intentional Fallacy’, Sewanee­Review, Liv (1946), pp. 468-88, reprinted in The­Verbal­Icon, Lexington, Ky (1954), pp. 3-18

mecamete Tavi

evfonia, ritmi da metri

I. evfonia, bgeris paternebi, riTmi da sxv.

Bate, WaLter Jackson, The­Stylistic­Development­ of­Keats, New York 1954

Brik, osip, ‘Zvukovie povtory’ (Sound-patterns), Poetika, Peters-burg 1919

chapin, eLsa, and russeLL, thomas, A­New­Approach­ to­Poetry, Chi cago 1929

ehrenFeLd, a., Studien­zur­Theorie­des­Reims, two vols., Zürich 1897, 1904

Frye, Northrop (cd.), Sound­and­Poetry.­English­Institute­Essays­1956, New York 1957

gaBrieLson, arnid, Rime­ as­ a­ Criterion­ of­ the­ Pronunciation­ of­Spenser,­Pope,­Byron,­and­Swinburne, Uppsala 1909

knauer, karL, ‘Die klangaesthetische Kritik des Wortkunst-

486

bibliografia

werks am Beispiele französischer Dichtung’, Deutsche­ Viertel-jahrschrift­ für­ Literaturvissenschaft­ und­ Geistesgeschichte, xv (1937), pp. 69-91

Lanz, henry, The­ Physical­ Basis­ of­ Rime, Stanford University Press, 1931

oras, ants, ‘Lyrical Instrumentation in Marlowe’, Studies­ in­Shakespeare (ed. a. D. Matthews and С. M. Emery), Coral Gables, Fla, 1953

'Surrey's Technique of Phonetic Echoes', Journal­of­English­and­Germanic­Philology, L (1951), pp. 289-308

richardson, charLes F., A­Study­of­English­Rhyme, Hanover, N. H. 1909

servien, pius, Lyrisme­et­structures­sonores, Paris 1930 snyder, edWard D., Hypnotic­Poetry:­A­Study­of­Trance-Inducing­

Technique­in­Certain­Poems­and­its­Literary­Significance, Philadelphia 1930

vossLer, karL, ‘Stil, Rhythmus und Reim in ihrer Wechsel-wirkung bei Petrarca und Leopardi’, Miscellanea­di­studi­critici­...­in­onore­di­Arluro­Graf, Bergamo 1903, pp. 453-81

WiLson, katherine m., Sound­ and­ Meaning­ in­ English­ Poetry, London 1930

Wimsatt, W. k., Jun., ‘One Relation of Rhyme to Reason’, Mo-dern­Language­Quarterly, v (1944), pp. 323-38, reprinted in The­Verbal­Icon, Lexing ton, Ky (1954), pp. 153-66

WyLd, henry c, Studies­ in­English­Rhymes­ from­Surrey­ to­Pope, London 1923

zhirmunsky, viktor, Rifma,­ее­istoria­i­teoriya (Rhyme, its History and Theory), Petrograd 1923

zschech, Fritz, Die­ Kritik­ des­ Reims­ in­ England, Berlin 1917 (‘Berliner Beiträge zur germanischen und romanischen Philologie’, Vol. 50)

II. ritmi da prozis ritmi

Baum, pauLL F.,­The­Other­Harmony­of­Prose, Durham, n. c. 1952 BLass, Fr., Die­Rhythmen­der­antiken­Kunstprosa, Leipzig 1901 chÉreL, A., La­Prose­poétique­française, Paris 1940

487

bibliografia

cLark, a. c., The­Cursus­ in­Medieval­and­Vulgar­Latin, Oxford 1910

Prose­Rhythm­in­English, Oxford 1913 cLasse, andrÉ,­The­Rhythm­of­English­Prose, Oxford 1939 croLL, morris W., ‘The Cadence of English Oratorical Prose’,

Studies­in­Philology, xvi (1919), pp. 1-55 eLton, oLiver, ‘English Prose Numbers’, A­Sheaf­of­Papers, Lon-

don 1922, pp. 130-63FiJn van draat, P., ‘Rhythm in English Prose’, Anglia, xxxvi

(1912), pp. 1-58 ‘Voluptas Aurium’, Englische­ Studien, xLviii (1914-15),

pp. 394-428 groot, A. W. de, A­Handbook­of­Antique­Prose-Rhythm, Gronin-

gen 1919, Vol. 1 ‘Der Rhythmus’, Neophilologus, xvn (1931), pp. 81-100, 177-97,

241-65 martin, eugÈne-Louis, Les­Symmétries­du­français­littéraire, Paris

1924 norden, eduard, Die­antike­Kunstprosa, two vols., Leipzig 1898 patterson, W. M., The­ Rhythm­ of­ Prose (Columbia University

Studies in English, No. 27), New York 1916 scott, John huBert, Rhythmic­Prose (University of Iowa Studies.

Humanistic Studies, in, No. 1), Iowa City 1925sekeL, dietrich, Hölderlins­Sprachrhythmus, Leipzig 1937 servien, pius, Les­ Rythmes­ comme­ introduction­ physique­ à­

I’esthétique, Paris 1930vinogradov, viktor, ‘Ritm prozy (po Pikovei dame)’ (Prose

Rhythm, according to the Queen­of­Spades), О­Stikhe,­Statyi (On­Verse,­Essays), Leningrad 1929

WiLLiamson, george, The­Senecan­Amble.­A­Study­of­Prose­Form­from­Bacon­to­Collier, Chicago 1951

III. metri

1. naSromebi inglisur enaze

Barkas, paLLister, A­Critique­of­Modern­English­Prosody, 1880-1930

488

bibliografia

(Studien zur englischen Philologie, ed. Morsbach and Hecht, No. 82), Halle 1934

Baum, P. F., The­ Principles­ of­ English­ Versification, Cambridge 1922

croLL, morris W., ‘Music and Metrics’, Studies­in­Philology, xx (1923), pp. 388-94

DaBnet, I. P., The­Musical­Basis­of­Verse, New York 1901 hamm, victor M., ‘Meter and Meaning’, PMLA, Lxix (1954),

pp. 695- 710JacoB, cary Т., The­Foundation­ and­Nature­ of­Verse, New York

1918 Lanier, sidney, Science­of­English­Verse, New York 1880 (new ed.

with introduction by P. F. Baum in Centennial­Edition, ed. Charles Anderson, Baltimore 1945, Vol. 11, pp. vii-xlviii)

omond, T. S., English­Metrists, Oxford 1921 pope, John C., The­Rhythm­of­Beowulf, New Haven 1942 schramm, WiLBur Lang, Approaches­ to­ a­ Science­ of­ Verse (Uni-

versity of Iowa Studies, Series on Aims and Progress of Research, No. 46) Iowa City 1935

steWart, george r., Jun., Modern­Metrical­Techniques­as­Illustrat-ed­by­Ballad­Meter, 1700-1920, New York 1922

The­Technique­of­English­Verse, New York 1930 thompson, John, The­Founding­of­English­Metre, London 1961 Wimsatt, W. k. and BeardsLey, m. С., 'The Concept of meter: an

exercise in abstraction', PMLA, Lxxiv (1959), pp. 585-98

2. naSromebi frangul, germanul, rusul da Cexur enebze

Benoist-hanappier, Louis, Die­ freien­Rhythm­en­ in­der­deutschen­Lyrik, Halle 1905

eikhenBaum, Boris, Melodika­ lyricheskovo­stikha (The Melody of Lyrical Verse), St Petersburg 1922

FraenkeL, eduard, Iktus­ und­ Akzent­ im­ lateinischen­ Sprechvers, Berlin 1928

grammont, maurice, Le­Vers­francais.­Ses­moyens­d’expression,­son­harmonie, Paris 1913 (fourth ed., 1937)

489

bibliografia

heusLer, andreas, Deutsche­ Versgeschichte, three vols., Berlin 1925-9 Deutscher­und­antiker­Vers, Strassburg 1917 (Quellen und For-schungen, No. 123)

JakoBson, roman, О­ cheshkom­ stikhe (On Czech Verse), Berlin 1923 'Über den Versbau der serbokroatischen Volksepen', Archives­néerlandaises­de­phonétique­expérimentale, viii-ix (1933), pp. 135-53

Lote, G., L’Alexandrin­francais­d’après­la­phonétique­expérimentale, Paris 1913

meiLLet, antoine, Les­Origines­indo-européennes­des­mètres­grecs, Paris 1923

morier, henri, Lе­Rythme­du­vers­libre­symboliste­étudié­chez­Ver-haeren.­Henri­de­Régnier,­Vielé-Griffin­et­ses­relations­avec­le­sens, three vols., Geneve 1943-44

mukaŘovskÝ, Jan, ‘Dějiny českého verše’ (‘The History of Czech Verse’), Československà­vlastivěda, Prague 1934, Vol. 111

‘Intonation comme facteur de rythme poétique’, Archives­néer-landaises­de­phonétique­expérimentale, viii-ix (1933), pp. 153-65

saran, Franz, Deutsche­Verslehre, Munich 1907 Der­Rhythmus­des­französichen­Verses, Halle 1904 scripture, E. W., Grundzüge­der­englischen­Verswissenschaft, Mar-

burg 1929 stevers, WiLheLm, Rhythmisch-melodische­ Studien, Heidelberg

1912 Altgermanische­Metrik, Leipzig 1893 spoerri, theophiL, Französiche Metrik, Munich 1929 tomashevsky, Boris, Russkoe­ stikhoslozhenye:­ Metrika (Russian­

Versifica­tion:­Metrics), St Petersburg 1923 О­Stikhe:­Statyi (On­Verse:­Essays) Leningrad 1929 tynyanov, Yuryi N., Problemy­stikhotvornovo­yazka (Problems­of­

Роеtic­Language), St Petersburg 1924verrier, pauL, Essai­sur­les­principes­de­la­metrique­anglaise, three

vols., Paris 1909 Le­Vers­francais, three vols., Paris 1931-2 zhirmunsky, viktor, Kompozitsiya­lyricheskikh­stikhotvorenii­(The­

Com­position­of­Lyrical­Poems), Petrograd 1921 Vvedenie­ v­ metriku:­ Teoriya­ stikha­ (Introduction­ to­ Metrics.­ The

490

bibliografia

Theory­of­Verse’) Leningrad 1925

meToTxmete Tavi

stili da stilistika

I. Teoriuli msjeloba da zogadi Sromebi

aLonso, amado, ‘The Stylistic Interpretation of Literary Texts’, Modern­Language­Notes, Lvii (1942), pp. 489-96

BaLLy, charLes, Le­Langage­et­la­vie, Paris 1926 (also Zürich 1945) Linguistique­ generale­ et­ linguistique­ francaise, second ed. Paris

1944 Bateson, F. W., English­Poetry­and­the­English­Language, Oxford

1934 Bertoni, giuLio, Lingua­e­poesia, Florence 1937 Brunot, Ferdinand, La­Pensée­et­la­langue (third cd.), Paris 1936 castLe, eduard, ‘Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Wortbegriffs

Stil’,­Germanisch-romanische­Monatsschrift, vi (1914), pp. 153-60 cooper, Lane, Theories­of­Style, New York 1907 cressot, m., Le­Style­et­ses­techniques, Paris 1947eLster, ernst, Prinzipien­der­Literaturwissenschaft, Vol. 11, Halle

1911 (in cludes treatment of stylistics)gerBer, gustav, Sprache­ als­ Kunst, two vols., Bromberg 1871

(second ed. 1885)gourmont, remy de, Le­Problème­du­style, Paris 1902hatzFeLd, heLmut, A­Critical­ Bibliography­ of­ the­ New­ Stylistics­

Applied­to­the­Romance­Literatures, 1900-1952, Chapel Hill 1953 ‘Stylistic Criticism as Art-minded Philology’, Yale­French­Stu-

dies, 11 (1949), pp.62-70JouiLLand, aLphonse G., Review of Charles Bruneau, ‘L’Époque

réaliste’, Language, xxx (1954), pp. 313-38 (contains survey of recent scholarship)

kainz, Friedrich, ‘Vorarbeiten zu einer Philosophie des Stils’, Zeitschrift­für­Ästhetik, xx (1926), pp. 21-63

Leo, uLrich, ‘Historie und Stilmonographie: Grundsätsliches zur Stilforschung’, Deutsche­Vierteljahrschrift­für­Literaturwissenschaft­und­Geistesgeschichte, ix (1931), pp. 472-503

491

bibliografia

Lunding, erik, Wege­zur­Kunstinterpretation, Aarhus, Denmark, 1953

mapes, E. K., ‘Implications of Some Recent Studies on Style’, Revue­de­littérature­comparée, xviii (1938), pp. 514-33

Marouzeau, J., ‘Comment aborder l’étude du style’, Le­Français­moderne, xi (1943), pp.1-6

‘Lcs Tâches de la stylistique’,­Mélanges­J.­Rozwadowski, Cracow, 1 (1927), pp. 47-51

murry, John middLeton, The­Problem­of­Style, Oxford 1922 Онmann, Richard M., ‘Prolegomena to the Analysis of Prose

Style’, Style­in­Prose­Fiction:­English­Institute­Essays 1958 (ed. Harold Martin), New York 1959, pp. 1-24

pongs, hermann, ‘Zur Methode der Stilforschung’, Germanisch-romanische­Monatsschrift, xvii (1929), pp. 264-77

raLeigh, sir WaLter, Style, London 1897schiaFFini, aLFredo, ‘La stilistica letteraria’, Momenti­ di­ storia­

della­lingua­italiana, Rome 1953, pp. 166-86 seBeok, thomas S. (cd.), Style­ in­ Language, Cambridge, Mass.

1960 spitzer, Leo, Linguistics­and­Literary­History:­Essays­in­Stylistics,

Princetou 1948 A­Method­of­Interpreting­Literature, Northampton, Mass. 1949 Romanische­Literaturstudien 1936-1946, Tübingen 1959 Romanische­Stil-­und­Literaturstudien, two vols., Marburg 1931 Stilstudien, two vols., Munich 1928, new edition Darmstadt

1961 vossLer, karL, Gesammelte­ Aufsätze­ zur­ Sprachphilosophie, Mu-

nich 1923 Introducción­ a­ la­ estilistica­ romance, Buenos Aires 1932 (new

cd. 1942) Positivismus­ und­ Idealismus­ in­ der­ Sprachwissenschaft, Heidel-

berg 1904 WaLLach, W., Über­Amvendung­und­Bedeutung­des­Wortes­Stil,

Munich 1919 WeLLek, renÉ, ‘Leo Spitzer (1887-1960)’, Comparative­Literature,

xii, (1960), pp. 310-334

492

bibliografia

WinkLer, ЕмiL, ‘Die neuen Wege und Aufgaben der Stilistik’, Die­neueren­Sprachen, xxxiii (1923), pp. 407-22

Grundlegung­der­Stilistik, Bielefeld 1929

II. sanimuSo stilisturi kvlevebi

aLonso, amado, Poesia­ y­ estilo­ de­ Pablo­Neruda, Buenos Aires 1940 (second cd. 1951)

aLonso, dÁmaso, La­lengua­poética­de­Góngora, Madrid 1955 La­poesia­de­San­Juan­de­la­Cruz, Madrid 1942 ­Poesia­española.­Ensayo­de­métodos­y­limites­estilicos, Madrid 1950 auerBach, erich, Mimesis:­Dargestellte­Wirklichkeit­in­der­abend-

ländischen­Literatur, Bern 1946 (English tr. by Willard Trask, Princ-eton 1953)

croLL, morris W., Introduction to Harry Clemons’s edition of Lyly’s Euphues, London 1916

dyBoski, roman, Tennysons­Sprache­und­Stil, Vienna 1907 hatzFeLd, heLmut, Don­Quijote­als­Wortkunstwerk.­Die­einzelnen­

Stilmittel­und­ihr­Sinn, Leipzig 1927 (Spanish tr. Madrid 1949) Leo, uLrich, Fogazzaros­ Stil­ und­ der­ symbolische­ Lebensroman,

Heidelberg 1928JirÁt, voJtcĔh, Platens­Stil, Prague 1933mukaŘovskÝ, Jan, Máchùv­Maj:­Estetická­studie (Mácha’s­May:­An­

Aesthetic­Study), Prague 1928 (with French résumé) Sayce, R. A., Style­in­French­Prose, Oxford 1953 uLLmann, stephen, Style­in­the­French­Novel, Cambridge 19J7 vinogradov, viktor, Stil­Pushkina, Moscow 1941 Wimsatt, WiLLiam K., The­Prose­Style­of­Samuel­Johnson, New Ha-

ven 1941

II. kvlevebi poeturi enisa da stilis Sesaxeb

BarFieLd, oWen, Poetic­Diction:­A­Study­in­Meaning, London 1925 Berry, Francis, Poet’s­Grammar:­Person,­Time,­and­Mood­in­Poetry,

London 1958davie, donaLd, Purity­of­Diction­in­English­Verse, New York 1953 groom, Bernard, The­Diction­ of­ Poetry­ from Spenser­ to­ Bridges,

493

bibliografia

Toronto 1956hatzFeLd, heLmut, ‘The Language of the Poet’, Studies­in­Philol-

ogy, XL III (1946), pp. 93-I2OhungerLand, isaBeL С., Poetic­Discourse, Berkeley, Calif. 1958 miLes, Josephine, The­Vocabulary­of­Poetry, Berkeley, Calif. 1946 The­Continuity­of­Poetic­Language, Berkeley, Calif. 1951 noWottny, WiniFred, The­Language­Poets­Use, New York 1962 quayLe, thomas, Poetic­Diction:­ A­ Study­ of­ Eighteenth­ Century­

Verse, London 1924raymond, marceL, ‘Le Poète et la langue’, Trivium.­ Sch-

weizerische­ Vierteljahrschrift­ für­ Literaturwissenschaft­ und­ Stilistik, II (1944), pp. 2-25

ruBe L, verÉ L., Poetic­Diction­in­the­English­Renaissance­from­Skel-ton­through­Spenser, New York 1941

ryLands, george, Words­and­Poetry, London 1928tate, aLLen (ed.), The­Language­of­Poetry, Princeton 1942tiLLotson, geoFFrey, ‘Eighteenth-Century Poetic Diction’, Es-

says­in­Criticism­and­Research, Cambridge 1942, pp. 53-85 WheeLWright, phiLip, ‘On the Semantics of Poetry’, Kenyon­Re-

view, ii (1940), pp. 263-83 WyLd, H. С., Some­Aspects­of­the­Diction­of­English­Poetry, Oxford

1933

IV. ramdenime Sroma stilistikis Sesaxeb

BaLLy, charLes; richter, eLise; aLonso, amado; Lida, ray mondo, El­impresionismo­en­el­lenguaje, Buenos Aires 1936

Вarat, emmanueL, Le­ Style­ poétique­ et­ la­ révolution­ rоmantique, Paris 1904

gautier, renÉ, Deux­aspects­ du­ style­ classique.­Bossuet,­Voltaire, La Rochelle 1936

hatzFeLd, heLmut, ‘Der Barockstil der religösen klassischen Lyrik in Frankreich’, Literaturwissenschaftliches­ Jahrbuch­der­Görres-gesellschaft, iv (1929), pp. 30-60

‘Die französische Klassik in neuer Sicht’, Tijdschrift­voor­Taal­en­Letteren, xxvii (1935), pp. 213-82

494

bibliografia

‘Rokoko als literarischer Epochenstil’, Studies­in­Philology, xxxiii (1938), pp.532-65

croLL, morris W., ‘The Baroque Style in Prose’, Studies­in­Eng-lish­Philology:­A­Miscellany­in­Honor­of­F.­Klaeber­(eds. K. Malone and M. B. Ruud), Minneapolis 1929, pp. 427-56

heinzeL, richard, Über­den­Stilder­altgermanischen­Poesie, Strass-burg 1875

petrich, hermann, Drei­ Kapitel­ vom­ romantischen­ Stil, Leipzig 1878

raymond, marceL, ‘Classique et Baroque dans la poésie de Ronsard’, Concinnitas:­ Festschrift­ für­ Heinrich­ Wölfflin, Basel 1944, pp. 137-73

strich, Fritz, ‘Der lyrische Stil des 17. Jahrhunderts’, Abhand-lungen­zur­deutschen­Literaturgeschichte.­Festschrift­für­Franz­Muncker, Munich 1916, pp.21-53

thon, Luise,­Die­Sprache­des­deutschen­Impressionismus, Munich 1928

meTxuTmete Tavi

saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

I. saxe, metaforaaish, deBorah, La­Métaphore­dans­I’auvre­de­Mallarmé, Paris 1938 BrandenBurg, aLice S., ‘The Dynamic Image in Metaphysical

Poetry’, PMLA, Lvi 1 (1942), pp. 1039-45 Brooke-rose, christine, A­Grammar­of­Metaphor, London 1958 Brooks, cLeanth, ‘Shakespeare as a Symbolist Poet’, Yale­ Re-

view, xxxiv (1945), pp. 642-65 (reprinted as ‘The Naked Babe and the Cloak of Manliness’, The­Well­Wrought­ Urn, New York 1947, pp. 21-46)

BroWn, stephen J., The­World­of­ Imagery:­Metaphor­and­Kindred­Imagery, London 1927

Burke, kenneth, ‘Four Master Tropes’ (metaphor, metonymy, synec doche, and irony), A­ Grammar­ of­ Motives, New York 1946, pp. 503-17

495

bibliografia

cLemen, WoLFgang, Shakespeares­Bilder:­Ihre­Entwicklung­und­ihre­Funktionen­im­dramatischen­Werk..., Bonn 1936 (English tr. The­Deve-lopment­of­Shakespeare’s­Imagery, Cambridge, Mass., 1951)

FogLe, richard h., The­Imagery­of­Keats­and­Shelley, Chapel Hill 1949

Foster, genevieve W.,’ The Archetypal Imagery of T. S. Eliot ‘, PMLA, LX(I945), pp. 567-85

goheen, roBert F., The­Imagery­of­Sophocles’­Antigone, Princeton 1951

heiLman, roBert, Magic­ in­ the­ Web.­ Action­ and­ Language­ in­­Othello, Lexing ton, Ky 1956

This­Great­Stage, Baton Rouge 1948 (on King­Lear) hornstein, LiLLian EL, ‘Analysis of Imagery: A Critique of Lite-

rary Method’, PMLA, Lvii (1942), pp. 638-53JakoBson, roman, ‘Randbemerkungen zur Prosa des Dichters-

Pasternak’, Slavische­Rundschau (ed. F. Spina), vn (1935), pp. 357-74 konrad, hedWig, Étude­sur­la­métaphore, Paris 1939 LeWis, ceciL day, The­Poetic­Image, London 1947marsh, FLorence, Wordsworth’s­Imagery:­A­Study­in­Poetic­Vision,

New Haven 1952murry, J. middLeton, ‘Metaphor’, Countries­of­the­Mind, second

series, London 1931, pp. 1-16 parry, miLman, ‘The Traditional Metaphor in Homer’, Classical­

Philology, xxviii (1933), pp. 30-43 pongs, hermann, Das­Bild­in­der­Dichtung, 1: Versuch­einer­Mor-

phologie­ der­ metaphorischen­ Formen, Marburg 1927, 11: Voruntersu-chungen­zum­Symbol, Marburg 1939

praz, mario,­Studies­in­Seventeenth-Century­Imagery (‘ Studies of the Warburg Institute’, 111), London 1939

rugoFF, miLton, Donne’s­ Imagery:­ A­ Study­ in­ Creative­ Sources, New York 1939

spurgeon, caroLine, Shakespeare’s­Imagery­and­What­it­Tells­Us, Cam bridge 1935

stanFord, WiLLiam В., Greek­Metaphor:­Studies­in­Theory­and­Prac-tice, Oxford 1936

tuve, rosemond, Elizabethan­ and­Metaphysical­ Imagery:­ Renais-

496

bibliografia

sance­Роеtic­and­Twentieth-Century­Critics, Chicago 1947 A­Reading­of­George­Herbert, London 1952 WeLLs, henry W., Poetic­Imagery:­Illustrated­from­Elizabethan­Lit-

erature, New York 1924 Werner, heinz, Die­Ursprünge­der­Metapher, Leipzig 1919 WheeLWright, phiLip, Metaphor­and­Reality, Bloomington, Indi-

ana 1962

II. simbolo, miTiaLLen, don cameron, ‘Symbolic Color in the Literature of the

English Renaissance’, Philological­ Quarterly, xv (1936), pp. 81-92 (with a biblio graphy for heraldry and liturgy)

BacheLard, gaston, L’Eau­et­les­réves... , Paris 1942 La­Psychoanalyse­de­feu (fourth ed.), Paris 1938 BLock, haskeLL M., ‘Cultural Anthropology and Contemporary

Literary Criticism’, Journal­of­Aesthetics, xi (1952), pp. 46-54 Bodkin, maud, Archetypal­Patterns­in­Poetry, Oxford 1934 Bush, dougLas, Mythology­and­the­Renaissance­Tradition­in­Eng-

lish­Poetry, Minneapolis 1932 Mythology­ and­ the­Romantic­ Tradition­ in­ English­ Poetry, Cam-

bridge, Mass. 1937caiLLiet, emiLe, Symbolisme­et­âmes­primitives, Paris 1936 caiLLois, roger, Le­Mythe­ et­ I'Homme (Collection' Les Essais'),

Paris 1938 cassirer, ernst, Die­Philosophie­der­symbolischen­Formen, 11: Das­

mythische­Denken, Berlin 1924 (English tr. New Haven 1955) Wesen­und­Wirkung­des­Symbolbegriffs, Darmstadt 1956 Снase, Richard, Quest­for­Myth, Baton Rouge 1949 danieLou, Jean, ‘The Problem of Symbolism’, Thought, xxv

(1950), pp. 423-40dunBar, heLen FLanders, Symbolism­in­Mediaeval­Thought­and­its­

Con­summation­in­the­Divine­Comedy, New Haven 1929 Еmrich, WiLheLm, Die­Symbolik­von­Faust­II, Berlin 1943 ‘Symbolinterpretation und Mythenforschung’, Euphorion, xLvii

(1953), pp. 38-67FeideLson, charLes, Jun., Symbolism­and­American­Literature, Chi-

497

bibliografia

cago 1953Friedman, norman, ‘Imagery: From Sensation to Symbol’, Jour-

nal­of­Aesthetics, XII (1953), pp. 24-37 Foss, martin, Symbol­ and­Metaphor­ in­Human­Experience, Prin-

ceton 1949 Frye, northrop, ‘Three Meanings of Symbolism’, Yale­ French­

Studies, No. 9 (1952), pp. 11-19 ­Fearful­Symmetry:­A­Study­of­William­Blake, Princeton 1947 guastaLLa, renÉ m., Lе­Mythe­et­le­livre:­essai­sur­I'origine­de­la­

littérature, Paris 1940hungerFord, edWard, Shores­of­Darkness, New York 1941 hunt, herBert J., The­Epic­in­Nineteenth-Century­France:­A­Study­

in­Heroic­ and­Humanitarian­ Poetry­ from Les Martyrs to Les Siècles morts, Oxford 1941

kerÉnyi, karL, and mann, thomas, Romandichtung­und­Mytholo-gie. Ein Briefwechsel, Zurich 1945

knight, g. WiLson, The­Wheel­of­Fire:­Essays­ in­Interpretation­of­Shakespeare’s­Sombre­Tragedies, with an introduction by T. S. Eliot, London 1930

Langer, Susanne K., Philosophy­in­a­New­Key:­A­Study­in­the­Sym-bolism­of­Reason,­Rite,­and­Art, Cambridge, Mass. 1942

Feeling­and­Form.­A­Theory­of­Art­Developed­from­Philosophy­in­a­New­Key, New York 1953

nieBuhr, reinhoLd, ‘ The Truth Value of Myths’, The­Nature­of­Religious­Experience:­Essays­ in­Honor­ of­Douglas­C.­Macintosh, New York 1937

o’donneLL, G. M., ‘Faulkner’s Mythology’, Kenyan­ Review, i (1939), pp. 285-99

prescott, Frederick C.,­Poetry­and­Myth, New York 1927 ragLan, Lord, The­Hero:­A­Study­in­Tradition,­Myth,­and­Drama,

London 1937, New York 1956 schorer, mark, William­Blake, New York 1946 steWart, John A., The­Myths­of­Plato, London 1905 strich, Fritz, Die­Mythlogie­ in­der­deutschen­Literatur­von­Klop-

stock­bis­Wagner, two vols. Berlin 1910 troy, WiLLiam, ‘Thomas Mann: Myth and Reason’, Partisan Re-

498

bibliografia

view, V (1938), pp. 24-З2, 51-64WheeLWright, phiLip, ‘Poetry, Myth, and Reality’, The­Language­

of­Poetry (ed. Tate), Princeton 1942, pp. 3-33 The­ Burning­ Fountain:­ A­ Study­ in­ the­ Language­ of­ Symbolism,

Bloomington, Ind. 1954Wimsatt, W. K., Jun., ‘Two Meanings of Symbolism: a Gram-

matical Exercise’, Catholic­Renascence, viii (1955), pp. 12-25

meTeqvsmete Tavi

naratiuli literaturis buneba da modusebiI. eposi, novela da arakiaarne, a., and thompson, s., Types­of­the­Folk-Tale, Helsinki 1928aLdridge, J. W. (ed.), Critiques­and­Essays­in­Modern­Fiction, 1920-

1911, New York 1952 ames, van meter, Aesthetics­of­the­Novel, Chicago 1928 Beach, Joseph Warren, The­Twentieth-Century­Novel:­Studies­ in­

Technique, New York 1932Bonnet, h., Roman­et­poésie.­Essai­sur­I’esthétique­des­genres, Paris

1951 Booth, Wayne C., The­Rhetoric­of­Fiction, Chicago 1961 Brooks, cLeanth, and Warren, r. P., Understanding­Fiction, New

York 1943caiLLois, roger, Sociologia­de­la­novela, Buenos Aires 1942 diBeLius, WiLheLm, Englische­ Romankunst:­ Die­ Technik­ des­ eng-

lischen­Romans­ im­achtzehnten­und­Anfang­des­neunzehnten­ Jahrhun-derts, Vols. I and II (Palaestra, Nos. 92 and 98), Berlin and Leipzig 1922

­ Charles­ Dickens, Leipzig 1916 (second ed. 1926), Chap. 12, ‘Erzählungskunst und Lebensbild’; Chap. II, ‘Dickens als Menschendarsteller’

FoLLett, WiLson, The­Modern­Novel:­A­Study­of­ the­Purpose­and­Meaning­of­Fiction, New York 1918

Forster, E. M., Aspects­of­the­Novel, London 1927Frank, Joseph, ‘Spatial Form in Modern Literature (esp. the nov-

el)’ Sewanee­Review, Liii (1945), pp. 221-40, 433-56 (reprinted in Criti-

499

bibliografia

cism, eds. Schorer, Miles, and McKenzie, New York 1948, pp. 379-92) Friedemann, kÄte, Die­Rоlle­des­Erzählers­in­der­Epik, 1911 hamiLton, cLayton, Materials­and­Methods­of­Fiction, Norwood,

Mass. and London 1909hatcher, anna g., ‘Voir as a Modern Novelistic Device’, Philo-

logical­Quarterly, xxiii (1944), PP- 354-74 irWin, WiLLiam r., The­Making­of­ Jonathan­Wild:­A­Study­ in­ the­

Literary­Method­of­Henry­Fielding, New York 1941 James, henry, The­Art­ of­ the­Novel:­Critical­Prefaces, New York

1934 keiter, heinrich, and keLLer, tony, Der­Roman:­Geschichte,­Theo-

rie,­und­Technik­des­Romans­und­der­erzählenden­Dichtkunst, third ed., EssenRuhr 1908

koskimies, R., ‘Theorie des Romans’, Annals­of­the­Finnish­Aca-demy, Series в, xxxv (1935), Helsinki

LÄmmert, eBerhard, Bauformen­des­Erzählens, Stuttgart 1955 Leavis, F. R., The­Great­Tradition:­George­Eliot,­Henry­James,­Joseph­

Conrad, London 1948 (new ed. New York 1955; Penguin Books 1962) Levin, harry, ‘The Novel’, Dictionary­of­World­Literature (ed. J. t.

Ship ley), New York 1943, pp. 405-7 LuBBock, percy, The­Craft­of­Fiction, London 1921 LudWig, otto, Studien (incl. ‘Romanstudien’), Gesammelte­Schrif-

ten, vi, Leipzig 1891LukÄcs, georg, Die­ Theorie­ des­ Romans:­ Eingeschichtsphiloso-

phischer­Versuch­über­die­Formen­der­grossen­Epik, Berlin 1920 mauriac, FranÇois, Le­Romancier­et­ses­personnages, Paris 1933 meyer, herman, Das­Zitat­in­der­Erzählkunst, Stuttgart 1961 muir, edWin, The­Structure­of­the­Novel, London 1929 myers, WaLter L., The­Later­Realism:­A­Study­of­Characterisation­

in­the­British­Novel, Chicago 1927 o’connor, WiLLiam V. (ed.), Forms­of­Modern­Fiction, Minneapo-

lis 1948 Ortega y Gasset, Ideas­sobra­la­novela, Madrid 1925 (Eng. tr. Notes­

on­the­Novel, Princeton 1948) petsch, roBert, Wesen­und­Formen­der­Erzählkunst, Halle 1934 Praz, Mario, La­ crisi­ dell’eroe­ nel­ romanzo­ vittoriano, Florence

500

bibliografia

1952, English tr. The­Hero­in­Eclipse­in­Victorian­Fiction, Oxford 1956 prevost, Jean (ed.), Problèmes­du­roman, s.d. ParisrickWord, С. h., ‘A Note on Fiction’, The­Calendar,­A­Quarterly­

Review, in (1926-7), pp. 226-33 (reprinted in O’Connor, op. cit., pp. 294-305)

riemann, roBert, Goethes­Romantechnik, Leipzig 1902 spieLhagen, Friedrich, Beiträge­ zur­ Theorie­ und­ Technik­ des­ Ro-

mans, Leipzig 1883stanzeL, Franz, Die­ Typischen­ Erzählsituational­ im­ Roman, Vi-

enna 1955 tate, aLLen, ‘Techniques of Fiction’, Sewanee­Review, LII (1944),

pp. 210-25 (reprinted in O’Connor, op. cit., pp. 30-45) thiBaudet, aLBert, Le­Liseur­de­romans, Paris 1925 Réflexions­sur­le­roman, Paris 1938 tiLLotson, kathLeen, The­Tale­and­the­Teller, London 1959 Wenger, J., ‘Speed as a Technique in the Novels of Balzac’,

PMLA, LV (1940), pp. 241-52 Wharton, edith, The­Writing­of­Fiction, New York 1924 WhitcomB, seLden L., The­Study­of­a­Novel, Boston 1905 WhiteFord, r. n., Motives­in­English­Fiction, New York 1918

meCvidmete Tavi

literaturuli Janrebi

Behrens, irene, Die­Lehre­von­der­Einteilung­der­Dichtkunst:­Bei-hefte­zur­Zeitschrift­für­Romanische­Philologie, xcii, Halle 1940

Beissner, Friedrich, Geschichte­der­deutschen­Elegie, Berlin 1941 ВÖнм, Franz J., ‘Begriff und Wesen des Genre’, Zeitschrift­ für­

Ästhetik, xxii (1928), pp. 186-91 Bond, richmond p., English­burlesque­Poetry, Cambridge, Mass.

1932 Brie, Friedrich, Englische­Rokoko-Epik­(1710-30), Munich 1927 Brunetiere, Ferdinand, L’Evolution­des­genres­dans­I’histoire­de­la­

littérature..., Paris 1890 Burke, kenneth, ‘Poetic Categories’, Attitudes­ toward­ History,

New York 1937, Vol. 1, pp. 41-119

501

bibliografia

crane, ronaLd s. (ed.), Critics­and­Criticism:­Ancient­and­Modern, Chicago 1952 (contains Elder Olson, ‘An Outline of Poetic Theory’)

donohue, James J., The­Theory­of­Literary­Kinds. I: Ancient­Classi-fications­of­Literature; II: The­Ancient­Classes­of­Poetry, Dubuque, Iowa 1943, 1949

ehrenpreis, irWin, The­’Types’­Approach­to­Literature, New York 1945

FuBini, mario, ‘Genesi e storia dei generi letterari’, Tecnica­e­teor-ia­letteraria (a volume of A. Momigliano, ed., Problemi­ed­orientamenti­critici­di­lingua­e­di­letteratura­italiana, Milano 1948). Also in Critica­e­poesia, Bari 1956

graBoWski, Т., ‘La Question des genres littéraires dans l’étude contemporaine polonaise de la littérature’, Helicon, II (1939), pp. 211-16

hankiss, Jean, ‘Les Genres littéraires et leur base psychologique’, Helicon. II (1939), pp. 117-29

hartL, roBert, Versuch­ einer­ psychologischen­ Grundlegung­ der­Dichtungsgattungen, Vienna 1923

JoLLes, andrÉ, Einfache­ For­ men:­ Legende,­ Sage,­ Mythe,­ Rätsel,­Spiel,­Kasus,­Memorabile,­Märchen,­Witz, Halle 1930

kayser, WoLFgang, Geschichte­der­deutschen­Ballade, Berlin 1936 kohLer, pierre, ‘Contribution à une philosophie des genres’,

Helicon, i (1938), pp. 233-44; 11 (1940), pp. 135-47 kridL, manFred, ‘Observations sur les genres de la poésie

lyrique, Helicon, II (1939), pp. 147-56 mautner, Franz h., ‘Der Aphorismus als literarische Gattung’,

Zeitschrift­für­Ästhetik, xxxii (1938), pp. 132-75 muLLer, gunther, ‘Bemerkungen zur Gattungspoetik’,­Philoso-

phischer­Anzeiger, 111 (1929), pp. 129-47 Geschichte­des­deutschen­Liedes..., Munich 1925 pearson, N. H., ‘Literary Forms and Types’,..., English­Institute­

Annual, 1940, New York (1941), pp. 61-72petersen, JuLius, ‘Zur Lehre von den Dichtungsgattungen’, Fest-

schrift­fiir­August­Sauer, Stuttgart (1925), pp. 72-116 staiger, emiL, Grundbegriffe­der­Poetik, Zürich 1946 vaLentin, veit, ‘Poetische Gattungen’, Zeitschrift­ für­ ver-

502

bibliografia

gleichende­Litteraturgeschichte, v (1892), pp. 35-51 van tieghem, P., ‘La Question des genres littéraires’, Helicon, I

(1938), pp. 95-101viËtor, karL, Geschichte­der­deutchen­Ode, Munich 1923 ‘Probleme der literarischen Gattungsgeschichte’, Deutsche­Vi-

erteljahrschrift­für­Uteraturwissenschaft­und­Geistesgeschichte, ix (1931), pp. 425-47 (re printed in Geist­und­Form, Bern 1952, pp. 292-309

Whitmore, charLes e., ‘The Validity of Literary Definitions’, PMLA, xxxix (1924), pp. 722-36

meTvramete Tavi

Sefaseba

aLexander, samueL, Beauty­ and­Other­ Forms­ of­ Value, London 1933

Beriger, Leonhard, Die­literarische­Wertung, Halle 1938Boas, george, A­Primer­ for­Critics, Baltimore 1937 (revised ed.

Wingless­Pegasus, Baltimore 1950) dingLe, herBert,­Science­and­Literary­Criticism, London 1949 garnett, a. C., Reality­and­Value, New Haven 1937 heyde, Johannes, Wert:­ eine­ philosophische­ Grundlegung, Erfurt

1926 heyL, Bernard C., New­Bearings­in­Esthetics­and­Art­Criticism:­A­

Study­in­Semantics­and­Evaluation, New Haven 1943 Laird, John,­The­Idea­of­Value, Cambridge 1929 osBorne, haroLd, Aesthetics­and­Criticism, London 1955peLL, orLie a., Value-Theory­and­Criticism, New York 1930 pepper, stephen С., The­Basis­of­Criticism­in­the­Arts, Cambridge,

Mass., 1945perry, raLph В., General­Theory­of­Value, New York 1926praLL, david W., A­Study­ in­ the­Theory­of­Value (University of

California Publications in Philosophy, Vol. in, No. 2), 1921 reid, John r., A­Theory­of­Value, New York 1938rice, phiLip BLair, ‘Quality and Value’, Journal­of­Philosophy, xL

(1943), pp.337-48

503

bibliografia

‘Towards a Syntax of Valuation’, Journal­ of­ Philosophy, xLi (1944), pp. 331-63

shumaker, Wayne, Elements­ of­ Critical­ Theory, Berkeley, Calif. 1952

stevenson, charLes L., Ethics­and­Language, New Haven 1944 vivas, eLiseo, ‘a Note on Value’, Journal­of­Philosophy, xxxiii (193

6), pp. 568-75 ‘The Esthetic Judgment’, Journal­ of­ Philosophy, xxxiii (i936),

pp. 57-69 urBan, WiLBur, Valuation:­Its­Nature­and­Laws, New York 1909 WaLsh, dorothy, ‘Literature and the Literary Judgment’, Uni-

versity­of­Toronto­Quarterly, xxiv (.1955), pp. 341-50 Wimsatt, WiLLiam K., ‘Explication as Criticism’, The­Verbal­Icon,

Lex ington, Ky, 1954, pp. 235-52 Wutz, herBert, Zur­Theorie­der­literarischen­Wertung, Tübingen

1957

mecxramete Tavi

literaturis istoria

I. zogadi msjeloba literaturis istoriis Sesaxeb

curtius, ernst roBert, Europäische­Literatur­und­lateinisches­Mit-telalter, Bern 1948 (English tr. European­Literature­and­the­Latin­Middle­Ages, New York 1953).

cysarz, herBert, Literaturgeschichte­als­Geisteswissenschaft, Halle 1926

Greenlaw, Edwin, The­ Province­ of­ Literary­ History, Baltimore 1931

LacomBe, pauL, Introduction­a­I’histoire­littéraire, Paris 1898 Lanson, gustave, ‘Histoire littéraire’, De­la­méthode­dans­les­sci-

ences, Paris (second scries, 1911), pp. 221-64 Méthodes­de­I’histoire­littéraire, Paris 1925 morize, andre, Problems­and­Methods­of­Literary­History, Boston

1922

504

bibliografia

Renard, Georges, La­Methode­scientifique­d’histoire­littéraire, Paris 1900

rudLer, gustave, Les­Techniques­de­la­critique­et­d’histoire­littéraire­en­littérature­française­moderne, Oxford 1923

sanders, chauncey,­An­Introduction­to­Research­in­English­Liter-ary­History, New York 1952

WeLLek, renÉ, ‘The Theory of Literary History’, Travaux­du­Cer-cle­linguistique­de­Prague, iv (1936), pp. 173-91

II. Teoriuli msjeloba periodizaciis Sesaxeb

cazamian, Louis, ‘La Notion de retours périodiques dans l’histoire littéraire’, Essais­en­deux­langues, Paris 1938, pp. 3-10

‘Les Périodes dans l’histoire de la littérature anglaise mod-erne’, Ibid., pp. 11-22

cysarz, herBert, ‘Das Periodenprinzip in der Literaturwissen-schaft’, Philosophie­der­Uteraturwissenschaft­(ed. E. Ermatinger), Ber-lin 1930, pp. 92-129

Friedrich, h., ‘Der Epochebegriff im Lichte der französischen Préromantismeforschung’, Neue­ Jahrbücher­ für­Wissenschaft­und­ Ju-gendbildung, X (1934), pp. 124-40

meter, richard moritz, ‘Prinzipien der wissenschaftlichen Periodenbildung’, Euphorion, viii (1901), pp. 1-42

miLes, Josephine, ‘Eras in English Poetry’, PMLA, Lxx (1955), pp. 853-75

‘Le Second Congrés international d’histoire littéraire, Amster-dam 1935: Les Périodes dans l’histoire littéraire depuis la Renais-sance’, bulletin­of­the­International­Committee­of­the­Historical­Sciences, ix (1937), pp. 255-398

teesing, h. P. h., Das­Problem­der­Perioden­ in­ der­ Literaturges-chichte, Groningen 1949

WeLLek, renÉ, ‘Periods and Movements in Literary History’, English­Institute­Annual, 1940, New York 1941, pp. 73-93

Wiese, Benno von, ‘Zur Kritik des geisteswissenschaftlichen

505

bibliografia

Perioden-begriffes’, Deutsche­ Vierteljahrschrift­ für­ Literaturwissen-schaft­und­Geistesgeschichte, xi (1933), pp. 130-44

III. ramdenime Sexeduleba ZiriTadi periodebis Sesaxeb

1. renesansi

Borinski, karL, Die­Weltwiedergeburtsidee­in­den­neueren­Zeiten. 1: Der­Streit­um­die­Renaissance­und­die­Entstehungsgeschichte­der­histor-ischen­Beziehungsbegriffe­‘Renaissance’­und­‘Mittelalter’, Munich 1919

Burdach, konrad, ‘Sinn und Ursprung der Worte Renaissance und Re formation’, Reformation,­ Renaissance,­ Humanismus, Berlin 1926, pp. 1-84

eppeLsheimer, h. W., ‘Das Renaissanceproblem’, Deutsche­Vierteljahr­schrift­ für­ L.iteraturwissenschaft­ und­ Geistesgeschichte, II (1933), pp. 477-500

Ferguson, WaLLace K., The­ Renaissance­ in­ Historical­ Thought, Boston 1948

FiFe, R. H., ‘The Renaissance in a Changing World’, Germanic­Review, ix (1934), PP-73-95

Huizinga, J., ‘Das Problem der Renaissance’, Wege­der­Kulturge-schichte (tr. Werner Kaegi), Munich 1930, pp. 89-139

panoFsky, ErWin, ‘Renaissance and Renascences’, Kenyon­ Re-view, vi (i944), PP- 201-36

phiLippi, a., Der­Begriff­der­Renaissance:­Daten­zu­seiner­Geschichte, Leipzig 1912

2. klasicizmi

:Levin, harry, ‘Contexts of the Classical’, Contexts­of­Criticism,

Cambridge, Mass. 1957, pp. 38-54 Luck, georg, ‘Scriptor classicus’, Comparative­ Literature, x

(1958), pp, 150-58moreau, pierre, ‘Qu’est-ce qu’un classique? Qu’est-ce qu’un ro-

mantique?’ Le­Classicisme­des­Romantiques, Paris 1932, pp. 1-22

506

bibliografia

peyre, henri, Le­Classicisme­ français, New York 1942 (contains chapter ‘Le Mot classicisme’ and annotated bibliography)

van tieghem, pauL, ‘Classique’, Revue­de­synthsée­historique, xLi (1931), pp.238-41

3. baroko:

СaLcaterra, С., 'II problema del barocco', Questioni­e­correnti­di­storia­letteraria (a volume of Problemi­ed­orientamenti­critici­di­lingua­e­di­letteratura­italiana, ed. a. Momigliano), Milano 1948, pp. 405-501

coutinho, aFrÂnio, Aspectos­de­literatura­barroca, Rio de Janeiro 1950

getto, giovanni, ‘La polemica sul Barocco’, Letteratura­e­critica­nel­tempo, Milano 1954, pp. 131-218

hatzFeLd, heLmut, ‘a Clarification of the Baroque Problem in the Ro mance Literatures’, Comparative­Literature I (1949), pp. 113-39

Der­gegenwärtige­Stand­der­romanistischen­Barockforschung, Mu-nich 1961

‘The Baroque from the Viewpoint of the Literary Historian’, Journal­of­Aesthetics­and­Art­Criticism, xiv (1955), pp. 156-64

kurz, otto, ‘Barocco: storia di una parola’, Lettere­ italiane, xn (1960), pp 414-44

macri, oreste, La­ historiografia­ del­ barroco­ literario­ español, Bogota, 1961

migLiorini, Bruno, ‘Etimologia e storia del termine Barocco’, in Manierismo,­Barocco,­Rococò:­Concetti­e­termini. Convegno­Internation-ale, Accade mia dei Lincei, Rome 1962, pp. 39-49

mourgues, odette de, Metaphysical,­Baroque,­and­Précieux­Poetry, Oxford 1953

neLson, LoWry, Jun., ‘Baroque: Word and Concept’, Baroque­Lyric­Poetry, New Haven 1961, pp. 1-17

Sayce, R. A., ‘The Use of the Term “Baroque” in French Literary History’, Comparative­Literature, x (1958), pp. 246-53

WeLLek, renÉ, ‘The Concept of Baroque in Literary Scholarship’, Journal­of­Aesthetics, v (1946), pp. 77--109 (with full bibliography)

4. romantizmi:

507

bibliografia

aynard, Joseph, ‘Comment définir le romantisme?’, Revue­de­lit-térature­comparée, v (1925), pp. 641-58

BaLdensperger, Fernand, ‘ Romantique - ses analogues et équi valents’, Harvard­ Studies­ and­ Notes­ in­ Philology­ and­ Literature, xiv (1937), pp. 13-105

BarrÈre, Jean-Bertrand, ‘Sur quelques définitions du Roman-tisme’, Revue­des­sciences­humaines, Lxii-Lxiii (1951), pp. 93-110

Peckham, Morse, ‘Toward a Theory of Romanticism’, PMLA, Lxvi (1951), pp. 5-23; ‘Toward a Theory of Romanticism: II. Reconsidera tions’, Studies­in­Romanticism, I (1961), 1-6

petersen, JuLius, Die­Wesensbestimmung­der­deutschen­Romantik, Leipzig 1926

remak, henry h. h., ‘West European Romanticism: Definition and Scope’, Comparative­Literature:­Method­and­Perspective (ed. New-ton P. Stallknecht and Horst Frenz), Carbondale, III. 1961, pp. 223-59

schuLtz, Franz, ‘Romantik und Romantisch als literaturges-chichtliche Terminologie und Begriffsbildungen’, Deutsche­Viertel-jahrschrift­ für­ Literaturwissenschaft­ und­ Geistesgeschichte, II (1924), pp. 349-66

smith, Logan P., Four­Words:­Romantic,­Originality,­Creative,­Ge-nius (Society for Pure English, Tract No. 17), Oxford 1924 (reprinted in Words­and­Idioms, Boston 1925)

uLLmann, richard, and gotthard, heLene, Geschichte­des­Begriffs­‘Romantisch’­in­Deutschland, Berlin 1927

WeLLek, renÉ, ‘The Concept of Romanticism in Literary Scho-larship’, Comparative­Literature i (1949), pp. 1-23, 147-72

5. realizmi

BorgerhoFF, E. В. O., ‘Réalisme and Kindred Words: Their Use as a Term of Literary Criticism in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century’, Publications­of­the­Modern­Language­Association, Liii (1938), pp. 837-43

Brinkmann, richard, Wirklichkeit­und­ Illusion:­Studien­über­Ge-halt­und­Grenzen­des­Begriffs­Realismus, Tübingen 1957

Levin, harry (ed.), ‘A Symposium on Realism’, Comparative Lit-

508

bibliografia

erature iii (i951), pp. 193-285 Watt, ian, ‘Realism and the Novel Form’, The­Rise­of­the­Novel:­

Studies­in­Defoe,­Richardson­and­Fielding, London 1960, pp. 9-34 WeinBerg, Bernard, French­Realism:­The­Critical­Reaction, 1830-70,

Chicago 1937WeLLek, renÉ, ‘The Concept of Realism in Literary Scholarship’,

Neophilologus, xL (1960), pp. 1-20

6. simbolizmi

Barre, andrÉ, Le­Symbolisme, Paris 1911Lehmann, a. g., The­Symbolist­Aesthetic­in­France 1885-1895, Ox-

ford 1950 martino, pierre, Parnasse­ et­ symbolisme:­1850-1900, Paris 1925,

pp. 150- 55

IV. msjeloba ganviTarebis Sesaxeb literaturasa da istoriaSi

aBercromBie, LasceLLes, Progress­in­Literature, London 1929 BrunetiÈre, Ferdinand, L’Évolution­des­genres­dans­I’histoire­de­la­

littéra­ture, Paris 1890cazamian, Louis, L’Évolution­psychologique­de­la­littérature­en­An-

gleterre, Paris 1920croce, Benedetto, ‘Categorismo e psicologismo nella storia

della poesia’, Ultimi­saggi, Bari 1935, pp. 373-79 ‘La riforma della storia artistica e letteraria', Nuovi­saggi­di­este-

tica, second ed., Bari 1927, pp. 157-80curtius, ernst roBert, Ferdinand­Brunetière, Strassburg 1914 driesch, hans, Logische­ Studien­ über­ Entwicklung (Sitzungs-

berichte der Heidelberger Akademie, Philosophisch-historische Klasse, 1918, No. 3)

kantoroWicz, hermann, ‘ Grundbegriffe der Literaturgeschich-te’, Logos, xviii (1929), pp. 102-21

kautzsch, rudoLF, Der­Begriff­der­Entwicklung­in­der­Kunstgesc-

509

bibliografia

bichte (Frank furter Universitätsreden, No. 7), Frankfurt 1917 manLy, John mattheWs, ‘Literary Forms and the New Theory of

the Origin of Species’, Modern­Philology, iv (1907), pp. 577-95 mannheim, karL, ‘Historismus’, Archiv­ für­ Sozialwissenschaft­

und­Sozialpolitik, Lii (1925), pp. 1-60 (English tr. in Essays­on­the­Soci-ology­of­Knowledge, New York 1952, pp. 84-133)

meinecke, Friedrich, ‘Kausalitäten und Werte in dcr Geschich-te’, Historische­Zeitschrift, cxxxvii (1918), pp. 1-27 (reprinted in Stoat­und­Persönlichkeit, Berlin 1933, pp. 28-53)

rickert, heinrich, Die­ Grenzen­ der­ naturwissenschaftlichen­Begriffsbildung, Tübingen 1902 (fifth ed., 1929)

­Kulturwissenschaft­und­Naturwissenschaft, Tübingen 1921 riezLer, kurt, Über den Begriff der historischcn Entwicklung’,

Deutsche­ Vierteljahrschrift­ für­ Literaturwissenschaft­ und­ Geistesges-chichte, iv (1926), pp.193-225

symonds, John addington, ‘On the Application of Evolutionary Principles to Art and Literature’, Essays­Speculative­and­Suggestive, London 1890, Vol. 1, pp. 42-84

troeLtsch, ernst, Der­Historismus­und­seine­Probleme, Tübingen 1922, new ed 1961

WeLLek, renÉ, ‘The Concept of Evolution in Literary History’ Fo. Roman Jakobson, The Hague 1956, pp. 653-61

510

511

indeqsi

512

513

aarne, anti, 441aberkrombi, daSelesi, 448aboti, Carlzi d., 412agripa, korneliusi, 299, 435adisoni, jozefi, 143, 145, 282adleri, alfredi, 409adleri, mortimeri, 39, 398, 414adoracki, v., 415avgustine, wmida, 49, 399avTenturoba, 77­8, 88, 93avtoroba, 78azari, poli, 162, 418aikeni, konradi, 128aixendorfi, Josef von, 175ainli, duglasi, 429, 451ainStaini, alberti, 424aleni, r. j., 413alonso, amado, 264alonso, damaso, 264amerikuli literatura, 134amieli, henri frederiki, 322ampere, j.­j., 63apelesi, 186apolineri, giliomi, 207ariosto, ludoviko, 182aristotele, 20, 41, 48, 53, 193, 276, 284, 310, 331, 333, 336, 340, 436, 444arnhaimi, rudolfi, 412arnoldi, meTiu, 40, 63, 88, 107, 259, 280, 309, 408, 431aroni, reimondi, 395asociacia, 123­4

auerbaxi, erixi, 69, 402

baironi, jorj gordoni, lordi, 105, 109, 112, 139, 232, 306, 338, 358, 385, 414, 445baldenspergeri, fernani, 65, 400, 414balzaki, onore de, 31, 32, 43, 118, 120, 136, 145­6, 168, 169, 311, 319, 322, 356, 419, 441, 442 banzuni, Jaki, 457bara, emili, 269baranti, prosper de, 139, 413barbiusi, anri, 266, 432 bari, jeimsi, 452barkasi, palisteri, 240, 428barneti, joni, 414barnsi, h. e., 424baroko, 173­4, 191­4, 207, 214, 260, 268, 288­90bartasi, diu, 290basano, jakopo, 195batleri, samueli, 162batleri, josefi, 24batler­boudeni, v., 403bebiti, irvingi, 181, 444, 446bede, Jan­alberti, 116bedie, jozefi, 81beTeli, s. l., 396beThoveni, ludvig van, 169beikeri, j. e., 449beiti, uolter jeqsoni, 235,

indeqsi

514

indeqsi

416, 434beitsoni, f. v., 54, 252­4, 399, 430beili, joni, 381beinsi, h. g., 418bekeri, f. b., 416bekeri, hovardi, 416bekingi, gustavi, 427bekoni, frensisi, 294, 296beli, andrei, 239beli, Sarli, 264, 438, 444beljioni, montgomeri, 47beneti, arnoldi, 145beniani, joni, 325bentli, eriki, 406bentli, jeraldi e., 418benusi, vitorio, 429bergsoni, henri, 25, 41, 266berdiaevi, nikolai, 163, 426berendi, e., 441berkelmani, r. g., 411berkli, jorji, 24, 162, 279, 296berliozi, heqtori, 169bernai, maikli, 405bernei, fani, 321bernini, jiovani, 215bernsi, roberti, 136, 299bertoni, roberti, 376bexi, filip augusti, 51­2, 399birkhedi, ediTi, 445birkhofi, g. d., 190, 229, 422, 425birni, muriel st. kleri, 404biuleri, karli, 284, 435biuheri, karli, 155, 424biCi, jozef uoreni, 423, 442blagoi, d., 413bleiki, uiliami, 33, 171, 186,

253, 275­6, 299, 300, 358, 363, 434bleri, hiu, 335, 336bleqmuri, r. p., 53bloki, aleqsandre, 344bloxi, jozefi, 415bogatirevi, petre, 401bodleri, Carlzi, 66, 86, 116, 287, 411bodkini, maudi, 410boduini, Sarli, 433boeme, iakobi, 171, 435boesi, f. s., 403boesi, jorji, 40, 157­8, 354, 398, 417, 448­9bomonti, 55, 92, 305, 406bonaldi, lui g. a., 132, 412bonto, jermeini, 421boringi, e. g., 433bosanke, bernardi, 355, 356, 448bosanke, Teodora, 411 bosiue, Jak­beni, 32, 239bosueli, jeimsi, 78, 403boulingi, lorensi, 443bouterveki, fridrixi, 69, 401braiti, timoTi, 42brandesi, jorji, 104, 408brauni, stiven j., 435brauni, ser tomasi, 237, 239, 294, 296brauni, joni, 391brauningi, roberti, 158, 162, 213, 230, 232, 243 bredbi, eni, 439bredli, a. s., 50, 399bredli, skali, 404breigeli, piteri, ufrosi,

515

indeqsi

188, 429bremoni, abati henri, 167brehti, berToldi, 344briki, osipi, 230, 426briuli, grafi hans moritci, 419briusovi, valeri, 425brijesi, roberti, 177bronte, emili, 108, 273, 408bronte, patriki, 108bronte, Sarlota, 108, 150bruge, pieri. ix. breigelibrugemani, fritci, 416brunetieri, ferdinandi, 344, 402, 446bruno, jordano, 162, 164bruqsi, klinT, juni, 33, 363, 397, 435, 437bualo, nikolasi, 334­5buTbi, hili, 419burgumi, edvini b., 154­5, 416burki, edmundi, 24burki, keneti, 39, 398, 417burkhardti, iakobi, 195, 423buSe, fransua, 180

galtoni, frensisi, 271gariki, devidi, 87gaskeli, elizabed kleghor­ni, 150gelderi, r. van, 411gelerti, iohan fiurxtego­ti, 168, 419george, stefani, 300geri, gerlen de, 430gerSenzoni, m. o., 418gesemani, gerhardi, 401giboni, edvardi, 24, 239

gibonsi, Tomasi, 289, 437gilbi, Tomasi, 41gisingi, jorji, 315glokneri, hermani, 164, 418gogoli, nikolai, 135­6, 215, 239, 319, 325, 349, 441godvini, uiliami, 162, 165, 316, 441goeTe, iohan volfgang von, 48, 65, 67, 85, 105, 106, 113, 118, 121, 125, 139, 143, 163, 164, 169, 170, 171, 178, 184, 188, 194, 264, 266, 399, 401, 405, 408, 410, 420, 431, 434, 443, 451goldsmiti, oliveri, 73, 92, 407golzuorTi, joni, 145gongora, luis de, 264gonCarovi, aleqsandre, 135gordoni, e. h., 441gose, edmundi, 407, 450gotie, Teofile, 180­1gurmoni, remi de, 365, 450grabo, karli, 441gramoni, morisi, 234, 426gratani, j. h., 404gregi, u. u., 79, 81, 84, 85, 381, 404, 452greguari, anri, 415grei, Tomasi, 161, 282, 338, 445gribi, v., 152grigsoni, jefri, 410grini, Teodor meieri, 189, 351, 356, 422, 448, 449grini, roberti, 91, 263grini, f. s., 63, 400grinlou, edvini, 22, 51, 396grifiti, r. h., 79, 404grifiusi, andreasi, 360

516

indeqsi

gruenvaldi, ernsti, 416gruti, alberti de, 427­8guastala, r. m., 435gumbeli, hermani, 403gundolfi, fridrixi, 266, 408, 431

davenanti, ser uiliami, 332dalasi, e. s., 332, 444 dalke, h. oto, 416 dans skotusi, 162dante, 32, 45, 48, 58, 67, 118, 157, 162, 164, 186, 259, 267, 273, 293, 357, 398, 420, 431, 433, 434darvini, Carlzi r., 25, 373dauni, juni, 433de gre, jerard l., 416de quinsi, Tomasi, 119, 242devidsoni, angusi, 419devidsoni, donaldi, 435devisi, siseli, 421dekeri, Tomasi, 18delakrua, anri, 412deloni, Tomasi, 145demokrite, 169denieli, semiueli, 294denisi, joni, 280denhemi, joni, 335, 361destiu, antuani, de trasi, 128defo, denieli, 92, 310, 322, 353, 406­7dibeliusi, vilhelmi, 317, 411, 441, 442didro, denisi, 113, 414dik­ensi, Carlzi, 114, 118, 124, 143, 145, 237, 312, 316, 318, 319,

321, 326, 343, 359, 360, 411, 414, 441, 442dikinsoni, emili, 300, 439dilTai, vilhelmi, 16, 17, 118, 165, 169, 266, 395, 408, 410, 419dioni, a., 437diuvali, aleqsandre, 409diui, joni, 189, 382, 421, 422diuma, aleqsandre, 143diuJardeni, eduardi, 327­8doiCbaini, maqsi, 172, 261, 420donahiu, jeimsi j., 444doni, joni, 56, 161, 296, 302, 303, 360, 362, 437, 449dostoevski, Tedore, 33, 43, 112, 117, 118, 125, 135, 163, 177, 178, 343, 418dousoni, jailsi, 406doji, n. i., 451draideni, joni, 54, 66, 79, 161, 290, 336, 361, 375, 397, 400, 404, 437draizeri, teodore, 123, 228

egani, rouzi f., 414evripide, 58, 137eixenbaumi, borisi, 251, 424, 429eleji, skoti, 396elioti, Tomas stirnsi, 40, 45, 47, 48, 106, 115, 116, 117, 118, 121, 157, 162, 273, 290, 305, 338, 343, 352, 355, 359, 361, 363, 366, 370, 398­9, 408, 410­11, 417, 425, 433­4, 440, 448­9, 450, 451elioti, jorji, 164, 177elisabedi, dedofali, 13, 18,

517

indeqsi

20, 42, 55­6, 79, 83, 84, 85, 87, 89, 91,93, 103, 127­8, 160elisi, haveloki, 412elis­formeri, una, 421eltoni, oliveri, 368, 427, 450emersoni, ralfi u., 32, 49, 51, 160, 239, 277, 314empedokle, 164empsoni, uiliami, 331, 423engelsi, fridrixi, 415engstromi, a. g., 409epelSaimeri, h. u., 420erlixi, viqtori, 423, 429ermatingeri, emili, 403, 422, 453erskine, joni, 332, 444erhardt­siboldi, erika von, 409esqile, 36, 137, 155, 277, 417etimbli, rene, 426

vageri, riCardi, 187, 443valentini, viti, 445valeri, poli, 121, 287, 411valceli, oskari, 170, 191, 193, 202, 396, 402, 413, 420, 422, 423, 424, 427, 432, 442, 453van deiki, antuani, 191van doreni, marki, 396, 397van tigemi, poli, 68, 339, 342, 344, 401, 441, 445, 446vanbruxi, ser joni, 415vato, antuani, 185vaxi, ioakime, 416veberi, maqsi, 147, 153, 416vebleni, Torstaini, 141

vebsteri, joni, 92, 437velaskesi, diego, 169veltmani, a., 325verdi, juzepe, 184verie, poli, 243, 251, 437, 438verleni, poli, 183­4verneri, hainci, 286, 427, 436veroneze, paolo, 196veselovski, aleqsandre n., 400, 402, 452veqsleri, eduardi, 261, 388vietori, karli, 331, 337, 381, 454vivasi, elizeo, 364, 450viko, jiambatista, 162, 277viliamsoni, jorji, 355, 432, 449vindelbandi, vilhelmi, 17, 159, 395virgiliusi, 46, 108, 138, 234, 362, 398vitruviusi, 215voeni, veilend f., 417voeni, henri, 288volteri, 139, 346, 373vulfi, tomasi, 112volflini, hainrixi, 170, 191, 422vreni, j. h., 407vudberi, jorji, 401vudhausi, riCardi, 408vundti, vilhelmi, 285

zabeli, morton d., 399zeidel, edvin h., 407zilinski, t., 396zola, emili, 215, 322

518

indeqsi

Tauni, r. h., 416Tekerei, uiliam meiqfisi, 33, 145, 186, 331Teobaldi. luisi, 84Toma aqvineli, 162Toma kempieli, 92Torberni, jon m., 410Torndaiki, eSli, 413Toro, henri, 294

iaenSi, erihi, 114, 409ibseni, henriki, 32, 43, 320, 326, 345, 442ieitsi, 33, 162, 275, 276, 279, 299, 300, 301, 400, 434, 435, 438, 439ivanovi, viaCeslavi, 163, 418iveri, m. a., 438ingardeni, romani, 218­9, 226, 425, 448ipseni, giunTeri, 427iraseki, aloisi, 144irvingi, vaSingtoni, 323irvini, h. d., 395istmeni, maqsi, 43­4, 398, 413iuli, adni, 92, 407iume, devidi, 24iungi, karli j., 112, 116, 162, 410

kazamiani, luisi, 18, 368, 390, 395, 403, 423, 451kaie, emili, 116, 439kainzi, fridrixi, 431kaiseri, volfgangi, 426kanti, imanueli, 25, 38, 161­3, 169, 175, 223, 351, 386, 447kantoroviCi, hermani, 404kargi, fritci, 427kardineri, abrami, 114karlaili, Tomasi, 66, 134, 135, 263, 385karpenteri, f. i., 442karteri, joni, 94, 407kasani, a., 414kasireri, ernsti, 174, 420, 435kastendieki, mailsi m., 421kauli, abrahami, 361kafka, franci, 112, 312, 317, 343, 359, 360keinsi, jon meinardi, 150, 415keleri, gotfridi, 311keleri, volfgangi, 235keleti, e. e., 449kempbeli, lili, 127, 399, 412, 413kempbeli, luisi, 90kempbeli, oskari, 127, 400, 412kempbeli, jorji, 285, 289, 436, 437kempi, marjeris wigni, 78, 403kempioni, Tomasi, 421, 429kenedi, arturi g., 403keri, v. p., 329, 370, 437, 443, 448, 451kerni, aleqsandre k., 416kernodli, jorji r., 421keroli, luisi, 266

519

indeqsi

keTeri, vila, 312kvintiliane, 297, 435, 437kidi, Tomasi, 91, 263, 292kileni, a., 445kilmeri, joisi, 19kingi, a. h., 256, 430kingsli, Carlzi, 150kingsmili, hiu, 107, 408kinsli, editi e., 408kioleri, volfgangi, 427kionigi, gosvini, 413kiorneri, iosebi, 266, 431kitsi, joni, 32, 86, 106, 108, 112, 125, 127, 158, 180, 230, 361, 363, 385, 408, 411, 420, 426, 445, 451kiuvie, jorji, baroni, 63klaisti, hainrix von, 163, 175, 418klarki, devid li, 451klarki, edvin l., 412kleberi, f., 440klemeni, volfgangi, 307­8, 378, 437, 439, 440, 452klemons, hari, 431klodeli, poli, 238klopstoki, fridrix got­libi, 435klukhoni, pauli, 166, 418knikerbokeri, v. s., 399koeni, moris r., 412koldueli, kristoferi, 155, 417kolvini, ser sidnei, 420kolingvudi, r. g., 60, 396, 398, 399, 400kolinzi, uiliami, 182, 358, 380kolinzi, uilki, 316

kolriji, ernest hartli, 408kolriji, samuel teilori, 103, 116, 119, 124, 143, 161­2, 270, 274, 332, 353, 385, 390, 334, 408, 411kongrevi uiliami, 414konerTi, hermani, 397konradi, jozefi, 312, 397konradi, hedvigi, 285kon­bramsteti, ernsti, 146, 414korneli, pieri, 193korni, a. l., 424korthoupi, uiliami, j., 367, 450korfi, herman avgusti, 172, 173, 420krape, aleqsandre h., 446kreigi, hardini, 55, 399, 451kreini, ronaldi s., 407, 451kreSo, riCardi, 431kreCmeri, ernsti, 116, 410krikoriani, iervant h., 416krisi, ernsti, 438kroli, morisi u., 427, 431, 432kroCe, benedeto, 17, 118, 178, 179, 189, 268, 329, 357, 379, 395, 397, 412, 420, 421, 443, 452kuzaneli, nikolausi, 188kuperi, jeimsi f., 123kurno, a. a., 388 kurciusi, ernst roberti, 69, 377

520

indeqsi

la drieri, kreigi j., 434, 448laboki, persi, 219, 326, 328, 423, 442­3, lavjoi, arturi o., 158­9, 160, 174, 389, 402laibnici, gotfridi, 27, 169langer, siuzan k., 46, 398, 411landori, uolter seveji, 181lanci, henri, 231, 426, 429larabi, stiven a., 180, 420, 421le bosiu, rene, 38, 239legua, emili, 196, 395, 420, 423, 451levi, hana, 430levini, Telma z., 416levini, hari, 144, 413, 443lemi, Carlzi, 148, 414lenglendi, uiliami, 145, 360lenieri, sidni, 241lerneri, maqsi, 446lesingi, gothold efraimi, 181, 182, 418li, renseler v., 421li, ser sidni, 201, 377, 423, 452 lidgeiti, joni, 250livisi, frenk reimondi, 418, 423, 424, 449livisi, q. d., 139, 413liklideri, alberti h., 429lili, joni, 262, 431lindzi, veiCeli, 279linki, k. s., 414linCi, k. m., 415loki, joni, 128, 161, 328longinusi, 259loreni, klodi, 180

lorenco, magnifiko, 195loueli, jeimsi r., 309louisi, jon livingstoni, 124, 419, 459lourensi, v. j., 406ludvigi, oto, 325­6, 409, 411, 442luisi, k. s., 118, 166, 216, 381, 410, 419, 425, 436, 452luisi, sinkleri, 145, 323luka, emili, 448lukreciusi, 48, 169lunaCarski, anatoli v., 415lutoslavski, vinsenti, 90, 406

mazerueli, uiliami, 83mazoni, andre, 407maiakovski, vladimiri, 344mailsi, jozefina, 264, 378, 413, 431, 440maisneri, poli, 172­3, 420makarTi, desmondi, 312, 440makdonaldi, hiu, 79, 404makdonaxi, Tomasi, 429makelderi, b. r., jun., 431makenzi, gordoni, 413, 440makenzi, komftoni, 339makinesi, v. d., 395makleiSi, arCibaldi, 46maknisi, luisi, 301, 409, 434, 439makolei, Tomas bebingtoni, 148, 206, 414makormiki, v. s., 404

521

indeqsi

makfersoni, jeimsi, 93, 407makqerou, ronald b., 85, 404maxali, iani, 391, 402, 453malarme, stefani, 180, 207, 279, 420malouni, edmundi, 90, 93, 405, 407mandelbaumi, morisi, 395manveringi, elisabed v., 420mani, Tomasi, 33, 178manhaimi, karli, 153, 416 mareti, roberti r., 417marveli, endriu, 257­8, 430marksi, janeti, 411marlo, kristoferi, 78, 91, 161, 263, 292, 403marstoni, joni, 92marqsi, karli, 59, 114, 132, 135, 149, 150­4, 415, 417masariki, tomaS gariga. 94, 407matisi, anri, 353mautneri, fritci, 266maSo, giliomi, 303medikusi, fritci, 422meduoli, henri, 78, 403meie, antuani, 250, 429meieri, g. v., 107, 408meieri, Teodor a., 397meieri, konrad ferdinandi, 86, 172meierhofi, hansi, 32, 397meiri, j., 407meirinki, gustavi, 431meiCeni, arturi, 280, 435melvili, hermani, 177, 239, 319mendilou, a. a., 32, 397merediti, jorji, 88, 243,

263, 312, 437mereJkovski, dimitri, 163, 418meri, jon midltoni, 273, 306merili, edelstand du, 402meringi, franci, 415mertoni, robert k., 416midltoni, Tomasi, 92mizeneri, arturi, 445miltoni, joni, 60, 105, 108, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 139, 161, 167, 216, 255, 259, 262, 264, 265, 273, 282­3, 290, 293, 306, 314, 329, 330­1, 336, 356­9, 361, 362, 375, 411, 425, 431, 433, 436, 449, 451 mimsi, edvini, 446mitski, dimitri s., 284, 436miuleri, giunTeri, 381, 397, 446, 452miuleri, vilhelmi, 184miuleri, kurt rixardi, 434miunkeri, franci, 432miqelanjelo, buonarati, 169, 186, 421miCi, senfordi b., 403molieri, 42, 147, 311, 321, 343mongloni, andre, 167, 414, 419monteni, miSel de, 32, 161, 166, 267, 451monteski, 418mopasani, gi de, 325, 442morgenSterni, kristiani, 266, 431­2mori, pol elmeri, 109morizi, andre, 94, 406morike, eduardi, 170morisi, bertrani, 447morisi, Carlzi, 433

522

indeqsi

morli, henri, 367, 450morsbaxi. lorenci, 428mocarti, volfgang amadeu­si, 185muiri, edvini, 31, 396mukarovski, iani, 414, 424, 425, 429, 448muri, virjinia, 108, 408muri, Tomasi, 110muri, meriani, 310muri, uilbert e., 416

nabokovi, vladimeri, 441nadleri, iosefi, 72, 403naiTsi, l. s., 136, 396, 413, 415, 423naiti, g. uilsoni, 306, 361, 440naumani, hansi, 64, 400nezerkoti, a. h., 411neruda, pablo, 264nesi, frederiki, 426neSi, Tomasi, 256niburi, reinholdi, 278, 435nidhemi, g. b., 414, 442nicSe, fridrixi, 117, 153, 160, 162, 239, 277, 279, 410, 418, 420, 435novalisi (fridrix von hard­enbergi), 174­5, 418noimani, ernsti, 422noimani, karli, 421noli, hermani, 169, 266, 419, 431, 436, 439nordeni, eduardi, 428

odeni, v. h., 114, 338, 343­4, 409, 410odini, s., 412overmeieri, greisi, 413ovidiusi, 138olifanti, e. h. k., 406olifanti, margreti, 385olSki, leonardo, 70, 391, 402, 453omondi, t. s., 240, 428ortega i gaseti, xose, 425osborni, l. b., 436 osborni, jeims marSali, 403, 404osiani, 66, 68, 93, 238, 407ostini, jeini, 85, 116, 145­6, 315, 322

palmeri, j., 415panofski, ervini, 181, 403, 421paracelsusi vn hohenhaimi, 188, 299, 435pareto, vilfredo, 153paroti, Tomas marki, 405partingtoni, vilfredi, 407pasarJi, v., 423paskali, blezi, 85, 160, 162, 406pasternaki, borisi, 435, 444patersoni, v. m., 237, 427

523

indeqsi

patersoni, uorner f., 446patisoni, briusi, 420paundi, ezra, 272, 433pegui, Carlzi, 432peiri, henri, 402, 449, 453peiteri, uolteri, 14, 263, 353, 368 penido, m. t. l., 438peperi, s. k., 447, 448pepvelmani, daniel adami, 215peri, alberti, 413peri, blisi, 428persi, Tomasi, 83persivali, m. o., 434peterseni, iuliusi, 388, 452petrarka, franCesko, 138petSi, roberti, 401, 441pili, jorji, 91, 263pindare, 137, 263, 380pinderi, vilhelmi, 452pirsoni, norman h., 443plavte, 321platoni, 32, 36, 44, 49, 90, 159, 161, 162, 165, 169, 187, 221, 310, 331, 364, 399, 406, 421, 435, 444plexanovi, giorgi, 142, 414plotini, 163, 203po, edgar alani, 37, 66, 116, 117, 118, 122, 190, 193, 232, 273, 306, 322, 324, 330, 328, 449polardi, a. v., 84, 85, 94, 405polardi, grehemi, 94, 407polivka, jiri, 401poloki, Tomas klarki, 26, 396polti, jorji, 441pongsi, hermani, 297, 300, 301, 436, 438, 439poteri, stiveni, 395

potli, frederik a., 56, 400, 403, 449poupi, aleqsandre, 13, 54, 57, 60, 66, 79, 83, 105, 112, 139, 161, 165, 232, 233, 242, 265, 289, 290, 306, 360, 361, 363, 404­5, 423, 426, 437poupi, jon s., 428praiori, meTiu, 362praisi, herevard t., 405praci, mario, 166, 304, 321, 419, 439, 442, 449preskoti, frederik h., 411prusti, marseli, 112, 120, 126, 128, 146, 182, 266, 343, 360pule, jorji, 396puli, Tomasi, 408putenhami, jorji, 424puSkini, aleqsandre, 135, 163, 238, 253, 264, 413, 418, 430

Jidi, andre, 325Jilsoni, etieni, 162, 417Jirmunski, viqtori, 233, 426, 429, 452Jiuserani, Jan Jaki, 368Jodeli, etieni, 346, 373Joli, andre, 344, 446, 452

rable, fransua, 162, 256, 266­7, 430, 432raglani, fitsroi riCard somerseti, lordi, 435ravi, filipi, 442

524

indeqsi

railo, eino, 445ranke, leopoldi, 370ranki, oto, 112raJo, gastoni, 414rasini, jini, 116, 193, 320, 343, 346, 373redklifi, eni, 315, 322reinoldsi, jorji j., 421rembo, arturi, 235, 287rembranti, van rini, 196remi, valteri, 166, 418rensomi, jon krou, 41, 234, 426, 445reskini, joni, 167, 237, 239, 297reCfordi, feni, 407ribo, Teodul armani, 117­8, 410, 411ridi, a. v., 403ridi, l. a., 356­8, 449ridi, ser herberti, 424rivi, klara, 315, 440rikerti, hainrixi, 17, 395rikvordi, k. h., 432rili, aloisi, 33, 397riCardsi, ivor armstrongi, 16, 202, 212, 213, 234, 272, 280, 284­5, 363, 395, 424, 433, 436, 437riCardsoni, doroTi, 450riCardsoni, samueli, 168riCardsoni, Carlzi f., 426riCi, seimori, 403rixteri, Jan­poli, 175, 325ro, f. s., 450robaki, a. a., 410roberti, karli, 421robertsoni, jeims makkino­ni, 91, 263, 405, 406, 431

robinsoni, f. n., 80rozanovi, vasili, 163, 418rozenblati, lui, 414romeni, Jiuli, 266, 432rosa, salvatore, 180rosenbergi, haroldi, 439roseti, dante gabrieli, 186rubensi, piter pauli, 169, 196rugofi, miltoni, 302rudleri, gustavi, 94rusu, liviu, 118, 410ruti, robert kilberni, 404ruci, otmari, 236, 427

sazerlendi, jeimsi, 405saimondsi, jon adingtoni, 14, 373, 382, 402saimonsi, arturi, 14, 382sakulini, p. n., 135, 413samersi, montegi, 445sandersi, Consi, 94sandi, JorJi, 177sarani, franci, 243, 246, 429sarsi, franciski, 445sartre, Jan­poli, 433sauTi, roberti, 233saqsli, frici, 181, 421sevi, morisi, 360seviji, riCardi, 303sekeli, ditrixi, 427selveri, poli, 407selinkuri, ernest de, 87seneani, lazare, 256, 430senkeviCi, henriki, 144sent­bevi, avgusti, 53, 368

525

indeqsi

sentsberi, jorji, 237, 240, 259, 368, 378, 427, 428, 431, 450, 452ser Tomas mori, 84, 405servantesi, migel de saave­dra, 67seSani, lui, 421svedenborgi, emanueli, 434svinborni, alJernoni, 88, 162svifti, jonaTani, 138, 279, 322, 413, 445sidni, ser filipi, 167, 250, 289, 292siversi, eduardi, 236, 243, 427silvesteri, joSua, 290silci, uolteri, 409sismondi, Jan­Carlz­leon­ard simon de, 69, 401sisoni, k. j., 408, 440sora, de­nisi, 358siueli, arturi, 442skaligeri, iulius keisari, 333skardi, sigmundi, 419skeltoni, joni, 250, 256, 361skiti, u. u., 93, 407skoti, ser uolteri, 68, 83, 121, 123, 139, 144, 315, 317, 319, 321, 344, 441skoti, jefri, 403skripCeri, e. v., 244smarti, kristoferi, 78, 253, 292, 403smarti, j. s., 407smirnovi, a. a., 152, 415smiti, adami, 24smiti, logen perseli, 357smiti, jeimsi h., 412

smiti, horacio, 412smoleti, tobiasi, 145, 322sokrate, 164, 277, 279soreli, jorji, 128, 278, 435sorokini, pitirimi, 154, 396, 416, 423sosiuri, ferdinand de, 220sofokle, 46, 356, 398spargo, jon vebsteri, 403spenseri, edmundi, 161, 180, 190, 196, 250, 262, 282, 290, 293, 319, 331, 361, 375, 404, 420spenseri, Teodore, 166, 431spenseri, herberti, 79sperberi, hansi, 431sperjeni, qerolaini, 104, 304, 305, 306, 439spingarni, j. e., 50, 399, 424, 444spinoza, baruxi, 162, 163, 169, 188, 355spiri, m. e., 339sprangeri, eduardi, 410staini, hertruda, 60, 239stanislavski, konstantin s., 445stedi, u. f., 403steinbeki, joni, 146steisi, u. t., 41, 398, 399stendali, 107, 128, 169, 408, 412sterni, lorensi, 73, 128, 161, 207, 325, 328, 376stiveni, lesli, 367, 450stivensi, jorji, 405stivensoni, r. l., 88stili, joSua, 236, 427stiuarti, j. a., 435stiuarti, jorj ripli, 246,

526

indeqsi

428, 429stoli, edgar elmeri, 55, 148, 305, 396, 400, 408, 412, 414, 415, 423, 449stou, hariet biCeri, 143, 145sugdeni, herbert w., 431surei, henri hovardi, 426

tanenbaumi, samuel a., 404, 405tegarti, f. j., 372, 451teilori, jeremi, 239teilori, jorj s., 451teiti, aleni, 360­1, 400, 449teni, ipolite, 133, 148, 149, 368tenisoni, alfredi, lordi, 162, 234, 257, 361, 430terenciusi, 321teri, eleni, 108tveni, marki, 120tibode, alberi, 180, 327, 411, 420, 442, 443, 445tiki, ludvigi, 118, 180, 183, 325tiliardi, aelfrida, 411tiliardi, e. m., 216, 425tilotsoni, jefri, 265, 423, 430, 431tinkeri, Consi briusteri, 408, 413tirviti, Tomasi, 90, 93, 407titeri, lui, 257, 258, 425, 430ticiani (ticiano veCeli), 191, 196toinbi, arnoldi, 372, 374

tolnei, Carlz de, 188, 421tolstoi, levi, 33, 118, 135, 146, 163, 264, 359, 418tomarsi, adolf sigfridi, 131tomaSevski, borisi, 238, 428tompsoni, e. n. s., 405, 406, 439tompsoni, ser e. m., 413tompsoni, frensisi, 437tomsoni, uiliami, 271, 428tomsoni, jeimsi, 161, 167, 265, 303, 336tomsoni, jorji, 155, 425, 439toni, luisi, 269toskanini, arturo, 210trari, pieri, 167, 419traherni, Tomasi, 108, 303, 439trilingi, lioneli, 409trolopi, ertoni, 85, 116, 145, 312, 313, 315troltSi, ernsti, 55, 399, 425tuvi, rozmondi, 56tupini, rene, 434turgenevi, ivani, 135, 145, 146, 239turneri, sirili, 92, 437

uaizi, t. j., 94, 407uaiTi, h. o., 451uaildi, oskari, 44, 391, 411uatsi, isaaki, 289udiati, pieri, 425ueidi, gledis i., 303, 439ueleki, alberti, 409, 426ueleki, rene, 401, 402, 418, 421, 422, 445, 450

527

indeqsi

ueleri, edmundi, 361uelsi, h. j., 145, 437uelsi, henri, v., 291­3, 296, 307, 343uikstidi, j. h., 275, 434uildi, henri sesili, 426, 430, 431uilkoki, gledis doiji, 435uilraiti, filipi, 280, 466uilsoni, edmundi, 409uilsoni, romeri, 408uilsoni, qeTrin m., 427uilsoni, j. doveri, 84, 85, 405uilsoni, harold s., 452uimsati, uiliam kurci, 395, 397, 426, 427, 428, 431uindi, edgari, 421uirTi, l., 418uistleri, jeims abot maknili, 44, 183uitmeni, uolti, 82, 284, 405, 436uitmori, k. e., 443uiCerli, uiliami, 414ulmani, s. de, 409ulrici, hermani, 157, 417ungeri, rudolfi, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171, 418, 419uokeri, elisi, 435uoltoni, isaaki, 303uolSi, doroTi, 398, 448uordsuorTi, uiliami, 58, 86, 87, 106, 107, 120, 162, 171, 264, 397, 408, 444 uoreni, ostini, 399, 431uoreni, robert, peni, 363uoringeri, vilhelmi, 298,

438uortoni, tomasi, 93, 145, 367, 407, 414, 450, 451uots­dantoni, Teodori, 353uteri, r. p., 411, 414, 442

fareli, jeimsi t., 145farquhari, jorji, 415fearCaildi, hoqsi n., 186, 419fenoloza, ernesti, 207, 424 fergiusoni, frencisi, 442fernandesi, ramoni, 107, 327, 408, 442fidleri, konradi, 33, 192, 397fildingi, henri, 145, 319, 322filipi, Sarl­lui, 266, 432firTi, ser Carlzi, 413forsteri, joni, 441fiSeri, otokari, 409fiSeri, fridrix Teodori, 33fiCino, marsilio, 164fixte, iohan gotlibi, 163, 168, 174­5fletCeri, joni, 55, 92, 305, 406fli, frederik garti, 405floberi, gustavi, 121, 125, 316, 325, 411, 442foiera, alberti, 126foierbaxi, ludvigi, 162foleti, uilsoni, 440folkneri, uiliami, 129, 144, 318foresti, l. k. t., 412formani, baqstoni h., 407,

528

indeqsi

408, 411forsteri, edvard morgani, 43, 398forsteri, normani, 398, 447fosleri, karli, 253, 261, 430, 438franki, valdo, 413franki, jozefi, 31, 313, 438, 440franci, vilhelmi, 430freizeri, g. m., 407frenkeli, eduardi, 429fridmeni, arturi, 405fridmeni, melvini, 443frimeni, josefi, 413friSaisen­kioleri, maqsi, 419froidi, zigmundi, 112­4, 128, 153, 162, 281, 412fromi, erixi, 114, 409frosti, roberti, 276, 435furnivali, frederiki j., 405

qvorelzi, frensisi, 283qsenopoli, 17, 395quentini, dom henri, 81quiler­kauCi, ser arturi, 405

Sapiro, karli, 412Satobriani, fransua­rene, 167, 182, 239

Saftsberi, entoni eSli ku­peri, lordi, 161Sekstouni, uiliami, 338Seleri, maqsi, 153, 416Seli, persi biSi, 45, 87, 116, 135, 162, 165, 171, 275, 338, 358, 361, 385, 434, 445, 451Selingi, f. v., 159, 161, 163, 169, 171, 174, 194Senie, andre, 446Separdi, uiliam p., 81Seridani, riCard b., 73Sestovi, leo, 163, 418Seqspiri, 18, 31, 32, 41, 43, 45, 58, 60, 66, 67, 84, 85, 87, 89­90, 91, 93, 104, 105, 107, 108, 113, 117, 118, 125, 136, 140, 145, 147, 150, 151, 152, 157, 161, 163, 164, 184, 193, 214, 256, 259, 273, 281, 294, 296, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 322, 328, 343, 345, 354, 356, 361, 362, 378, 381, 396, 398, 399, 400, 403, 405, 406, 407, 408, 412, 413, 414, 415, 417, 420, 422, 426, 430, 431, 439, 440, 442, 445, 449, 451, 452Siki, iosebi, 400Sileri, fridrixi, 66, 120, 121, 163, 169, 194, 420Silsi, z., 416Sipli, j. t., 452Sirli, jeimsi, 282Sklovski, viqtori, 343, 353, 424Slauxi, margareti, 401Slegeli, avgust vilhelmi, 69, 91, 172, 174, 194, 332, 391, 401, 406, 426Slegeli, fridrixi, 69, 172,

529

indeqsi

175, 194, 391, 401Snaideri, elizabeTi, 119, 411Snaideri, vilhelmi, 260, 431Snicleri, arturi, 266, 431So, Tomasi, 452So, jorj bernardi, 162Soefleri, herberti, 413Soloxovi, mixeili, 146Sopenhaueri, arturi, 370Soreri, marki, 413, 434, 440Spitceri, leo, 160, 266­7, 396, 417, 430, 431, 432Srami, uilbur l., 244, 428Staigeri, emili, 397StainTali, h., 402Starkenburgi, hansi, 415Stauferi, donaldi, 428Stafveri, p., 414Stefanski, georgi, 172, 420Strausi, david fridrixi, 162Strixi, fritci, 193­4, 422, 432, 435Stumpfi, karli, 235, 425Suberti, franci, 169, 184Sukingi, levin l., 143, 396, 414, 423Sumani, detlevi v., 453Sumani, roberti, 184Sutse, martini, 410

Caildi, frensisi, 83Calmersi, jorji, 93, 407Carteri, evani, 450Cedviki, nora k., 411, 453Cedviki, h. m., 453

Ceizi, riCardi, 410Cembersi, edmund k., 405Cembersi, r. v., 404, 405Cembersi, f. p., 449Cendleri, albert r., 411Cepmani, r. v., 405Cerni, haroldi, 400CerCi, margareti, 424CerCili, Carlzi, 362Cesterfildi, lordi (fil­ip dormer stenhoufi), 139Cetertoni, Tomasi, 93, 94, 407Cexovi, antoni, 135, 146, 316, 340, 345Coseri, jefri, 58, 62, 80, 90, 145, 250, 263, 361, 404, 429

celtesi, konradi, 93cimermani, roberti, 192cisarJi, herberti, 172, 174, 420ciceroni, 32, 259

jakobi, j., 410jakobsoni, romani, 401, 402, 407, 429, 435, 444jeims I, Sotlandiis mefe, 138jeimsi, uiliami, 442jeimsi, henri, 33, 121, 124, 219,

530

indeqsi

263, 275, 411, 434, 442jenkinsoni, hilari, 404jeqsoni, t. a., 414jonsoni, f. r., 404joisi, jeimsi, 69, 73, 129, 162, 239, 399, 400, 412, 414, 415, 449jonsoni, beni, 125, 136, 145, 256, 259, 262, 380, 421, 429jonsoni, samueli, 20, 41, 42, 79, 84, 120, 138, 168, 239, 303, 310, 319, 321, 335, 343, 355, 377, 411, 419, 427, 428, 439

havensi, reimond d., 451haine, hainrixi, 184, 409halami, henri, 69, 401halsi, fransi, 169hamondi, jeimsi, 338haraJti, zoltani, 407harbage, alfredi a., 140, 413hardi, riCardi, 422hardi, tomasi, 162, 312, 316, 323hardingi, m. esTeri., 410hardisi, jeimsi, 89, 406harvi, gebrieli, 250harisi, frenki, 104, 408harisoni, j. e., 416­7harsdiorferi, georg fili­pi, 426hartli, devidi, 162hartmani, eduard fon, 33haseldeni, r. b., 404haseltini, j., 404hastingsi, jeimsi, 425hatsfeldi, helmuti, 411hausmeni, a. e., 212

haqsli, aldo, 325haqsli, Tomas henri, 25hebeli, fridrixi, 163hegeli, georg vilhelm fridrixi, 33, 38, 101, 104, 133, 149, 151, 159, 163, 169, 170, 171, 172, 418hezliti, uiliami, 104heivudi, Tomasi, 18heili, bernard k., 398, 450heminguei, ernesti, 121, 144, 326, 333, 411hendeli, frederiki, 208henekini, emili, 414henkinsi, Tomasi, 334henri, o., 340heraklite, 169herberti, jorji, 207herderi, iohan gotfridi, 418heredia, xose­maria de, 181hesiode, 36hexti, hansi, 428hildebrandi, adolfi von, 33, 192, 397hinebergi, poli, 419hiugo, viqtori, 180, 289hiusi, joni, 422hobsi, Tomasi, 169, 252, 332, 336hovardi, v. g., 421hoTorni, naTanieli, 315, 316, 320holderlini, fridrixi, 163, 427holi, vernoni, 446holci, arno, 207homerosi, 32, 38, 67, 69, 139, 225, 239, 265, 285, 286, 331, 333,

531

indeqsi

344, 354, 362, 370, 398, 421, 431, 436 hopkinsi, jerard menli, 162, 230, 255, 262, 265, 355, 400, 431 hopfi, h., 414horaciusi, 37, 38, 42, 138, 182, 331, 336, 347, 377, 380, 397hornbosteli, e. m., 427horni, kareni, 43, 114, 398, 409hornstaini, liliani h., 304, 439hoskinsi, joni, 288, 436hotsoni, lesli, 78, 79, 403hotingeri, m. d., 422houelsi, uiliam dini, 145, 146, 311, 327housi, stiveni, 250hofmani, e. T. a., 118, 175, 323hofmani, frederiki j., 12hrosvita ganderSaimidan, 93, 407huki, s. h., 435hulme, t. e., 435, 438huserli, edmundi, 219, 425husleri, andreasi, 402hustveti, zigurdi b., 405