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L/O/G/O LITERATURE REVIEW: EFEKTIVITAS SHORTWAVE DIATHERMY DAN NEURODYNAMIC MOBILIZATION PADA PENDERITA RADIKULOPATI LUMBOSAKRAL Program Studi Magister Fisiologi Olahraga Konsentrasi Fisioterapi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Udayana MADE HENDRA SATRIA NUGRAHA SUSY PURNAWATI MOH. IRFAN

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Page 1: LITERATURE REVIEW: EFEKTIVITAS SHORTWAVE DIATHERMY …

L/O/G/O

LITERATURE REVIEW: EFEKTIVITAS SHORTWAVE

DIATHERMY DAN NEURODYNAMIC MOBILIZATION PADA

PENDERITA RADIKULOPATI LUMBOSAKRAL

Program Studi Magister Fisiologi Olahraga Konsentrasi Fisioterapi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Udayana

MADE HENDRA SATRIA NUGRAHA

SUSY PURNAWATI

MOH. IRFAN

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Latar Belakang

Radikulopati

Lumbosakral

Sindrom radikular adalah salah satu jenis penyakit yang

termasuk dalam kelainan sistem saraf perifer yang terjadi pada

radiks spinalis yang menimbulkan gangguan berupa defisit

sensorik, defisit motorik, defisit reflex.

Sindrom radikular pada umumnya terjadi pada segmen servikal

dan lumbal dari medulla spinalis. Sindrom radikular pada

segmen lumbal terjadi pada 3-5% populasi di dunia.

Baehr M., Frotscher M. 2010. Diagnosis Topik Neurologi DUUS : anatomi, fisiologi, tanda, gejala Ed. 4. Jakarta: EGC

Malanga A. Lumbosacral Radiculopathy (Online; diakses pada tanggal 7 Maret 2018). http://emedicine.medscape.com/

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• Sebagian besar Hernia Nucleus Pulposus (HNP) terjadi pada L4-L5 dan

L5-S1 karena:

1. Daerah lumbal, khususnya daerah L5-S1 mempunyai tugas yang berat, yaitu

menyangga berat badan. Diperkirakan 75% berat badan disangga oleh sendi L5-

S1.

2. Mobilitas daerah lumbal terutama untuk gerak fleksi dan ekstensi sangat tinggi.

Diperkirakan hampir 57% aktivitas fleksi dan ekstensi tubuh dilakukan pada sendi

L5-S1.

3. Daerah lumbal terutama L5-S1 merupakan daerah rawan karena ligamentum

longitudinal posterior hanya separuh menutupi permukaan posterior diskus. Arah

herniasi yang paling sering adalah postero lateral.

Lipert, LS. 2011. 4th Edition Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy. USA: FA Davis Company

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• Radikulopati lumbosakral dapat bermanifestasi sebagai suatu sindrom

yang terdiri dari kumpulan gejala, seperti:

1. nyeri punggung bawah yang dapat meluas ke regio gluteal, paha

bagian posterior, regio cruris sampai ke regio pedis,

2. kekakuan akibat refleks spasme dari otot-otot paravertebral

sehingga mencegah pasien berdiri tegak dengan sempurna,

3. serta dapat timbul gejala berupa parestesia, kelemahan otot-otot

sekitar punggung dan kaki, atau kelemahan refleks tendo Achilles

yang mengarah kepada suatu disabilitas punggung.

Nasikhatussoraya, N. 2016. Hubungan Intensitas Nyeri dan Disabilitas Aktivitas Sehari-hari dengan

Kualitas Hidup. Semarang: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro

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ELECTROPHYSICAL AGENTS

EXERCISE THERAPY

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Shortwave Diathermy

Pulsed Shortwave Diathermy

1. Pulsed Short Wave Diathermy dengan

average power 48 W dapat meningkatkan

suhu jaringan sampai kedalaman 3 cm

dengan peningkatan mencapai 4,6°C.

2. Penambahan shortwave diathermy pada

pelatihan yang diberikan pada subjek

dengan keluhan chronic back pain

mampu menurunkan nyeri setelah

dievaluasi dengan menggunakan Visual

Analogue Scale serta McGill Pain

Questionnaire.Draper, DO., Hawkes, AR., Johnson, AW., Diede, MT., dan Rigby, JH. 2013. Muscle Heating with

Megapulse II Shortwave Diathermy and Rebound Diathermy. J Ath Train 48($): p

477 – 482

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Prosedur Pelaksanaan

ShortwaveDiathermy

Intensitas mulai dari 48

W/cm2, arus pulsed, durasi

15 menit

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Penulis Sampel Intervensi Klp Kontrol Intervensi Klp

Perlakuan

Hasil

Khan, S.,

Shamsi, S.,

dan

Abdelkader

, S., 2013

n = 40

pasien

dengan

Chronic

Back Pain

n = 20 pasien

Terapi: Exercise therapy

(5 menit pemanasan

dengan aerobic steps

dilanjutkan dengan

stretching pada otot

punggung, hip, dan kaki

masing-masing selama

60 detik, 2 repetisi, 3

kali seminggu selama 6

minggu)

n = 20 pasien

Terapi: Exercise

therapy (dosis yang

sama dengan

kelompok kontrol) +

SWD (pad electrodes,

tebal handuk 1-2 inchi

diantara pad dan kulit,

durasi 15 menit, 3 kali

seminggu selama 6

minggu)

1. Kelompok kontrol :

PRI (p=0,000),

PPI = (p=0,000),

dan VAS =

(p=0,000)

2. Kelompok

perlakuan: PRI

(p=0,000), PPI

(p=0,000), dan

VAS (p=0,000)

3. Kelompok

perlakuan lebih

baik daripada

kelompok kontrol

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Ahmed, MS.,

Shakoor, MA.,

Khan, AK., 2009

n = 97 pasien

dengan Chronic

Low Back Pain

n = 47 pasien

Terapi: Obat NSAID (meloxicam

15 mg per hari), exercise, dan

intruksi untuk melakukan

Activity Daily Living (3 kali

seminggu selama 6 minggu)

n = 50 pasien

Terapi: Obat NSAID

(meloxicam 15 mg per hari),

exercise, dan intruksi untuk

melakukan Activity Daily Living

(3 kali seminggu selama 6

minggu) + SWD (durasi 15

menit, 3 kali seminggu selama

6 minggu)

1. Alat ukur yang

digunakan dalam

penelitian merupakan

gabungan antara

Lattinen’s test score

(intensitas nyeri,

frekuensi nyeri, intake

analgesic, disabilitas,

dan gangguan tidur +

tenderness score + skor

VAS. Hasil penelitian

menunjukkan bahwa

pada kelompok

perlakuan terlihat hasil

yang lebih signifikan

daripada kelompok

kontrol. Hasil yang

signifikan (p<0,05)

terlihat dari evaluasi

minggu ke-2 sampai

minggu ke-6 (total

evaluasi selama 6

minggu, 1 kali disetiap

minggunya).

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Shortwave Diathermy

Mekanisme Kerja Shortwave Diathermy

Michlovits, SL., Bellew, JW., dan Nolan, TP. 2012. Modalities for Therapeutic Intervention: Fifth Edition. Philadelphia: FA Davis Company

(1) Reaksi Metabolik

(2) Efek Vaskular

(3) Efek Neuromuskular

(4) Efek pada connective tissue

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• SWD yang diaplikasikan pada tubuh pasien, akan mengaktivasi termoreseptor pada kulit.

• Sistem sensory afferents ini akan menghantarkan informasi ke spinal cord dan sebagian lainnya

akan diteruskan ke percabangan pembuluh darah di kulit, serta pelepasan mediator vasoaktif.

• Hasilnya berupa vasodilatasi akibat refleks akson

Efek Vaskular

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• Panas juga akan memproduksi reaksi inflamasi yang ringan. Mediator kimia inflamasi seperti

histamin dan prostaglandin akan dilepaskan dan menyebabkan pembuluh darah bervasodilatasi.

Efek Vaskular

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• Refleks lokal pada spinal cord akan dilepaskan selama aktivasi dari serabut aferen di kulit. Refleks

ini terjadi akibat penurunan aktivitas saraf adrenergik pada postganglionic sympathetic ke

pembuluh darah pada otot polos.

Efek Vaskular

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• Therapeutic heat digunakan untuk menghasilkan efek analgesik dan membantu dalam meresolusi

nyeri serta muscle-guarding spasms.

Efek Neuromuskular

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The three part system

-Mechanical Interface

• Called as “Nerve Bed”.

• Anything resides next to the nervous system

-Tendon -Ligaments

-Muscle -Fascia

-Bone -Blood vessels

-IV Disc

• During ADL, the mechanical interface moves as the nerve

moves.

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The three part system

-Neural Structure

• Structure that constitute the nervous system

• Included brain, cranial nerves & spinal cord, nerve roots &

peripheral nerve.

• Connective tissue of the CNS Pia, arachnoid, dura

maters)

• Connective tissue of the PNS Epineurium, perineurium,

endoneurium.

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The three part system

-Neural Structure

Physiological Function Mechanical Function

• Tension

• Sliding

• Compression

• Intaneural Bloodflow

• Impulse Conduction

• Axonal Transport

• Imnflammation

• Mechanosentivity

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The three part system

-Innervated Tissue

• Provide the basis for some causal mechanism

• Provide a specific reference to the innervated tissue

• Treatment of innervated tissue is the best way to treat

the nerve!

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Mechanical Function of the Nervous System

• Tension

• Sliding

• Compression

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Tension

• The nerve are lengthened by elongation of the innervated

tissue.

• Stronger part of the nerve (e.g sciatic nerve) can

withstand over 50kg of tension)

• “Perineurium” The primary guardian of tension (18-

22% strain before failure)

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Tension

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Sliding

• Movement of neural structures relatives to their adjacent

tissues.

• Longitudinal & Transveral

• Serves to dissipate tension

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Sliding

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Compression• Neural structures can distort in many ways, including the

changing of shape according to the pressure exerted on them.

• E.g of compression :

– Wrist flexion pressing on the median nerve at the wrist in Phalen's sign

– Elbow flexion applying pressure on the ulnar nerve at the elbow.

• In these cases, bone and tendon combined with muscle and fascia are what press on the nerve

• “Epineurium” protects from excessive compression

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Compression

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How Nerves Move?

• Movement of the Mechanical Interface

– Closing Mechanism

– Opening Mechanism

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Closing Mechanism

• Many maneuvers are considerably as closing

maneuver such as Phalen’s Test, Extension +

ipsilateral lateral flexion of the spine

• Over contraction & stretch of the muscle can

increase the pressure of the nerve!

“Closing Mechanism are those that produce increased pressure on a neural

structure by way of reducing the space around it”

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Opening Mechanism

• In UE, opening mechanism such as scapular elevation

for TOS, releasing Piriformis muscle to reduce sciatic

nerve pressure.

• In the spine, flexion & cont.lat.flexion increase the IV

foramen.

“Opening Mechanism are those that reduce pressure on a neural structure

by increased space around neural structure with a particular maneuver”

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Links Between Mechanics & Physiology

Neurodynamic

Mechanics

Pathomechanics

Physiology

Pathophysiology

Pathodynamics

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Mechanical

Interface

Closers Tech

Openers Tech

Neural Structure

Sliders Tech

Tensioners Tech

Progression

Position away, move

away

Position toward, move

away

Position away, move

toward

Position toward, move

toward

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Prosedur Pelaksanaan

Neurodynamic Mobilizationditahan selama 30 kali

hitungan dan 5 kali repetisi

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DEFINISI OPERASIONAL VARIABEL

Opening dan Closing Technique

Position away,move

away

Position

toward,move away

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DEFINISI OPERASIONAL VARIABEL

Position away, move

toward

Position toward,

move toward

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Penulis Sampel Intervensi Grup

Kontrol

Intervensi Grup

Perlakuan

Hasil

Sahar, 2011 60 pasien dengan

low back pain

dysfunction

30 pasien

Terapi: lumbar spine

mobilization + exercise

(2 set, 10 repetisi, 2x per

minggu, selama 3

minggu)

30 pasien

Terapi: straight leg

raising stretching +

lumbar spine

mobilization + exercise

(2 set, 10 repetisi, 2x per

minggu, selama 3

minggu)

1. Numeric pain rating scale

(p=0,006)

2. Oswestry disability index

(p=0,001)

3. Location of symptoms

(p=0,083)

4. Sciatic nerve root

compression (p=0,035)

5. H-reflex latency (p=0,873)

Haris dan

Dijana, 2013

60 pasien dengan

radicular low back

pain

30 pasien

Terapi: active ROM +

lumbar stabilization

(selama 4 minggu)

30 pasien

Terapi: neural

mobilization + lumbar

stabilization (selama 4

minggu)

1. VAS scale (p=0,001)

2. SLR dengan goniometer

(p=0,001)

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Mudassar,

2015

40 pasien dengan

chronic radicular

low back pain

18 pasien

Terapi: Lumbar

stabilization exercise +

shortwave diathermy

(30 menit per sesi, 5x

per minggu, selama 3

minggu)

22 pasien

Terapi: Slump neural

mobilization technique

+ lumbar stabilization

exercise + shortwave

diathermy (30 menit per

sesi, 5x per minggu,

selama 3 minggu)

1. Four point pain scale

Kontrol (p<0,003)

Perlakuan (p<0,001)

1. Oswestry Disability Index

Kontrol (p<0,163)

Perlakuan (p<0,001)

Taher dan

Elsayed,

2016

60 pasien low back

pain dengan S1

radiculopathy

30 pasien

Terapi: rehabilitasi

konvensional dengan

infrared, ultrasound, dan

general exercise meliputi

stretching dan

strengthening (3x per

minggu selama 6

minggu)

30 pasien

Terapi: neural

mobilization + rehabilitasi

konvensional dengan

infrared, ultrasound, dan

general exercise meliputi

stretching dan

strengthening (3x per

minggu selama 6 minggu)

Kelompok perlakuan lebih baik

daripada kelompok control dari

semua aspek yang diukur.

1. H-reflex latency (p<0.01)

2. H-reflex amplitude (p<0.01)

3. H/M ratio (p<0.02)

4. VAS (p<0.001)

5. ODI (p<0.002)

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• Penjelasan yang tepat terhadap perbaikan tingkat nyeri

dan disabilitas fungsional yang dialami oleh pasien

dengan teknik intervensi mobilisasi saraf adalah bahwa

teknik neurodynamic yang dapat mempengaruhi fungsi

mekanik pada saraf perifer, dan perubahan fungsi

mekanis saraf ini berdampak langsung pada perubahan

fisiologis struktur saraf (Ellis, 2012; Kumar, Goyal,

Rajendran, dan Narkeesh, 2013).

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• Teknik mobilisasi saraf membantu memulihkan

pergerakan antara saraf dan struktur sekitarnya melalui

gerakan sliding. Oleh karena itu, tekanan intrinsik pada

jaringan saraf menurun yang kemudian meningkatkan

fungsi saraf (Ellis, Hing, 2008; Shacklock, 2005; Butler,

2000; Shacklock, 1995).

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• Kompresi akar saraf karena herniasi disk menghambat aliran darah di dalam

akar saraf (Kobayashi, Shizu, Suzuki, Asai, Yoshizawa, 2003), perubahan

mikrosirkulasi saraf ini menyebabkan rasa nyeri dan pelepasan mediator

inflamasi (Kobayashi, Yoshizawa, Yamada, 2004). Selebihnya, terjadi blok

pada sistem konduksi saraf, edema, dan sensitisasi mekanik juga dihasilkan

dari kompresi akar saraf (Kobayashi, Yoshizawa, Yamada, 2004; Chen,

et.al., 2003; Rempel, Dahlin, Lundborg, 1999).

• Teknik mobilisasi saraf meningkatkan aliran darah intraneural, aliran

axoplasmic, aktivasi simpatis yang selanjutnya, membantu dalam

penyerapan cairan pada jaringan dan mengurangi edema intraneural

(Shacklock, 2005; Butler, 2000; Shacklock, 1995; Coppieters, Hough, Dilley,

2009; Schmid, Elliott, Strudwick, Little, dan Coppieters, 2012; Coppieters,

Alshami, Barbi. 2006).

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DAFTAR PUSTAKA• Baehr M., Frotscher M. 2010. Diagnosis Topik Neurologi DUUS : anatomi, fisiologi, tanda, gejala Ed. 4. Jakarta: EGC

• Mardjono M., Sidharta P. 2012. Neurologi Klinis Dasar. Jakarta: Dian Rakyat

• Malanga A. Lumbosacral Radiculopathy (Online; diakses pada tanggal 7 November 2014 Pukul 23.05 WITA). http://emedicine.medscape.com/

• Neal SL, Fields KB. Peripheral nerve entrapment and injury in the upper extremity. Am Fam Physician 2010; 81(2): 147-155

• McDonnell M, Lucas P. Cervical spondylosis, stenosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Medicine and Health/Rhode Island 2012; 95(4). 105-109

• Nasikhatussoraya, N. 2016. Hubungan Intensitas Nyeri dan Disabilitas Aktivitas Sehari-hari dengan Kualitas Hidup. Semarang: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro

• Prentice W, Quillen WS, Underwood F. 2002. Therapeutic Modalities forPhysical Therapy Second Edition. United States of America. The McGraw-Hill Company : 272-303

• Michlovits, SL., Bellew, JW., dan Nolan, TP. 2012. Modalities for TherapeuticIntervention: Fifth Edition. Philadelphia: FA Davis Company

• Draper, DO., Hawkes, AR., Johnson, AW., Diede, MT., dan Rigby, JH. 2013.Muscle Heating with Megapulse II Shortwave Diathermy and ReboundDiathermy. J Ath Train 48($): p 477 – 482

• Prentice W, Quillen WS, Underwood F. 2002. Therapeutic Modalities forPhysical Therapy Second Edition. United States of America. TheMcGraw-Hill Company : 272-303

• Shacklock MO. 2005. Clinical Neurodynamics: a New System of MusculoskeletalTreatment. Edinburg, UK. Elsevier Health Sciences

• Ellis RF, Hing WA. Neural mobilization: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials with an analysis of therapeutic efficacy.J Man ManipTher. 2008;16(1):8-22

• Kumar V , GoyalM, RajendranN, Narkeesh D. Effect of neural mobilization on monosynaptic reflex – a pretest posttest experimental design. International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research. 2013; (3):58- 62

• Coppieters MW, Hough AD, Dilley A. Different Nerve-Gliding Exercises Induce Different Magnitudes of Median Nerve Longitudinal Excursion: An In Vivo Study Using Dynamic Ultrasound Imaging. J Orthop Sports PhysTher. 2009;

39(3):164-71

• Coppieters MW, Butler DS. Do ‘sliders’ slide and ‘tensioners’ tension? An analysis of neurodynamic techniques and considerations regarding their application. Man Ther. 2008;13:213-221

• Coppieters WM, Alshami AM, Barbi AS. Strain and excursion of the sciatic, tibial, and plantar nerves during a modified straight leg raising test. J. Orthop. Res. 2006; 24: 1883-1889

• Butler DS. The Sensitive Nervous System. Noigroup Publications, Adelaide Australia. 2000

• Kobayashi S, Yoshizawa H, Yamada S. Pathology of lumbar nerve root compression part 2: morphological and immune histo chemical changes of dorsal root ganglion. J. Orthop. Res. 2004; 22(1):180-188

• Kobayashi S, Shizu N, Suzuki Y, Asai T, Yoshizawa H. Changes in nerve root motion and intraradicular blood flow during an intraoperative straight-leg-raising test. Spine.2003; 28(13): 1427-1434

• Chen C, Cavanaugh JM, Song Z, Takebayashi T, Kallakuri S, Wooley PH. Effects of nucleus pulposus on nerve root neural activity,mechanosensitivity, axonal morphology, and sodium channel expression. Spine. 2003; 29(1): 17-

25

• Rempel MD, Dahlin L, Lundborg G. Pathophysiology of nerve compression syndromes: response of peripheral nerves to loading. J. Bone Jt. Surg. 1999; 81(11):1600-1610

• Coppieters WM, Alshami AM, Barbi AS. Strain and excursion of the sciatic, tibial, and plantar nerves during a modified straight leg raising test. J. Orthop. Res. 2006; 24: 1883-1889

• Schmid AB, Elliott JM, Strudwick MW, Little M, Coppieters MW. Effect of splinting and exercise on intraneural edema of the median nerve in carpal tunnel syndrome-an MRI study to reveal therapeutic mechanisms. J Orthop Res.

2012; 30(8):1343-50

• Santos FM1, Silva JT, Giardini AC, Rocha PA, Achermann AP, Alves AS, Britto LR, Chacur M.. Neural mobilization reverses behavioral and cellular changes that characterize neuropathic pain in rats. Mol. Pain.2012; 8: 1-9

• Bertolini GR, Silva ST, Trindade LD, Ciena AP,Carvalho AR. Neural mobilization and static stretching in an experimental sciatic modelean experimental study. Braz. J. Phys. Ther. 2009;13:493-498

• Gladson R. B, Taciane S. S, Danilo L. T, Adriano P. C, Alberito R. C 2009: Neural mobilization and static stretching in an experimental sciatica model - an experimental study. Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia; 13 (6)

• Brown CL, Gilbert KK, Brismee JM, Sizer PS, James CR, Smith MP. The effects of neurodynamic mobilization on fluid dispersion within the tibial nerve at the ankle: an unembalmed cadaveric study. J Man ManipTher. 2011;

19(1):26- 34

• Beneciuk MJ, Bishop DM, George ZS. Effects of upper extremity neural mobilization on thermal pain sensitivity: a sham-controlled study in asymptomatic participants. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther.2009; 39(6): 428-438

• Murphy RD, Hurwitz LE, McGovern EE. A non-surgical approach to the management of patients with lumbar radiculopathy secondary to herniated disk: a prospective observational cohort study with follow-up. J. Manip.

Physiol.Ther. 2009; 32: 723-733

• Nagrale AV, Patil SP, Gandhi RA, Learman K. Effect of slump stretching versus lumbar mobilization with exercise in subjects with non-radicular low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. J. Man. Manip. Ther. 2012; 20(1): 35-42

• Adel, 2011. Efficacy of Neural Mobilization in Treatment of Low Back Dysfunction. Journal of American Science, 2011;7(4)