literature review and research presentation compiled by d. hui
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Literature Review Literature Review and and
Research PresentationResearch Presentation
compiled by D. Huicompiled by D. Hui
OutlineOutline
Part I. Elements of an Effective Literature Review Part I. Elements of an Effective Literature Review by D. Grant Allen, Pulp & Paper, University of by D. Grant Allen, Pulp & Paper, University of TorontoToronto
Part II. 5 steps to Conduct a Literature Review Part II. 5 steps to Conduct a Literature Review by Dr. Marcelo Castroby Dr. Marcelo Castro
Part III. Source of literature Part III. Source of literature by by Bob Brown , University of Ulster / Newry and Bob Brown , University of Ulster / Newry and Mourne HSSTMourne HSST
Part IV. Part IV. How to Give an Effective Presentation How to Give an Effective Presentation by Sue McCormickby Sue McCormick
Part I. Part I. Elements of an Effective Literature Elements of an Effective Literature
ReviewReview
D. Grant Allen
Some of the slides are modified by D. Hui
Literature ReviewsLiterature Reviews
Why?
What?
When?
How? & How Not?
“Researchers almost never conduct a study in an intellectual vacuum: their studies are undertaken within the context of an already existing knowledge base. Researchers generally undertake a literature review to familiarise themselves with that knowledge base”.
(Polit and Hungler, 2000)
Why Conduct a Literature Review?Why Conduct a Literature Review?
• Avoid “reinventing the wheel”– Learn from others in/outside your area– Know the ‘leading edge’
• Help define your objectives & hypotheses– Source for research idea, research approach– Justify significance (science, engineering...)
• Is your work asking/answering the best questions?
• Put your work in context within the field– Link in discussion section of thesis
• Agreement/disagreement..lead to conclusions
What’s In a Literature Review?What’s In a Literature Review?• Critical review of the “State of the Art”
relevant to your objectives
• Synthesis of relevant literature– Organized in appropriate topics– Not a sequence of abstracts!
Literature Review StepsLiterature Review Steps
• First step, on day 1 of thesis (paper)• Define your objectives (broadly) to know what
you are looking for• Collect literature of relevance
– Cast a ‘wide net’…go outside the obvious– Look to supervisor, theses, computer search, library,
main journals in your field– Find good keywords from articles
• Read title, abstract, paper, reread
Literature Review StepsLiterature Review Steps
• Take notes on articles, make a table– Table has columns with paper, main topics
of interest to you (e.g. methods, conditions, organism etc.), main findings, comments
• Update and review regularly!!– Review main journals monthly– Broaden as thesis direction evolves
Writing the ReviewWriting the Review• Start with notes/table• Brainstorm main thoughts/points• Organize points (not papers)
– Logical groupings and order• Points help form the ‘Topic Sentences’ for each
paragraph in the review• Write, Review, Edit, Review….
– Show to others– Review with supervisor
Topic SentencesTopic Sentences
• State the controlling idea of a paragraph– Rest of paragraph supports and develops topic
sentence with related details• Can come anywhere but is normally the first
sentence• Attention to topic sentences is a simple tool
that can improve writing• Remember one topic per paragraph!!
PlagiarismPlagiarism
• “To appropriate of pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own”1
• Growing problem with internet• An academic offence• Citing the reference at the end of a copied
(or mostly copied) phrase/paragraph is still plagiarism
• Use your own words
1The New Penguin English Dictionary, Penguin, 1986
ReferencesReferences
• Cite the original reference, not the reference that cited the original reference
• Go to the source article so you know what it said
• Be current and go back in time!!!– The 90’s..80’s…70’s…….20’s…
Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks• Get started on the review and never stop• Cast a wide net• Revise objectives….let them evolve so you will make a
significant contribution• Be critical and synthesize• Remember topic sentences• Spending time on review is essential
– Basis for high quality questions (objectives/hypotheses) & answers
– Saves lab time in the long run
Part II. Creswell’s 5 steps to Conduct Part II. Creswell’s 5 steps to Conduct a Literature Reviewa Literature Review
• Step 1: Identify Key Terms or “Descriptors”• Extract key words from your title
(remember, you may decide to change the title later)
• Use some of the words other authors reported in the literature
Creswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Creswell’s 5 steps to Conduct a Creswell’s 5 steps to Conduct a Literature Review (cont’d)Literature Review (cont’d)
• Step 2: Locate Literature• Use academic libraries, do not limit your search
to an electronic search of articles• Use primary and secondary sources. A
“primary source” is research reported by the researcher that conducted the study. A “secondary source” is research that summarizes or reports findings that come from primary sources
Creswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Step 2: Locate LiteratureStep 2: Locate Literature (cont’d)(cont’d)
• It is “best to report mostly primary sources” (p. 82)
• Search different types of literature: summaries, encyclopedias, dictionaries and glossaries of terms, handbooks, statistical indexes, reviews and syntheses, books, journals, indexed publications, electronic sources, abstract series, and databases
Creswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Creswell’s 5 steps to Conduct a Creswell’s 5 steps to Conduct a Literature Review (cont’d)Literature Review (cont’d)
• Step 3: Critically Evaluate and Select Literature• Rely on journal articles published in
national journals• Prioritize your search: first look for
refereed journal articles, then, non-refereed articles, then books, then conference papers, dissertations and theses and then papers posted to websites
Creswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Creswell’s 5 steps to Conduct a Creswell’s 5 steps to Conduct a Literature Review (cont’d)Literature Review (cont’d)
• Step 4: Organize the Literature• Create a “file” or “abstract” system to keep
track of what you read. Each article you read should be summarized in one page containing
Title (type the title so that you can later copy-paste this into the References section of your paper)Source: journal article, book, glossary, etc.
Creswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Step 4: Organize the Literature Step 4: Organize the Literature (cont’d)(cont’d)
Research problem: one or two lines will suffice Research Questions or HypothesesData collection procedure (a description of sample characteristics can be very handy as well)Results or findings of the study
• Sort these abstracts into groups of related topics or areas which can then become the different sections of your review
Creswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Creswell’s 5 steps to Conduct a Creswell’s 5 steps to Conduct a Literature Review (cont’d)Literature Review (cont’d)
• Step 5: Write a Literature Review• Types of Reviews:
Thematic Review: a theme is identified and studies found under this theme are described. Major ideas and findings are reported rather than details.
Creswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Step 5: Write a Literature ReviewStep 5: Write a Literature Review(cont’d)(cont’d)
Study-by-study Review: a detailed summary of each study under a broad theme is provided. Link summaries (or abstracts) using transitional sentences. Must be organized and flow coherently under various subheadings. Avoid string quotations (i.e., lengthy chunks of text directly quoted from a source)
Creswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Part III. Sources of literaturePart III. Sources of literature• Own Books or Journals• Library Books• Library Journals
e.g. - Jour. Of Adv.. Nursing, Advances in Nursing Science, Applied
Nursing Research, Clinical Nursing Research, IMAGE: Journal of Nursing Scholarship - Nursing Times Research, Quality in Health Care- Nurse Researcher, Nurse Education Today- Nursing Standard
• Abstracts from other disciplines• Search sources
e.g. MEDLINE and CINAHL, CancerLit, PsychInfo
Identifying potential sources of research with Identifying potential sources of research with key terms and search opportunitieskey terms and search opportunities
• Your starting point – Libraryhttp://www.tnstate.edu/interior.asp?mid=71
• http://www.tnstate.edu/library/milcat/mildata.htm (databases)
On-line literature search key sitesOn-line literature search key sites
• www.windsor.igs.net/~nhodgins/literature_searches.html (Online Literature Search Workshop)
• Web of science
• Google scholar
Part IV.
What is an Effective Presentation and How to Give an Effective
Presentation Sue McCormick
Why Do You Give a Presentation
• Present your work
• Communicate your ideas
• Inform your audience
What is an Effective Presentation• Effectively present your work
audience understands the work
• Effectively communicate your ideas
audience understands your interpretations
• Effectively inform your audience
audience remembers
How to Give an Effective Presentation
• Analyzing the basics
• Preparing the presentation
• Giving the presentation
Steps to an Effective Presentation
Analyzing The Basics
• Audience background
• Purpose of your presentation
• Time
Analyzing The Basics
• Audience backgroundTerminology and ConceptsIntroductionContent and focus of presentation
• Purpose of your presentation
• Time
• Audience background
• Purpose of your presentationWhat do you want to tell your
audienceWhy are you giving this presentation
• Time
Analyzing The Basics
• Audience background
• Purpose of your presentation
• TimeRange of presentationDepth of presentationDo not go over!
Analyzing The Basics
Steps to an Effective Presentation
Analyzing the basics
Preparing the presentation
Giving the presentation
Preparing Your Presentation
• Outline presentation
• Prepare visual aides
• Write talk
• Practice presentation
Preparing Your Presentation• Outline presentation
IntroductionMethodsResultsConclusionsFuture Work
• Prepare visual aides
• Write talk
• Practice presentation
Outline PresentationIntroduction
Present background information that: Briefs the audience Peaks their curiosity Explains concepts and terminology
Method
Results
Conclusions
Future Work
Outline Presentation Introduction
Methods How you did the experiments Outline of procedure Diagrams of special equipment
Results
Conclusions
Future work
Experimental designExperimental design
5 m
Subambient CO2 tunnel Elevated CO2 tunnel
250 ppm
500 ppm370 ppm
370 ppm
Outline Presentation Introduction
Methods
Results
Analyzed Data
What does it mean
Conclusions
Future work
Outline Presentation Introduction
Methods
Results
ConclusionsBottom line for each experiment
Future work
Outline Presentation Introduction
Method
Results
Conclusions
Future WorkHow you will continue your research
Preparing Your Presentation
Outline presentation
Prepare visual aides
Write talk
Practice presentation
Prepare Visual Aides(Guidelines for Making Slides)
• Color schemeVisible when projected ?
• Fonts
2 is the limitstyle – Arial, Times New Romansize – 36, 32
• Be consistent
Prepare Visual Aides(Guidelines for Making
Slides)(Cont.)
• Title on every slideTopic of slide
• Brief statements
• No more than 7 lines of text
• Use bullets
• Presentation of data Numbers vs graphs
Preparing Your Presentation
Outline presentation
Prepare visual aides
Write talk
Practice presentation
Write Talk
As you write your talk:
• Adjust outline and slides as necessary
• Will the audience understand the
presentation?
• Am I saying what I think I am?
Preparing Your Presentation
Outline presentation
Prepare visual aides
Write talk
Practice presentation
Practice Presentation
• Practice, Practice, Practice, Practice out loud • Don’t need to memorize your talk• Modify text and slides as necessary
• Point to slideTurn laser on and off Do not wave the laser around
• Look at audience
Preparing Your Presentation
Outline presentation
Prepare visual aides
Write talk
Practice presentation
Analyzing the basics Preparing the presentation
Giving the presentation
Steps to an Effective Presentation
Giving the Presentation
• Breath deeply
• Be energetic
• Talk to your audience
Summary
• Thank you
• Good luck on your presentation
Class ExerciseClass Exercise
• Now you’re ready to formulate your own research question(s)
• Sample questions:– What make tropic forests a hotspot for diversity?– How does global warming influence coral reefs?
• http://faculty.tnstate.edu/dhui/biol4120/ for more topics
Research QuestionsResearch Questions
• From Topic to Research Question A good research topic asks a clear, concise question. Asking a research question helps you keep a tight focus on your topic.
• Tweaking Your Research Question A good research topic is broad enough to allow you to find plenty of material, but narrow enough to fit within the size and time constraints of your paper. – If your topic is either too broad or too narrow, consider adding or eliminating
the following elements:
Time Period, century, decade, future, Population Type, age, gender, nationality, species, Geographic Location country, state, region, Point of View economic, social, cultural, biological
Assignment. Components Assignment. Components
• Title Page• Nature of the Problem• Background and Significance of the
Problem• Literature Review• Research Questions• References (list three papers)