literary writing - ifeet.orgifeet.org/files/5.-sample-writings.pdf · for such a short period of...

LITERARY Writing – Originally Published by the Philippine Daily Inquirer

A Love Affair on December Night http://ifeet.org/a-love-affair-on-december-night.html

by Arnel Banaga Salgado

I remember that every year, my clan celebrates the Christmas Eve with a big party and

a gourmet attended by my relatives from the first degree until the last living member of

our family tree. This day is like reliving the past especially when I can see my great

grandparents who survived the two great wars of the Philippines.

Last year, our clan celebrated it with style. My cousin Matet orchestrated the party

which she dubbed CHRISTMAS LOVE. I do not know what she was thinking then, only

the little ideas I got was to present the fiancée and fiancé of all the members of my

genealogy who were not yet married. I was one of them.

At first, I laughed at the idea because I was not yet engaged, and worst I was not

courting anyone. I said, "I will attend without a partner." And the reply I got was her

ridicule.

She said, "Don't tell me, you are a gay."

http://ifeet.org/a-love-affair-on-december-night.html


"Of course not." I replied.

"So bring one then." That was the last sentence she said to me on our telephone

conversation.

I was left baffled. That time, I could not think what to do. I was worried that when I

would go home for this yearly gathering without a girlfriend, I might spoil the

celebration. To make the matter worst, I might make myself a subject of scorn when I

disgraced my clan which was known for its macho image. In fact, ninety per cent of us

were womanizers. It was good that I was not one of them. To resolve this problem, I

was thinking to arrange a make-believe relationship with my best friend who was

incidentally one of my senior students at the university where I was teaching.

She agreed.

On that big day, we arrived in Baguio. Jean was stunned how close our family was. I

could see from her eyes that she wondered why a family as big as mine would have

time to gather and spend money just to attend this celebration. Of course, I was proud.

Not just because I presented the whole picture of the family to Jean but I was

accompanied by the most beautiful student of the university, "My cousin Matet would

be surprised…" I thought. "…because she could see that I already have a partner." - I

realized that the make believe relationship blossomed into love. I was in love with her

on that December night.

Matet greeted us.

"Is she the one?" She queried.

"I see." I replied. I introduced Jean to her as my fiancée. Of course Matet was

surprised, perhaps she was asking herself, "How come that he has already a girlfriend

for such a short period of time?" Only Jean and I knew the truth.

When the time for introduction came, I felt nervous. I could not remember anymore my

actions that time. Perhaps, I was acting like a ninja or an acrobat. I was not sure, but

Jean told me that I was weird that time. One by one, Matet asked us to come forward

to introduce our fiancées and fiancés. It was very difficult for me to do it because at

first but eventually I got some courage to introduce her.

I said, "…meet my girlfriend, Jean from Zambales…" and I added, "She is beautiful ain't

it? We are planning to get married anyway next year. I hope you will also attend." After

the introduction, I ushered Jean to the buffet table but she stopped me, "I have not

appetite." She said


"Why?" I inquired. "Just take your salad to fill your stomach. That one is good, taste it."

I pointed at the fruit salad which mom prepared.

I was surprised. It was my first time to see Jean in such a bad mood. "Is there some

wrong?" I asked.

"None, just eat." She said. From that moment, I knew there was something wrong. I

returned the food that I just took after which I ushered her to the verandah of the

house.

"Is there something wrong?"

"I want to rest." She answered.

I thought that our gathering would be spoiled. I thought that it would be better if my

cousin Matet would not have made a weird party such as this. I was ruining my night.

"Is there something wrong with what I have said?" I finally asked.

"What do you think?" she replied.

"I think, there is none."

"There is…I wish that…"she was trying to hold back her emotions. "…it was true!" she

finally added.

I nearly fainted. She was feeling the same way as I did. I could not describe my joy.

Moments later, I regained my composure. "Jean, I love you." I finally said.

"I love you too." She replied.

It was just like a fairy tale, on that December night, Jean and I were in love.

POETRY BOOK REVIEW – Originally published by local magazine

Skin Voices Faces: The Poetry Of Danton Remoto

http://ifeet.org/skin-voices-faces--the-poetry-of-danton-remoto.html


Like many other contemporary poets, Danton Remoto is trying to establish his own

place on the history of Philippine contemporary literature. Although his poetry reflects

his youthful idealism, nationalism and his struggle against loneliness, still his poems

possess a resounding resonance and exceptional nuance which move the spirit and the

soul of the readers. It is necessary to note that he produced all poems in this collection

when he was still on his early twenties . The way Remoto presented a simple idea and

his mastery in capturing the imagination by presenting a striking imagery is exceptional.

No other poets can duplicate his mastery in weaving verses.

In the poem Antipolo Vender (Skin, Voices, Faces, Anvil, 1991, p.4) he said:

http://ifeet.org/skin-voices-faces--the-poetry-of-danton-remoto.html


A gaslamp throws

shadows

of the face

of the pregnant vender.

Remoto's use of powerful imagery brings a new experience to the readers. His language

is very simple to comprehend and the idea he wants to convey can easily be

understood upon reading the first line of his poem. The word gaslamp indicates

loneliness and desolation. In the context of Danton Remoto's poetry, no other word

aside from the gaslamp can capture his inner desolation or perhaps his longing to

experience the life of a pregnant woman whom he described in the poem. It is

necessary therefore to consider the personal; experience of the poet when he attempts

to understand his poetry. Like on fourth and fifth stanzas of the same poem, he said:

Her half frozen blood

Curdles,

as the hills hug

their knees

In the dark shiver of sleep.

The word dark of the last line complemented the second word of the first line -

gaslamp. We can notice the cold atmosphere and the lonely environment of the

pregnant woman. Perhaps in some instances, Danton Remoto experienced the same

thing, or sometimes he has a deep longing to experience what he described in Antipolo

Vender. The knowledge of Jungian or Freudian psychology is necessary to discover the

event which drives the poet to write such poetry. Sometimes, we can discover that a

poet's inner sufferings can help him weave a perfect poem like Edgar Allan Poe's

Annabelle Lee .

It is noticeable that the poet often used the contrasting words, light and darkness to

distinguish his happiness and loneliness, or in some instances hopelessness like in his

poem CANDLES (p.21). He said:

Candles melt

the hard darkness

inside the church (first stanza)

This is my country,

that seems to have run

out of candles to burn (last stanza)


His used of simple language perfected his poetry. As Housman said, "…good poetry…is

made out of ordinary words." The simplicity on the language structure of his poetry

helped him in intensifying the idea he wanted to convey especially when he tackled

about the Filipino religiosity or fanaticism in entrusting their fate always to God. The

condition of his country (as we can see on the poem above) seems hopeless because of

her corrupt officials. We can discover the nationalistic view of the poet here. Perhaps he

was just influenced by the activism of the writers and poets when he was writing this

poem or if not, his poetry can be considered as good for nothing, like the poetry of

Amado Hernandez and Pete Lacaba . The use of emotion or sentimentalism can hinder

the message of the poem because good poetry does not only communicate, but it must

have top express the capability of the poet to abstract his inner experience and

transform this experience into creative work of art. Obviously, Danton Remoto

attempted to bring out one (good poem) - but he failed because of the excessive trace

of sentimentalism and emotion on almost all the 88 poems he included in this collection.

According to McLeish, "A poem does not mean / but be" . It is clear therefore that a

poem is intended merely to present what is but not what is not . Sometimes, a poet

produces a simple verse and he may call it a poem that is inspired, therefore it cannot

be changed. A true artist is open, thus every time, he sees some faults in his poetry, he

must be ready to edit it like what happened to the ten Filipino poets who were included

on the latest book of Ricardo de Ungria, A PASSIONATE PATIENCE. Before perfection

came, a poem is butchered to ensure that every word carries meaning. I believe that

the poetry of Danton Remoto will eventually evolve into a good work of art without

faults in language and emotion, but so long that emotion is attached in writing his

poetry, a poem that is introduced cannot be considered a good opus. Like in the

poem, Waking from a dream to sadness (p.12), he said:

From the dream of sadness.

there, the skin

stretches into walls

The drawbridge of the tongue

His metaphor is very difficult to transcribe in an ordinary language. Although the poem

cannot be considered faultless because when he tries to understand what does it imply

(the poem I mean) by studying the whole poem, we are led to nowhere. In the last line

of the first stanza, he said: as I slip indicates movement from reality to fantasy. Sometimes it is good to do so, but when a poet wanted only to express

loneliness, it is not necessary to slip from reality into fantasy. This process contradicts

reality in human events. We can notice as well that he utilized different modes to

capture the events he wanted to convey, so this shift of idea and style established his

inauthenticity as a real poet, but I believe - Danton Remoto has still the capability to

improve. Nevertheless, I like most of his poems.


The genius of Danton Remoto is waiting to be awakened. His tiyanaks, like what Rio

Alma emphasized is trying to be freed from his imagination, and his place in the

contemporary Philippine Literature is waiting to be reached. Surely, he is ranked equal

to the well known poets of his time, like Federico Licsi Espinosa Jr. who was recently

placed inside the lunatic asylum, or Noel de Vera who produced a book on a very young

age at 24, and other contemporary Filipino poets and fictionists. What is needed now is

an intelligent reader of their works that can only be produced when there is a good

Literature instructor to teach and encourage them to read the Pilipino writers.

Nuance in poetry does not only give meaning to the poem, but it gives rhythm and

brings beauty to the sound of the word which a poet chose to describe his idea or experience. In the case of Danton Remoto, the nuance lies in the unity of the words and role it holds to describe the mode of the whole poem. Thus, nuance does not only limit its use on lyric poetry.

In October 1992 issue of Sunday Inquirer Magazine,an article about Pilipino writers (including Danton Remoto) was published, describing their possible immortality as writers (On the Heels of the Immortals).

It is noted that edgar Allan Poe was inspired to write more poetry when he was depressed and drank.

As quoted by Mrs. Sandra Reyes Arroyo on Understanding Poetry, Pintig Diwa, Especial Diwa,1995-1996, p.57

Sentimentalism is described as a stock of emotional expression which corresponds to poetic diction.

As quoted by Edwin Benjamin on his book, The Province of Poetry, Americasn Book Co,., USA, c1996, p.126.

The poem cannot only be used to clarify something or much worst to serve as a personal catharsis to bring back the memories into a good for nothing work of art. The atmosphere of childhood longing and loneliness is plenty. We can find almost on all the poems of Remoto in his collection.

The idea of concreteness in poetry comes here. Every word counts and all the unnecessary word must be deleted or else a poem can become an overdecorated poem like a purple prose in a novel.

REFERENCES

Almario, Virgilio, Ang Makata sa Panahon ng Makina, UP press, QC, 1972

Arroyo, Zandra, Understanding Poetry, Pintig Diwa, St. Scholastica's College, Manila

Philippines 1996

Benjamin, Edwin, The Province of Poetry, American Book Company, USA 1966

Cruz, Isagani, Beyond Futility, new Day Publishers, QC Philippines, 1984

Hall, Donald, the Pleasure of Poetry, Harper and Row Publishers, USA 1971

Lopez, Salvador, Literature and Society, A.S.Florentino Pub., Manila, Philippines, 1967


Remoto, Danton, Skin, Voices, Faces, Anvil Publishing Co., Inc.

Ungria de, Ricardo, A Passionate patience, Anvil Publishing Co., Inc. Manila, Philippines,

1995


A Love Affair on December Night http://ifeet.org/a-love-affair-on-december-night.html


I remember that every year, my clan celebrates the Christmas Eve with a big party and

a gourmet attended by my relatives from the first degree until the last living member of

our family tree. This day is like reliving the past especially when I can see my great

grandparents who survived the two great wars of the Philippines.

Last year, our clan celebrated it with style. My cousin Matet orchestrated the party

which she dubbed CHRISTMAS LOVE. I do not know what she was thinking then, only

the little ideas I got was to present the fiancée and fiancé of all the members of my

genealogy who were not yet married. I was one of them.

At first, I laughed at the idea because I was not yet engaged, and worst I was not

courting anyone. I said, "I will attend without a partner." And the reply I got was her

ridicule.

She said, "Don't tell me, you are a gay."

http://ifeet.org/a-love-affair-on-december-night.html


"Of course not." I replied.

"So bring one then." That was the last sentence she said to me on our telephone

conversation.

I was left baffled. That time, I could not think what to do. I was worried that when I

would go home for this yearly gathering without a girlfriend, I might spoil the

celebration. To make the matter worst, I might make myself a subject of scorn when I

disgraced my clan which was known for its macho image. In fact, ninety per cent of us

were womanizers. It was good that I was not one of them. To resolve this problem, I

was thinking to arrange a make-believe relationship with my best friend who was

incidentally one of my senior students at the university where I was teaching.

She agreed.

On that big day, we arrived in Baguio. Jean was stunned how close our family was. I

could see from her eyes that she wondered why a family as big as mine would have

time to gather and spend money just to attend this celebration. Of course, I was proud.

Not just because I presented the whole picture of the family to Jean but I was

accompanied by the most beautiful student of the university, "My cousin Matet would

be surprised…" I thought. "…because she could see that I already have a partner." - I

realized that the make believe relationship blossomed into love. I was in love with her

on that December night.

Matet greeted us.

"Is she the one?" She queried.

"I see." I replied. I introduced Jean to her as my fiancée. Of course Matet was

surprised, perhaps she was asking herself, "How come that he has already a girlfriend

for such a short period of time?" Only Jean and I knew the truth.

When the time for introduction came, I felt nervous. I could not remember anymore my

actions that time. Perhaps, I was acting like a ninja or an acrobat. I was not sure, but

Jean told me that I was weird that time. One by one, Matet asked us to come forward

to introduce our fiancées and fiancés. It was very difficult for me to do it because at

first but eventually I got some courage to introduce her.

I said, "…meet my girlfriend, Jean from Zambales…" and I added, "She is beautiful ain't

it? We are planning to get married anyway next year. I hope you will also attend." After

the introduction, I ushered Jean to the buffet table but she stopped me, "I have not

appetite." She said


"Why?" I inquired. "Just take your salad to fill your stomach. That one is good, taste it."

I pointed at the fruit salad which mom prepared.

I was surprised. It was my first time to see Jean in such a bad mood. "Is there some

wrong?" I asked.

"None, just eat." She said. From that moment, I knew there was something wrong. I

returned the food that I just took after which I ushered her to the verandah of the

house.

"Is there something wrong?"

"I want to rest." She answered.

I thought that our gathering would be spoiled. I thought that it would be better if my

cousin Matet would not have made a weird party such as this. I was ruining my night.

"Is there something wrong with what I have said?" I finally asked.

"What do you think?" she replied.

"I think, there is none."

"There is…I wish that…"she was trying to hold back her emotions. "…it was true!" she

finally added.

I nearly fainted. She was feeling the same way as I did. I could not describe my joy.

Moments later, I regained my composure. "Jean, I love you." I finally said.

"I love you too." She replied.

It was just like a fairy tale, on that December night, Jean and I were in love.

Academic Article: Originally Published by the Asian Journal of Nursing – Proceed of the Oral Presentation

1

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FUNCTIONAL EMOTIVE EXISTENTIAL THERAPY (FEET) FOR THE CAREGIVERS AND PEOPLE WITH ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE IN THE SOUTH EAST

ASIAN REGION

DR. ARNEL BANAGA SALGADO Ed.D., RN, MA, B.Sc, Cert .Ed, MAT (School Psychology)

ABSTRACT: The care of the dementia clients often takes negative tool to all the caregivers. Most of the time, they are affective, psychologically emotionally and spiritually leading to loss of meaning, most of the time severe depression bordering into psychopathological condition such as mood disorder and sometimes schizophrenia. The institute that was founded by Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado implemented its psychosocial intervention called Functional Emotive Existential Therapy in two stages: (a) For the Caregiver, and (b) for the AD clients with dementia. The three main tasks of therapy are the following (Bugental, 1990): (a) to assist clients in recognizing that they are not fully present in the therapy process itself; (b) to support clients in confronting the anxieties that they have so long sought to avoid; and (c) to help client redefine themselves and their world in ways that foster greater genuineness of contact with life. The clients with dementia are otherwise responsive to the following phases of the program, a.) Functionality assessment and therapy, b.) Existential assessment and therapy, and c.) Emotional assessment and therapy. The results both for the caregivers and the clients are promising. After 30 days of implementing the FEET’s ABCDE modalities to the caregivers and to the patients with Alzheimer’s’ disease related dementia of various sages using GDS and MMSE, the caregivers showed positive signs of improvement particularly in terms of meaning development, diminishing the occurrence of depression, anxiety and other psychopathologic conditions arising from the care of their relatives with dementia. On the other hand, in terms of helping the client with dementia, the FEET therapy showed a positive improvement on the decrease of BPSD, increasing functionality, simple memory and finding meaning on their activities of daily living. The FEET should be implemented in other areas, including hospice care, assisted living or nursing homes.

Background: The Functional Emotive Existential therapy was developed to help

individuals gain positive perspective in life during and several years after the encounter. It is

specifically designed to health workers like nurses, doctors, medical assistants and

caregivers who are often overlooked in the health care delivery system. The proponent of

the therapy set two perspectives to cater the needs of the caregivers who care for the

dementia clients with Alzheimer’s disease and the patients themselves. The psychosocial

therapy which is called Functional Emotive Existential therapy (FEET) was conceived

after the validation and standardization of the Personal Meaning Scale Inventory (2005)

developed by Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado.


2

Introduction

The care of the dementia clients often takes negative tool to all the caregivers. Most of the

time, they are affective, psychologically emotionally and spiritually leading to loss of

meaning, most of the time severe depression bordering into psychopathological condition

such as mood disorder and sometimes schizophrenia. In this case, the caregivers need to be

cared by qualified health professionals. In the Alzheimer’s Disease related dementia, most

of the caregivers do not have proper training, in this case medical training that is why, they

themselves would succumb to depression especially when they are caring for a relative who

is in the stage 7 AD where screaming is a dramatic problem (Teri et. Al., 1992) as well as

the appearance of the BPSD (Behavioral and psychological Symptoms of Dementia).

On the other hand, the clients need to be considered also in the implementation of

Functional Emotive Existential Therapy where the focus of the psychosocial therapy is to

provide meaningful life to the clients in the different stages of AD specially those who

develop dementia. The major areas considered by the team were on the functionality,

emotions and the meaningful existence of the clients.

METHODS

The implementation of FEET to the caregivers.

The caregivers played very important roles in the success of the implementation of the

Functional Emotive Existential Therapy (FEET). The programs were implemented by the

institute for a period of one month to at least 5 caregivers and their family members who are

diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. Although the n=5 is too small respondents, it would

appear to be promising considering the positive results and outcomes of the therapy. Among

the following steps done by the caregivers are represented by this illustration:


3

The experts in the institute emphasize to the caregivers their freedom to choose with what to

make of their life’s circumstances. This approach was grounded on the assumption that caregivers

are free to act and think, therefore they are responsible for the choices and actions that they make.

They are also considered as the authors of their own lives because they draw up the blueprints for

its design. A basic existential premise is that they are not the victims of circumstances, because to

a large extent they are what they chose to be. The three main tasks of therapy are the following

(Bugental, 1990):

a. to assist clients in recognizing that they are not fully present in the therapy process itself;

b. to support clients in confronting the anxieties that they have so long sought to avoid; and

c. to help client redefine themselves and their world in ways that foster greater genuineness

of contact with life

Since this therapy (FEET) is a process of searching for the value and meaning in life, the following

processes were done (see illustration). (1) The caregivers were a given a psychometric test

developed and standardized by Dr. AB Salgado, the Personal Meaning Scale Inventory (PMSI). (2)

Upon identification on the level of personal meaning of the caregiver, the institute designed

individually the programs on the ABCDE of FEET. (3) After the intense workshop for a week, a

weekly follow up at the institute was prescribed among all the participants.

SITUATION

Assessment of the current state of mind of the health professionals using the newly validated and standardized Personal Meaning Scale Inventory

Current state of mind of the caregiver

The PMSI The FEET

The application of Functional Emotive Existential Therapy following the ABCDE model of the FEET: A- Situation of the health professional iB – irrational and unaccepable behavior C – Consequences both on the emotion and behavior D – Disputing E – Effective functionality and a better outlook in life


4

The implementation of FEET to the clients with Dementia.

The clients with dementia are otherwise responsive to the following phases of the program

devised by the institute:

Phase 1. Functionality assessment and therapy. The institute devised a functional

observation tool to assess how the client with dementia would his activities of daily living

including his activities for leisure, like games, gardening among others. It also includes the

assessment as well as the intervention on functionality of memory by using familiar pictures

taken during the time of the therapy by the clients themselves with the assistance of the

caregivers (using the digital camera).

Phase 2. Existential assessment and therapy. The institute assesses and delivered

therapeutic intervention to the clients based on the identified activities that is most of the

time done by the clients.

Phase 3. Emotional assessment and therapy. The emotional state of the clients were

assessed and the institute implemented programs to let the clients connect with the

caregivers, family members by enjoying their presence, the children of the caregivers as well

singing familiar songs during the therapy.

OUTCOMES AND PERSPECTIVES

After 30 days of implementing the FEET’s ABCDE modalities to the caregivers and to the patients

with Alzheimer’s’ disease related dementia of various sages using GDS and MMSE, the caregivers

showed positive signs of improvement particularly in terms of meaning development, diminishing

the occurrence of depression, anxiety and other psychopathologic conditions arising from the care

of their relatives with dementia. On the other hand, in terms of helping the client with dementia, the

FEET therapy showed a positive improvement on the decrease of BPSD, increasing functionality,


5

simple memory and finding meaning on their activities of daily living. The FEET should be

implemented in other areas, including hospice care, assisted living or nursing homes.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Andres, Thomas Quintin, Understanding Values, New Day, 3993

Anastasi, Anne, Psychological Testing, Macmillan, USA, 1990

Appelbaum, Stephen, Out in Inner Space, Menninger Foundation, 1999

Brill, A.A., Basic Principle of Psychoanalysis, Doubleday and Co, c!999. De Jesus, Evangeline M., Handbook of Psychological Testing, Rex, Philippines, 1995 Dunham, Philip. 1988. Research Methods in Psychology, Harper and Row Publishers,

New York, USA Fabry, Joseph, The Pursuit to Meaning, Mercier Press, Canada, 2000 Febre, Francisco Jr. 1997. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines Frankl,Viktor, Man's Search for Meaning, Washington Square Press, 1994. Frohm, Erich

as quoted in Reader's Digest, November 1994 Gines, Adelaida (ed.) 1999. Towards Indigenization of Therapeutic Strategies, A. Gines,

Manila Goble, Frank. 1970. The Third Force. The Psychology of Abraham Maslow,

Washington Square Press, USA Goleman, Daniel. 1995. Emotional Intelligence, Bantam Books, USA Jung, Carl. 1998. Analytical Psychology, its Theory and Practice, Heirs of C.G. Jung, London

____ 1989. Four Archetypes, Arks Lathem, Edward Connery (ed.), 1997, The Poetry of Robert Frost Mercado, Leonardo, 1997Applied Filipino Philosophy, DWU-IT Neu, Jerome (ed.), 1992, FREUD, Cambridge University Press, New York, New York Salgado, Arnel Ma., 2000, Pilipino Logotberapy, PLFI, Baguio City Semigram, Candace. 1988. One-Minute Self-Esteem, Caring for Yourself and Others,

Bantam Books, USA Sevilla, Consuelo. 1992. Research methods, Rex Bookstore, Manila, Philippines Tolentino, Serafica, Sr. 1989. Mental Health and Religious Formation of Temporary

Professed Sisters, Published Master of Arts Thesis, UST, Manila Watson, George. 1972. Nutrition and Your Mind, Harper and Row Publishers, USA


6

Zwanepoel, John. 1983. Phenomenological Psychology, Unpublished Manuscript, San Carlos

Seminary, Makati City.

UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS

Balitayo, Lalaine G. 3999. Construction and Validation of Classification test in Grade IV at the College of the Immaculate Conception. Philippine Normal University, Manila Banan, ElisaP. 1983. The Development and Validation of Scientific Attitude Inventory for Grade Six Pupils in Manila. Manila, Philippine Normal University

Barit, Jesusa. 1983. The Development of a Self-Perception Inventory For Filipino

Children. Unpublished Master Thesis, Philippine Normal College, Manila

1991. The Development and Validation Of an Affective Behavior Scale for Elementary School Teachers, A First Approximation. Unpublished Dissertation, Philippine Normal College, Manila Brawner, Filma de Guzman, 1975. SES, TQ and Sex Differences in Self-Concept Among Selected Six Years Olds. Unpublished master Thesis, Philippine Normal College, Manila

Cobbol, Erlinda T. 1997. Analysis of the Multilevel Test in Elementary Mathematics

and English of the Division of San Carlos City, Negros Occidental. Manila, Philippine Normal University Joven, Jason S. 2002. Development and Validatio Of Emotional Intelligence Scale For Filipino Children Mayer, DK, 1996. Cancer Patients Families' Perception on Nurse Caring Behaviors, Top Clin

Salgado, Arnel B. 2003. Development and Validation of Self-Worth Scale Inventory For Filipino Adolescence. Manila, Philippine Normal University

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