HyperboleHyperbole is an intentionally exaggerated figure of speech for emphasis or effect. It is extreme exaggeration used for effect or is an exaggerated statement used to emphasize a point or evoke strong feelings that is not meant to be taken literally.e.g.-This book weighs a ton.-I am so tired I could sleep for a year.-I laughed my head off when he said the joke.-I am so hungry I could eat a horse.

OnomatopoeiaIt is the use of words that imitates or suggests the sound that it describes.e.g.-The fire cracker made a loud ka-boom.-buzz, purr

IdiomIt is an expression that has a different meaning from the literal meaning of its individual words. They are particular to a given language and usually cannot be translated literally.e.g.-a piece of cake-cost arm and a leg-when pigs fly-break a leg

Metaphor

When a term or phrase is applied to something to which it is not literally applicable in order to suggest a resemblance or comparing two things without using like or as, you use a metaphor. It is a direct comparison between two similar things using a form of the verb ‘to be’.e.g.-The road was a ribbon wrapped through the dessert.

-My heart is a lonely hunter that hunts on a lonely hill.- She is an angel.-All the world is a stage and all the men and women merely players. (Shakespeare) -It’s raining cats and dogs.

Puns

It is a play on words; a humorous substitution of words that are alike in sound but different in meaninge.g.- I’m reading a book about unti-gravity and its impossible to put down.

Alliteration

It is the repetition of the same sounds at the beginning of two or more adjacent words or stressed syllables. It is a repetition of the initial letters in words.The repetition of a consonant (consonance) or a vowel (assonance) sounds occuring at the begnning of words or within words-She was wide-eyed and wondering while she waited for Walter to waken.

-When the green grass grows

Personification

Figurative language in which non human things are represented as having human qualities. To give human-like qualities to non human things and inanimate objects.A figure of speech which gives the qualities of a person to an animal, an object or an idea.The stars danced playfully in the moonlit sky.-The run down house appears depressed.-The wind howled its mighty objection.-My computer hates me.-My stomach has a mind of its own.-Time stood still when I dropped my mother’s vase.-The printer ate my paper.-When opportunity knocks, open the door.

Simile

A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared. Most similes are often in a phrase introduced by the word ‘like’ or ‘as’. Comparing two things using like and as.An explicit or direct comparison between wo things that are similar in some way,with the words like or as- she is like an angel. She is so kind.-you re growing like a weed -she smelled like a rose -that is easy as pie.-brave as a lion-life is like an onion:you peel it off one layer at a time, and sometimes you cry.

Allusion Reference to someone or something that is known from history, literature, religion, etc.İs an indirect reference to a person,to a place or to a thingA brief reference ,explicit or indirect, to a person, place or event,myth,work of art or to another literary work or passage.Animal farm is an allusion to the Russian revolution.

The reference to some piece of knowledge not mentioned and presumed to be known to the reader.Reference to something without directly saying it.

-She was another Helen alludes to Helen of Troy.

-Romeo take me somewhere we can be alone.

Dialogue

A conversation between at least two individuals

IronyWhen the opposite of what you expect to happen happens.

To Express something opposite or contrary to its actual meaningWhen the opposite of what is expected or intended happens. 1.verbal irony:occurs when a character states one thing and means another.2.situational irony:is a contrast between what the reader expects to happen and what actually hapends.3.dramatic irony:occurs when the reader knows more about a situation or character than the characters in the story do.

ParadoxA seemingly true statement or a group of statements that lead to a contradiction or a situation which seems to defy logic or intuition.-We learn from history that we do not learn from history.-In seeking happiness, one does not find hapiness.

Two contradictory thoughts that eventually make sense

Symbolism

To represent something other than what is intendedA place, object or being that represents or stands for an abstract or universal idea -the four leaf clover is a symbol that represents luck-a dove is a symbol that represents peace.

Rhyme

Corresponding sounds between words , or endings of words

Analogyİs a comparison in which an idea or a thing is compared to another thing that is quite different from it. It aims at explaining that idea or thing by comparing it to something that is familiar. Metaphors and s,miles are tools used to draw an analogy. Therefrore, analogy is more extensive and elaborate than either a simile or a metaphor.

-The structure of an atom is like a solar system. The nucleus is the sun and electrons are the planets revolving around their sun.Similes and metaphors are employed to develop an analogy.

Extended comparison showing similarities between two things

Repetition

Intentionally repeat

Flashback

Recall a prior experience or event İs a reference to the past

Foreshadowing

İs a hint of the future

PlotAll of the events that make up the storyline of the story Every story has a plot The plot revolves around the conflictİs what happens in a story

Exposition İs a description of the situation at the beginning of the story

Climaxİts the point in the story where the acton riches its highest pointİs the main part of the story, with the most tension This is where the protagonist has t face the conflict head on Typically, this is where the reader is the most on the edge of his/her seat The climax is normally near the end of the story.

Conflict The problem or struggle faced by the protagonist in the story.İs the reason why the story existsWithout the conflict, there is no storyline.External ConflictInternal conflict (in the character’s head)

Setting İt is the time and place in which a story takes place Refers to the place or time the story occurs Setting influences the plotİt can be past present or future Setting must always signify a physical place-real or fictional Setting is usually external but also can be internalSetting gives the plot concreteness and helps the reader connect with the characters and plot It can be general or specificGeneral: The United States in the 1860s.Specific: Hogwarts at night

Resolution

The resolution is the part of the story where the conflict is resolved.Essentially, this is how the story ends.- they lived happily ever after.-Katniss wins the hunger games, saving her and Peeta’s lives.

Characterzation

Refers to the technique where an author develops and portrays characters

Round character İs a well developed character with many sides(no positive negative meaning)

Flat(one-dimensional)characterThe opposite of round character.Flat characters dont grow or change and therefore called static characters.(no positive negative meaning)

Dynamic characterIf characters change,they are called dynamic characters

Direct characterization The author provides a description of his characters

Indirect characterization The readers must make observations about characters

Protagonistİs the main character or hero in the story.In literature, the main character is called the protagonist. It doesnt necessarily have a positive meaning. It can be a villian or a hero.-Harry Potter

Antagonistİs the character or force that opposes the protagonistThe person conflicting with the protagonist is the antagonist .It doesnt necessarily have a negative meaning. It can be a villian or a hero.The antagonist can be hard to identify, such as a difficult environment or social force, like a storm or war. (nature, racism)-Voldemort-War itself can be an antagonist.

Theme İs the central idea or message, a story is triyng to convey to the reader.Theme expresses an underlying meaning.the theme is the unifying philosophy the author wants to convey.the readers philosophy often differs from the writer’s. Different literary elements interact and compliment each other to create the theme.The theme is usually exlicitly stated or implied.It can be stated directly or indirectly (implied)Most often stated indirectly

- You dont know what you have got until its gone.-In ‘Tuesdays with Morrie’ a possible theme is living life to the fullest.-value family above all else -people are capable of amazing things when they put their minds into it

Point of view (narration)İs the perspective that the story is told in Narrator

İs the person or voice telling the story.the author and narrator are not the same and share different opinions.

First-person narrator When a story is told by a character who participates in the story,they are referred to asd the first person narrator and the story is told in their point of view.The pronoun ‘I’ is used.When the story is told this way the action and events are more immediate.

But the character can only give incomplete information about the actions and thoughts of other characters.This way the reader gets judgements from the first person narrator and has to decide their accuracy.

First person plural narration

İs very rare and tells the story as a group with the pronoun ‘we’

Third-person narrator When the narrator does not directly or indirectly participate but is an observer,they are called a third person narrator .Third person narration refers to characters as ‘he’ or ‘she’ and can tell the story from two kinds of points of view 1.Omniscient point of view:an omniscient narrator knows everything about the characters and event.an omniscient narrator can relate the story objectively or can offer oinions and make judgements. 2.limited point of view:a limited narrator can limit themselves to telling the story fro the point of view of one character.

Style

Style refers to the techniques of a language a writer sues in a specific work. Figurative devices / figures of speech are wxpressions used in a non literal way t create an effect or extend a meaning past normal uses. The most common way to do this is to use similes.

Imagery

Using descriptive words to create an image that appeals to a sense. İs a descriptive language that appeals to the senses and that helps paint pictures n one’s mind.It uses five senses, sight,soundtouch,smell,taste.

Rhythm

İs the sound patterns in literary works.One part of rhythm is alliteration.These is also assonance and consonance.

Assonance

A repetitiion of identical vowel sounds

Consonance

The repetiition of sentence elements like words and structures.

Formal Language:formal speech uses conventional language and respects language rules.

Informal language:ınformal speech is everyday, unofficial language.It also uses slang or casual speech.

SyntaxThe way words, phrases and sentences are arranged

Oxymoron

The placing of two contradictory words together to create an effect -seriously joking-small crowd-wise fool

-open secret-clearly confused -only choice-jumbo shrimp

Anaphora

The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginnng of a clause /phrase for emphasis-Strike as I struck the foe!Strike as I would have struck those tyrants!Strike deep as my curse!Strike! and but once! (Lord Byron)

-With malice toward none! With charity for all, with firmness in the right..(Lincoln)

-Mad World! Mad kings! Mad composition! (Shakespeare)-We shall go onto the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender. (Winston Churchill)

Motif

A recurring detail (structures, contrasts, literary devices, objects,colours,ideas,etc.) that repeat throughout the work to help develop a text’s major themes.- Women by Windows in The House On Mango Street is a motif used to Show how women are trapped by their husbands, fathers, children or their own feelings or inadequacy.ApostropheSome absent, nonhuman , nonexistent person or thing that is adresssed as if it were alive and capable of understanding-Blue moon! You saw me standing alone…without a dream in my heart…without a love of my own…(Lorenz Hart)-Hello darkness, my old friend! I’ve come to talk with you again. (Paul Simon)-Bright star, would I were steadfast as thou art . (John Keats)

SynecdocheWhen a part is used to refer to the whole or the whole for a part (the reverse of that)-Hired hands refers to men paid to work for someone-The fleet was 5 sail. (sail refers to the entire ship)

JuxtapositionWhen two unassociated phrases are put together to create a sense of surprise, or wit to an idea , image or metaphor.The act or instance of placing two things close together or side by side in order to create an effect/reaction/idea. Usually used to compare or contrast (Show similarities or differences) between the two.

In film the position of shots next to one another is intended to create meaning within the audience’s mind.In literature, juxtaposition occurs when two images that are otherwise not commonly brought together appear side by side or structurally close together,thereby forcing the reader to stop and reconsider the meaning of the text through the contrasting images, ideas, motifs, etc.-He was slouched alertly.

Enjambment

The continuation of a sentence or clause ovr a line-break, where the line cannot stand alone, and cannot make sense without the following lineIt comes from a French word meaning to put one’s leg across, or to step over, just as the sense of the line steps over the end of the line. (used in poerty)- MY LAST DUCHESS (BY ROBERT BROWNING)That’s my last duchess painted on the Wall,Looking as if she were alive. I callThat piece of wonder, now…

Anadiplosis

(from the Greek: doubling, folding up) is the repetition of the last word of a preceding clause.The word is used at the end of a sentence and then used again at the beginning of the next sentence-Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering. (Yoda, Star Wars)

-They call for you ! The general who became a slave; the slave who became a gladiator; the gladiator who defied an emperor (Commodus, Gladiator)-ı am Sam, Sam I am (Dr Seuss)

Allegory

İs a literary term in which the author uses characters, events and ideas in a novel or literary work u to Show a larger concept like politics, religion, history or society in his own commentaryIt is a hidden message that the author wants you to understand by giving some cues in the book.

Diction

A writer’s choice of words

Parallelism

The repetition of words or phrases that have similar grammatical structures

Succinct

A clear,precise expression in a few words.

Didactic

A tone that teaches a lesson or moral; provides a model of correct behaviour or thinking.

LiteralThe primary or strict meaning of a word

Denotation

Refers to the literal meaning of a word , the dictionary definition. For example if you look up the word snake in a dictionary, you will discoverthat one of its denotative meanings is ‘any of numerous scaly ,legless, sometimes venomious reptiles found in most tropical and temperate regions.’

ConnotationRefers to the associations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word. The connotative meaning of a word exist together with the denotative meaning. The connotations fort he word snake could include evil or danger.

The associated or secondary meaning of a word or expression in addition to its explicit or primary meaning.The associations or emotional overtones attaches to a phrase