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Submitted by:-ABHINAV VIVEK

ID No.- R-13001

Submitted to:-PROF. S.P.SINGH.

IAS, BHU.

“LITCHI PRODUCTION FOR EXPORT MARKET”

B.Sc.(Ag.) 4th Yr., INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE SCIENCES, BHU

Course code:-RAWE-411Course title:-Rural Agriculture Work Experience Credit hour:-(0+4)

PRESENTATION ON

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3Contents: Botanical description.

Importance & Distribution.

Export oriented Varieties.

Climate & Soil.

Production Technology.

Protection Technology.

Post Production Processes.

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4Botanical Discription

Scientific name: Litchi chinensis

Family: Sapindaceae

Chromosome no.: 2n=30

ORIGIN: Southern China.

RELATED SPECIES: Rambhutan & Longan.

Litchi is a subtropical evergreen fruit tree.

Longan fruit Rambhutan Litchi

Related species.

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HEIGHT- less than 19 m (62 ft)

The bark is grey-black, the branches a brownish-red.

ROOT- shallow rooted

Leaves- compound with leaflets in 2-4 pairs

Flowers - small, yellowish-white

Inflorescence- compound raceme

Fruit type-  nut, contain:- aril- 70-86%

peel-8-15%

seed-4-18%

Edible portion- fleshly aril

Pollination system: cross pollinated crop

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7IMPORTANCE & DISTRIBUTION

Litchi is known as the “QUEEN” of sub-tropical fruits. The top five world litchi producing countries are China, India, Taiwan,

Thailand, and Vietnam respectively. It is also grown in Israel & Australia.

The productivity of litchi was 7.0 tonnes/ha in India (2013-14).

Leaders in India- Bihar (Area & Production) Punjab (Productivity).

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8 YEAR AREA PRODUCTION PRODUCTIVITY

2010-11 78.0 497.0 6.4

2011-12 80.4 538.1 6.7

2012-13 82.7 580.1 7.0

2013-14 84.2 585.3 7.0

2014-15(Prov.) 90.0 564.0 6.3

All India Area, Production & Productivity of Litchi.

Source: (Horticultural statistics at a glance, 2015)

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State Area(‘000 Ha.)

Production(‘000 MT)

Productivity(MT/Ha.)

Bihar 30.6 215.1 7.0

West Bengal 8.4 82.4 9.8Jharkhand 4.3 51.1 12.0

Assam 5.1 39.2 7.7

Punjab 1.6 22.4 14.1Chattisgarh 3.0 17.8 6.0

Orissa 4.3 17.1 4.0

Tripura 2.8 17.0 6.1

Uttarakhand 9.1 15.7 1.7

Others 5.2 5.5 1.1

TOTAL 74.4 483.3 6.5

State-wise Area, Production & Productivity of Litchi ( 2009-10)

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THERAPEUTIC VALUE

It is rich in heart healthy polyphenols, containing 15% more than grapes.

It is said to relieve coughing and to have a curative effect in gastralgia, tumors and enlargement of glands.

In India, the seeds are powdered and administered in intestinal troubles.

Decoctions of the root, bark and flowers are gargled to alleviate ailments of the throat.

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NUTRITIVE VALUEConstituents Fresh aril Dried arilCalories 63.00 – 64.00 277.00Moisture 81.90 – 84.83% 17.90 – 22.30%Protein 0.68 – 1.00gm 2.90 – 3.80 gmFat 0.30 – 0.58 gm 0.20 – 1.20 gmCarbohydrates 13.31 – 16.40 gm 70.70 – 77.50 gmFibre 0.23 – 0.40 gm 1.40 gmAsh 0.37 – 0.50 gm 1.50 – 2.00 gmCalcium 8.00 – 10.00 mg 33.00 mgPhosphorus 30.00 – 42.00 mg -Iron 0.40 mg 1.70 mgSodium 3.00 mg 3.00 mgPotassium 170.00 mg 1,100 mgThiamine 28.00 mg -Nicotinic Acid 0.40 mg -Riboflavin 0.05 mg 0.05 mgAscorbic Acid 24.00 – 60.00 mg 42.00 mg

(Food value per 100g of edible portion)

Source: (The Litchi, FAO, 2012)

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Export of litchi from India (Value in lakh and Quantity in tonnes).

Country Quantity (2013-14) Value (2013-14) Quantity (2014-15) Value (2014-15)

Bangladesh - - 915 163.80

Nepal 34.47 13.98 44.60 17.73

US - - 1.30 33.18

Oman - - 0.33 0.17

Kuwait - - 0.09 0.09

UK 2.22 4.40 0.08 0.20

UAE 0.50 0.58 0.03 0.01

Austria - - - -

Bhutan 20.00 9.16 - -

Qatar 0.30 0.10 - -

Total 57.49 28.22 961.43 215.18

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STRENGTHS OF LITCHI EXPORTS

Good source for good-quality litchi. Shahi and Rose Scented are considered among the best varieties in the world.

The harvesting season in India starts earlier than in the China and Taiwan Province. This provides India with a significant marketing advantage, especially in Europe. Even with respect to competition from Thailand, which produces fruit at a similar time as India, India is geographically closer to the market.

Well-established food processing industry. Entrepreneurs are familiar with the technology and both equipment and trained manpower is readily available.

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WEAKNESSES OF LITCHI EXPORTS

The network of middlemen who are not landowners and operate mostly on yearly contracts.

The Rose Scented cultivar is highly perishable, due to fruit splitting and skin burning.

Planting material is obtained from unproductive and low yielding trees.

The desired post-harvest infrastructure transportation is not available to move the fruit from Bihar, the main producing area, to the international airport.

India generally serves the domestic market. There are no world class food processing facilities available to process litchi.

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EXPORT ORIENTED VARIETIES

Grown in North Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand & U.P.

Besides having high quality fruit, it has a distinct aroma. Ripening period during 2nd – 3rd week of May.

Yield- 100–150 kg fruits per plant.

Pulp recovery is 65-67 per cent.

Prone to cracking.

SHAHI

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ROSE SCENTED

Grown in Uttarakhand & Muzaffarpur area of Bihar.

Famous for distinct rose aroma.

Starts ripening in the 1st week of June. Average yield - 80-90 kg/tree.

Aril recovery of 62 to 66 per cent.

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CHINA

Tolerant to hot waves, fluctuations in soil moisture & fruit cracking.

Fruits ripen during 1st week of June in average.

Average yield - 80-100kg/tree.

Prone to alternate bearing.

Pulp recovery is 60-67 per cent.

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PURBI

Ripen at the end of May or 1st week of June.

At maturity, red tubercles appear on pinkish brown background. Average yield is 90-100 kg/tree.

Pulp recovery is 57- 60 per cent.

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BOMBAI

Important commercial cultivar of west Bengal.

Ripens during 2nd week of May.

Are regular bearers yielding 80-90 kg/tree.

Flesh recovery is 63-67 per cent.

The fruits are good for canning.

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LATE BEDANA

The new flush is dark pink in colour and so is distinct.

Ripens from early to mid june.

Are regular bearers yielding 70-80 kg/tree.

Flesh recovery is 80-85 per cent.

Seeds are small & shrunken.

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Key to important litchi cultivars grown in India.1. Flush pink, leaf boat-shaped, dark green, panicle long, fruits oblong with round apexColour of fruit deep pink Shahi & TirkoliaRose flavor Rose ScentedColour of fruit light & greenish GreenHigh cracking and big seed AjhauliLate in maturity Dehradun 2. Deep pink flush, leaf with twist along the length, curved upward from the midrib and down along their length, panicle long, fruit oblong with

pointed apexColor of fruit pink ChinaFruits deep pink Purbi/MandrajiFruits in bunches Bombaia/ CalcuttiaEarly maturity CHES-23. Dark pink flush, oval shaped leaves, compact and small panicles, Fruit round, smooth, more chicken tongue seed(aborted seed)

Early maturing Early Bedana / Early SeedlessLate maturing Late seedless / Late BedanaDeep pink Swarna RoopaMid season maturity Swarna Roopa4. Deep pink flush, boat-shaped and dark green long leaves, panicle long, largest size fruitDeep in colour Kasba

5. Small elongated leaves, light green colour, panicle compact, fruit medium in size, very late maturityPulp sweet & excellent flavor LongiaPulp sour Kaselia / Katti / Piyazi

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MATURITY PERIOD OF LITCHI CULTIVARS

Early- Shahi, Rose Scented, Deshi, Muzaffarpur, Dehradun, Ajhauli, Green, Dehra Rose, Trikolia.

Mid- China, Purbi, Culcuttia, Bombai, Bedana, Swarna Roopa, Kasba, Sabour Bedana, Sabour Madhu.

Late- Late Bedana, Kaselia, Longia, Gulabi

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  Litchi cultivars developed or through selection hybridization

Saharanpur Selection- This is a chance seedling selection & late maturing (3rd week of June). It has a very low percentage of fruit cracking (2% only).

Swarna Roopa- This is the outcome of the selection made at Ranchi from different collections of litchi cultivars. It has attractive deep pink fruit colour & small seed. Fruits are highly resistant to cracking. Matures after China.

Sabour Madhu (H-105)- This hybrid resulted from Purbi×Bedana. It has higher no. of fruits (24) per panicle & is late maturing. It has higher TSS and aril percentage than Purbi. Fruit shape resembles Purbi.

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IDEAL CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

A frost-free climate.

Absence of strong wind.

A cold dry period prior to flowering (autumn & early winter).

Moderate rainfall (1250 and 1500 mm) &

temperatures (upto 40 0C) during flowering.

Moderate temperatures and humidity during fruit setting and maturation.

Deep, well-drained, non-saline calcareous soils with proper texture, good soil fertility with high organic matter content.

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PROPAGATION From Seed

Through vegetative.

Litchi seed loses its viability with in 4-5 days of its extraction from the fruit.The trees raised from seeds are very slow to come into bearing and may take 10-12 years

to come to bearing.

In vegetative propagation technique, litchi can be propagated through cutting, budding, layering and grafting.

AIR LAYERING (in the month of june - july) is the commercial method of propagation.

SEED

VEGETATIVE

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Details Usual Practice

Planting Time • August – September• Planting may be done in spring and early summer if irrigation facility is available

Planting Distance • 10×8m. 5×5m. (HDP)• Average no. of plants- 200 per ha.

Size of pits • 1x1x1 m (pits are dug a few weeks prior to planting)

Filling of pits • Pits are left undisturbed initially for a period of 15-20 days.• Filled with top soil mixed with manures and fertilizers @ 20-25 kg FYM, 2 kg bone

meal and 300 g MOP per pit.

Planting • Square system of planting is usually followed, Hedge row system (HDP).• A small hole is made at the center of the pit and the desired material is planted.

Water is applied immediately after planting

 

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Nutrient management

YEAR QUANTITY / ANNUM /TREE

FYM (kg) N2 (g) P2O5 (g) K2O (g) Zn (g) B (g)

1 10 50 25 25 25 -

2-4 15 – 25 100 - 200 50 – 150 50 – 100 50 - 100 -

5-7 30 – 40 250 - 350 200 – 300 125 – 175 125 - 175 125 - 175

8-9 45 – 50 400 - 500 350 – 400 200 – 250 200 - 225 200 – 225

>9 60 600 600 250 250 250

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Methods- Basin or ring system of irrigation is recommended.

Two irrigations at an interval of 45 – 60 days during winter months is required for bearing litchi trees.

The trees are irrigated from flowering onwards until the completion of the post-harvest flush. However, the growers normally irrigate the tree at 7 to 10 day intervals from panicle emergence to fruit harvest or until the post-harvest flush appears.

Irrigation

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29 Intercultural Operations

Mulching- The farmyard manure, compost or straw may be used for soil mulching.

Cutting down of tall growing weeds in the orchard and spreading them over the soil is another method of mulching the soil.

Training & Pruning- After planting, a certain amount of pruning is often necessary to give proper shape to the litchi plant.

Once the desired shape is achieved, no pruning is usually necessary, except the removal of dead or diseased branches.

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30 Plant Protection Measures Diseases

Anthracnose-

• Pruning &burning.

• Spray of 3:3:50 Bordeaux mixture.

Red Rust

•Pruning &burning.

•Copper oxychloride @0.3 per cent. .

Fruit Rot

• Low temperature storage.

•Hot benomyl dips at 48° to 52°C.

31 Physiological DisordersSunburning & Fruit cracking-1. Adequate irrigation.2. Treatment with 2,4-D @ 10 ppm or Gibberellic acid (GA) @20 ppm.

Flower and fruit drop- 1. Spraying of ZnSO4 @ 0.2% at 30 days before panicle emergence.

2. Foliar application of 0.2% Boron, 2-3 times during the period of fruit growth.

Pericarp browning- 1. Packing fruit into moisture-proof (plastic) bags. 2. Cool temperature storage & SO2 fumigation.

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32Pest control 

. Eriophyid Mite

•Layer saplings may be sprayed

with 0.05 per cent dimethoate.

•Pruning & burning.

Litchi Fruit Borer

•Use Trichogramma chilonis along with pheromone trap.

•Monocrotophos 0.05 per cent may be applied .

Bark eating caterpillar

•Killing of caterpillars into the tunnels.

•Paint the infested area withchlorpyrphos 2 ml per litre of water.

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33 Harvesting It is done based on maturity indices like skin colour, smoothness of protuberances &

conc. of acid and sugar.

Harvesting is usually done in May and June predominantly in morning hours.

The fruits are harvested in bunches along with a portion of the branch and a few

leaves.

Proper care should be taken to avoid rough handling contributing to fast rotting and

fungus infection.

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Sorting & Grading

Packaging- Quick packaging to avoid pericarp browning. Usually in bamboo baskets / wooden crates / plastic boxes covered with tarpaulin.

Storage- Pre-cooling as well as treatment with 2% sodium hypochlorite has recorded shelf life up to 27 days at 5oC. Fruits can be stored satisfactorily in perforated polythene bags at 0-3oC (low storage temperature) at 90-95% RH for 25 days. Controlled atmosphere storage (3-5% O2 and 3-5% CO2) reduces skin browning and slows down the losses of ascorbic acid, acidity, and soluble solids.

Post harvest management

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35 Processed products

Frozen litchi Canned litchi Litchi Nuts Preserved juice Litchi wine

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