listeria monocytogenes in food plants with emphasis on cold-smoked salmon plants & dairies...
TRANSCRIPT
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Listeria monocytogenes in Food Plants with emphasis on
Cold-Smoked Salmon Plants & Dairies
Presented byRebecca Robertson
January 19, 2009
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Introduction
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Why are we so concerned with Listeria monocytogenes?
• Epidemiological information indicates that the fatality rate for people that contract listeriosis is 20%.
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Comparison of Fatality Rates for Foodborne Illnesses*
(United States 1983-1992)
(*Mead et al. 1999)
Organism Illnesses Deaths Fatality Rate (%)Campylobacter 2,453,926 124 <0.05Salmonella 1,413,322 585 <0.05Escherichia coli 0175:H7 73,480 61 0.1Listeria monocytogenes 2,518 504 20
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Who is Susceptible to Listeriosis?
• Pregnant Women
• Fetuses
• Newborns
• Immuno-suppressed people
• Elderly
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Foods to Avoid: Safer alternatives:
Hot dogs, especially straight from the package without further heating. The fluid within hot dog packages may contain more Listeria than the hot dogs.Avoid spreading fluid from packages onto other foods, cutting boards, utensils, dishes and food preparation surfaces. Wash your hands after handling hot dogs.
Hot dogs reheated until steaming hot
Non-dried deli-meats Dried and salted deli-meats such as salami and pepperoni, as they generally do not support the growth of Listeria. In addition, you can reduce your risk by reheating deli-meats until steaming hot.
Soft and semi-soft cheeses such as feta, Brie, Camembert and blue-veined cheese if they are made from unpasteurized milk
Pasteurized milk and milk products including cheeses made from pasteurized milk
Refrigerated pâté and meat spreads Canned or shelf-stable pâté and meat spreads
Refrigerated smoked seafood and fish Cooked refrigerated smoked seafood and fish. Canned or shelf-stable smoked seafood and fish.
Raw or undercooked meat, poultry and fish Thoroughly cooked meat, poultry and fish
Health Canada Guidelines for high risk individuals:
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What impact does this have on a HACCP Plan or a Food Safety
Plan?
You must determine two items in these plans:
Are you making a food that supports the growth of Listeria or other contaminating pathogens?
Who are your customers? Are you selling to high risk individuals?
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What do you do if the answer to both questions is yes?
You can set up additional barriers to growth:
• Acidification
• Water activity reduction
• Preservative addition
• Shelf-life reduction
• Frozen distribution
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What do you do if the answer to both questions is yes?
You can kill or remove the organisms:
• Reduce the initial microbial load on inputs
• In-pack pasteurization
• Irradiation (follow regulations)
• Filtration
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What do you do if the answer to both questions is yes?
You can change your marketing program:• Change product preparation instructions• Educate customers through promotional
materials, website, trained sales staff• Develop products specifically for a set of
high-risk customers
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What Foods are at Risk of Pathogen Growth?
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Determine the Risk of Pathogen Growth in Food
No Pathogens
Allowed
Is the product frozen?
Is the shelf-life < 10 days?
pH< 4.6?
aw <0.85?
Has product been specifically formulated
and/or processed in some other manner to prevent
the growth of pathogens?
Is the product safely distributed at room
temperature?
If you answer YESto any question, your risk is LOW
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Determine the Risk of Pathogen Growth in Food
No Pathogens
AllowedIs the product frozen?
Is the shelf-life < 10 days?
pH< 4.6?
aw <0.85?
Has product been specifically formulated
and/or processed in some other manner to prevent
the growth of pathogens?
Is the product safely distributed at room
temperature?
What is the risk of pathogen growth in:
Tomato-based soup?
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Determine the Risk of Pathogen Growth in Food
No Pathogens
AllowedIs the product frozen?
Is the shelf-life < 10 days?
pH< 4.6?
aw <0.85?
Has product been specifically formulated
and/or processed in some other manner to prevent
the growth of pathogens?
Is the product safely distributed at room
temperature?
What is the risk of pathogen growth in:
Cream-based soup?
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Determine the Risk of Pathogen Growth in Food
No Pathogens
AllowedIs the product frozen?
Is the shelf-life < 10 days?
pH< 4.6?
aw <0.85?
Has product been specifically formulated
and/or processed in some other manner to prevent
the growth of pathogens?
Is the product safely distributed at room
temperature?
What is the risk of pathogen growth in:
Orange Juice?
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Determine the Risk of Pathogen Growth in Food
No Pathogens
AllowedIs the product frozen?
Is the shelf-life < 10 days?
pH< 4.6?
aw <0.85?
Has product been specifically formulated
and/or processed in some other manner to prevent
the growth of pathogens?
Is the product safely distributed at room
temperature?
What is the risk of pathogen growth in:
Carrot Juice?
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Determine the Risk of Pathogen Growth in Food
No Pathogens
AllowedIs the product frozen?
Is the shelf-life < 10 days?
pH< 4.6?
aw <0.85?
Has product been specifically formulated
and/or processed in some other manner to prevent
the growth of pathogens?
Is the product safely distributed at room
temperature?
What is the risk of pathogen growth in:
Hot dogs?
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Determine the Risk of Pathogen Growth in Food
No Pathogens
AllowedIs the product frozen?
Is the shelf-life < 10 days?
pH< 4.6?
aw <0.85?
Has product been specifically formulated
and/or processed in some other manner to prevent
the growth of pathogens?
Is the product safely distributed at room
temperature?
What is the risk of pathogen growth in:
Old Cheddar cheese?
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Determine the Risk of Pathogen Growth in Food
No Pathogens
AllowedIs the product frozen?
Is the shelf-life < 10 days?
pH< 4.6?
aw <0.85?
Has product been specifically formulated
and/or processed in some other manner to prevent
the growth of pathogens?
Is the product safely distributed at room
temperature?
What is the risk of pathogen growth in:
Hot Smoked Salmon?
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Determine the Risk of Pathogen Growth in Food
No Pathogens
AllowedIs the product frozen?
Is the shelf-life < 10 days?
pH< 4.6?
aw <0.85?
Has product been specifically formulated
and/or processed in some other manner to prevent
the growth of pathogens?
Is the product safely distributed at room
temperature?
What is the risk of pathogen growth in:
Frozen cold-smoked Salmon?
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Determine the Risk of Pathogen Growth in Food
No Pathogens
AllowedIs the product frozen?
Is the shelf-life < 10 days?
pH< 4.6?
aw <0.85?
Has product been specifically formulated
and/or processed in some other manner to prevent
the growth of pathogens?
Is the product safely distributed at room
temperature?
What is the risk of pathogen growth in:
Refrigerated cold-smoked salmon?
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What makes Listeria monocytogenes a problem for food processors?
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What should we consider in a Cold-Smoked Salmon Plant?
• Listeria monocytogenes is naturally found on the surfaces of salmon
• Listeria monocytogenes can be reduced but not eliminated during cold-smoking
• Brine can be a reservoir of Listeria monocytogenes
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Major risk factors leading to the occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in smoked salmon*
• Rotation of employees• Poorly-maintained facilities
• Salting filets in vats (rather than small vats, trays or grates in stacks)
*L.M. Rorvik. (1997). Risk Factors for contamination of smoked salmon with Listeria monocytogenes during processing. Int. J. Food Micro. 37: 215 - 219
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Important Processing Conditions for Cold-Smoked Salmon
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What should we consider in a Dairy?
• Soft mold-ripened cheeses are susceptible because they are conducive to the growth of Listeria monocytogenes during ripening and refrigerated storage
• Listeria monocytogenes may be found in raw milk
• The optimum time to sample susceptible cheese is after 21 days for surface ripened (cheese surface) and after 50 days for mold-ripened.
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Important Processing Conditions for Dairies
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Environmental Monitoring Programs for Listeria monocytogenes
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Environmental Monitoring is used to:
• Assess the risk of product contamination
• Determine in-control baseline measurement
• Assess if the environment is under control
• Investigate sources of contamination so corrective actions can be implemented.
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Environmental Monitoring Program Design
• Establish baseline measurements using biased, investigative sampling techniques.
• Sample where Listeria is likely to be found
Data from this phase is used to select sampling sites, times, frequencies, and types of samples
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Where should you sample for Listeria in your food plant?
Environmental Monitoring Program Design
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A Zone concept may be useful:Zone 1
Product Contact Surfaces
Zone 3Nonproduct contact surfaces
surfaces – further away
Zone 4Significantly distant from
processing area
Zone 2Nonproduct contact surfaces
in close proximity
Environmental Monitoring Program Design
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What zones are your problem areas located in?
Zone 1
Product Contact Surfaces
Zone 3Nonproduct contact surfaces
surfaces – further away
Zone 4Significantly distant from
processing area
Zone 2Nonproduct contact surfaces
in close proximity
Environmental Monitoring Program Design
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Performing the Environmental Monitoring Program –
Example Standard Operating Procedure
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Establish Verification ProceduresEstablish
Monitoring Procedures
The Environmental Monitoring Program Design is an important part of monitoring and verifying your HACCP and Food Safety Plan
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References
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Monitoring of Zone 1 – example
Negative
Monitor (Swabs and visual inspection)
Continue Monitoring
Continue monitoring
Additional Actions, Test & Hold Finished
Product TestingContinue monitoring
Negative
Positive
NegativePositive Verification Swabs
Troubleshoot (review/observe sanitation and physical conditions)
Preventive/Corrective Action (dismantle equipment, intensify
cleaning, repair physical damage)
Positive
Negative
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Continue MonitoringTroubleshoot
(review/observe sanitation and physical
conditions)
Preventive/Corrective Action (intensify cleaning, repair
physical damage)
Verify Action (reswab)
Negative Positive
Monitoring
Monitoring of Zone 2 - example
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Continue MonitoringTroubleshoot
(review/observe sanitation and physical
conditions)
Preventive/Corrective Action (intensify cleaning, repair
physical damage)
NegativePositive
Monitoring
Monitoring of Zones 3 and 4 - example
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Important Reference
ICMSF. (2002). Microorganism in Foods 7. Microbiological Testing in Food Safety Management. New York: Springer Science+Business Media.
www.codexalimentarius.net/web/index_en.jsp