list of programming languages by category
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List of programming languages by category
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a list of programming languages grouped by category. Some languages are listed in multiple categories.
Contents
[hide]
1 Array languages
2 Aspect-oriented languages
3 Assembly languages
4 Authoring languages
5 Command line interface languages
6 Compiled languages
7 Concurrent languages
8 Curly-bracket languages
9 Dataflow languages
10 Data-oriented languages
11 Data-structured languages
12 Declarative languages
13 Esoteric languages
14 Extension languages
15 Fourth-generation languages
16 Functional languages
16.1 Pure
16.2 Impure
17 Interactive mode languages
18 Interpreted languages
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19 Iterative languages
20 List-based languages – LISPs
21 Little languages
22 Logic-based languages
23 Machine languages
24 Macro languages
25 Metaprogramming languages
26 Multiparadigm languages
27 Numerical analysis
28 Non-English-based languages
29 Object-oriented class-based languages
29.1 Multiple dispatch
29.2 Single dispatch
30 Object-oriented prototype-based languages
31 Off-side rule languages
32 Procedural languages
33 Reflective languages
34 Rule-based languages
35 Scripting languages
36 Stack-based languages
37 Synchronous languages
38 Syntax handling languages
39 Visual languages
40 Wirth languages
41 XML-based languages
42 See also
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Array languages
See also: Category:Array programming languages
Array programming (also known as vector or multidimensional languages) generalize operations on scalars to apply
transparently to vectors, matrices, and higher dimensional arrays.
APL
X10
ZPL
Aspect-oriented languages
AspectC++
AspectJ
AspectLua (a Lua extension)
CaesarJ
Compose*
ObjectTeams
E
Assembly languages Main article: List of assemblers
Assembly languages directly correspond to a machine language (see below) so machine code instructions appear in
a form understandable by humans. Assembly languages lets programmers use symbolic addresses, which
the assembler converts to absolute addresses. Most assemblers also support macros and symbolic constants.
ASEM-51
AKI [ disambiguation needed ]
( AvtoKod "Inzhener", "Engineer's Autocode" for Minsk family of computers)
ASCENT (ASsembler for CENTral Processor Unit of Control Data Corporation computer systems pre-
COMPASS)
ASPER (ASsembler for PERipheral Processor Units of Control Data Corporation computer systems pre-
COMPASS)
AUTOCODER (for IBM 1401 and 1440 mainframe systems)
BAL (Basic AssembLer) - for IBM System/360 and later mainframe systems
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C-- (name used by a few languages that bring C language closer to Assembly)
COMPASS (COMPrehensive ASSembler)
Emu8086 [1] (x86 assembler and Intel's 8086 microprocessor emulator)
EDTASM (Microsoft editor/assembler for Motorola 6809 on the Color Computer)
FAP (Fortran Assembly Program, for IBM 709, 7090, 7094 mainframes)
FASM (Flat Assembler; IA-32, IA-64)
GAS (GNU Assembler)
HLA (High Level Assembly)
HLASM (High Level Assembler, for mainframes)
LC-3
Linoleum (for cross-platform use)
MACRO-11 (for DEC PDP-11)
MACRO-20 (for DEC DECSYSTEM-20)
MACRO-32 (for DEC VAX)
MASM (Microsoft Macro Assembler)
MI (Machine Interface, compile-time intermediate language)
MIPS (for MIPS architecture) Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages
Motorola 68k Assembly (for Motorola 68000 family) of CPUs
NASM (Netwide Assembler)
NEAT (National's Electronic Autocoder Technique), for NCR computers, evolved into NEAT/3
PAL-III (for DEC PDP-8)
PASM (for Parrot virtual machine)
RosAsm (32-bit Assembler; The Bottom Up Assembler)
SC123 (for educational computer developed at CSU)
Sphinx C-- (mixes Assembly commands with C-like structures)
SSK (Sistema Simvolicheskogo Kodirovaniya, or "System of symbolic coding") for Minsk family of computers
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tcsh (a UNIX shell)
bash (the Bourne-Again shell from GNU / FSF)
ksh (a standard UNIX shell, written by David Korn)
zsh (a UNIX shell)
Expect (a UNIX automation and test tool)
Rc (command-line shell for Plan 9)
Es shell (shell based on Rc)
REXX
Shadow Command Line Interface
SpiritShadow Command Line Interface (2009)
Tandem Advanced Command Language (TACL)
Compiled languages
These are languages typically processed by compilers, though theoretically any language can be compiled or
interpreted. See also compiled language.
Ada (multi-purpose language)
ALGOL (extremely influential language design. The second high level language compiler.)
SMALL Machine Algol Like Language
Ateji PX, an extension of the Java language for parallelism
BASIC (some dialects, including the first version of Dartmouth BASIC)
BCPL
C (one of the most widely-used procedural programming languages)
C++
CLIPPER 5.3 (Programming Language for dos base software)
C# (compiled into Intermediate Language, which generates a native image at runtime)
CLEO (Clear Language for Expressing Orders) used the compiler for the British Leo computers
CLush (Lush)
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COBOL
Cobra
Common Lisp
Corn
Curl
D (Attempts a "C++ done right" philosophy)
DASL compiles into Java, JavaScript, JSP, Flex, etc., which are further compiled into a .war file
Delphi (Borland's Object Pascal development system)
DIBOL (Digital Interactive Business Oriented Language)
Dylan
dylan.NET
eC (Ecere C)
Eiffel (object-oriented language developed by Bertrand Meyer)
Sather
Ubercode
eLisp Emacs Lisp
Factor
Fancy
Forth (professional systems, like VFX and SwiftForth)
Fortran (the first high-level, compiled language, from IBM, John Backus, et al.)
Go
Haskell
Harbour
Java (usually compiled into JVM bytecode although true native-code compiled versions exist)
JOVIAL
LabVIEW
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Nemerle (compiled into Intermediate Language bytecode)
Objective-C
Pascal (most implementations)
Plus
ppC++
RPG (Report Program Generator)
Scheme (some implementations, e.g. Gambit)
Smalltalk generally compiled to platform independent bytecode that runs on a Virtual Machine.
ML
Standard ML
Alice
OCaml
Turing
Urq
Visual Basic (earlier versions compiled directly to a native runtime. Recent .NET versions compile intoIntermediate Language that is generated into a native image at runtime)
Visual FoxPro
Visual Prolog
WinDev
X++
XL
Z++
Concurrent languages
See also: Category:Concurrent programming languages
Message passing languages provide language constructs for concurrency. The predominant paradigm for
concurrency in mainstream languages such as Java is shared memoryconcurrency based on monitors. Concurrent
languages that make use of message passing have generally been inspired by CSP or the π-calculus, but have had
little commercial success, except for Ada and Erlang. Ada is a multipurpose language and concurrent
programming is only one option available.
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Ada (multi-purpose language)
Afnix – concurrent access to data is protected automatically (previously called Aleph, but unrelated to Alef )
Alef – concurrent language with threads and message passing, used for systems programming in early versionsof Plan 9 from Bell Labs
Ateji PX an extension of the Java language for parallelism
ChucK – domain specific programming language for audio, precise control over concurrency and timing
Cilk – a concurrent C
Cω – C Omega, a research language extending C#, uses asynchronous communication
Clojure – a dialect of Lisp for the Java Virtual Machine
ConcurrentLua – a Lua extension
Chapel
Co-array Fortran
Concurrent Pascal (by Brinch-Hansen)
Corn
Curry
E – uses promises, ensures deadlocks cannot occur
Eiffel (through the SCOOP mechanism, Simple Concurrent Object-Oriented Computation)
Erlang – uses asynchronous message passing with nothing shared
Go
Java
Join Java – concurrent language based on Java
X10
Join-calculus
Joule – dataflow language, communicates by message passing
Limbo – relative of Alef , used for systems programming in Inferno (operating system)
MultiLisp – Scheme variant extended to support parallelism
occam – influenced heavily by Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP).
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occam-π – a modern variant of occam, which incorporates ideas from Milner's π-calculus
Oz – multiparadigm language, supports shared-state and message-passing concurrency, and futures
Mozart Programming System – multiplatform Oz
Pict – essentially an executable implementation of Milner's π-calculus
SALSA – actor language with token-passing, join, and first-class continuations for distributed computing over theInternet
Scala – implements Erlang-style actors on the JVM
SR – research language
Unified Parallel C
XProc – XML Processing language, enabling concurrency.
Curly-bracket languages
The curly-bracket or curly-brace programming languages have a syntax that defines statement blocks using
the curly bracket or brace characters { and }. A lot of these languages descend from or are strongly influenced by
C. Examples of curly-bracket languages include:
ABCL/c+
Alef
Limbo
AutoHotkey
AWK
bc
BCPL
C - developed circa 1970 at Bell Labs
C++
C#
ChucK - audio programming language
Cilk - concurrent C for multithreaded parallel programming
Coyote - safer C variant to lower the likelihood of some common errors, e.g., buffer overflows
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Cyclone - safer C variant
D
DASL - based on Java
DINO
eC (Ecere C)
E
ECMAScript
ActionScript
DMDScript
ECMAScript for XML
JavaScript
JScript
MDMscript
Frink
ICI
Java
Groovy
Join Java
Tea
X10
LPC
Mythryl
Nemerle - combines C# and ML features, provides syntax extension capabilities
PCASTL
Perl
PHP
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Pico
Pike
Poses++ (language of the simulation system with the same name)
ppC++
R
S-Lang
Scala
sed
Suneido
SuperCollider
TorqueScript
UnrealScript
Windows PowerShell (Microsoft .NET-based CLI)
Yorick
Dataflow languages
Dataflow programming languages rely on a (usually visual) representation of the flow of data to specify theprogram. Frequently used for reacting to discrete events or for processing streams of data. Examples of dataflowlanguages include:
Hartmann pipelines
G (used in LabVIEW)
Lucid
Max
Prograph
Pure Data
VEE
VisSim
WebMethods Flow
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Monk
Oz
VHDL
Data-oriented languages
Data-oriented languages provide powerful ways of searching and manipulating the relations that have been
described as entity relationship tables which map one set of things into other sets. Examples of data-orientedlanguages include:
Clarion
Clipper
dBase a relational database access language
MUMPS (an ANSI standard general purpose language with specializations for database work.)
SPARQL
SQL
Tutorial D, see also The Third Manifesto
Visual FoxPro, a native RDBMS engine, object oriented, RAD
WebQL
Data-structured languages
See also: Category:Data-structured programming languages
Data-structured languages are those where logic is structured in ways similar to their data. Such languages aregenerally well suited to reflection and introspection. There are three main types:
Array-based
List-based
Stack-based
Assembly languages that statically link data inline with instructions can also be considered data-structured, in the
most primitive way.
Declarative languages
See also: Category:Declarative programming languages
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Declarative languages describe a problem rather than defining a solution. Declarative programming stands in
contrast to imperative programming via imperative programming languages, where serial orders (imperatives) are
given to a computer. In addition to the examples given just below, all (pure) functional and logic-
based programming languages are also declarative. In fact, "functional" and "logical" constitute the usual
subcategories of the declarative category.
Ant (partially Declarative languages, partially imperative programming)
DASL (partially Declarative languages, partially imperative programming)
Lustre
MetaPost
Modelica
Prolog
SQL
xBase
XSL Transformations
Poses++ (language of the simulation system with the same name)
Esoteric languages
See also: Category:Esoteric programming languages
An esoteric programming language is a programming language designed as a test of the boundaries of computer
programming language design, as a proof of concept, or as a joke.
Befunge
Brainfuck
Chef
FALSE
INTERCAL
LOLCODE
Malbolge
merd
Piet
Qwertycode
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Shakespeare
SNUSP
Var'aq (Klingon programming language)
Whitespace
Extension languages
Extension programming languages are languages embedded into another program and used to harness its features
in extension scripts.
Ateji PX an extension of the Java language for parallelism
AutoLISP (specific to AutoCAD)
CAL
C/AL(C/SIDE)
DeScribe Macro Language (DML - specific to the DeScribe Word Processor)
Guile
Lua
OpenCL an extension of C and C++ to use the GPU and parallel extensions of the CPU.
OptimJ an extension of the Java programming language with language support for writing optimization models
and powerful abstractions for bulk data processing.
Python (Maya and other 3-D animation packages)
REXX
Ruby (Google SketchUp)
S-Lang
SQL
Tcl
Vimscript
VBA
Windows PowerShell
Fourth-generation languages
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See also: Category:4GL
Fourth-generation programming languages are high-level languages built around database systems. They aregenerally used in commercial environments.
ABAP
ADMINS
BuildProfessional
CorVision
CSC's GraphTalk
dylan.NET
Easytrieve report generator (now CA-Easytrieve Plus)
FOCUS
GEMBASE
IBM Informix-4GL / Aubit-4GL
LINC 4GL
MAPPER (Unisys/Sperry) now part of BIS
MARK-IV (Sterling/Informatics) now VISION:BUILDER of CA
Oracle Express 4GL
Progress 4GL
Revolution (not based on a database; still, the goal is to work at a higher level of abstraction than 3GLs)
SAS
Sculptor
Today
Ubercode (VHLL, or Very High Level Language)
Uniface
Visual DataFlex
Visual FoxPro
xBase
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XMLmosaic
Functional languages
See also: Category:Functional languages
Functional programming languages define programs and subroutines as mathematical functions. Many so-called
functional languages are "impure", containing imperative features. Not surprisingly, many of these languages aretied to mathematical calculation tools. Functional languages include:
Pure
Charity
Clean
Curry
Haskell
Miranda
Impure
APL
Curl
Erlang
F#
FPr
CAL
Hop
J
Joy
Kite
Lisp
Clojure
Common Lisp
Dylan
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eLisp Emacs Lisp
Little b
Logo
Scheme
Racket (formerly PLT Scheme)
Tea
Lush
Mathematica
ML
Standard ML
Alice
Ocaml
Mythryl
Nemerle
Opal
OPS5
Poplog
Q (equational programming language)
Q (programming language from Kx Systems)
R
REFAL
Russell
Scala
Spreadsheets
Interactive mode languages
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Interactive mode languages act as a kind of shell: expressions or statements can be entered one at a time, and theresult of their evaluation is seen immediately.
BASIC (some dialects)
Clojure
Common Lisp
Erlang
F#
Fancy
Forth
FPr
Fril
Haskell (with the GHCi or Hugs interpreter)
IDL
J
Lua
MUMPS (an ANSI standard general purpose language)
Maple
Mathematica
MATLAB
ML
Mythryl
Perl (with the perl shell, psh)
PostScript
Python
R
Scala
REXX
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Ruby (with IRB)
Scheme
Smalltalk (anywhere in a Smalltalk environment)
S-Lang (with the S-Lang shell, slsh)
Tcl (with the Tcl shell, tclsh)
Windows PowerShell (Microsoft .NET-based CLI)
Interpreted languages
Interpreted languages are programming languages in which programs may be executed from source code form, by
an interpreter. Theoretically, any language can be compiled or interpreted, so the term *interpreted language*generally refers to languages that are commonly interpreted rather than compiled.
Ant
APL
AutoHotkey scripting language
AutoIt scripting language
BASIC (some dialects)
DATABUS (later versions added optional compiling)
Eiffel (via "Melting Ice Technology" in EiffelStudio)
Forth (interactive shell only; otherwise compiled to native or threaded code)
FPr (Virtual machine: Text is compiled to linked lists; linked lists are interpreted)
Frink
Game Maker Language
Groovy
Haskell (GHCi, Hugs, NHC, YHC etc.)
J
Lisp (early versions, pre-1962, and some experimental ones; production Lisp systems are compilers, but many of
them still provide an interpreter if needed)
Tea
LPC
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Lua
Lush
MUMPS (an ANSI standard general purpose language)
Maple
Mathematica
Pascal (early implementations)
PCASTL
Perl
Pikt
PostScript
Python
REXX
R
Ruby
S-Lang
Spin
Tcl
TorqueScript
thinBasic scripting language
VBScript
Windows PowerShell (Microsoft .NET-based CLI)
XMLmosaic
Some scripting languages (below)
Iterative languages
Iterative languages are built around or offering generators.
Aldor
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Alphard
C#
CLU
Cobra
Eiffel, through "agents"
Icon
IPL-v
Lua
Lush
Python
Sather
XL ("iterator" construct)
List-based languages – LISPs
List-based languages are a type of data-structured language that are based upon the list data structure.
FPr
Joy
Lisp
Common Lisp
Arc
Dylan
eLisp Emacs Lisp
Scheme
Logo
Lush
R
Tcl
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Tea
TRAC
Little languages
Little languages serve a specialized problem domain.
apply is a domain-specific language for image processing on parallel and conventional architectures
awk can serve as a prototyping language for C, because the syntax is similar
Comet is used to solve complex combinatorial optimization problems in areas such as resource
allocation and scheduling.
SQL has only a few keywords, and not all the constructs needed for a full programming language. Many databasemanagement systems extend SQL with additional constructs as astored procedure language.
Logic-based languages
See also: Category:Logic programming languages
Logic-based languages specify a set of attributes that a solution must have, rather than a set of steps to obtain asolution. Examples:
ALF
Alma-0
CLACL (CLAC-Language)
Curry
Fril
Janus
λProlog (a logic programming language featuring polymorphic typing, modular programming, and higher-order
programming)
Leda
Oz
Mozart Programming System a multiplatform Oz
Poplog
Prolog (formulates data and the program evaluation mechanism as a special form of mathematical logiccalled Horn logic and a general proving mechanism called logical resolution)
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Mercury (based on Prolog)
Strawberry Prolog (standard Prolog with some extensions)
Visual Prolog (object-oriented Prolog extension)
ROOP
Machine languages
Machine languages are directly executable by a computer's CPU. They are typically formulated as bit patterns,
usually represented in octal or hexadecimal. Each group of npatterns (often 1 or more bytes) causes the circuits in
the CPU to execute one of the fundamental operations of the hardware. The activation of specific electrical inputs
(e.g., CPU package pins for microprocessors), and logical settings for CPU state values, control the processor's
computation. Individual machine languages are processor specific and are not portable. They are (essentially)
always defined by the CPU developer, not by 3rd parties. The symbolic version, the processor's assembly language,
is also defined by the developer, in most cases. Since processors come in families based on a shared architecture, the
same basic assembly language style can often be used for more than one CPU. Each of the following CPUs served asthe basis for a family of processors:
ARM
Intel 80x86
IBM System/360
Intel 8008 / 8080 / 8085
MIPS R2000/R3000
MOS Tech 6502 and 6510 (Commodore 64 CPU)
Motorola 6800
Motorola 68000 family
National 32032
Power Architecture - (POWER and PowerPC)
StrongARM
Sun SPARC, UltraSPARC
Zilog Z80
Macro languages
See also: Category:Macro programming languages
Macro languages embed small pieces of executable code inside a piece of free-form text.
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cpp (the C preprocessor)
m4 (originally from AT&T, bundled with UNIX)
PHP
SMX, dedicated to web pages
Scripting languages such as Tcl and ECMAScript (ActionScript, DMDScript, ECMAScript forXML, JavaScript, JScript) have been embedded into applications so that they behave like macro languages.
Metaprogramming languages
Metaprogramming is writing of programs that write or manipulate other programs (or themselves) as their data or
that do part of the work that is otherwise done at run time during compile time. In many cases, this allows
programmers to get more done in the same amount of time as they would take to write all the code manually.
C++
Curl
D
Fancy
Forth
Haskell
Lisp
Lua
Maude system
Mathematica
MetaL
MetaOCaml
Nemerle
Perl
Python
Ruby
Smalltalk
XL (concept programming)
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Multiparadigm languages
Multiparadigm languages support more than one programming paradigm. They allow a program to use more than
one programming style. The goal is to allow programmers to use the best tool for a job, admitting that no oneparadigm solves all problems in the easiest or most efficient way.
Ada (concurrent, distributed, generic (template metaprogramming), imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
ALF (functional, logic)
Alma-0 (constraint, imperative, logic)
APL (functional, imperative)
BETA (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
C++ (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
C# (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional, declarative)
ChucK (imperative, object-oriented, time-based, concurrent, on-the-fly)
Cobra (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional, contractual)
Common Lisp (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), aspect-oriented (user may add further
paradigms, e.g., logic))
Corn (concurrent, generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
Curl (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming)
Curry (concurrent, functional, logic)
D (generic, imperative, functional, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming)
Delphi (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming)
Dylan (functional, object-oriented (class-based))
ECMAScript (functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based))
ActionScript
DMDScript
ECMAScript for XML
JavaScript
JScript
Eiffel (imperative, object-oriented (class-based), generic)
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F# (functional, generic, object-oriented (class-based), language-oriented)
Fantom (functional, object-oriented (class-based))
FPr (function-level, object-oriented (class-based))
Harbour
Hop
J (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
LabVIEW (dataflow, visual)
Lasso (macro, object-oriented (prototype-based), procedural, scripting)
Lava (object-oriented (class-based), visual)
Leda (functional, imperative, logic, object-oriented (class-based))
Lua (functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based))
Metaobject protocols (object-oriented (class-based, prototype-based))
Mythryl (functional, imperative)
Nemerle (functional, object-oriented (class-based), imperative, metaprogramming)
Objective Caml (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
Oz (functional (evaluation: eager, lazy), logic, constraint, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), concurrent,distributed)
Mozart Programming System (multiplatform Oz)
Object Pascal (imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
Perl (imperative, functional (can't be purely functional), object-oriented, class-oriented, aspect-oriented (through
modules))
PHP (imperative, object-oriented)
Pliant (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
Poplog (functional, imperative, logic)
ppC++ (imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
Prograph (dataflow, object-oriented (class-based), visual)
Python (functional, object-oriented (class-based), imperative)
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R
REBOL (functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based), metaprogramming (dialected))
ROOP (imperative, logic, object-oriented (class-based), rule-based)
Ruby (functional, object-oriented (class-based))
Scala (functional, object-oriented)
Seed7 (imperative, object-oriented, generic)
SISAL (concurrent, dataflow, functional)
Spreadsheets (functional, visual)
Tcl (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
Tea (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
Windows PowerShell (functional, imperative, pipeline, object-oriented (class-based))
XL (concept programming approach)
Numerical analysis
AIMMS
Algae
AMPL
GAMS
MATLAB
Seneca an Oberon variant
Non-English-based languages
Main article: non-English-based programming languages
ARLOGO - Arabic
Chinese BASIC - Chinese
Fjölnir - Icelandic
HPL - Hebrew
Lexico - Spanish
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Rapira - Russian
Glagol - Russian
Portugol - Portuguese
[edit]Object-oriented class-based languages
Class-based Object-oriented programming languages support objects defined by their class. Class definitions
include member data. Message passing is a key concept (if not the key concept) in Object-oriented languages.
Polymorphic functions parameterized by the class of some of their arguments are typically called methods. In
languages with single dispatch, classes typically also include method definitions. In languages with multiple
dispatch, methods are defined by generic functions. There are exceptions where single dispatch methodsare generic functions (e.g. Bigloo's object system).
[edit]Multiple dispatch
Common Lisp
Dylan
Goo
Cecil
Single dispatch
Actor
Ada 95 and Ada 2005 (multi-purpose language)
BETA
C++
C#
Oxygene (formerly known as Chrome)
ChucK
Cobra
ColdFusion
Corn
Curl
D
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DASL
Delphi
dylan.NET
E
GNU E
eC (Ecere C)
Eiffel
Sather
Ubercode
Fancy
F-Script
Fortran 2003
Fortress
FPr
Gambas
Game Maker Language
Harbour
J
Java
Groovy
Join Java
Tea
X10
Kite
LabVIEW
Lava
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Lua
Modula-2 (data abstraction, information hiding, strong typing, full modularity)
Modula-3 (added more object oriented features to Modula-2)
Moto
Nemerle
IBM NetRexx
Oberon-2 (full object orientation equivalence in an original, strongly typed, Wirthian manner)
Object Pascal
Object REXX
Objective-C (a superset of C adding a Smalltalk derived object model and message passing syntax)
Objective Caml
Oz
Mozart Programming System
Perl 5
PHP
Pliant
ppC++
Prograph
Python (object oriented interpretive language)
Revolution (programmer does not get to pick the objects)
Ruby
Scala
Seccia (assisted object-oriented programming)
Simula (the first object oriented language, developed by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard)
Smalltalk (pure object-orientation, developed at Xerox PARC)
Bistro
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F-Script
Little Smalltalk
Squeak
Scratch
IBM VisualAge
VisualWorks
SPIN
SuperCollider
VBScript (Microsoft Office 'macro scripting' language)
Visual DataFlex
Visual FoxPro
Visual Prolog
X++
XOTcl
Object-oriented prototype-based languages
Prototype-based languages are object-oriented languages where the distinction between classes and instances hasbeen removed:
ABCL/1
ABCL/R
ABCL/R2
ABCL/c plus
Agora
Cecil
ECMAScript
ActionScript
DMDScript
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ECMAScript for XML
JavaScript (first named Mocha, then LiveScript)
JScript
Etoys in Squeak
Glyphic Script
Io
Lisaac
Lua
MOO
NewtonScript
Obliq
R
REBOL
Self (the first prototype-based language, derived from Smalltalk)
Slate
TADS
Off-side rule languages
Off-side rule languages are those where blocks are formed, indicated, by their indentation.
ISWIM, the abstract language that introduced the rule
ABC, Python's parent
Python
Cobra
Boo
HyperTalk
Ivy
Miranda, Haskell's parent
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Orwell
Haskell
Curry
F#
Occam
Pliant
SPIN
XL
Procedural languages
Procedural programming languages are based on the concept of the unit and scope (the data viewing range of anexecutable code statement). A procedural program is composed of one or more units or modules, either user coded
or provided in a code library; each module is composed of one or more procedures, also called a function, routine,
subroutine, or method, depending on the language. Examples of procedural languages include:
Ada (multi-purpose language)
ALGOL (extremely influential language design. The second high level language compiler.)
SMALL Machine Algol Like Language
Alma-0
BASIC (BASICs are innocent of most modularity in (especially) versions before about 1990)
BCPL
BLISS
C
C++ (C with objects + much else)
C# (similar to Java/C++)
ChucK (C/Java-like syntax, with new syntax elements for time and parallelism)
COBOL
Cobra
ColdFusion
Combined Programming Language (CPL)
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Curl
D
DASL (partly declarative, partly imperative)
dylan.NET
eC (Ecere C)
ECMAScript
ActionScript
DMDScript
ECMAScript for XML
JavaScript (first named Mocha, then LiveScript)
JScript
Eiffel
Fortran (better modularity in later Standards)
F
Go
Harbour
HyperTalk
Java
Groovy
Join Java
Tea
JOVIAL
Lasso
Modula-2 (fundamentally based on modules)
Oberon and Oberon-2 (improved, smaller, faster, safer follow-ons for Modula-2)
Component Pascal
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Lagoona
Seneca
MATLAB
MUMPS (more modular in its first release than a language of the time should have been; the standard has becomestill more modular since then)
Nemerle
Occam
Pascal (successor to ALGOL 60, predecessor of Modula-2)
Free Pascal (FPC)
Object Pascal (Delphi)
PCASTL
Perl
PL/C
PL/I (large general purpose language, originally for IBM mainframes)
Plus
Python
R
Rapira
RPG (only available in IBM's System i midrange computers)
S-Lang
VBScript
Visual Basic
Visual FoxPro
X++
XL
Reflective languages
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Reflective languages let programs examine and possibly modify their high level structure at runtime. This is most
common in high-level virtual machine programming languages likeSmalltalk, and less common in lower-level
programming languages like C. Languages and platforms supporting reflection:
See also: Aspect-oriented programming
Befunge
C#
Charm
ChucK
Cobra
Component Pascal BlackBox Component Builder
Curl
Delphi
ECMAScript
ActionScript
DMDScript
ECMAScript for XML
JavaScript
JScript
Eiffel
Forth
Harbour
Java
Java Virtual Machine
Groovy
Join Java
X10
Lisp
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Clojure
Common Lisp
Dylan
Logo
Scheme
Lua
Maude system
.NET Framework Common Language Runtime
Oberon-2 ETH Oberon System
Objective-C
PCASTL
Perl
PHP
Pico
Pliant
Poplog
POP-11
Prolog
Python
REBOL
Ruby
Smalltalk (pure object-orientation, originally from Xerox PARC)
Bistro
F-Script
Little Smalltalk
Self
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Squeak
IBM VisualAge
VisualWorks
Snobol
Tcl
XOTcl
X++
XL
Rule-based languages
Rule-based languages instantiate rules when activated by conditions in a set of data. Of all possible activations,some set is selected and the statements belonging to those rules execute. Rule-based languages include:
awk
CLIPS
Constraint Handling Rules
GOAL (agent programming language)
Jess
OPS5
Prolog
Poses++ (language of the simulation system with the same name)
ToonTalk robots are rules
Scripting languages
"Scripting language" has two apparently different, but in fact similar meanings. In a traditional sense, scripting
languages are designed to automate frequently used tasks that usually involve calling or passing commands toexternal programs. Many complex application programs provide built-in languages that let users automate tasks.
Those that are interpretive are often called scripting languages.
Recently, many applications have built-in traditional scripting languages, such as Perl or Visual Basic, but there
are quite a few "native" scripting languages still in use. Many scripting languages are compiled to bytecode and
then this (usually) platform independent bytecode is run through a virtual machine (compare to Java).
AppleScript
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AWK
BeanShell
Ch (Embeddable C/C++ interpreter)
CLIST
ColdFusion
ECMAScript
ActionScript
DMDScript
ECMAScript for XML
JavaScript (first named Mocha, then LiveScript)
JScript
CMS EXEC
EXEC 2
F-Script
Falcon
Fancy
Frink
Game Maker Language (GML)
ICI
Io
JASS
Groovy
Join Java
Tea
Lua
MAXScript
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MEL
Mondrian
Mythryl
Perl
PHP (intended for Web servers)
Pikt
Python
R
REBOL
REXX
Revolution
Ruby
Smalltalk
S-Lang
sed
Tcl
TorqueScript
VBScript
Windows PowerShell (Microsoft .NET-based CLI)
Winbatch
Many shell command languages such as the UNIX shell or DCL on VMS have powerful scripting capabilities.
Stack-based languagesSee also: Category:Stack-oriented programming languages
Stack-based languages are a type of data-structured language that are based upon the stack data structure.
Cat
colorForth
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Factor
Forth
Joy (all functions work on parameter stacks instead of named parameters)
Piet
Poplog via its implementation language POP-11
PostScript
RPL
Urq
Synchronous languages
See also: Category:Synchronous programming languages
Synchronous programming languages are optimized for programming reactive systems, systems that are often
interrupted and must respond quickly. Many such systems are also calledrealtime systems, and are found oftenin embedded uses. Examples:
Argus
Averest
Esterel
LEA
Lustre
Signal
SyncCharts
Syntax handling languages
These languages assist with generating lexical analzyers and parsers for Context-free grammars.
ANTLR
Coco/R (EBNF with semantics)
GNU bison (FSF's version of Yacc)
GNU Flex (FSF's version of Lex)
lex (Lexical Analysis, from Bell Labs)
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M4
yacc (yet another compiler compiler, from Bell Labs)
JavaCC
Rats!
Visual languages
See also: Category:Visual programming languages
Visual programming languages let users specify programs in a two-(or more)-dimensional way, instead of as one-
dimensional text strings, via graphic layouts of various types.
CODE
Fabrik
G (used in LabVIEW)
Lava
Limnor
Max
NXT-G
Pict programming language
Prograph
Pure Data
Quartz Composer
Scratch (written in and based on Squeak, a version of Smalltalk)
Simulink
Subtext
ToonTalk
VEE
VisSim
vvvv
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EICASLAB
Some dataflow programming languages are also visual languages.
Wirth languages
Computer scientist Niklaus Wirth designed and implemented several influential languages.
ALGOL W
Modula
Modula-2 (and Modula 3, etc. variants)
Obliq Modula 3 variant
Oberon (Oberon, Oberon-07, and Oberon-2)
Component Pascal
Lagoona
Oberon-2
Pascal
Object Pascal (original name for Delphi language)
XML-based languages
These are languages based on or that operate on XML. Although the big-boy equivalents of
Oracle/PostgreSQL/MSSQL don't yet exist for XML, there are languages to navigate through it and its more tree-
oriented structure.
Ant
Cω
ECMAScript ECMAScript for XML
Jelly
MXML
LZX
XAML
XMLmosaic
XPath
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XQuery
XProc
XSLT