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List of Presidents of the United States 1
List of Presidents of the United States
The White House, the president's official residence and center of the administration
Under the U.S. Constitution, the Presidentof the United States is the head of state andthe head of government of the United States.As chief of the executive branch and head ofthe federal government as a whole, thepresidency is the highest political office inthe United States by influence andrecognition. The president is also theCommander-in-Chief of the U.S. armedforces. The president is indirectly elected toa four-year term by an Electoral College (orby the House of Representatives should theElectoral College fail to award an absolutemajority of votes to any person). Since theratification of the Twenty-secondAmendment to the United StatesConstitution in 1951, no person may be elected to the office of the president more than twice or serve more than atotal of 10 years.[1] Upon death, resignation, or removal from office of an incumbent president, the Vice Presidentassumes the office.
About the listThis list includes only those persons who were sworn into office as president following the ratification of the UnitedStates Constitution, which took effect on March 4, 1789. For American leaders before this ratification, see Presidentof the Continental Congress. The list does not include any Acting Presidents under the Twenty-fifth Amendment tothe United States Constitution.There have been forty-three people sworn into office, and forty-four presidencies, due to the fact that GroverCleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the twenty-second and thetwenty-fourth president. Of the individuals elected as president, four died in office of natural causes (William HenryHarrison, Zachary Taylor, Warren G. Harding, and Franklin D. Roosevelt), one resigned (Richard Nixon), and fourwere assassinated (Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy). The firstpresident was George Washington, who was inaugurated in 1789 after a unanimous Electoral College vote. WilliamHenry Harrison spent the shortest time in office at 31 days in 1841. At over twelve years, Franklin D. Rooseveltspent the longest time in office, and is the only president to serve more than two terms; he died shortly into his fourthterm in 1945. The current president is Barack Obama; he assumed the office on January 20, 2009, and is the firstAfrican American president and the first president born outside the Contiguous United States, being born in Hawaii.
List of Presidents of the United States 2
List of PresidentsPartiesNo party Federalist Democratic-Republican Democratic Whig Republican
Presidency[2] President Took office Left office Party Vice President Term
1 GeorgeWashington
[3] [4] [5] [6]
April 30,1789
March 4, 1797 no party John Adams 1
2
2 John Adams[7] [8] [9] [10]
March 4,1797
March 4, 1801 Federalist Thomas Jefferson 3
3 ThomasJefferson
[11] [12] [13][14]
March 4,1801
March 4, 1809 Democratic-Republican Aaron Burr 4
George Clinton 5
4 James Madison[15] [16] [17]
[18]
March 4,1809
March 4, 1817 Democratic-Republican George Clinton[19]
March 4, 1809 – April20, 1812
6
vacant[20]
April 20, 1812 – March4, 1813
Elbridge Gerry[19]
March 4, 1813 –November 23, 1814
7
vacant [20]
November 23, 1814 –March 4, 1817
5 James Monroe[21] [22] [23]
[24]
March 4,1817
March 4, 1825 Democratic-Republican Daniel D. Tompkins 8
9
6 John QuincyAdams
[25] [26] [27][28]
March 4,1825
March 4, 1829 Democratic-RepublicanNational Republican
John C. Calhoun 10
7 Andrew Jackson[29] [30] [31]
[32]
March 4,1829
March 4, 1837 Democratic John C. Calhoun [33]
March 4, 1829 –December 28, 1832
11
vacant[20]
December 28, 1832 –March 4, 1833
Martin Van Buren 12
8 Martin VanBuren
[34] [35] [36][37]
March 4,1837
March 4, 1841 Democratic Richard Mentor Johnson 13
List of Presidents of the United States 3
9 William HenryHarrison
[38] [39] [40][41]
March 4,1841
April 4,1841[19]
Whig John Tyler 14
10[42] John Tyler
[43] [44] [45][46]
April 4, 1841 March 4, 1845 WhigApril 4, 1841 – September
13, 1841
vacant [20]
no party[47]
September 13, 1841 – March4, 1845
11 James K. Polk[48] [49] [50]
[51]
March 4,1845
March 4, 1849 Democratic George M. Dallas 15
12 Zachary Taylor[52] [53] [54]
[55]
March 4,1849
July 9,1850[19]
Whig Millard Fillmore 16
13 Millard Fillmore[56] [57] [58]
[59]
July 9, 1850 March 4, 1853 Whig vacant [20]
14 Franklin Pierce[60] [61] [62]
[63]
March 4,1853
March 4, 1857 Democratic William R. King[19]
March 4, 1853 – April18, 1853
17
vacant [20]
April 18, 1853 – March4, 1857
15 James Buchanan[64] [65] [66]
[67]
March 4,1857
March 4, 1861 Democratic John C. Breckinridge 18
16 AbrahamLincoln
[68] [69] [70][71]
March 4,1861
April 15,1865[72]
RepublicanNational Union[73]
Hannibal Hamlin 19
Andrew Johnson 20
17 Andrew Johnson[74] [75] [76]
[77]
April 15,1865
March 4, 1869 DemocraticNational Union[73]
vacant [20]
National Union[73]
no party[78]
18 Ulysses S. Grant[79] [80] [81]
[82]
March 4,1869
March 4, 1877 Republican Schuyler Colfax 21
Henry Wilson[19]
March 4, 1873 –November 22, 1875
22
vacant [20]
November 22, 1875 –March 4, 1877
List of Presidents of the United States 4
19 Rutherford B.Hayes
[83] [84] [85][86]
March 4,1877
March 4, 1881 Republican William A. Wheeler 23
20 James A.Garfield
[87] [88] [89][90]
March 4,1881
September 19,1881[72]
Republican Chester A. Arthur 24
21 Chester A.Arthur
[91] [92] [93][94]
September 19,1881
March 4, 1885 Republican vacant [20]
22 GroverCleveland
[95] [96] [97][98]
March 4,1885
March 4, 1889 Democratic Thomas A.Hendricks[19]
March 4, 1885 –November 25, 1885
25
vacant [20]
November 25, 1885 –March 4, 1889
23 BenjaminHarrison
[99] [100] [101][102]
March 4,1889
March 4, 1893 Republican Levi P. Morton 26
24 GroverCleveland
(second term)[95] [96] [97]
[98]
March 4,1893
March 4, 1897 Democratic Adlai E. Stevenson I 27
25 WilliamMcKinley
[103] [104][105] [106]
March 4,1897
September 14,1901[72]
Republican Garret Hobart[19]
March 4, 1897 –November 21, 1899
28
vacant [20]
November 21, 1899 –March 4, 1901
Theodore Roosevelt 29
26 TheodoreRoosevelt
[107] [108][109] [110]
September 14,1901
March 4, 1909 Republican vacant [20]
Charles W. Fairbanks 30
27 William HowardTaft
[111] [112][113] [114]
March 4,1909
March 4, 1913 Republican James S. Sherman[19]
March 4, 1909 –October 30, 1912
31
vacant [20]
October 30, 1912 –March 4, 1913
List of Presidents of the United States 5
28 WoodrowWilson
[115] [116][117] [118]
March 4,1913
March 4, 1921 Democratic Thomas R. Marshall 32
33
29 Warren G.Harding
[119] [120][121] [122]
March 4,1921
August 2,1923[19]
Republican Calvin Coolidge 34
30 Calvin Coolidge[123] [124][125] [126]
August 2,1923
March 4, 1929 Republican vacant [20]
Charles G. Dawes 35
31 Herbert Hoover[127] [128][129] [130]
March 4,1929
March 4, 1933 Republican Charles Curtis 36
32 Franklin D.Roosevelt
[131] [132][133] [134]
March 4,1933
April 12,1945[19]
Democratic John Nance Garner 37[135]
38
Henry A. Wallace 39
Harry S. Truman 40
33 Harry S.Truman
[136] [137][138] [139]
April 12,1945
January 20,1953
Democratic vacant [20]
Alben W. Barkley 41
34 Dwight D.Eisenhower[140] [141][142] [143]
January 20,1953
January 20,1961
Republican Richard Nixon 42
43
35 John F.Kennedy
[144] [145][146] [147]
January 20,1961
November 22,1963[72]
Democratic Lyndon B. Johnson 44
36 Lyndon B.Johnson
[148] [149][150] [151]
November 22,1963
January 20,1969
Democratic vacant [20]
Hubert Humphrey 45
List of Presidents of the United States 6
37 Richard Nixon[152] [153][154] [155]
January 20,1969
August 9,1974[33]
Republican Spiro Agnew[33]
January 20, 1969 –October 10, 1973
46
47
vacant [20]
October 10, 1973 –December 6, 1973
Gerald FordDecember 6, 1973 –
August 9, 1974
38 Gerald Ford[156] [157][158] [159]
August 9,1974
January 20,1977
Republican vacant [20]
August 9, 1974 –December 19, 1974
Nelson RockefellerDecember 19, 1974 –
January 20, 1977
39 Jimmy Carter[160] [161][162] [163]
January 20,1977
January 20,1981
Democratic Walter Mondale 48
40 Ronald Reagan[164] [165][166] [167]
January 20,1981
January 20,1989
Republican George H. W. Bush 49
50
41 George H. W.Bush
[168] [169][170] [171]
January 20,1989
January 20,1993
Republican Dan Quayle 51
42 Bill Clinton[172] [173][174] [175]
January 20,1993
January 20,2001
Democratic Al Gore 52
53
43 George W. Bush[176] [177][178] [179]
January 20,2001
January 20,2009
Republican Dick Cheney 54
55
44 Barack Obama[180] [181][182] [183]
January 20,2009
Incumbent Democratic Joe Biden 56
See also• Historical rankings of United States Presidents• List of educational institutions named after U.S. presidents• List of Vice Presidents of the United States• Presidential $1 Coin Program
External links• Whitehouse.gov: The Presidents [184]
• American Heritage People: The Presidents [185]
• American Presidents – History Channel [186]
• American Presidents: Life Portraits [187]
List of Presidents of the United States 7
• The Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies [188] – Grand Valley State University• POTUS: Presidents of the United States [189] – Internet Public Library
References[1] "The Constitution: Amendments 11–27" (http:/ / www. archives. gov/ exhibits/ charters/ constitution_amendments_11-27. html). U.S.
National Archives & Records Administration. . Retrieved 2008-10-01.[2] A presidency is defined as consecutive time in office served by a single person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive
terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Gerald Ford assumed the presidency after the resignation of RichardNixon, serving out the remainder of what would have been Nixon's second term. The fact that Ford was not voted into office does not affectthe numbering, which makes him the 38th president. In addition, under this numbering, Grover Cleveland is counted as having two separatepresidencies, having served two non-consecutive terms.
[3] The White House (March 12, 2007). "Biography of George Washington" (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ about/ presidents/georgewashington/ ). Whitehouse.gov. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[4] "The First President: 1789–1797 George Washington "Father of his Country"" (http:/ / www. americanheritage. com/ people/ presidents/washington_george. shtml). American Heritage. Forbes. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[5] "George Washington – no Political Party – 1st President – American Presidents" (http:/ / www. history. com/ presidents/ washington).History. . Retrieved January 12 2009.
[6] "George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)" (http:/ / americanpresidents. org/ presidents/ gwashington. asp). AmericanPresidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[7] "Biography of John Adams" (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ about/ presidents/ johnadams/ ). Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. . RetrievedJanuary 12, 2009.
[8] "The Second President: 1797–1801 John Adams "Following in the Footsteps"" (http:/ / www. americanheritage. com/ people/ presidents/adams_john. shtml). American Heritage. Forbes. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[9] "John Adams – Federalist Party – 2nd President – American Presidents" (http:/ / www. history. com/ presidents/ adams). History. . RetrievedJanuary 12 2009.
[10] "John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826)" (http:/ / americanpresidents. org/ presidents/ president. asp?PresidentNumber=2).American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[11] "Biography of Thomas Jefferson" (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ about/ presidents/ thomasjefferson/ ). Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. .Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[12] "The Third President: 1801–1809 Thomas Jefferson "The Renaissance Leader"" (http:/ / www. americanheritage. com/ people/ presidents/jefferson_thomas. shtml). American Heritage. Forbes. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[13] "Thomas Jefferson – Democratic-Republican Party – 3rd President – American Presidents" (http:/ / www. history. com/ presidents/jefferson). History. . Retrieved January 12 2009.
[14] "Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826)" (http:/ / americanpresidents. org/ presidents/ president. asp?PresidentNumber=3).American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[15] "Biography of James Madison" (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ about/ presidents/ jamesmadison/ ). Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. .Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[16] "The Fourth President: 1809–1817 James Madison "The Nation Builder"" (http:/ / www. americanheritage. com/ people/ presidents/madison_james. shtml). American Heritage. Forbes. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[17] "James Madison – Democratic-Republican Party – 4th President – American Presidents" (http:/ / www. history. com/ presidents/ madison).History. . Retrieved January 12 2009.
[18] "James Madison (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836)" (http:/ / americanpresidents. org/ presidents/ president. asp?PresidentNumber=4).American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[19] Died in office of natural causes.[20] Prior to ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1967, there was no provision for filling a vacancy in
the Vice Presidency. Richard Nixon was the first president to fill such a vacancy under the provisions of the Twenty-fifth Amendment whenhe appointed Gerald Ford. Ford later became the second president to fill a vice presidential vacancy when he appointed Nelson Rockefeller tosucceed him.
[21] "Biography of James Madison" (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ about/ presidents/ jamesmonroe/ ). Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. .Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[22] "The Fifth President: 1817–1825 James Monroe "The Era of Good Feelings"" (http:/ / www. americanheritage. com/ people/ presidents/monroe_james. shtml). American Heritage. Forbes. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[23] "James Monroe – Democratic-Republican Party – 5th President – American Presidents" (http:/ / www. history. com/ presidents/ monroe).History. . Retrieved January 12 2009.
[24] "James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831)" (http:/ / americanpresidents. org/ presidents/ president. asp?PresidentNumber=5). AmericanPresidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[25] "Biography of John Quincy Adams" (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ about/ presidents/ johnquincyadams/ ). Whitehouse.gov. March 12,2007. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
List of Presidents of the United States 8
[26] "The Sixth President: 1825–1829 John Quincy Adams "Born to Lead"" (http:/ / www. americanheritage. com/ people/ presidents/adams_johnquincy. shtml). American Heritage. Forbes. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[27] "John Quincy Adams – Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, WHIG Party – 6th President – American Presidents"(http:/ / www. history. com/ presidents/ johnqadams). History. . Retrieved January 12 2009.
[28] "John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848)" (http:/ / americanpresidents. org/ presidents/ president.asp?PresidentNumber=6). American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[29] "Biography of Andrew Jackson" (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ about/ presidents/ andrewjackson/ ). Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. .Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[30] "The Seventh President: 1829–1837 Andrew Jackson "Old Hickory"" (http:/ / www. americanheritage. com/ people/ presidents/jackson_andrew. shtml). American Heritage. Forbes. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[31] "Andrew Jackson – Democratic-Republican Party – 7th President – American Presidents" (http:/ / www. history. com/ presidents/ jackson).History. . Retrieved January 12 2009.
[32] "Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845)" (http:/ / americanpresidents. org/ presidents/ president. asp?PresidentNumber=7).American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[33] Resigned.[34] "Biography of Martin Van Buren" (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ about/ presidents/ martinvanburen/ ). Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. .
Retrieved January 12, 2009.[35] "The Eighth President: 1837–1841 Martin Van Buren "The Red Fox"" (http:/ / www. americanheritage. com/ people/ presidents/
vanburen_martin. shtml). American Heritage. Forbes. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.[36] "Martin Van Buren – Democratic-Republican, Democratic, and Free Soil Party – 8th President – American Presidents" (http:/ / www.
history. com/ presidents/ vanburen). History. . Retrieved January 12 2009.[37] "Martin Van Buren (December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862)" (http:/ / americanpresidents. org/ presidents/ president. asp?PresidentNumber=8).
American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.[38] "Biography of William Henry Harrison" (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ about/ presidents/ williamhenryharrison/ ). Whitehouse.gov. March
12, 2007. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.[39] "The Ninth President: 1841–1841 William Henry Harrison "Old Tippecanoe"" (http:/ / www. americanheritage. com/ people/ presidents/
harrison_william. shtml). American Heritage. Forbes. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.[40] "William Henry Harrison – WHIG Party – 9th President – American Presidents" (http:/ / www. history. com/ presidents/
williamhenryharrison). History. . Retrieved January 12 2009.[41] "William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841)" (http:/ / americanpresidents. org/ presidents/ president.
asp?PresidentNumber=9). American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.[42] Being the first vice president to assume the presidency, Tyler set a precedent that a vice president who assumes the office of president
becomes a fully functioning president who has his own presidency, as opposed to just a caretaker president. His political opponents attemptedto refer to him as "Acting President", but he refused to allow that. The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution put Tyler'sprecedent into the Constitution.
[43] "Biography of John Tyler" (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ about/ presidents/ johntyler/ ). Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. . RetrievedJanuary 12, 2009.
[44] "The Tenth President: 1841–1845 John Tyler "His Accidency"" (http:/ / www. americanheritage. com/ people/ presidents/ tyler_john.shtml). American Heritage. Forbes. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[45] "John Tyler – No Party – 10th President – American Presidents" (http:/ / www. history. com/ presidents/ tyler). History. . Retrieved January12 2009.
[46] "John Tyler (March 29, 1790 – January 18, 1862)" (http:/ / americanpresidents. org/ presidents/ president. asp?PresidentNumber=10).American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[47] Former Democrat who ran for Vice President on Whig ticket. Clashed with Whig congressional leaders and was expelled from the Whigparty in 1841.
[48] "Biography of James Polk" (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ about/ presidents/ jamespolk/ ). Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. . RetrievedJanuary 12, 2009.
[49] "The Eleventh President: 1845–1849 James Knox Polk "The Dark Horse"" (http:/ / www. americanheritage. com/ people/ presidents/polk_james. shtml). American Heritage. Forbes. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[50] "James Polk – Democratic Party – 11th President – American Presidents" (http:/ / www. history. com/ presidents/ polk). History. . RetrievedJanuary 12 2009.
[51] "James K. Polk (November 2, 1795 – June 15, 1849)" (http:/ / americanpresidents. org/ presidents/ president. asp?PresidentNumber=11).American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[52] "Biography of Zachary Tyler" (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ about/ presidents/ zacharytaylor/ ). Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. .Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[53] "The Twelfth President: 1849–1850 Zachary Taylor "Old Rough-and-Ready"" (http:/ / www. americanheritage. com/ people/ presidents/taylor_zachary. shtml). American Heritage. Forbes. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[54] "Zachary Taylor – WHIG Party – 12th President – American Presidents" (http:/ / www. history. com/ presidents/ taylor). History. .Retrieved January 12 2009.
List of Presidents of the United States 9
[55] "Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850)" (http:/ / americanpresidents. org/ presidents/ president. asp?PresidentNumber=12).American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[56] "Biography of Millard Fillmore" (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ about/ presidents/ millardfillmore/ ). Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. .Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[57] "The Thirteenth President: 1850–1853 Millard Fillmore "Forgotten Leader"" (http:/ / www. americanheritage. com/ people/ presidents/fillmore_millard. shtml). American Heritage. Forbes. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[58] "Millard Filmore – WHIG Party – 13th President – American Presidents" (http:/ / www. history. com/ presidents/ fillmore). History. .Retrieved January 12 2009.
[59] "Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 – March 8, 1874)" (http:/ / americanpresidents. org/ presidents/ president. asp?PresidentNumber=13).American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[60] "Biography of Franklin Pierce" (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ about/ presidents/ franklinpierce/ ). Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. .Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[61] "The Fourteenth President: 1853–1857 Franklin Pierce "Overwhelmed by Events"" (http:/ / www. americanheritage. com/ people/presidents/ fillmore_millard. shtml). American Heritage. Forbes. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[62] "Franklin Pierce – Democratic Party – 14th President – American Presidents" (http:/ / www. history. com/ presidents/ pierce). History. .Retrieved January 12 2009.
[63] "Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804 – October 8, 1869)" (http:/ / americanpresidents. org/ presidents/ president.asp?PresidentNumber=14). American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[64] "Biography of James Buchanan" (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ about/ presidents/ jamesbuchanan/ ). Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. .Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[65] "The Fifteenth President: 1857–1861 James Buchanan "An American Hero"" (http:/ / www. americanheritage. com/ people/ presidents/buchanan_james. shtml). American Heritage. Forbes. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[66] "James Buchanan – Democratic Party – 15th President – American Presidents" (http:/ / www. history. com/ presidents/ buchanan). History.. Retrieved January 12 2009.
[67] "James Buchanan (April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868)" (http:/ / americanpresidents. org/ presidents/ president. asp?PresidentNumber=15).American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[68] "Biography of Abraham Lincoln" (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ about/ presidents/ abrahamlincoln/ ). Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. .Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[69] "The Sixteenth President: 1861–1865 Abraham Lincoln "The Great Emancipator"" (http:/ / www. americanheritage. com/ people/presidents/ lincoln_abraham. shtml). American Heritage. Forbes. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[70] "Abraham Lincoln – Republic, National Union Party – 16th President – American Presidents" (http:/ / www. history. com/ presidents/lincoln). History. . Retrieved January 12 2009.
[71] "Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865)" (http:/ / americanpresidents. org/ presidents/ president. asp?PresidentNumber=16).American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[72] Assassinated.[73] Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson were, respectively, a Republican and a Democrat who ran on the National Union ticket in 1864.[74] "Biography of Andrew Johnson" (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ about/ presidents/ andrewjohnson/ ). Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. .
Retrieved January 12, 2009.[75] "The Seventeenth President: 1865–1869 Andrew Johnson "Between North and South"" (http:/ / www. americanheritage. com/ people/
presidents/ johnson_andrew. shtml). American Heritage. Forbes. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.[76] "Andrew Johnson – National Union Party – 17th President – American Presidents" (http:/ / www. history. com/ presidents/ andrewjohnson).
History. . Retrieved January 12 2009.[77] "Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875)" (http:/ / americanpresidents. org/ presidents/ president. asp?PresidentNumber=17).
American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.[78] Andrew Johnson did not identify with the two main parties while president and tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the
National Union label. His failure to build a true National Union Party made Johnson without a party.[79] "Biography of Ulysses S. Grant" (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ about/ presidents/ ulyssessgrant/ ). Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. .
Retrieved January 12, 2009.[80] "The Eighteenth President: 1869–1877 Ulysses Simpson Grant "The Hero as Politician"" (http:/ / www. americanheritage. com/ people/
presidents/ grant_ulysses. shtml). American Heritage. Forbes. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.[81] "Ulysses S. Grant – National Union Party – 18th President – American Presidents" (http:/ / www. history. com/ presidents/ grant). History. .
Retrieved January 12 2009.[82] "Ulysses S. Grant (April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885)" (http:/ / americanpresidents. org/ presidents/ president. asp?PresidentNumber=18).
American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.[83] "Biography of Rutherford B. Hayes" (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ about/ presidents/ rutherfordbhayes/ ). Whitehouse.gov. March 12,
2007. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.[84] "The Nineteenth President: 1877–1881 Rutherford Birchard Hayes "Striving For A Fresh Start"" (http:/ / www. americanheritage. com/
people/ presidents/ hayes_rutherford. shtml). American Heritage. Forbes. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
List of Presidents of the United States 10
[85] "Rutherford B. Hayes – Republican Party – 19th President – American Presidents" (http:/ / www. history. com/ presidents/ hayes). History. .Retrieved January 12 2009.
[86] "Rutherford B. Hayes (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893)" (http:/ / americanpresidents. org/ presidents/ president.asp?PresidentNumber=19). American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[87] "Biography of James Garfield" (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ about/ presidents/ jamesgarfield/ ). Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. .Retrieved January 12, 2009.
[88] "The Twentieth President: 1881–1881 James Abram Garfield "The Preacher"" (http:/ / www. americanheritage. com/ people/ presidents/garfield_james. shtml). American Heritage. Forbes. . Retrieved January 12, 2009.
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[135] This term was shortened by 43 days due to the Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution going into effect, movinginauguration day from March 4 to January 20.
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List of Presidents of the United States 12
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List of Presidents of the United States 13
[172] "Biography of William J. Clinton" (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ about/ presidents/ williamjclinton/ ). Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. .Retrieved January 12, 2009.
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Article Sources and Contributors 14
Article Sources and ContributorsList of Presidents of the United States Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=365504271 Contributors: 031586, 1.21 jigwatts, 123karamcg, 2008Olympian, 32iomb, 4wajzkd02,ASDFGH, Aaron Brenneman, Abomasnow, Academic Challenger, Acalamari, Ace ETP, Acps110, Adashiel, Addaick, AegeeChan, Aerrow2012, Aflaksp, Ahoerstemeier, Ai.kefu, Alansohn,Alex Bakharev, AlexStef, AlexandrDmitri, Alexdkawa, Alexf, Algont, AllynJ, Alphachimp, Alsandro, Amalthea, AmateurEditor, Andrewlp1991, Andrewrp, Androu, Andy M. Wang,Andy120290, Anetode, Anger22, Angstxxi, Angusmclellan, AnimeNinjaGurl, Anna512, Anoopan, Antandrus, Anti-wijki, Antodav2007, Anythingyouwant, Aqwis, Arakunem, Arctic.gnome,Ardric47, ArielGold, Armyrifle9, ArturoWu, Artyom, Ashnard, Asmeurer, Astrofreak92, AuburnPilot, Aude, Avala, Axeman89, Bacons, BaronLarf, Baronnet, Baseball Bugs, Bballshaq32,Bearman1, Beckagirl, Beleszólok, Ben76266, Bender235, Betacommand, BilboR10108, Bjarki S, Bjkijkjr83, Bkonrad, Blackdeath610, Blanchardb, Blipadouzi, Blubberboy92, Bob Lored,Bob35671485, Bobak, Bobblewik, Bobjane, Bobo192, Bomac, Bongwarrior, Boo1210, Bookworm415, Bradeos Graphon, Brian0918, Bsadowski1, Bssc81, Bulldog24, Bullshark44, Bullytr,Burlow, Burnettski92, Butwhatdoiknow, CBDunkerson, CFLeon, CGrapes429, CIreland, CR85747, Caiaffa, Cakedamber, CameronPG, Camw, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canderson7,CapitalR, Caponer, Captain-tucker, Cartoon Boy, Cartoonbook, Catgut, Cayleigh, Cburnett, Ccady, Cedrus-Libani, Cekli829, Cenarium, Cfsenel, Chiapet22025, Chilo guy, Chochopk,Cholmes75, ChrisWerner, ChrisfromHouston, Chrishomingtang, Chzz, Ciphergoth, Circeus, Circumspect, Click23, Coffee and TV, ColinFine, Colonies Chris, Cometstyles, CommonsDelinker,Conman33, Connubius, Cooleymd, Coolhandscot, CrazyC83, Crazycomputers, Cridel, Crusoe8181, Cswarren52, Cubs Fan, Cubs0110, Cyberchair, DLJessup, DMacks, Daa89563, Dabomb87,Damifb, Daniel Benfield, Daniel Case, Daniel the duck, Danny, Dantadd, Darkvampire900, Darkwind, Dasterdalydoofus, DaveJA, Davewild, Dayewalker, Dbenbenn, Dcsohl, Debresser, Delldot,Deluxe489, Dems on the move, DerHexer, Designdroide, DewiMorgan, DickRogersPhd, Diligent Terrier, Dipasqualem, Discospinster, Djacolatse, Djjar, Dknights411, Docherty64, Docu,Doledri70, Dominic, Dominus tenebrarum, Donald Duck, Dougofborg, Doulos Christos, Download, Dr.Strawberry, Dr.bEastman, Driger369, Drmccann, Drmies, Drv.fast, Dsmdgold, Dyjodee,EWS23, Easter Monkey, Ecuatt, EdJohnston, Edgar181, Edison, Eeekster, Eggsofamerica, Eightball, Eino81, Either way, ElJefe, Eliz81, Ellomate, Elonka, Eluchil404, Entheta, Epbr123, Eric323,Erik9, ErnestoDave, Erxnmedia, Etcher, Evangelion9490, Everyking, Evildevil, Exucmember, Fabrictramp, Falcon8765, Fan-1967, Faradayplank, Fconaway, Fenoloftaleina, Fergiferg123,FiggyBee, Fillanfloppy, Firehawk4, Flamebird, Flameshockey99, Frazzle, Fred Bradstadt, Freedomlinux, Freemarket, FreplySpang, Frostyservant, Fruehdom, Frutti di Mare, Furado, Fys, GB fan,Gadget850, GageSkidmore, Gaianauta, Gail, Gaius Cornelius, Gary King, Ged UK, GeeAlice, Gencraft, GeneRayburn, Geneb1955, GeorgeOne, Geraldk, Gerrish, Gilliam, Gindo, Glen,Glenncando, Gobi2, Gogo Dodo, Golbez, Gopherbone, Gorillasapiens, Gower2352, Granpuff, Greswik, Grsz11, Gurch, Gwernol, Gzkn, H2ppyme, Haipa Doragon, Hairy Dude, Hallpriest9,Hamilton365, Hank P. Wimbleton, Hapsala, Hazel77, Hda3ku, HereToHelp, Hersfold, Herzliyya, HexaChord, Hmains, Hnsampat, Hraefen, Huadpe, Human4321, Huntthetroll, Iamwisesun,Ianmark123, Ibagli, Iced Kola, Idunno271828, Illinois2011, ImperatorExercitus, InSTAALed, IndepAmerican, Infrogmation, Insanity Incarnate, Insomniacpuppy, Iridescent, Irishfighter01, It IsMe Here, Itsmacko, Iwiwiwiwiwiw, Ixfd64, IzzyKraus, J.delanoy, JLM, JNW, JRH95, Jaberwockynmt, Jac16888, Jack Cox, Jack324, Jakkyboi, Jaksmata, James Michael 1, Jaobenl, Jaquel4,Jason Calzone, Jason Palpatine, JasonCNJ, Jatkins, JayJasper, Jaydec, Jayron32, Jcuz9, Jcware, Jdavidb, Jdubowsky, Jedravent, JeffTL, Jeffq, Jengod, Jerkov, Jerky Chid, Jerzy, Jessec78,Jessemv, Jester boy, Jfruh, Jiang, Jimmy Slade, Jj2315, Jnestorius, John Kenney, John Reaves, JohnC, Johnmomplaisir, Jojhutton, Jon Harald Søby, Jordan117, Josemanimala, Joseph Solis inAustralia, Jossi, Jpal55, Jscrbf1989, Jshrimp3, Jsphkann, Jtkiefer, JuJube, Juliancolton, JulieADriver, KAZAAM, 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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 15
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