lisping pronunciation of sibilant sounds produced by

LISPING PRONUNCIATION OF SIBILANT SOUNDS

PRODUCED BY VALENTINO IN KINGSMAN:

THE SECRET SERVICE MOVIE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

CINDY ARYANTI

Student Number: 144214040

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA

YOGYAKARTA

2018

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ii

LISPING PRONUNCIATION OF SIBILANT SOUNDS

PRODUCED BY VALENTINO IN KINGSMAN:

THE SECRET SERVICE MOVIE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

CINDY ARYANTI

Student Number: 144214040

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA

YOGYAKARTA

2018


vii


viii

For my beloved

mom

&

dad


ix

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratefulness to Jesus Christ

the Almighty for all blessings, love, and mercy that have been given to me. I

thank Him for the hope and guidance that I get during 4 years study and finally I

can finish my thesis that I think this is such a challenge for me.

I would like to extend my gratitude to my thesis advisor, Arina Isti’anah,

S.Pd., M.Hum., who has helped me in writing the thesis. I thank her for giving

me encouragement, support, and guidance to finish this thesis. My deep

appreciation goes to my co-advisor, Wedhowerti, S.Pd., M.Hum., who gives me

advice and suggestions that make my thesis better. I also thank all lecturers in

English Letters Department for their dedication to give knowledge and also make

me and other students better.

Then, my everlasting thanks are expressed to my beloved mother and

father whose love, generosity, and patience truly encourage me. Thanks to my

older brother, Donny and my older sister, Jenny for motivating me to graduate

soon.

Last but not least, I send my gratitude to all my friends for the time that

has been passed and the joy that has been created year by year. Thank you for

helping me throughout this study and many things. I also thank a person who is

always there for me in my boredom, Andryo. I thank him for giving me support,

advice, and courage all the time.

Cindy Aryanti


x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................... ii

APPROVAL PAGE ......................................................................................... iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE .................................................................................... iv

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................ v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA

ILMIAH ............................................................................................................. vi

MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................ vii

DEDICATION PAGE ..................................................................................... viii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................ x

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................... xii

LIST OF TABLE ............................................................................................. xiii

ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... xiv

ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ xv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 1

A. Background of the Study ....................................................................... 1

B. Problem Formulation ............................................................................. 5

C. Objectives of the Study .......................................................................... 5

D. Definition of Terms ............................................................................... 6

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................... 8

A. Review of Related Studies ..................................................................... 8

B. Review of Related Theories ................................................................... 11

1. Phonetics and Phonology ................................................................. 11

2. English Consonants .......................................................................... 13

a. Places of Articulation ................................................................ 13

i. Bilabial ................................................................................ 13

ii. Labiodental ......................................................................... 14

iii. Dental ................................................................................ 14

iv. Alveolar ............................................................................. 14

v. Palato-alveolar .................................................................... 14

vi. Palatal ................................................................................ 14

vii. Velar ................................................................................. 15

b. Manner of Articulation .............................................................. 15

i. Stop ..................................................................................... 15

ii. Voiced and Voiceless Sounds ............................................ 16

iii. Fricatives ........................................................................... 16

iv. Affricates ........................................................................... 16

v. Approximants ..................................................................... 17

vi. Sibilants ............................................................................. 17

3. Phonological Processes .................................................................... 17


xi

a. Assimilation .............................................................................. 18

b. Elision ....................................................................................... 18

c. Reduction .................................................................................. 18

4. Lisp .................................................................................................. 18

a. Frontal Lisp ............................................................................... 19

b. Dentalised Lisp ......................................................................... 19

c. Lateral Lisp ............................................................................... 19

d. Palatal Lisp ............................................................................... 19

C. Theoretical Framework .......................................................................... 20

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ............................................................... 21

A. Object of the Study ................................................................................ 21

B. Approach of the Study ........................................................................... 22

C. Method of the Study .............................................................................. 23

1. Data Collection ................................................................................ 23

2. Data Analysis ................................................................................... 24

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .................... 26

A. Lisping Pronunciation of Sibilant Sounds ............................................. 26

1. The Pronunciation of Sound [s] ........................................................ 28

2. The Pronunciation of Sound [z] ........................................................ 31

3. The Pronunciation of Sound [ʃ] ........................................................ 35

4. The Pronunciation of Sound [dʒ] ..................................................... 37

B. Phonological Patterns of Lisping Pronunciation of Sibilant Sounds ..... 39

1. Consonant Changes .......................................................................... 39

a. Substitution of [f] for [s] ........................................................... 39

b. Substitution of [t] for [s] ........................................................... 41

c. Substitution of [f] for [z] ........................................................... 42

d. Substitution of [d] for [z] ......................................................... 45

e. Substitution of [t] for [z]............................................................ 46

f. Substitution of [dʒ] for [ʃ] ......................................................... 47

g. Substitution of [f] for [ʃ] ........................................................... 49

h. Substitution of [ŋ] for [dʒ] ....................................................... 50

2. Consonant Insertions ........................................................................ 51

a. /t/-insertion ................................................................................ 52

b. /f/-insertion ............................................................................... 53

3. Consonant /s/-deletion ....................................................................... 54

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ....................................................................... 56

REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 58

APPENDIX ....................................................................................................... 60


xii

LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS

OALD : Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary

RP : Received Pronunciation

Para : Paragraph


xiii

LIST OF TABLES

No. Table Page

1. Table 2. Summary of Lisping Pronunciation of Sibilant

Sounds Pronounced by Valentino 27

2. Table 3. The Lisping Pronunciation of Sound [s] Produced

by Valentino 28

3. Table 4. The Lisping Pronunciation of Sound [z] Produced

by Valentino 31

4. Table 5. The Lisping Pronunciation of Sound [ʃ] Produced

by Valentino 35

5. Table 6. The Lisping Pronunciation of Sound [dʒ] Produced

by Valentino 37

6. Table 7. Consonant Changes [s] → [f] in Valentino’s

Lisping Pronunciation 40

7. Table 8. Consonant Changes [s] → [t] in Valentino’s


8. Table 9. Consonant Changes [z] → [f] in Valentino’s


9. Table 10. Consonant Changes [z] → [d] in Valentino’s


10. Table 11. Consonant Changes [z] → [t] in Valentino’s


11. Table 12. Consonant Changes [ʃ] → [dʒ] in Valentino’s


12. Table 13. Consonant Changes [ʃ] → [f] in Valentino’s


13. Table 14. Consonant Changes [dʒ] → [ŋ] in Valentino’s


14. Table 15. The Processes of /t/-insertion 50

15. Table 16. The Processes of /f/-insertion 53

16. Table 17. The Processes of /s/-deletion 54


xiv

ABSTRACT

ARYANTI, CINDY. (2018). Lisping Pronunciation of Sibilant Sounds

Produced by Valentino in Kingsman: The Secret Service Movie. Yogyakarta:

Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Language is one of the tools of communication. Language can ease

people to communicate both in spoken and written communication. In spoken

language, pronunciation is an important thing. However, not all people are fluent in

their speaking and pronunciation. It can be known because there are some studies

related to speech disorders. One of speech disorders that becomes the concern in

this study is lisp or inability to pronounce certain sounds, especially sibilants.

Moreover, people with lisp are unique because their pronunciations are different

from the standard pronunciation. Thus, one of the people who speaks with lisp is

Valentino, a character from Kingsman: The Secret Service movie. In addition,

lisping pronunciation that he has, makes him easy to spot.

This study focusses on two objectives. The first is to find out how lisping

pronunciation, especially sibilant sounds, was produced by Valentino. Therefore,

as the data, the writer only took the words pronounced with sibilant sounds that

were pronounced differently by Valentino. Then the second objective is to observe

the phonological patterns in Valentino’s lisping pronunciation.

The data in this study was collected by using population method. It meant

that the writer took all words in Valentino’s script that were pronounced with

sibilant sounds. Furthermore, those words were sorted based on the words that were

pronounced differently from the Received Pronunciation. In analyzing the data,

phonological approach was applied in order to observe the processes that happened

in Valentino’s lisping pronunciation.The theory of lisp by Bowen was also applied

alongside with the phonological approach.

From the discussion, there were 112 words in total that were pronounced

differently from the Received Pronunciation. Moreover, only four sibilants found in

the data. Those sounds were [s], [z], [ʃ], and [dʒ]. Furthermore, those sounds

underwent the change into other sounds, the addition of other sounds, and the

deletion of the sound itself. Sound [s] became the most pronounced sound and it

underwent the change into sounds [f] and [t]. Besides, Valentino also added sound

[t] before and after when pronouncing sound [s] so that it became [ts] and [st].

Meanwhile, the sound [z] underwent the change into sounds [f], [d], and [t].

Besides, this sound was added by sound [t] as well before and after sound [z] so that

it became [tz] and [zt]. The analysis also showed that sound [ʃ] underwent the

changing into sounds [f] and [dʒ], and obtained the addition of sounds [t]. Then the

last sound [dʒ] only underwent the changing process into sound [ŋ].


xv

ABSTRAK

ARYANTI, CINDY. (2018). Lisping Pronunciation of Sibilant Sounds

Produced by Valentino in Kingsman: The Secret Service Movie. Yogyakarta:

Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Bahasa merupakan salah satu alat komunikasi. Bahasa dapat

memudahkan setiap orang agar dapat berkomunikasi secara lisan maupun tertulis.

Dalam bahasa lisan, pengucapan merupakan hal yang penting. Akan tetapi, tidak

semua orang lancar dalam berbicara dan pengucapan. Hal ini dapat diketahui

karena sudah ada berbagai penelitian mengenai gangguan bicara. Salah satu

gangguan bicara yang dibahas dalam studi ini adalah pelat atau ketidakmampuan

dalam mengucapkan suatu huruf terutama sibilan atau bunyi desis. Selain itu, orang

dengan pelat memiliki keunikan karena pengucapan mereka yang berbeda dari

standar pengucapan. Salah satu orang yang memiliki pelat adalah Valentino, tokoh

dalam film Kingsman: The Secret Service. Sebagai tambahan, pelat membuat peran

Valentino di film ini menjadi mudah untuk dikenali.

Dalam studi ini, terdapat dua rumusan masalah yang dibahas. Masalah

yang pertama adalah mengamati bagaimana Valentino mengucapkan kata-kata

terutama yang mengandung bunyi desis. Oleh karena itu, yang dijadikan sebagai

data adalah kata-kata yang mengandung bunyi berdesis yang diucapkan dengan

berbeda oleh Valentino. Kemudian masalah yang kedua adalah mengamati pola

fonologi yang terdapat dalam pengucapan pelat Valentino.

Data dalam studi ini dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan metode populasi.

Hal ini berarti bahwa penulis mengambil seluruh kata yang mengandung sibilan

yang diucapkan Valentino. Selanjutnya, kata-kata tersebut kemudian dipilah dan

hanya kata-kata yang diucapkan berbeda dari standar pengucapan atau Received

Pronunciation (RP) yang dimasukkan sebagai data. Dalam menganalisis data,

diterapkan pendekatan fonologi untuk mengamati proses yang terjadi dalam

pengucapan pelat Valentino. Teori pelafalan pelat oleh Bowen juga digunakan

bersama dengan pendekatan fonologi.

Dari hasil diskusi, terdapat 112 kata yang diucapkan berbeda dari standar

pengucapannya. Hasilnya, hanya ada empat sibilan yang ditemukan, yaitu [s], [z],

[ʃ], dan [dʒ]. Selanjutnya, keempat sibilan ini mengalami perubahan ke konsonan

lain, penambahan bunyi, dan juga penghapusan konsonan itu sendiri. Konsonan [s]

menjadi bunyi yang paling banyak diucapkan dan mengalami perubahan ke bunyi

[f] dan [t]. Selain itu, Valentino juga menambahkan bunyi [t] sebelum dan sesudah

bunyi [s] sehingga menjadi [ts] dan [st]. Sementara itu, konsonan [z] mengalami

perubahan menjadi bunyi [f], [d], dan [t]. Kemudian konsonan [z] juga

mendapatkan penambahan dari bunyi [t] di awal dan di akhir konsonan tersebut

sehingga menjadi [tz] dan [zt]. Analisis dalam studi ini juga menunjukkan bahwa [ʃ]

mengalami perubahan menjadi bunyi [f] dan [dʒ] dan juga mendapat penambahan

bunyi [t]. Terakhir, konsonan [dʒ] hanya mengalami perubahan ke bunyi [ŋ].


1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language is one of the important devices in life, especially in order to

communicate with each other. By using the language, people can express their

feelings, for example when they are mad, happy, sad, or disappointed. To build a

relationship, language also takes part in it. Saying greetings to neighbors or

friends may impact to a closer relationship with those people. Otherwise,

language can also give bad perspective for the person who uses it unwisely. It can

be said that language helps people to understand each other.

The use of language can also be based on context and situation. People

who use language must have intention that the language that they used can be

understood by others. Therefore, there are various languages that have been

created because of the variation of place where the language is used, the context

or situation when the language is used, and the background of the speaker who

uses the language. It is strengthened by Montgomery (2008) who says that the

variety of language is not just according to people who use it, but also according

to the situation (p. 89).

Language is an essential thing which is inseparable from life. That is

why, some people also spend their time to study the language. Studying language

requires deep understanding to analyze its characteristics, forms, meanings, and

functions. By studying language, people do not only know about the use of


2

language, but also become aware to see the problem when using the language.

Therefore, studying the language is also related to linguistics. According to Barry,

linguistics is “the scientific study of language” (2002, p. 203). The study of

language can be found and reflected in almost everything that people do as it is

also a part of daily life. Furthermore, linguistics spans a large number of

sub-fields which each of it deals with a different part of language competence.

Sub-fields of structure-focused linguistics include Phonetics, Phonology,

Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics, and discourse analysis (Nordquist,

2016, para 3).

The two sub-fields of linguistics that are discussed further in this thesis

are Phonetics and Phonology. According to Roach (2009), “Phonetics is the

scientific study of speech, while Phonology is the study of the system, patterns,

and use of sounds that occur in the language in this world” (p. 44). Roach also

says that phonology deals with how speech sounds are produced, how they are

used in spoken language, how people can record speech sounds with written

symbols and how people hear and recognize different sounds (2006, p. 43).

Meanwhile, to indicate the sound produced in speaking, it can be seen from how

the sound is produced. It is because each sound is produced in different ways and

places that are identified by places of articulation which are bilabial, labiodental,

interdental, alveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal (Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams,

2014, p. 196).

When dealing with pronunciation, each person may have a different way

to pronounce a sound. It depends on the environment of the person because that


3

person has used to hear certain sound that can influence how that person speaks

certain sound. Besides, it also depends on the knowledge that the person has. In

this case, language and pronunciation are the same things that can be analyzed

because both of them can be influenced by social environment. As strengthen by

John and Kimberly that the amount of variation in pronunciation is not only

influenced by age. Instead, other causes such as exposure to the target language and

social influences may be the big contributors (2011, p. 1).

In some cases, there are people who struggle with their speech. People

who have difficulty in producing certain sounds are mostly because they have

language disorders such as stuttering and speech disorders. When a person is

unable to produce speech sounds correctly or fluently or has problem with his or

her voice, then he or she has a speech disorder. Difficulties in pronouncing sounds,

articulation disorders, and stuttering are examples of speech disorders (American

Speech-Language-Hearing Association [ASHA], 2000, para. 1). One of speech

disorders that becomes the concern in this study is lisp which is inability of a

person to produce certain sounds and misarticulates into other sounds. Moreover,

Whitaker et al. (2012) state that “Lisping, lisp, frontal lisp, and tongue thrust are

all terms used to describe misarticulations involving protrusion of the tongue

associated with a perceived sound distortion during production of linguoalveolar

fricatives” (p. 96).

Lisper or person who speaks lips is seldom to find and it is a kind of

phenomenon that rarely happens. People with lisp are unique because when they

pronounce certain sounds, they change those sounds into other sounds resulting in


4

unclear speech. It is unclear because each word is supposed to be pronounced in

certain way, but lispers speak in another way resulting different sound heard. In

Indonesia, lispers have difficulty to pronounce retroflex or the sound /r/ and when

find the sound /r/, it is changed into lateral or the sound /l/. Meanwhile, for

English speakers, lispers have difficulty in pronouncing sibilant sounds which

are /s/ and /z/. According to Bowen (2011, para 8), lisp is a condition in which a

person misarticulates sibilant sounds, such as [s], [z], [ʃ], [tʃ], [dʒ], [ʒ], and [dz].

Moreover, in this undergraduate thesis, it discusses the changing sound found in

lisping pronunciation of English speaker.

Lisp pronunciation mostly happens during childhood. Many children lisp

naturally as they learn to speak and produce specific sounds because they still

have difficulty and limitation in pronouncing the sounds. As children get older,

then can improve the way they speak from their parents and by themselves.

However, some children bring their lisp into their adolescence and even in

adulthood. Some adults who have lisp are disturbed then they start to find the

treatment to diminish and cure their lips, but some have no desire to seek therapy

and they are happy to accept their speech the way it is. There are many

well-known people in public life who live with lisp and make it as their

trade-mark and as part of their image or character. It is interesting to analyze this

kind of speech disorder because people who speak lisp are different from other

people who speak normally and the number of people who have a lisp are in very

small percentage. It is strengthened by the data from Whitaker et al,

A decrease in lisping has been reported with an increase in age by Leite

and colleagues (2008) and Monteire and colleagues (2009). While


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative#Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative#Voiced_alveolar_sibilant

5

Monteiro and colleagues (2009) reported lisping for 19% of 100 children,

Borsel and colleagues (2007) identified lisping for 23.3% of 748 young

adults (2012, p. 96).

Based on the data above, it can be seen that the percentage below 25% means that

the number of people who have lisp is small.

The phenomenon of lisping pronunciation also happens in a movie

entitled Kingsman: The Secret Service whose one of the characters has lisp. Later,

the data from one of characters in this movie are used to support the analysis and

some studies about lisp. In this movie, there is only one person who has lisp and

he is the antagonist character named Valentino. Therefore, it is quite easy to know

that he has lisp because his voice sounds different when he pronounces certain

sounds, yet his utterances are understandable even though it is not all clear.

B. Problem Formulation

Based on the description of the background of the study above, the

formulated research problems are as follow:

1. How is lisping pronunciation of sibilant sounds produced by Valentino’s

speaking in Kingsman: The Secret Service Movie?

2. What phonological processes are found in Valentino’s lisping

pronunciation?

C. Objectives of the Study

The first objective of seeing Valentino’s speaking is to identify the lisping

pronunciation, especially when he pronounces sibilant sounds. As it is mentioned

earlier, Valentino has lisp and the different between him and other characters who


6

have no lisp can be seen through the way they pronounce sibilant sounds. To

identify the lisping pronunciation in Valentino’s speaking, the writer lists all of

his words or phrases that contain sibilant.

After comparing Valentino’s pronunciation and the Received

Pronunciation or English standard pronunciation based on Oxford Advanced

Learner’s Dictionary, then it is continued by the second objective which is to

analyze the phonological processes based on the problem that Valentino has. By

writing the phonological processes that are found in Valentino’s speaking, it

shows the processes of how certain sounds are produced and changed.

D. Definition of Terms

There are several terms used in this undergraduate thesis. Several terms

are used in order to inform and support certain information related to the problem

and study discussed. By providing definition of several terms used in this

undergraduate thesis, it can ease people to understand and follow this problem.

Moreover, terms in this undergraduate thesis are provided to avoid

misunderstanding.

The first term explained is lisp that becomes the topic in this

undergraduate study. As it is explained in previous part which is background of

the study, lisp is a speech impediment in which some people have inability in

pronouncing certain sounds. As Bowen says (2011), “lisp is a Functional Speech

Disorder (FSD), and a functional speech disorder is a difficulty learning to make a

specific speech sound, or a few specific speech sounds” (para 1).


http://speech-language-therapy.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=87:functional&catid=11:admin&Itemid=108

http://speech-language-therapy.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=87:functional&catid=11:admin&Itemid=108

7

The second term is sibilant. This sound is produced when the tip of the

tongue is brought near the palate and air is pushed past the tongue and make a

hissing sound. The sounds included as sibilant are the fricative and affricate

consonants which are /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/. (Ladefoged & Maddieson,1996, p.

145-146).

The next term is phonological processes which are the patterns of sound

errors that are usually used to simplify speech. Oyebade defines this process as

“sound modification’s mediated by the need to maintain euphony in a language or

to rectify violations of well formedness constraints in the production of an

utterance” (2004, p. 60).

The last term to explain is the tittle of the movie itself which is

Kingsman: The Secret Service. The movie was directed by Matthew Vaughn.

This is a 2014 movie tells about British spy agent called Kingsman whose mission

is to reveal and thwart a wicked man, Valentino, who has a plan to destroy

humankind. Later, Valentino becomes the object of this undergraduate thesis topic

because he has lisp. Overall, the movie itself could be considered as a successful

movie due to good rating and positive reviews from the audience

(http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2802144/).


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Vaughn

8

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter displays some overviews from the previous studies that have

been conducted by some researchers and theories that are related to this present

study as they are used to support this research. Besides, this chapter shows the

contribution of those previous studies and theories to answer the problems in this

study.

A. Review of Related Studies

Lisping pronunciation is one of phenomena that varies the way people

produce sounds. Some experts have discussed and analyzed this phenomenon

whether it is based on the psychological and medical aspect of lispers or the

linguistic scope of the changing sounds. Besides, some of their researches are

related and used to support the problem discussed in this undergraduate thesis. In

this review of related studies, there are three studies that are relevant to this

undergraduate thesis objectives. The studies are taken from book and articles by

Dodd (2006), Bowen (2011), and Morrisey (2017). The three studies discuss the

phenomenon of pronunciation happened in children. In addition to this review of

related studies, another undergraduate thesis from Lancerianda is also used.

The first study is taken from a book published in 2006 by Dodd. She

describes general phenomena of speech disorders that are usually found in

childhood. The phenomena of speech disorders are discussed in phonological


9

aspect. Dodd (2006) states that the children are not the passive recipients since

there are some factors that influence their speech disorders. She adds “this

context involves child specific factors such as age, type of disorder, ability, and

attitude to their difficulty, and also the language learning environment”. To

support the analysis in this study, Dodd uses the data taken from British and

Australian children. Besides describing the speech disorder and its reasons, this

study also discusses the auditory processing and factors when hearing

impairment also takes a part in causing speech disorder.

The second study is from an article by Bowen (2011). She conducts a

study that focuses on the psychological aspect of the children who have lisp. From

the psychological aspect, this study answers a question whether lisp is a normal

condition or not because some children experience this phenomenon. Moreover,

in this study, it is said that sometimes children grow up in the condition when

their lisp is unnoticed or it is not regarded as cause for concern. For the children

who have lisp, they are regarded as cute, funny, and sweet. However, when lisp is

last long as the children reach their adulthood, some of them assume that their lisp

are annoying, although many of them can deal with it and belief it as their

uniqueness. Besides discussing a bit about definition of lisp and its symptoms, this

study also provides some information about the right treatment and approach for

the children who have lisp.

The third study is conducted by Morrisey (2017). In the article, Morrisey

tries to discuss lisping pronunciation in medical perspective. This study divides

the type of lisps such as interdental lisp, dentalised lisp, palatal lisp, and lateral


10

lisp. These kind of lisps are based on the way a lisper places his/her tongue in

producing certain sounds. Furthermore, this study also provides some information

related to the treatment and action for lispers who are disturbed with this

phenomenon. As in the two previous studies, this study also uses children as the

data.

The studies above are relevant to the problem in this undergraduate thesis

because they present the analysis of speech disorders and lisping pronunciation.

Moreover, the reviewed studies above give additional information such as the

types of lisp and the findings that are useful in order to support in analyzing the

problems in this undergraduate thesis. However, the studies above more focus on

lisping pronunciation in children, while this undergraduate study examines lisping

pronunciation found in one of the characters in Kingsman: The Secret Service

movie.

The last study used as an addition to the related studies is from

Lancerianda’s undergraduate thesis written in 2016. This undergraduate thesis has

similarity with the present study because the two studies observe linguistic

phenomena taken from the same data which is Kingsman: The Secret Service

movie. However, the two studies have differences in the objects that are observed.

Lancerianda’s undergraduate thesis focus on analyzing the referent of the person

deixis found in Kingsman: The Secret Service movie in order to help the audience

in understanding more about the references of person deixis, such as ‘he’, ‘she’,

‘it’, ‘they’, ‘them’ since they are used to refer to someone or something in

conversations among characters. On the other hand, the present study focuses on


11

one of speech disorders, lisp, found in Valentino’s speaking. In addition, the

present study takes Lancerianda’s study as reference to add more result in the

observation.

Based on the studies above, it can be said that lisping pronunciation is a

tangible phenomenon based on the studies and research conducted by the experts.

Consequently, they are able to observe the phenomenon of lisp and add more

information related to lisp such as the reason, and the treatment. Moreover,

another evidence that shows the phenomenon of lisp can be found in Valentino’s

speaking. As the only one who speaks lisp in Kingsman: The Secret Service,

Valentino’s character looks unique. It also makes him easy to spot and remember,

especially for the people who watch the movie.

B. Review of Related Theories

This part displays and discusses some theories which are used in order to

analyze and find out the answer for the problem formulations. The relevant and

appropriate theories are needed in conducting this studies so that the problem can

be answered precisely. Since this undergraduate thesis focuses on lisping

pronunciation, the theories used are about Phonetics and Phonology, English

consonants, lisping pronunciation, and phonological processes.

1. Phonetics and Phonology

One branch of linguistics which is related to pronunciation is phonetics.

It is the study of speech sound. Roach (2009) says that the main concern in

phonetics is to know how speech sounds are produced and how different sounds


12

can be recognized (p. 66). In other words, phonetics more focuses on describing

the speech sounds produced by human, how they are produced, and their

characteristics. As Davenport and Hannahs (2005) state that phonetics deals with

speech sounds, how they are made (articulatory phonetics), how they are

perceived (auditory phonetics), and the physics involved (acoustic phonetics) (p.

2).

Another theory used in this undergraduate study is phonology, the further

study of the spoken language. Ladefoged (2012, p. 33) says phonology is the

description of the systems and patterns of sounds that occur in language. On other

words, phonology deals with how the speech sounds are organized into systems

for each individual language. By looking at phonology, it helps people who

studying it to analyze the sound patterns found in someone’s pronunciation when

he/she speaks. In this case, this is relevant to be applied in analyzing Valentino’s

speaking, especially because he has speech disorder which is thing that not all

people have. Therefore, phonology contributes to analyze this phenomenon.

Both phonetics and phonology deal with speech sounds. Phonetics is the

basic study and it is developed in phonology, because phonology more focuses on

system of sounds. Moreover, in English, sometimes some letters are not

pronounced the same as it is written. Therefore, the theory of phonetics and

phonology are suitable to be used in analyzing speech sound in Valentino’s

lisping pronnciation and comparing it to the standard pronunciation or Received

Pronunciation.


13

2. English Consonants

The words in every language consist of consonant and vowel.

Consonants are the most letters found in language. Sounds is considered as

consonant when there is an obstruction in the oral tract. Then, because this study

observes the pronunciation of English speaker, consonants in English are the main

focus. English consonants have 24 sounds which productions are divided into two

types, place of articulation and manner of articulation (Ladefoged, 2012, p. 56).

a. Places of Articulation

Different consonantal sounds are caused by the place of articulation,

which is where the vocal tract the airflow restriction occurs. In other words, the

place of articulation classifies the place where the sounds produced which

involves respiratory organ. Moreover, the movement of the tongue and lips are

called articulators, it is causing the restriction, reshaping the oral cavity in various

ways to produce the various consonants. Places of articulation consist of eight

classifications, bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal

(Giegerich 1992, p. 9).

i. Bilabial

Bilabial consonants are produced because of the contact of the upper and

bottom lips. The bottom lip is the active articulator, while the upper lip is the

passive articulator. Bilabial consonants are [p] as in “pay”, [b] as in “bye”, and [m]

as in “may” (Giegerich, 1992, p. 9).


14

ii. Labiodental

Labiodental consonants are produced by touching the bottom lip to the

upper teeth. Labiodental consonants are [f] as in “fast” and [v] as in “vase”

(Giegerich, 1992, p. 9).

iii. Dental

Dental sounds are produced by inserting the tip of the tongue between the

upper and lower teeth. Dental sounds are [θ] as in “thin” and [ð] as in “this”


iv. Alveolar

Alveolar sounds are produced by raising the front part of the tongue to

alveolar ridge. Alveolar sounds are [t] as in “top”, [d] as in “die”, [s] as in “sun”,

[z] as in “zoo”, [n] as in “nose”, [l] as in “lick”, and [r] as in “row” (Giegerich,

1992, p. 10).

v. Palato-alveolar

Palato-alveolar sounds are produced with the blade of the tongue as the

active articulator, and the alveolar ridge and the hard palate as the passive one.

Palato-alveolar sounds are [tʃ] as in “chair”, [ʃ] as in “she”, [dʒ] as in “judge”, and

[ʒ] as in “garage” (Giegerich, 1992, p. 11).

vi. Palatal

To produce this sound, the blade of the tongue is raised to the hard palate

just behind alveolar ridge. Palatal sound is the approximant [j] as in “yacht”



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_sibilant

15

vii. Velar

Velars are produced by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate or

velum. The back of the tongue is the active articulator, while the passive

articulator is velum. Velar sounds are [k] as in “cat”, [g] as in “get”, and [ŋ] as in

“sing” (Giegerich, 1992, p. 11).

b. Manner of Articulation

Besides the place of articulation, sounds which are produced by human

are also categorized in manner of articulation. Manner of articulation is used to

distinguish the sounds by the flow of the air stream that may be blocked or

partially blocked; or it can be seen whether the vocal cord is vibrated or not

vibrated (Ladefoged, 2012, p. 14).

i. Stop

It is a complete closure of the articulators involved so that the air stream

cannot escape through the mouth. There are two types of stop, oral and nasal stop

(Ladefoged, 2012, p. 14).

1) Oral stop

In addition to the articulatory closure in the mouth, the soft palate is

raised so that the nasal track is blocked, then the air stream will be completely

obstructed. Pressure in the mouth will build up and the oral stop will be formed.

This kind of sound occurs in the word “buy, pie, tie, dye, kye, guy” (Ladefoged,

2012, p. 14).


16

2) Nasal stop

It is produced when the air is stopped in the oral cavity but the soft palate

is down so that air can go through the nose. The examples are at the beginning of

the words “my” and “nigh”, and at the end of the word “sang” (Ladefoged, 2012,

p. 14).

ii. Voiced and Voiceless Sounds

If the vocal cords are together, the airstream forces its way through and

cause them to vibrate. Voiced sounds are [b, d, g, z, ð, v, dʒ, ʒ, m, n, ŋ, l, r, w, j].

Meanwhile, if the vocal cords are apart during airflow, the air flows freely

through the glottis and supraglottal cavities (the parts of the vocal tract above the

glottis). The sounds produced in this way, such as [p, t, k, f, s, tʃ, ʃ, θ, h, ʔ] are

voiceless sounds (Ladefoged, 2012, p. 14).

iii. Fricatives

In production of some continuants, the airflow is so severely obstructed

that it causes friction. That is why it is called fricatives. The sounds [f, v, θ, ð, s, z,

ʃ, ʒ] are fricatives (Ladefoged, 2012, p. 65).

iv. Affricates

Some sounds are produced by a stop closure followed immediately by a

gradual release of the closure that produces an effect characteristic of a fricative.

These sounds called affricates. [tʃ] and [dʒ] are affricates (Ladefoged, 2012, p.

67).








17

v. Approximants

The voiced approximants are [w, r, j, l] as in “whack”, “rack”, “yak”, and

“lack”. The sound /l/ is lateral approximant, while the rest are central

approximants. Moreover, the approximants /w, r, l/ usually combine with stops,

while /j/ usually followed by vowel. Besides, the approximants are mostly

voiceless when they follow one of the voiceless stops /p, t, k/ (Ladefoged, 2012, p.

68).

vi. Sibilants

Sibilants can be categorized as fricatives and affricates which are the

sound [s, z, ʃ, tʃ, ʒ, dʒ] as in “sell”, “zip”, “shell”, “chair”, “vision”, and “jam”. This

sound is characterized by hissing sound when airsteam hits the back of the teeth or

dental wall and rebound around until the air exits the mouth (Ladefoged &

Maddieson, 1996, p. 145).

3. Phonological Processes

According to Walt Wolfram and Robert Johnson (1982), phonology is a

dynamic system in which the units change as they come into contact with other

units in system. In English, when someone pronounces certain sound, sometimes

the sound changes because of the influence of the neighbor sounds. The process of

changing sound is called phonological process. This process can occur to ease the

pronunciation.


18

a. Assimilation

Assimilation is the changing sound due to the influence of sound nearby.

In other words, assimilation makes the two sounds which are close to each other

become similar. For example, the voiced /z/ of English plural suffix becomes [s]

when it is preceded by voiceless sound as in the word “book”. The pronunciation

is supposed to be [bʊks] instead of [bʊkz] (Giegerich, 1992, p. 288).

b. Elision

It is the process when a sound segment is reduced or deleted. For

example, “button” /bʌtən/ wil be pronounced as /bʌtn/ and “little” /lɪtəl/ will be

pronounced as /lɪtl/ (Giegerich, 1992, p. 288).

c. Reduction

This is a process when a phoneme is reduced in its pronunciation. It

happens to the vowel in the unstressed position with a weak central vowel /ə/. For

example, “and” /ænd/ may be pronounced as /ən/ because /æ/ is the unstressed

syllable (Giegerich, 1992, p. 288).

4. Lisp

Some experts have conducted researches about lisping pronunciation. It

is a phenomenon that is commonly found only or during childhood, and some of

the children may bring their lisp in their adulthood. According to Whitaker (2012),

lisp is a phenomenon when a person cannot pronounce certain sounds, especially

the two sounds /s/ and /z/. Because of the inability or difficulty in pronouncing /s/

and /z/, the person who has lisp will automatically change /s/ and /z/ into /θ/ and


19

/ð/. Whitaker also says that “lisping is described to listeners as an error pattern in

which alveolar sounds are pronounced with the tongue either on or between the

front teeth associated with an audible distortion during frication of /s/” (p. 99).

Moreover, recent study by Bowen in 2011 has been able to categorized the types

of lisp based on the place where and how it occurred. This categorization is useful

to be more specific in analyzing and observing lisping pronunciation.

a. Frontal lisp

A frontal lisp or interdental lisp occurs when the tip of the tongue

protrudes between the front teeth. When someone pronounces [s] or [z], the sound

may be like ‘th’ (Bowen, 2011, para 12).

b. Dentalised lisp

This is when the /s/ and /z/ sounds are produced with the tongue actually

touching or pushing up against the front teeth. Just like the frontal lisp, this error

pattern is also age appropriate until a certain age (Bowen, 2011, para 14).

c. Lateral lisp

This type of lisp is often referred as slushy or spitty. It is

where [s] and [z] sounds are produced with airflow over the sides of the tongue

and it is very similar to the pronunciation of [l] sound (Bowen, 2011, para 18).

d. Palatal lisp

A palatal lisp is when the middle of the tongue is in contact with the soft

palate or with a posterior articulation of the sibilant. The example is when

someone pronounces [ʃ], [tʃ], and [dʒ] (Bowen, 2011, para 21).


20

C. Theoretical Framework

The related studies and related theories that have been reviewed above

are important in order to solve the problems in this undergraduate study. The first

problem, which is how Valentino produced lisping pronunciation, is answered by

looking at the theory about phonetics, phonology, and lisp. Phonetics and

phonology are relevant to apply because the problem is basically about

pronunciation. The writer uses theory about phonetics and phonology by

Ladefoged (2012). Then, it is added with the theory of lisping pronunciation by

Bowen (2011) as the specific problem discussed in this undergraduate study. In

addition, phonetics and phonology give basic information about how sounds are

produced by people in general, and the theory of lisp give more detail information

about the different in producing certain sounds, so the sounds produced by people

without lisp and people who have lisp can be compared and analyzed more.

Then, to answer the second problem about the phonological processes of

Valentino’s lisping pronunciation, it is based on the theory of phonological

processes by Ladefoged. After that, the phonological rules are formed based on

the processes happened. Phonological processes may occur in someone’s speaking.

Therefore, the phonological rule can be made in order to find out the pattern of

consonant changes. Moreover, the sound can be categorized from the features they

belong to and the surrounding sounds that influence the changing sounds.


21

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the object that becomes the topic of this study and

the approach used to analyze the object. Moreover, this chapter also shows the

ways of obtaining the data and analyzing the data using phonological approach.

A. Object of the Study

The object of this study was Valentino’s pronunciation in Kingsman: The

Secret Service movie. The writer was interested in this topic because his

pronunciation was heard differently from other characters’ pronunciation. In other

words, Valentino had lisping pronunciation or a speech disorder in which a person

had disability and difficulty in pronouncing certain sounds and changed into other

sounds. Speech disorder especially lisping pronunciation was a phenomenon that

can only be found in some people. Hence, it was quite easy to notice if a person

has lisp.

From the explanation above, the writer would like to find out the

changing sounds found in Valentino’s speaking and how the changing sounds

happened. Besides listening to Valentino’s speaking, the script of Valentino was

used to ease the writer so that the actual words, their real pronunciation, and the

pronunciation of Valentino can be known. In addition, the linguistic elements

analyzed in this study was sound because it was related to pronunciation.


22

The character whose pronunciation chosen as the data in this

undergraduate study was one of the characters from a movie entitled Kingsman:

The Secret Service. It was an action spy comedy film released in 2014. This movie

was about British spy agents who tried to fight back a global threat from

Richmond Valentine, a wealthy megalomaniac. He was the character who

becomes the object in this study because he had lisping pronunciation that made

his speaking was unique and memorable. Moreover, as the antagonist character,

Valentino took part in developing the storyline in this movie even though his

appearance was not as often as the main character. (www.imdb.com).

B. Approach of the Study

The focus in this study was to analyze the lisping pronunciation of

Valentino. Since the study was related to sound, phonological approach was

chosen as the most appropriate approach of this study. According to Carr,

“phonology is the study of sound system in human language” (2008, p. 130).

Therefore, it was appropriate to use phonology as the approach not only to look at

the sounds in the correct pronunciation, but also to analyze the pattern in

Valentino’s lisping pronunciation. In other words, phonological approach was

used in order to help the writer to look at the sound in different pronunciation

produced by Valentino, to be compared by the Received Pronunciation from

Oxford dictionary.


23

C. Method of the Study

This part explains the data which were used in this study. There are two

subtopics in this part. The first part is data collection and the second part is data

analysis.

1. Data Collection

The writer used population in collecting the data that became the problem

in this study. According to Best (2007), data population is a group of data which

shares similarities in the characteristic. In other words, population referred to the

words with sibilant pronounced by Valentino, and the characteristic was these

words underwent the changing process because they were pronounced by

Valentino who had lisp. Population was chosen rather than sample because the

writer needed to look at all sibilants in any position found in Valentino’s

speaking.

The writer took all words which contained sibilants because the writer

would have liked to see the different pronunciation in each word and did not

intend to miss any possibility of it. Besides, the words contained sibilant sounds

were also chosen as the data because as Bowen (2009) has said that people who

have lisp tend to change sibilant sound into [θ] and [ð].

In analyzing Valentino’s lisping pronunciation, the writer compared

Valentino’s pronunciation with Received Pronunciation from OALD. Received

Pronounciation was used because Kingsman: The Secret Service was a British

movie and the characters used British accent.


24

There were 130 words used as the data in this study. Each of all chosen

words contained one or more sibilant sounds in the pronunciation. In obtaining the

data, the writer observed the movie script of Valentino and noted down all of the

words which were pronounced with sibilants. Then, the writer listened to

Valentino’s speaking by the help of movie script and English subtitle. Because of

the different pronunciation produced by Valentino, looking at the movie script or

English subtitle helped the writer to know which words Valentino pronounced

differently from the Received Pronunciation. If there was a part when the

changing sound happened, the writer repeated it twice or more to avoid the

mishearing. After that, the words and changing sounds were also noted. Later, the

writer displayed not only the words that were pronounced differently by Valentino,

but also the words before and after the intended word in a sentence in order to see

if the pronunciation of the intended word was influenced by the pronunciation of

surrounding words.

2. Data Analysis

There were several steps used in order to answer the problems. The first

problem was to analyze how lisping pronunciation was produced by Valentino. To

answer the first problem, the writer collected all words Valentino said which

contained sibilant sounds. Then, the writer sorted the data from which sounds

pronounced differently and which were not. In order to ease the reader to see the

changing sound happened, the writer provided the table. The first column of the

table showed the sentence contained words pronounced with sibilant sounds, the

second column displayed the Received Pronunciation from OALD, and the third


25

column showed the pronunciation of Valentino. The example of table used in

displaying the data was presented as follow.

Table 1. The Summary of Sibilant Sounds Pronounced by Valentino

SENTENCES RECEIVED

PRONUNCIATION

VALENTINO’S

PRONUNCIATION

By comparing the Received Pronunciation and Valentino’s pronunciation

in the table, the difference or changing sound could be seen clearly. Then, the

theory of phonetics and phonology by Ladefoged is used in order to know the

sound features of the different sound and the surrounding sounds in Valentino’s

lisping pronunciation.

For the second problem about phonological process found in Valentino’s

lisping pronunciation, the writer referred to the table. The table can also be used to

see the phonological processes happened in Valentino’s lisping pronunciation. It

showed whether there was changing, addition, or deletion sounds in Valentino’s

pronunciation. Besides, the writer put the words contain sibilant in sentence so

that it could be seen whether or not the sound before and after that word

influenced the changing sound. Furthermore, by using the theory of phonological

processes, it helped the writer to examine in what condition could determine the

changing sounds and the processes occurred in that changing sound.


26

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter is aimed to answer the problem formulation mentioned in

Chapter I and it consists of two parts. The first part answers the first question by

displaying the finding of pronunciation in all words pronounced by Valentino. On

the other hand, the second part answers the second question that focuses on the

processes or conditions that affect the pronunciation happened in the first part.

A. Lisping Pronunciation of Sibilant Sounds

Based on the script that has been analyzed, the writer finds 130 words

which contain sibilant sounds such as [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ], [tʃ], and [dʒ] that are

pronounced by Valentino. Then, all of those words are compared to the

pronunciation of Valentino when he pronounces those words. To make it clear, the

writer uses Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary as the source to see the

Received Pronunciation of those words. Moreover, after listening to the

pronunciation of Valentino, the writer finds the fact that not all of the words are

pronounced differently by him. As the result, from 130 words contain sibilant

sounds that are pronounced by Valentino, there are only 112 words in total that are

pronounced differently. Later, the different pronunciation between Valentino and

received pronunciation in OALD will be discussed further based on each sibilant

sound that contain in those words


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative#Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative#Voiced_alveolar_sibilant

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_sibilant



27

As it is mentioned earlier, after the writer listens to Valentino’s

pronunciation, the result is that not all sibilant sounds are changed by Valentino. In

other words, the changing sounds occur only for some sibilants. Then, the writer

writes only the words pronounced with sibilant sounds that changed by Valentino in

order to see how often that sounds undergo the changing. To make it easier, the list

of sibilants that are changed can be seen in the table below. Moreover, the table also

provides the percentage of each sound that shows how often those sounds appear in

Valentino’s speaking. Later, each sibilant sound is explained further so that the

reader can see the changing of each sound in more detail.

Table 2. Summary of Lisping Pronunciation of Sibilant Sounds Pronounced

by Valentino

No. Sibilant Sounds Frequency Percentage

1. [s] 78 69.7%

2. [z] 24 21.4%

3. [ʃ] 8 7.1%

4. [dʒ] 2 1.8%

Total 112 100%

The writer has summarized and categorized it based on the sibilants that

are pronounced differently by Valentino. As the result, there are only four sibilants,

which are [s, z, ʃ, dʒ], that undergo the changing, addition, and deletion, while the

other sibilants are pronounced the same as Received Pronunciation based on OALD.

From the table above, it can be seen that the most changing sibilant sound is the

sound [s] followed by the sound [z]. The sound [s] becomes the most commonly

found and changed with 69.7% or 78 out of 112 words pronounced with sound [s].


28

Besides, the sound [z] is fairly often found and changed with 21.4% or 24 out of

112 words pronounced with [z]. Then the percentage of sound [ʃ] changed by

Valentino is 7.1% which only 8 out of 112 words pronounced with [ʃ]. And the last

is the sound [dʒ] which is 1.8% or only 2 word out of 112 words pronounced with

[dʒ] are found and changed. After displaying the summary of the changing sibilant

sounds in Valentino’s pronunciation, the writer discuses the changing sibilant one

by one as follows.

1. The Pronunciation of Sound [s]

Sound [s] becomes the most pronounced sound that is produced by

Valentino. It is because many words pronounced by Valentino are pronounced with

the sound [s] and some words are in plural and present form. Also, some words are

abbreviation with apostrophe s that is pronounced [s]. Moreover, the sound [s] is

one of sibilants because its characteristic of hissing sound. In addition, the summary

of the changing and addition of sound [s] pronounced by Valentino is presented in

the table 2 as follow.

Table 3. The Lisping Pronunciation of Sound [s] Produced by Valentino

No. Final Sound Frequency

1. /s/ → [f] 3

2. /s/ → [ts] 32

3. /s/ → [st] 42

4. /s/ → [t] 1

Total 78

The writer has examined 78 words pronounced with [s] in Valentino’s

script that are pronounced differently and categorized it into 54 sentences. Based on


29

the table above, Valentino tends to add the sound [t] after the sound [s] in his

pronunciation since it happens almost in all words pronounced with [s]. The second

most when Valentino pronounces the sound [s] is the addition of sound [t] before

the sound [s]. Then changing of sound [s] into the sound [f] becomes the next

occurrence in Valentino’s speaking. And the less occurrence is the changing of

sound [s] into [t]. The examples of this changing sound are shown in the sentences

below.

(1) “This is an extremely dangerous machine.”

This sentence has more than one sibilant sounds. However, since the topic

is about the lisping pronunciation of Valentino, then the writer just focuses on the

word that is pronounced differently by Valentino which is the word “dangerous”.

Actually, this sentence is supposed to be pronounced as [ðɪs ɪz ən ɪkstrim:li

deɪndʒərəs məʃi:n], but Valentino mispronounces the sound [s] in the word

“dangerous” into the sound [f] so that the pronunciation of this sentence is changed

into [ðɪs ɪz ən ɪkstrim:li deɪndʒərəf məʃi:n]. Based on the manner of articulation of

sound [s] and [f], they have similarities that are fricative and voiceless. Moreover,

based on the place of articulation, the sound [s] is alveolar, while the sound [f] is

labiodental.

(2) “Climate change research.”

This sentence contains more than one sibilant sounds, but in this part, the

writer only focuses on the changing of sound [s]. The sound [s] that undergoes the

change can be found in word “research”. In pronouncing the [s] sound in this word,

Valentino mispronounces it into sound [t]. Actually, the sentence is supposed to be


30

pronounced as [klaɪmɪt tʃeɪndʒ rɪsɜ:tʃ]. But in fact, he pronounces this sound as

[klaɪmɪt tʃeɪndʒ rɪtɜ:tʃ]. Moreover, the two sounds, [s] and [t], have the same

characteristics which are voiceless and alveolar.

(3) “I’m starting the test now.”

The next thing happens when Valentino pronounces the sound [s] is

deletion of the sound itself. This phenomenon can be found when he pronounces the

word “starting” in this sentence. This sentence is supposed to be pronounced as

[ʌɪm stɑ:tɪŋ ðə tɛst naʊ]. However, Valentino does not pronounces the sound [s] in

the word “starting” so that the pronunciation of the sentence is heard as [ʌɪm tɑ:tɪŋ

ðə tɛst naʊ].

(4) “Today is a day of celebration.”

This sentence contains sibilant [s] in the initial position of word

“celebration” and Valentino pronounces it differently. The sentence is supposed to

be pronounced as [tədeɪ ɪz ə deɪ əv seləbreɪʃən], but Valentino pronounces this

sentence as [tədeɪ ɪz ə deɪ əv seləfbreɪʃən]. Valentino inserts the sound [f] between

vowel [ə] and consonant [b]. Moreover, the sound [s] has characteristics of alveolar,

fricative, and voiceless, while the sound [f] has characteristics of voiceless,

labiodental, and fricative.

(5) “Money won’t solve this.”

In this sentence, there are two word which contain sibilant sound. Those

words are “solve” and “this”. This sentence is supposed to be pronounced as [mʌni

wəʊnt sɒlv ðɪs]. However, Valentino pronounces this sentence as [mʌni wəʊnt

tsɔʊlv ðɪst]. From this sentence, it can be seen that Valentino adds the sound [t]


31

before the sound [s] in the word “solve” and after the sound [s] in the word “this”.

The sound [s] and [t] have characteristic of voiceless and alveolar. Moreover, [s] is

fricative, while [t] is stop. Besides, there is also the changing of vowel in the word

“solve” from [ɒ] in [sɒlv] into diphthong [ɔʊ] in [tsɔʊlv].

(6) “A simple switch.”

Another sentence of the addition of sound [t] before the sound [s] is shown

in this sentence. The words that contain sibilant sound are “simple” and “switch”.

Moreover, based on the Received Pronunciation, this sentence is supposed to be

pronounced as [ə sɪmpəl swɪtʃ]. But instead of pronouncing the sentence in that way,

Valentino pronounces this sentence as [ə tsɪmpəl tswɪtʃ]. In other word, this

example shows that there is an addition of sound [t] before the sound [s]. Then, as it

is discussed in previous example that these two sounds share the similarities of

voiceless and alveolar.

2. The Pronunciation of Sound [z]

The next finding in Valentino’s speaking is the changing of sound [z]. The

words that are pronounced with sound [z] are found in the plural, present, and past

form of a word, and other words. The summary of lisping pronunciation of the

sound [z] produced by Valentino can be seen in the table below.

Table 4. The Lisping Pronunciation of Sound [z] Produced by Valentino


1. /z/ → [f] 5

2. /z/ → [zt] 8

3. /z/ → [tz] 8


32

4. /z/ → [t] 1

5. /z/ → [d] 2

Total 24

There are 24 words pronounced with [z] that are pronounced differently by

Valentino. From the table, it shows that the final sounds of [z] are quite similar to

the final sound of the sound [s]. It is said that the most sound resulted by

Valentino’s lisping pronunciation of sound [z] is the sound [f]. The next is the

additional of sound [t] after the sound [z]. Then the additional of sound [t] before

the sound [z] also happen in Valentino’s speaking. Besides, there is also a condition

when Valentino changes the sound [z] into the sound [t]. Moreover, the examples of

this changing sound are shown in the sentences below.

(1) “Because the last time I checked.”

This sentence contains two sibilant sounds, [z] in the final sound of word

“because” and [s] in the final sound of word “last”. The pronunciation of this phrase

is supposed to be [bɪkɒz ðə lɑ:st tʌɪm ʌɪ tʃɛkt]. However, Valentino pronounces this

phrase into [bɪkɒf ðə le:f tʌɪm ʌɪ tʃɛkt]. In other word, the sound [z] in word

“because” [bɪkɒz] is changed into the sound [f], so that Valentino pronounces this

word as [bɪkɒf]. The sound [z] and [f] themselves share the similarity which is

fricative. Nevertheless, sound [z] is alveolar and voiced, while sound [f] is

labiodental and voiceless.

(2) “Years of study.”

Another example that result into another sound can be found in this

sentence. This sentence contains sibilant [z] in the final position of word “years”


33

and sibilant [s] in the initial position of word “study”. However, the writer only

focuses on sound [z] in word “years” since this sound undergoes the changing. The

Received Pronunciation of this sentence is supposed to be [jɪz əv stʌdi], but

Valentino pronounces this sentence into [jɪf əv stʌdi]. Furthermore, the origin

sound [z] has characteristics of alveolar, fricative, and voiced, while the final sound

[f] has characteristic of labiodental, fricative, and voiceless.

(3) “You are totally the reason I'm here.”

The next word pronounced with [z] that undergoes the changing can be

seen in the sentence above. The word which contains sibilant sound [z] is

“reason”. The whole sentence is supposed to be pronounced as [ju: a: təʊtəli ðə

rizən ʌɪm hiə]. However, the sound [z] in the word “reason” is mispronounced by

Valentino so that he pronounces this sentence as [ju: a: təʊtəli ðə ridən ʌɪm hiə].

Here, the sound [z] is changed into [d]. The sound [z] and [d] have similarities

which are alveolar and voiceless. Besides, the sound [z] is fricative, while the sound

[d] is stop.

(4) “You are the chosen people.”

Similar with the previous sentence, this sentence also undergoes the

changing. This sentence has one word pronounced with sibilant [z] that is “chosen”.

The pronunciation of this sentence is supposed to be [ju a: ðə tʃəʊzən pi:pəl].

However, Valentino pronounces this sentence as [ju a: ðə tʃəʊdən pi:pəl]. In other

word, he changes the fricative sound [z] in word “chosen” into the stop sound [d].

Furthermore, the sounds [z] and [d] are similar because they are alveolar and

voiced.


34

(5) “V-Glass, zoom.”

In this sentence, there are two sibilant sounds, [s] in word “glass” and [z]

in word “zoom”. In pronouncing this sentence,Valentino adds the sound [t] in the

final sound of the word “glass” and before the sound [z] in word “zoom”. The

pronunciation of this sentence is supposed to be [vi: glɑ:s, zu:m], but Valentino

pronounces this sentence as [vi: glɑ:st, tzu:m]. Moreover, based on the place of

articulation, sound [z] and [t] are alveolar. However, the sound [z] is fricative and

voiced, while the sound [t] is stop and voiceless.

(6) “Clever isn’t it?”

The word “isn’t” in this sentence contains sibilant [z]. Therefore,

Valentino also mispronounces this sound. Actually, the pronunciation of this

sentence is supposed to be [klevə ɪzən ɪt], but Valentino changes the alveolar sound

[z] into another alveolar [t] so that it is pronounced as [klevə ɪtən ɪt]. Besides, the

two sounds are different because [z] is fricative and voiced, while [t] is stop and

voiceless.

(7) “In simple terms, it’s a neurological wave.”

Another addition of sound [t] pronounced by Valentino’s lisping

pronunciation can be seen from this sentence. In this sentence, there are three words

that contain sibilant sounds. Those words are “simple”, “terms”, and “it’s”. The

sentence itself is supposed to be pronounced as [ɪn sɪmpl tɜ:mz, ɪts ə njʊərəlɒdʒɪkəl

weɪv]. However, Valentino does not change the pronunciation of “simple” and

“it’s”. Nevertheless, the word whose pronunciation changed is “terms” so that

Valentino’s pronunciation is heard as [ɪn sɪmpl tɜ:mzt, ɪts ə njʊərəlɒdʒɪkəl weɪv]. In


35

other word, Valentino adds the voiceless alveolar stop [t] after the voiced alveolar

fricative [z] at the final sound of word “terms”.

3. The Pronunciation of Sound [ʃ]

The next sibilant sound that is changed by Valentino is the sound [ʃ]. The

sound [ʃ] itself is pronounced like in the initial consonant of the word “she”, “shell”,

and “show”. Then the writer finds that there are eight words pronounced with sound

[ʃ] that are changed into other sounds. The summary of lisping pronunciation of the

sound [z] produced by Valentino can be seen in the table below.

Table 5. The Lisping Pronunciation of Sound [ʃ] Produced by Valentino


1. /ʃ/ → [f] 4

2. /ʃ/ → [dʒ] 2

3. /ʃ/ → [t] 2

Total 8

There are 8 words pronounced with [ʃ] that are pronounced differently by

Valentino. From the table, it shows that the most sound resulted by Valentino

lisping pronunciation of sound [ʃ] is the sound [f]. Meanwhile, for other sounds

such as [dʒ] and [t] are equally pronounced twice by Valentino. The examples of

this changing sound are shown in the sentences below.

(1) “Money's not my issue.”

When tries to pronounces the palatal fricative voiceless sound , Valentino

mispronounces this sound into the sound [t]. One of the changes of sound [ʃ] occurs

in word “issue”. The pronunciation of this sentence is supposed to be [mʌnis nɒt


36

maɪ iʃu:]. Then, when Valentino pronounces that sentence, it becomes [mʌnis nɒt

maɪ itʃu:].

(2) “Find the real solution.”

Another word pronounced with sound [ʃ] is found in word “solution”. The

changing of [ʃ] in this word is same as the previous discussion in which Valentino

mispronounces this sound as [t]. The sentence itself is supposed to be pronounced

as [faɪn ðə reɪal səlu:ʃn]. Instead, Valentino pronounces the sentence as [faɪn ðə

reɪal səlutʃən]. Furthermore, the sound [ʃ] has characteristic of voiceless, alveolar,

and fricative. Besides, the sound change also affects to the addition of mid vowel [ə]

between consonants [t] and [n].

(3) “This is an organization.”

This sentence contains three words, “this”, “is” and “organization”, that

are pronounced with sibilant sounds. In fact, not all of these words are pronounced

differently by Valentino. This sentence is supposed to be pronounced as [ðɪs ɪz ən

ɔ:gənʌɪzeɪʃn]. However, Valentino pronounces this sentence as [ðɪs ɪz ən

ɔ:gənʌɪzeɪdʒən]. In other word, he changes the palatal fricative voiceless sound [ʃ]

into the palatal affricate voiced sound [dʒ]. Besides the changing of sound [ʃ], this

sentence, especially the word “organization” undergoes another phonological

process which is the insertion of mid vowel [ə]. This process happens after the

sound [ʃ] is changed into [dʒ] because its last sound is [n].

(4) “I really appreciate you.”

The sibilant [ʃ] in this sentence is in the word “appreciate”. The sentence

itself is supposed to be pronounced as [ʌɪ rɪəli əpri:ʃɪeɪt ju]. Then in his lisping


37

pronunciation, Valentino pronounces this sentence as [ʌɪ rɪəli əpri:fɪeɪt ju]. In other

word, Valentino changes the sound [ʃ] in the word “appreciate” into the sound [f].

Besides, the two sounds share the same characteristics which are voiceless and

fricative. However, the two sounds are also have difference in which the sound [ʃ]

is palatal, while the sound [f] is labiodental.

(5) “I can ensure your safety.”

The changing of sound [ʃ] into the sound [f] can also be seen in this

sentence. This sentence contains sibilant [ʃ] in word “ensure”. The pronunciation of

this sentence is supposed to be [ʌɪ kən ɪnʃʊə jɔ: seɪfti], but Valentino pronounces

this sentence as [ʌɪ kən ɪnfjʊə jɔ: seɪfti]. In other word, in pronouncing the voiceless

fricative sound [ʃ], Valentino also mispronounces it as another voiceless fricative

sound [f]. In addition to difference of two sounds, the sound [ʃ] is palatal, while the

sound [f] is labiodental.

4. The Changing of Sound [dʒ]

The last sibilant sound changed by Valentino is the sound [dʒ]. The

number of words pronounced with this sound that undergo the changing is not as

many as the other sibilants. Actually, there are ten words that are pronounced with

sound [dʒ], but only two words whose pronunciations are changed by Valentino.

Moreover, they are changed into the sound [ŋ]. Those words are “change” and

“range”.


38

Table 6. The Lisping Pronunciation of Sound [dʒ] Produced by Valentino


1. [dʒ] → [ŋ] 2

Total 2

(1) “Climate change research.”

This phrase is supposed to be pronounced as [klʌɪmət tʃeɪndʒ rɪsɜ:tʃ].

However, Valentino mispronounces the sound [dʒ] into the sound [ŋ] so that it is

pronounced as [klʌɪmət tʃeŋ rɪsɜ:tʃ]. Moreover, the sound [dʒ] itself has

characteristics of voiced, palatal, and affricate, while the sound [ŋ] has

characteristic of voiced, velar, and nasal. Besides, because the changing of sound

[dʒ], the diphthong preceded it also receives the effect. The origin diphthong in

word “change” is front high diphthong [eɪ] that it is replaced into vowel [e].

(2) “This one just has a short range.”

The last word pronounced with sibilant [dʒ] is “range” that can be seen in

this sentence. The pronunciation of this sentence is supposed to be [ðɪs wʌn dʒʌst

hæz ə ʃɔ:t reɪndʒ]. However, Valentino pronounces this sentence as [ðɪs wʌn dʒʌst

hæz ə ʃɔ:t reŋ]. In other word, the palatal affricate voiced sound [dʒ] is changed into

the voiced velar nasal sound [ŋ] in this case. Moreover, same as the previous

discussion, the word “range” undergoes the changing from diphthong [eɪ] whose

characteristics are front high into another front high vowel [e] besides its changing

of sound [dʒ].


39

B. Phonological Processes of Lisping Pronunciation of Sibilant Sounds

In the previous section, the words contained sibilant sounds that are

pronounced differently by Valentino have been analyzed. The transcription of

lisping pronunciation in Valentino’s speaking has been compared to the Received

Pronunciation based on OALD so that the difference of two pronunciations can be

seen clearly. Next, the patterns of the changing, insertion, and deletion sounds are

discussed in this section. The details of the analysis are presented as follow.

1. Consonant Changes

After analyzing and observing the lisping pronunciation of sibilant sound

in Valentino’s speaking, the fact is that some sounds are changed in certain

conditions. Based on the sort of the sibilant change, there are 8 classifications of

consonant changes. The consonant changes found in this study are the changing

into sound [f], [t], [d], [dʒ], and [ŋ] Each of those processes is described as follows.

a. Substitution of [f] for [s]

From the pronunciation of sound [s] discussion, it is known that there is a

change from sound [s] into the sound [f]. Below are the features of consonant [s].

[s]

+ alveolar

+ fricative

- voiced

Meanwhile, the features of sound [f] are as follow.


40

[f]

+ labiodental

+ fricative

- voiced

Based on the features of each sound, the sounds [s] and [f] are different

in the place of articulation. The sound [s] is [+ alveolar] because it is produced by

raising the front part of the tongue to alveolar ridge (Ladefoged, 1993, p. 6). On

the other hand, sound [f] is [+ labiodental] because it is produced by touching the

bottom lip to the upper teeth (Ladefoged, 1993, p. 6). Based on the flow of the

airstream, both sounds [s] and [f] are [+ fricative]. Moreover, based on the

vibration of the vocal cord, both consonants are [- voiced]. Besides, another

reason why sound [s] has possibility to be changed into sound [t] is because the

two sounds have the same major class features which are [+ consonantal], [+

continuant], and [- nasal]. Furthermore, because lisper has difficulty in

pronouncing sibilants, especially sound [s], Valentino tends to replace the sound

[s] with another sound that is close to it which is the sound [f]. The occurrence of

this consonant change is listed in table below.

Table 7. Consonant Changes [s] → [f] in Valentino’s Lisping Pronunciation

Sentence Received

Pronunciation

The Change in

Pronunciation

This is an extremely

dangerous machine.

[ðɪs ɪz ən ɪkstrim:li

deɪndʒərəs məʃi:n]

[ðɪs ɪz ən ɪkstrim:li

deɪndʒərəf məʃi:n]

From the table, sounds [s] and [f] are preceded by vowels /ə /. This is mid

vowel or [- low] and [- high]. Moreover, the changing happens when sound [s] is in


41

the final position of a word. Therefore, it can be concluded that Valentino will

pronounce the sound [s] as [f] when it is preceded by mid vowel and it is at the end

of a word. The rule for this process is shown below.

- low

[s] [f] / #

- high

b. Substitution of [t] for [s]

The second consonant change found in Valentino’s speaking is from

the sound [s] into the sound [t]. The features of sound [s] are as follow.

[s]

+ alveolar

+ fricative

- voiced

Meanwhile, the features of sound [t] are as follow.

[t]

+ alveolar

+ stop

- voiced

From the features of each sound, it can be seen that the two sounds have

similar and different features. The same features of these sounds are based on the

place of articulation in which both sounds are [+ alveolar] and based on the

vibration of the vocal cord in which those sounds are [- voiced]. Meanwhile, the

difference is based on the flow of the airstream in which the sound [s] is [+

fricative], while the sound [t] is [+ stop]. The occurrence of this consonant change

is listed as follows.


42

Table 8. Consonant Changes [s] → [t] in Valentino’s Lisping Pronunciation

Sentence Received

Pronunciation

The Change in

Pronunciation

Climate change research [klaɪmɪt tʃeɪndʒ rɪsɜ:tʃ] [klaɪmɪt tʃeɪndʒ rɪtɜ:tʃ]

From the table above, it can be seen that the sound [s] and [t] are

preceded by vowel /ɪ/ and followed by vowel /ɜ/. The preceding vowel is specified

as [+ front] and [+ high] in natural classes. On the other hand, the following vowel

is specified as [+ central] and [+ mid] in natural classes. By looking at the classes of

those vowels, it can be concluded that sound [s] is changed into the sound [f] when

it is between [+ front] [+ high] vowel and [+ central] [+ mid] vowel. The rule of this

process is written below.

[s] → [t] / + front + central

+ high + mid

c. Substitution of [f] for [z]

The next changing sound that usually occurs in Valentino’s lisping

pronunciation happens in the sound [z]. This sound is changed into sound [f]. The

features of sound [z] are as follow.

[z]

+ alveolar

+ fricative

+ voiced

Meanwhile, the features of sound [f] are as follow.


43

[f]

+ labiodental

+ fricative

- voiced

Based on the features of both sounds, [z] and [f] are different in the place

of articulation where [z] is [+ alveolar] as it is produced by raising the front part

of the tongue to alveolar ridge (Ladefoged, 1993, p. 6), while sound [f] is [+

labiodental] as it is produced by touching the bottom lip to the upper lip

(Ladefoged, 1993, p. 6). Moreover, based on manner of articulation, both [z] and

[f] are [+ fricative] because they are produced by a stop closure followed

immediately by a gradual release of the closure (Ladefoged, 2012, p. 65). Then,

based on the vibration of vocal cord, the origin sound is [+ voiced], while the after

sound is [- voiced]. Besides, these two sounds have more similar characteristic

that affect to the cause why Valentino replaces the sound [z] into the sound [f]. It

is because both sounds are [+ continuant] and [- nasal] in major class features.

From the explanation above, it shows that the alveolar and voiced

consonant [z] is also changed into the labiodental and voiceless consonant [f]. The

occurrence of this consonant change is listed in table below.

Table 9. Consonant Changes [z] → [f] in Valentino’s Lisping Pronunciation

Sentence Received

Pronunciation

The Change in

Pronunciation

Because the last time I

checked.

[bɪkɒz ðə lɑ:st tʌɪm ʌɪ

tʃɛkt].

[bɪkɒf ðə le:f tʌɪm ʌɪ

tʃɛkt]

Years of study [jɪz əv stʌdi] [jɪf əv stʌdi]

Switches off inhibitors [swɪtʃəz ɒf ɪnhɪbɪtəz] [swɪtʃəf ɒf ɪnhɪbɪtəz]


44

It can be seen that from the table, in the word “because” , the sound [z]

and [f] are preceded by vowel /ɒ/ and in the word “last”, both sound [z] and [f] are

also preceded by vowel, even though there is a changing from vowel /ɑ/ into /e/.

Furthermore, those vowels are in the natural class of [- consonantal]. Then, the

notation for this rule is shown as below.

[z] → [f] / [- consonantal]

Meanwhile, in the second column in the word “years”, the sound [z]

becomes the last sound since it is in plural form and it preceded by sound [r] which

is the same voiced consonant. Besides, the changing of [z] into [f] sound is affected

by the next word, “of”. Therefore, in order to ease the pronunciation of sound [z] in

word “years”, Valentino gets the effect from the next word “of” that is heard similar

with sound [f] itself. Then, the notation for this rule is shown as below.

[z] → [f] / [əv]

Similar to the previous discussion, the phenomenon also occurs in the third

column in the word “switches”. The last sound in this word is [z] and it is changed

into another fricative sound [f]. This changing happens due to the effect of sound [f]

as the last sound in the next word “off”. Thus, the rule for this process is written

below.

[z] → [f] / [ɒf]


45

d. Substitution of [d] for [z]

Another consonant that is usually replaced in Valentino’s lisping

pronunciation when he tries to pronounces [z] is the sound [d]. Firstly, the

features of consonant [z] are listed below.

[z]

+ alveolar

+ fricative

+ voiced

Then, the features of consonant [d] are as follow.

[d]

+ alveolar

+ stop

+ voiced

From both of sounds features, it can be seen that sound [z] and [d] have

same features. Both consonants are in the same place of articulation which is [+

alveolar]. Besides, based on the vibration of the vocal cord, both consonants are

[+ voiced]. Meanwhile, they are different in manner of articulation, when

consonant [z] is [+ fricative] and consonant [d] is [+ stop]. The occurrence of this

consonant change is listed in table below.

Table 10. Consonant Changes [z] → [d] in Valentino’s Lisping Pronunciation

Sentence Received

Pronunciation

The Change in

Pronunciation

You are totally the

reason I'm here.

[ju: a: təʊtəli ðə rizən

ʌɪm hiə]

[ju: a: təʊtəli ðə ridən

ʌɪm hiə]

You are the chosen

people. [ju a: ðə tʃəʊzən pi:pəl] [ju a: ðə tʃəʊdən pi:pəl]


46

That's the body raising

its core temperature

[ðæts ðə bɒdi reɪzɪŋ ɪts

kɔ: tɛmpərətʃə]

[ðæts ðə bɒdi reɪdɪŋ ɪts

kɔ: tɛmpərətʃə]

The table above shows that consonant [z] and [d] are preceded by vowel

/i/ and /ɪ/, and also diphthong /əʊ/. Besides, consonant [s] and [d] are followed by

vowel /ə/ and /ɪ/ as well. The natural class of those vowels and diphthong is [-

consonantal]. Therefore, it can be concluded that consonant [z] is changed into

consonant [d] when it is between two vowels. The rule of this substitution is as

written below.

[z] → [d] / [- consonantal] [- consonantal]

e. Substitution of [t] for [z]

The next consonant change found in Valentino’s speaking is from the

sound [s] into the sound [t]. The features of sound [z] are as follow.

[z]

+ alveolar

+ fricative

+ voiced

Meanwhile, the features of sound [t] are as follow.

[t]

+ alveolar

+ stop

- voiced

As it is shown from list that the two sounds have similar and different

characteristics. The similar feature of these sounds are based on the place of

articulation in which both sounds are [+ alveolar]. Besides, the difference is based


47

on the flow of the airstream in which the sound [s] is [+ fricative], while the sound [t]

is [+ stop] and based on the vibration of the vocal cord in which the sound [z] is [+

voiced], while the sound [t] is [- voiced]. Moreover, the occurrence of this

consonant change is listed as follows.

Table 11. Consonant Changes [z] → [t] in Valentino’s Lisping Pronunciation

Sentence Received

Pronunciation

The Change in

Pronunciation

Clever isn’t it? [klevə ɪzən ɪt] [klevə ɪtən ɪt]

From the table above, it can be seen that the sound [z] and [t] are

preceded by vowel /ɪ/ and followed by vowel /ə/. The preceding vowel is specified

as [- back] and [+ high] in natural classes. Meanwhile, the following vowel is

specified as [- low] [- high] and [+ back] in natural classes. By looking at the

classes of those vowels, it can be concluded that sound [s] is changed into the sound

[f] when it is between front high vowel and central mid vowel. The rule of this

process is as written below.

- back - low

[z] → [t] / + high - high

+ back

f. Substitution of [dʒ] for [ʃ]

Besides [s] and [z], the consonant [ʃ] also undergoes a change. The sound

[ʃ] is replaced by the sound [dʒ] by Valentino. The features of sound [ʃ] are listed

as follow.


48

[ʃ]

+ palatal

+ fricative

- voiced

Meanwhile, the features of sound [dʒ] are as follow.

[dʒ]

+ palatal

+ affricate

+ voiced

From the listed features of each sound, it can be seen that those sounds

have both similarity and difference. The similarity is that the sound [ʃ] and [dʒ] are

palatal based on the place of articulation. It is because these sounds are produced

by raising the front part of the tongue to the hard palate just behind alveolar ridge

(Ladefoged, 1993, p. 8). Meanwhile, the differences between the two sounds are

based on the flow of airstream in which the origin sound is [+ fricative] and the

after sound is [+ alveolar]. Moreover, another difference in sound [ʃ] and [dʒ] are

based on the vibration of the vocal cord in which the origin sound is [- voiced]

and the after sound is [+ voiced]. The occurrence of this consonant change is

listed in table below.

Table 12. Consonant Changes [ʃ] → [dʒ] in Valentino’s Lisping

Pronunciation

Sentence Received

Pronunciation

The Change in

Pronunciation

This is an organization. [ðɪs ɪz ən ɔ:gənʌɪzeɪʃn]. [ðɪs ɪz ən

ɔ:gənʌɪzeɪdʒən].


49

From the word “organization” itself, it shows that the position of sound [ʃ]

is before /n/. This consonant has characteristics of [+ alveolar], and [+ nasal]. In

conclusion, Valentino changes the sound [ʃ] into [dʒ] when it comes before [+

alveolar], and [+ nasal] consonant. Thus, the rule of this changing is as shown

below.

[ʃ] [dʒ] / [+ nasal]

g. Substitution of [f] for [ʃ]

The next is still from the sound [ʃ] in which Valentino mispronounces it so

that he pronounces it into the sound [f]. Firstly, the features of the sound [ʃ] are as

follow.

[ʃ]

+ palatal

+ fricative

- voiced

Then, the features of the sound [f] are as follow.

[f]

+ labiodental

+ fricative

- voiced

The features of sound [ʃ] and [f] listed above, show that these two sounds

have the same characteristic based on the flow of the airstream that is [+ fricative].

Besides, these two sounds share another similarity based on the vibration of the

vocal cord where both sounds are [- voiced]. The occurrence of this consonant

change is listed in the following table.


50

Table 13. Consonant Changes [ʃ] → [f] in Valentino’s Lisping Pronunciation

Sentence Received

Pronunciation

The Change in

Pronunciation

I really appreciate you. [ʌɪ rɪəli əpri:ʃɪeɪt ju] [ʌɪ rɪəli əpri:fɪeɪt ju]

I can ensure your safety. [ʌɪ kən ɪnʃʊə jɔ: seɪfti] [ʌɪ kən ɪnfjʊə jɔ: seɪfti]

The table above shows that the sounds [ʃ] and [f] is followed by

diphthong /ɪe/ and /ʊə/. Both diphthongs are specified as [+ high] in natural class.

Therefore, the rule of this process is as written below.

[ʃ] [f] / [+ high]

h. Substitution of [ŋ] for [dʒ]

The last sibilant sound that is replaced by another sound in Valentino’s

lisping pronunciation is the sound [dʒ]. This sound is changed by the sound [ŋ] by

Valentino. Then, the features of sound [dʒ] are listed below.

[dʒ]

+ palatal

+ affricate

+ voiced

While, the features of sound [ŋ] are as follow.

[ŋ]

+ velar

+ nasal

+ voiced

After looking at the listed features of both sounds above, it can be said that

those sounds have similarity and difference. The similarity of sound [dʒ] and [ŋ]

are [+ voiced]. Meanwhile, the difference is based on the place of articulation in


51

which the sound [dʒ] is [+ palatal], while the sound [ŋ] is [+ velar]. Moreover, they

are also different based on the manner of articulation since the sound [dʒ] is

affricate, while the sound [ŋ] is [+ nasal]. The occurrence of this consonant change

is listed in the following table.

Table 14. Consonant Changes [dʒ] [ŋ] in Valentino’s Lisping

Pronunciation

Sentence Received

Pronunciation

The Change in

Pronunciation

Climate change

research. [klʌɪmət tʃeɪndʒ rɪsɜ:tʃ] [klʌɪmət tʃeɪŋ rɪsɜ:tʃ]

This one just has a short

range.

[ðɪs wʌn dʒʌst hæz ə ʃɔ:t

reɪndʒ]

[ðɪs wʌn dʒʌst hæz ə ʃɔ:t

reɪŋ]

The table above shows that the sounds [dʒ] and [ŋ] are in the final position

of the word. Moreover, due to the the changing of sound [dʒ] into [ŋ], it affects to

the sound [n] before the sound [dʒ] that is deleted. It is because the sound [n] and [ŋ]

are similar since both sounds are [+ nasal]. Thus, the rule of this process can be

seen as follows.

[dʒ] → [ŋ] / #

2. Consonant Insertions

Beside consonant changes, consonant insertions are also shown in

Valentino’s lisping pronunciation. It is because in pronouncing some words,

Valentino adds another sound than it is supposed to be pronounced based on the

Received Pronunciation. Based on the sort of consonants, there are 2 classification


52

of consonant insertions. The consonant insertions found in this study are the

insertion of sound [t] and [f]. Each of insertion processes is described as follows.

a. /t/-insertion

When pronouncing certain sibilant such as sound [s] and [z], sometimes

Valentino adds sound [t] either before or after the sibilant. Besides, sound [t] is also

added when Valentino pronounces words with sound [ʃ]. The data of the insertion

of sound [t] in words pronounced with sound [s], [z], and [ʃ] are shown in table

below.

Table 15. The Processes of /t/-insertion

Sentence Received

Pronunciation

The Change in

Pronunciation

Money won’t solve this. [mʌni wəʊnt sɒlv ðɪs] [mʌni wəʊnt tsɔʊlv ðɪst]

A simple switch. [ə sɪmpəl swɪtʃ] [ə tsɪmpəl tswɪtʃ]

V-Glass, zoom. [vi: glɑ:s, zu:m] [vi: glɑ:st, tzu:m]

In simple terms [ɪn sɪmpl tɜ:mz] [ɪn tsɪmpl tɜ:mzt]

Money's not my issue. [mʌnis nɒt maɪ iʃu:] [mʌnis nɒt maɪ itʃu:]

Find the real solution. [faɪn ðə reɪal səlu:ʃn] [faɪn ðə reɪal səlu:tʃən]

From the table above, the insertion of sound [t] before the sound [s] and [z]

occurs when the sibilant sound is in the initial position of a word. On the contrary,

the insertion of sound [t] after the sound [s] and [z] happens when the sibilant sound

is in the final position of a word. Moreover, the two sounds [s] and [z] have same

characteristics which are [+ alveolar] and [+ fricative]. Therefore, from the analysis,

the rules of this [t] insertion are as written below. The first notation is the insertion

of sound [t] in the final position of the word.


53

+ alveolar

/ Ø / → /t/ / #

+ fricative

And the second notation is the insertion of sound [t] in the initial position of the

word as written below.

+ alveolar

/ Ø / → /t/ / #

+ fricative

In certain condition, sound [t] is inserted before sound [ʃ] when it is in

the medial position of a word. The table above, especially in fifth row, it shows

that sounds [ʃ] and [t] are between two vowels /i/ and /u/. Moreover, these vowels

are categorized as [+ high]. Meanwhile, the last row of the table above shows that

the sound [ʃ] and [t] are preceded by vowel /u/. Furthermore, this vowel is

categorized as [+ high]. However, after the changing of sound [ʃ] into [ts], there is

an insertion of mid vowel /ə/ before the sound [n]. Therefore, the rule for [t]

insertion in sound [ʃ] is as written below.

/ Ø / → /t/ / [+ high] [+ high]

Besides, the notation for the rule in the last row is written below.

/ Ø / → /t/ / [+ high] [n]

b. /f/-insertion

There is also an insertion of sound [f] as the result of pronouncing

sibilant sounds. This condition only occurs once when Valentino pronounces the


54

word “celebration”. Thus, the data of the insertion of sound [f] is shown in table

below.

Table 16. The Processes of /f/-insertion

Sentence Received

Pronunciation

The Change in

Pronunciation

Today is a day of

celebration

[tədeɪ ɪz ə deɪ əv

seləbreɪʃən]


seləfbreɪʃən]

The table above shows that sound [f] is added after vowel /ə/ and before

sound [b]. The insertion occurs due to the result that it gets when Valentino

pronounces sound [s] in the initial position of a word. However, he does not

change the sound [s] into another sound. Instead, he add the sound [f] after the

mid vowel /ə/ and before bilabial stop voiced consonant [b]. Therefore, from the

analysis, the rule of this [f] insertion is as written below.

/ Ø / → /f/ / V C

3. Consonant /s/-deletion

Beside consonant changes, consonant deletion is also shown in

Valentino’s lisping pronunciation. It is said so because Valentino tends not to

pronounce certain sound in certain condition. The consonant deletion found in this

study is /s/-deletion.

From the data, there is only one word that undergoes this phonological

process. This deletion is found in word “starting”. The process how the sound [s] is

eliminated is presented in table below.


55

Table 18. The Process of /s/-deletion

Sentence Received

Pronunciation

The Change in

Pronunciation

I’m starting the test

now. [ʌɪm stɑ:tɪŋ ðə tɛst naʊ] [ʌɪm tɑ:tɪŋ ðə tɛst naʊ]

The table above shows that the position of /s/ is in the initial position of

word “starting”. Then, it is shown that the sound after it is the sound /ɑ/. Moreover,

the sound /ɑ/ has characteristics of [+ back]. In conclusion, [s] is deleted when it is

in the initial position and followed by back vowel /ɑ/. Therefore, the pronunciation

becomes [tɑ:tɪŋ]. Thus, the rule for this process is written as follow.

/s/ → / Ø / / # [+ back]


56

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

In the previous chapter, it has been discussed the changing, insertion and

deletion of sibilant sounds and their patterns in Valentino’s lisping pronunciation.

From 6 sibilant sounds, there are only 4 sounds that are pronounced differently by

Valentino. Those sounds are [s], [z], [ʃ] and [dʒ]. Moreover, based on the analysis

that have been done, the most sound that are pronounced differently is the sound [s],

followed with the sound [z], next the sound [ʃ], then the sound [dʒ] that becomes the

least pronounced sound.

The first discussed sibilant, [s], undergoes the changing, addition, and

deletion. The sound [s] itself has characteristics of alveolar, fricative, and voiceless.

Moreover, in consonant changing discussion, this sound is replaced into other

voiceless sounds which are sounds [f] and [t]. Meanwhile, in the discussion of

insertion, this sound is added by the sound [t] before and after the sound [s]. Then

the last phenomenon happened in the pronunciation of sound [s] is the deletion of

sound [s] itself.

The second sibilant discussion is the sound [z]. This sound is categorized

as alveolar, fricative, and voiced. Moreover, analysis in previous chapter shows that

sound [z] is changed into labiodental fricative voiceless sound [f], alveolar stop

voiceless sound [t], and alveolar stop voiced sound [d]. Besides, this sound also

undergoes the insertion of [t] before and after the sound [z] so that it becomes [tz]

and [zt].


57

Next is the sound [ʃ] that is changed into sound [f] and [dʒ]. The sound [ʃ]

has characteristics of palatal, fricative, and voiceless. Meanwhile, its final sounds [f]

are labiodental, fricative, voiceless, and [dʒ] are palatal, affricate, voiced. Beside

being replaced into other sounds, sound [ʃ] is also added by sound [t] in Valentino’s

lisping pronunciation

The last sibilant found in Valentino’s speaking that are pronounced

differently is the sound [dʒ]. This sound is categorized as palatal affricate voiced

sound. Then, this sound is changed into velar sound [ŋ].

This recent study may give contribution to phonology analysis that can be

improved more. For the future research, the writer suggests to conduct similar

analysis with different object since lisping pronunciation is a rare phenomenon. It is

necessary to conduct a research on lisp because it can be influenced by many things

and there is many types of lisp. Besides, it is possible for the next researcher to use

any software or application to support in analyzing the data, in this case is sounds,

so that the result can be more accurate.


58

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disorders/ (on 15 September 2017).

Barry, Anita K. (2002). Linguistic Perspectives on Language and Education.

Westport: Greenwood.

Best, John W & James V Kahn. (2007). Research in Education. Boston: Pearson.

Bowen, Caroline. (2011). Lisping: When /s/ and /z/ are hard to say. Retrieved

from http://www.speech-language-therapy.com/ (on 24 September 2017).

Carr Philip. (2008). A Glossary of Phonology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University

Press.

Davenport, Mike & S. J. Hannahs. (2005). Introducing Phonetics & Phonology

(2nd ed). London: Hodder Headline.

Dinnsen, Daniel A. (2008). Phonological Rules and Phonetic Explanation. Journal

of Linguistics, 16 (2), 171-191.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S002222670000654X

Dodd, Barbara. (2006). Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Children with

Speech Disorder (2nd ed). West Sussex: Whurr Publishers Ltd.

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, & Nina Hyams. (2014). An Introduction to

Language. Wadsworth: Cengage Learning.

Giegerich, Heizn J. (1992). English Phonology: An Introduction. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.

Ladefoged, Peter & Keith Johnson. (2012). A Course in Phonetics (6th ed).

Wadsworth: Cengage Learning.

Ladefoged, Peter & Ian Maddieson. (1996). The Sound of the World’s Languages.

Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers Inc.

LaFlame, Andrew & Ryan McCoy. (2015). Speech Language Pathology and

Communication Disorders. Retrieved from https://www.peepskelsay.wixsite

.com/speech-pathology/lisps (on 12 March 2018).

Lancerianda, Rendy. (2016). The Inferences in Finding Referent of Person Deixis

in Kingsman: The Secret Service Movie Script (Undergraduate Thesis).

Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta.


59

Levis, J. & LeVelle, K. (2012). Social factors in pronunciation acquisition. In. J.

Levis & K. LeVelle (Eds.). Proceedings of the 3rd Pronunciation in Second

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IA: Iowa State University.

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https://doi.org/10.3917/ls.124.0089.

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Oyebade, Francis. (2004). A Course in Phonology. Ilorin: Belodan.

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60

APPENDIX

Appendix: The List of Different Pronunciation of English Consonant

THE CHANGING

PROCESS SENTENCE

RECEIVED

PRONUNCIATION

VALENTINO’S

PRONUNCIATION

[s] [f]

This is an

extremely

dangerous

machine.

[ðɪs ɪz ən

ɪkstrim:li

deɪndʒərəs

məʃi:n]

[ðɪs ɪz ən

ɪkstrim:li

deɪndʒərəf

məʃi:n]

[s] [t]

Climate change

research.

[klaɪmɪt tʃeɪndʒ

rɪsɜ:tʃ]

[klaɪmɪt tʃeɪndʒ

rɪtɜ:tʃ]

[s] [Ø]

I’m starting the

test now.

[ʌɪm stɑ:tɪŋ ðə

tɛst naʊ]

[ʌɪm tɑ:tɪŋ ðə tɛst

naʊ]

[Ø] [s]

Today is a day of

celebration.


seləbreɪʃən]


seləfbreɪʃən]

[s] [st]

Money won’t

solve this.

[mʌni wəʊnt sɒlv

ðɪs]

[mʌni wəʊnt

tsɔʊlv ðɪst]

[s] [ts] A simple switch. [ə sɪmpəl swɪtʃ] [ə tsɪmpəl tswɪtʃ]

[z] [f]

Because the last

time I checked.

[bɪkɒz ðə lɑ:st

tʌɪm ʌɪ tʃɛkt].

[bɪkɒf ðə le:f

tʌɪm ʌɪ tʃɛkt]

Years of study. [jɪz əv stʌdi] [jɪf əv stʌdi]

[z] [d]

You are totally

the reason I'm

here

[ju: a: təʊtəli ðə

rizən ʌɪm hiə]

[ju: a: təʊtəli ðə

ridən ʌɪm hiə]

You are the

chosen people.

[ju a: ðə tʃəʊzən

pi:pəl]

[ju a: ðə tʃəʊdən

pi:pəl]

[z] [tz] V-Glass, zoom. [vi: glɑ:s, zu:m] [vi: glɑ:st, tzu:m]

[z] [t] Clever isn’t it? [klevə ɪzən ɪt] [klevə ɪtən ɪt]


61

[z] [zt]

In simple terms,

it’s a neurological

wave.

[ɪn sɪmpl tɜ:mz,

ɪts ə

njʊərəlɒdʒɪkəl

weɪv]

[ɪn sɪmpl tɜ:mzt,

ɪts ə

njʊərəlɒdʒɪkəl

weɪv]

[ʃ] [t]

Money's not my

issue.

[mʌnis nɒt maɪ

iʃu:]

[mʌnis nɒt maɪ

itʃu:]

Find the real

solution.

[faɪn ðə reɪal

səlu:ʃn]

[faɪn ðə reɪal

səlutʃən]

[ʃ] [dʒ]

This is an

organization.

[ðɪs ɪz ən

ɔ:gənʌɪzeɪʃn]

[ðɪs ɪz ən

ɔ:gənʌɪzeɪdʒən]

[ʃ] [f]

I really

appreciate you.

[ʌɪ rɪəli əpri:ʃɪeɪt

ju]

[ʌɪ rɪəli əpri:fɪeɪt

ju]

I can ensure your

safety.

[ʌɪ kən ɪnʃʊə jɔ:

seɪfti]

[ʌɪ kən ɪnfjʊə jɔ:

seɪfti]

[dʒ] [ŋ]

Climate change

research.

[klʌɪmət tʃeɪndʒ

rɪsɜ:tʃ].

[klʌɪmət tʃeŋ

rɪsɜ:tʃ]

This one just has

a short range.

[ðɪs wʌn dʒʌst

hæz ə ʃɔ:t reɪndʒ]

[ðɪs wʌn dʒʌst

hæz ə ʃɔ:t reŋ]


lisping pronunciation of sibilant sounds produced by

Documents