liquid biopsy analysis of nsclc pa ent plasma using ddpcr...

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Liquid Biopsy Analysis of NSCLC Pa�ent Plasma using ddPCR and NGS Weihua Liu, Peng Fang, Chad Galderisi, Cindy Spile and Jin Li. MolecularMD, Cambridge, MA and Portland, OR Introduc�on Since the rst liquid biopsy test (Cobas EGFR Mutaon Test v2) was approved by the US Food and Drug Administraon (FDA) as a companion diagnosc assay, the use of liquid biopsy in clinical pracce has become a reality. The currently approved liquid biopsy test u�lizes real-me PCR technology and allows for posi�ve/negave detecon of EGFR mutaons (L858R, ex19del, T790M) in cfDNA when NSCLC ssue is not available or is inadequate. The use of liquid biopsy con�nues to be explored for a wide range of addi�onal applicaons and indicaons including paent screening for combinaon therapies and allele burden monitoring. Therefore, the future use of liquid biopsy tesng in clinical pracce may require technology plaorms that enable the iden�ficaon of a higher number of targets and/or the absolute quan�ficaon of mutant cfDNA molecules. Here we use both EGFR droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and the Oncomine Lung cfDNA Assay (NGS panel) to evaluate allele burden and assess a broader mutaon profile, respecvely, in a set of plasma samples collected from NSCLC paents. Methods Plasma samples (1-2.7ml) were collected at Dana-Farber Cancer Ins�tute. cfDNA was extracted using the QIAamp DSP circula�ng NA kit. EGFR ddPCR assays were designed by DFCI (PMID: 19351754). One third of cfDNA extracted from 1 ml plasma was used for each EGFR ddPCR assay (L858R, T790M and ex19del). The L858R and T790M ddPCR assays detect mutaons using mutant specific probes. The ex19del assay allows for the detecon of a broad range of exon 19 deleons via the loss of wild-type exon 19 signal. Sixteen plasma samples from paents with EGFR WT tumors were analyzed to assess the background noise (Limit of Blank). The other 37 plasma samples were analyzed in a blinded fashion. ddPCR analysis was performed on the QX200 system and data was analyzed using QuantaSosoware. A subset of 12 plasma samples had sucient cfDNA for addi�onal analysis using the Oncomine Lung cfDNA Assay on the Ion S5. This NGS panel is designed to detect 150 hotspot mutaons in 11 lung cancer-related genes (ALK, BRAF, EGFR, ERBB2, KRAS, MAP2K1, MET, NRAS, PIK3CA, ROS1, and TP53). Torrent Suite Soware 5.2 was used for NGS data analysis. The HorizonDx cfDNA Mul�plex Reference Standard (MAF 5%, 1%, 0.1% and WT) was also included in the ddPCR and NGS studies. Results Posive/Negave Assay Cut-ofor EGFR ddPCR: The plasma samples from paents with WT tumors showed large variaon in the amount of cfDNA extracted ranging from 96 copies to 2032 total copies of wild-type EGFR in triplicate wells. No posi�ve droplet was observed in all samples for L858R and del19 assays. For the T790M assay, sample TRL_28 showed one double posi�ve droplet and TRL_30 and TRL_32 showed one single posi�ve droplet. Based on the LoB assessment from 16 EGFR negave plasma samples, the cut-ofor calling posi�ve mutaon is set at: Poisson esmated mutant copies 3 (the actual number of posi�ve droplets 2) if wild type copy is 3000; Poisson esmated mutant copies 4.5 (the actual number of posi�ve droplets 3) if wild type copy is > 3000. These cut-ovalues were applied to the data generated in other 32 samples. When the number of copies was below the established posi�ve/negave cut o, it was reported as “ND” (Not Detected) (Table 1). Conclusions Both ddPCR and NGS were able to detect mutaons at 0.1% MAF with sucient cfDNA input. The Oncomine panel conrmed EGFR ddPCR results and detected co-exis�ng PIK3CA mutaons. EGFR and PIK3CA mutaons were present at a similar AF, sugges�ng that EGFR and PIK3CA mutaons may develop at the same stage of tumorigenesis in these paents. Our study results demonstrate that comprehensive profiling of cfDNA using NGS could be cri�cal for the selecon of appropriate therapies for NSCLC paents while ddPCR is an ideal plaorm for monitoring disease burden during the course of therapy. For Further Informa�on Please contact [email protected] or visit www.molecularmd.com Table 4. LoD using 12 ng DNA input in triplicate wells. Table 8. Results from Oncomine Lung cfDNA Assay for plasma samples (n=12). Comparison to ddPCR results from external lab: Plasma samples (n=37) from NSCLC paents that had been previously genotyped for EGFR L858R, Ex19del and T790M mutaons using ddPCR assays were blinded and tested. MolecularMD analysis determined 12 samples (32%) to be L858R posi�ve, 19 samples (51%) to be T790M posi�ve and 20 samples (54%) to be ex19del posi�ve. The MAF ranged from 0.08-6.68% for L858R, 0.2-20.58% for T790M and 0.62-87.72% for ex19del. The ddPCR results between the 2 labs were 100% concordant for L858R and 94% concordant for both T790M and ex19del. In all discordant cases, the MolecularMD ddPCR result was posi�ve and the external lab result was negave. When sucient cfDNA was available, either NGS or an alternave ddPCR assay was used to resolve discordant results (Table 7). The discordance for these samples could be caused by sampling variaon during cfDNA extracon or assay tesng to capture the few copies of mutant molecules present in the plasma samples. Table 6. MolecularMD ddPCR results (n=37). Results Precision of EGFR ddPCR : cfDNA was extracted from the HorizonDxD Mul�plex cfDNA Reference Standard Set in Synthec Plasma and a healthy donor plasma sample. The extracted cfDNA (10ng input) was analyzed in triplicate wells on 3 dierent days (Table 10). The Reference Standards with 5% and 1% AF were reproducibly detected in 3/3 runs. . Negave samples (healthy donor plasma and HorizonDx WT synthe�c plasma) were called negave in 3/3 runs. Results Results Table 1. LoB assessment results for EGFR L858R, T790M and del19 ddPCR (n=16). Limit of Detec�on (LoD) for EGFR ddPCR: The HorizonDx cfDNA Mulplex Reference Standard Set was serially diluted in wild type cfDNA standard to create 5%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.25% and 0.1% MAF. DNA input for each well was 1 (low), 2 (medium) and 4 ng (high). Triplicate wells were analyzed for each diluon with each assay on 3 dierent days by 2 operators. The results were summarized in Table 2, 3 and 4 for 3, 6, and 12 ng total DNA input in triplicate wells, respecvely. The rows in grey highlight the lowest MAF detected by each assay. The LoD was defined as the average lowest dilu�on that generates a posi�ve mutaon call in 3/3 runs and it increases with cfDNA input (Table 5). In clinical plasma samples, the assay was able to detect 0.08% L858R mutaon with high cfDNA input (Table 6: 4.5 L858R mutant copies/5827 wild type copies). Table 2. LoD using 3 ng DNA input in triplicate wells. Table 3. LoD using 6 ng DNA input in triplicate wells. Lowest detected average MAF (%) cfDNA input L858R T790M Ex19del 3ng 3.51% 1.5% 1.82% 6ng 0.33% 0.59% 1.22% 12ng 0.31% 0.45% 0.73% Table 5. Summary of LoD for each EGFR ddPCR assay using 3, 6 and 12 ng DNA input . Comparison to Oncomine Lung cfDNA Assay: A subset of samples (n=12) that had sucient remaining cfDNA was also analyzed by NGS using the Oncomine Lung cfDNA Assay. There was 100% concordance between the NGS and ddPCR results generated by MolecularMD. EGFR T790M mutaon was detected as low as 0.18% MAF with 8.5ng plasma cfDNA input in the NGS assay (Table 8 in green). In addi�on, PIK3CA mutaons were found to co-exist with EGFR ex19 deleons in 3/12 plasma samples by NGS (Table 8 in yellow). The MAF of PIK3CA mutaons and EGFR mutaons was comparable in the same samples (TRL23: 24.3% for EGFR del19 and 10.4% T790M vs 20.2% for PIK3CA H1047R; TRL48: 7.8% for EGFR del19 vs 3.4% for PIK3CA E545K; TRL51: 0.85% for EGFR del19 vs 1.02% for PIK3CA E545K). HorizonDx cfDNA Mulplex Reference Standard set with 5%, 1%, 0.1% MAF and wild type was analyzed using NGS along with plasma samples. Mutaons were detected as low as 0.1% MAF using 20ng input (Table 9). No mutaon was detected for cfDNA wild type standard. Table 9. Results from Oncomine Lung cfDNA Assay for HorizonDx Mul�plex Standards. Sample Name Gene Mutaon MAF (%) Read Depth HorizonDx Std 5% NRAS p.Q61K 5.58 19439 NRAS p.A59T 5.48 19471 PIK3CA p.E545K 6.83 21514 EGFR p.E746_A750delELREA 5.6 21819 EGFR p.V769_D770insASV 4.67 17838 EGFR p.T790M 7.26 20260 EGFR p.L858R 3.79 16875 KRAS p.G12D 6.73 22394 HorizonDx Std 1% NRAS p.Q61K 1.4 22483 NRAS p.A59T 0.61 22474 PIK3CA p.E545K 1.43 24444 EGFR p.E746_A750delELREA 1.18 24477 EGFR p.V769_D770insASV 1.04 19300 EGFR p.T790M 0.9 22226 EGFR p.L858R 0.79 19783 KRAS p.G12D 1.4 26832 HorizonDx Std 0.1% NRAS p.Q61K 0.12 30463 NRAS p.A59T 0.09 30450 PIK3CA p.E545K 0.09 28803 EGFR p.E746_A750delELREA 0.09 31376 EGFR p.V769_D770insASV 0.06 24824 EGFR p.T790M 0.08 30445 EGFR p.L858R 0.16 23471 KRAS p.G12D 0.14 32305 Table 10. Results of Precision Study for ddPCR assays. Sample Name Gene Mutaon MAF (%) Read Depth TRL_23 PIK3CA p.H1047R 20.22 49657 TRL_23 EGFR p.E746_A750delELREA 24.29 63630 TRL_23 EGFR p.T790M 10.36 35757 TRL_43 EGFR p.L747_E749delLRE 86.34 54733 TRL_43 EGFR p.T790M 11.8 26533 TRL_45 EGFR p.E746_A750delELREA 37.38 52341 TRL_45 EGFR p.T790M 17.94 38125 TRL_46 EGFR p.L747_E749delLRE 39.49 55918 TRL_46 EGFR p.T790M 0.6 30066 TRL_47 EGFR p.L747_E749delLRE 4.46 18503 TRL_47 EGFR p.T790M 0.18 14658 TRL_48 PIK3CA p.E545K 3.42 31061 TRL_48 EGFR p.E746_A750delELREA 7.79 27856 TRL_49 EGFR p.E746_A750delELREA 3.07 33238 TRL_50 EGFR p.E746_A750delELREA 2.59 37631 TRL_51 PIK3CA p.E545K 1.02 95255 TRL_51 EGFR p.E746_A750delELREA 0.85 77810 TRL_52 EGFR p.T790M 0.27 39003 TRL_52 EGFR p.L858R 0.52 57698 TRL_53 EGFR p.T790M 0.38 31483 TRL_53 EGFR p.L858R 0.85 59324 TRL_54 EGFR p.T790M 15.06 45911 TRL_54 EGFR p.L858R 1.37 95345 L858R T790M Ex19del Sample Mut Copies Wt Copies MAF (%) Mut Copies Wt Copies MAF (%) Mut Copies Wt Copies MAF (%) TRL_26 0 397.5 0 0 322.5 0 0 285 0 TRL_27 0 412.5 0 0 285 0 0 315 0 TRL_28 0 585 0 1.58 375ND 0 427.5 0 TRL_29 0 742.5 0 0 502.5 0 0 630 0 TRL_30 0 382.5 0 1.5 307.5ND 0 300 0 TRL_32 0 915 0 1.58 630ND 0 772.5 0 TRL_33 0 472.5 0 0 345 0 0 397.5 0 TRL_34 0 465 0 0 420 0 0 420 0 TRL_35 0 120.75 0 0 97.5 0 0 96 0 TRL_36 0 900 0 0 660 0 0 772.5 0 TRL_37 0 690 0 0 495 0 0 585 0 TRL_38 0 1050 0 0 810 0 0 900 0 TRL_39 0 2032.5 0 0 1477.5 0 0 1755 0 TRL_40 0 1687.5 0 0 1207.5 0 0 1402.5 0 TRL_41 3 847.5 0 0 585 0 0 667.5 0 TRL_42 0 645 0 0 412.5 0 0 570 0 Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Sample Target Mutant Copies WT Copies MAF (%) Mutant Copies WT Copies MAF (%) Mutant Copies WT Copies MAF (%) Average MAF (%) StDev of MAF (%) WT EGFR_L858R 0 990 0.00 0 952.5 0.00 0 667.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00%EGFR_L858R 37.5 1065 3.40 27.75 975 2.77 38.25 840 4.36 3.51 0.80 1.00%EGFR_L858R 9.75 915 1.05 1.5 900 0.17 16.5 870 1.86 1.03 0.85 0.50%EGFR_L858R 5.25 870 0.60 2.25 832.5 0.27 1.575 772.5 0.20 0.36 0.21 0.25%EGFR_L858R 0 825 0.00 0 922.5 0.00 1.5 765 0.20 0.07 0.11 0.10%EGFR_L858R 0 1117.5 0.00 0 1012.5 0.00 0 1005 0.00 0.00 0.00 WT EGFR_T790M 0 802.5 0.00 0 735 0.00 0 525 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00%EGFR_T790M 25.5 817.5 3.02 35.25 765 4.40 46.5 667.5 6.51 4.65 1.76 1.00%EGFR_T790M 4.5 772.5 0.58 16.5 720 2.24 10.5 615 1.68 1.50 0.84 0.50%EGFR_T790M 2.25 577.5 0.39 5.25 682.5 0.76 0 502.5 0.00 0.38 0.38 0.25%EGFR_T790M 2.25 660 0.34 0 705 0.00 0 540 0.00 0.11 0.20 0.10%EGFR_T790M 0 825 0.00 0 810 0.00 0 697.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 WT EGFR_Ex19del 0 450 0.00 0 465 0.00 0 337.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00%EGFR_Ex19del 22.5 480 4.48 37.5 562.5 6.25 37.5 345 9.80 6.84 2.71 1.00%EGFR_Ex19del 7.5 397.5 1.85 7.5 457.5 1.61 7.5 367.5 2.00 1.82 0.20 0.50%EGFR_Ex19del 0 412.5 0.00 0 487.5 0.00 0 330 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25%EGFR_Ex19del 0 510 0.00 0 510 0.00 0 352.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10%EGFR_Ex19del 0 502.5 0.00 0 457.5 0.00 0 442.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Sample Target Mutant Copies WT Copies MAF (%) Mutant Copies WT Copies MAF (%) Mutant Copies WT Copies MAF (%) Average MAF (%) StDev of MAF (%) WT EGFR_L858R 0 1665 0.00 0 1957.5 0.00 0 1282.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00%EGFR_L858R 87 1702.5 4.86 102.75 1897.5 5.14 76.5 1605 4.55 4.85 0.29 1.00%EGFR_L858R 14.25 1417.5 1.00 8.25 1770 0.46 15 1717.5 0.87 0.78 0.28 0.50%EGFR_L858R 3.75 1492.5 0.25 6 2085 0.29 6.75 1462.5 0.46 0.33 0.11 0.25%EGFR_L858R 2.25 1275 0.18 0 1777.5 0.00 1.5 1545 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.10%EGFR_L858R 3.75 1515 0.25 2.25 1875 0.12 0 1740 0.00 0.12 0.12 WT EGFR_T790M 0 1215 0.00 0 1470 0.00 0 952.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00%EGFR_T790M 54.75 1147.5 4.55 63.75 1312.5 4.63 39 990 3.79 4.33 0.47 1.00%EGFR_T790M 6.75 1035 0.65 9.75 1215 0.80 3.75 1140 0.33 0.59 0.24 0.50%EGFR_T790M 3.75 1207.5 0.31 2.25 1305 0.17 10.5 907.5 1.14 0.54 0.53 0.25%EGFR_T790M 1.5 1087.5 0.14 1.5 1342.5 0.11 0 1080 0.00 0.08 0.07 0.10%EGFR_T790M 0 1207.5 0.00 6 1470 0.41 1.5 1290 0.12 0.17 0.21 WT EGFR_Ex19del 0 900 0.00 0 855 0.00 0.00 712.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00%EGFR_Ex19del 52.5 1012.5 4.93 67.5 937.5 6.72 52.50 900.00 5.51 5.72 0.91 1.00%EGFR_Ex19del 7.5 780 0.95 15 780 1.89 7.50 892.50 0.83 1.22 0.58 0.50%EGFR_Ex19del 0 802.5 0.00 7.5 915 0.81 7.50 735.00 1.01 0.61 0.54 0.25%EGFR_Ex19del 0 855 0.00 0 877.5 0.00 7.50 847.50 0.88 0.29 0.51 0.10%EGFR_Ex19del 0 847.5 0.00 0 862.5 0.00 0.00 1080.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Sample Target Mutant Copies WT Copies MAF (%) Mutant Copies WT Copies MAF (%) Mutant Copies WT Copies MAF (%) Average MAF (%) StDev of MAF (%) WT EGFR_L858R 0 3315 0.00 0 3090 0.00 0 2647.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00%EGFR_L858R 183 3787.5 4.61 150.75 2977.5 4.82 170.25 3105 5.20 4.88 0.30 1.00%EGFR_L858R 30 3382.5 0.88 33 2940 1.11 21 3315 0.63 0.87 0.24 0.50%EGFR_L858R 18.75 3390 0.55 18.75 3030 0.62 16.5 2677.5 0.61 0.59 0.04 0.25%EGFR_L858R 15 3480 0.43 6 2902.5 0.21 9 2925 0.31 0.31 0.11 0.10%EGFR_L858R 7.5 3855 0.19 1.5 3090 0.05 4.5 3495 0.13 0.12 0.07 WT EGFR_T790M 3 2490 0.12 0 2302.5 0.00 0 1920 0.00 0.04 0.07 5.00%EGFR_T790M 142.5 2722.5 4.97 130.5 2392.5 5.17 90 2175 3.97 4.71 0.64 1.00%EGFR_T790M 21 2460 0.85 24.75 2235 1.10 26.25 2317.5 1.12 1.02 0.15 0.50%EGFR_T790M 12 2557.5 0.47 12.75 2340 0.54 5.25 1927.5 0.27 0.43 0.14 0.25%EGFR_T790M 11.25 2430 0.46 15.75 2497.5 0.63 5.25 1995 0.26 0.45 0.18 0.10%EGFR_T790M 1.5 2805 0.05 3 2490 0.12 3.75 2482.5 0.15 0.11 0.05 WT EGFR_Ex19del 0 1755 0.00 0 1837.5 0.00 0.00 1605.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00%EGFR_Ex19del 90 1890 4.55 142.5 1837.5 7.20 172.50 1860.00 8.49 6.74 2.01 1.00%EGFR_Ex19del 22.5 1687.5 1.32 15 1605 0.93 22.50 1882.50 1.18 1.14 0.20 0.50%EGFR_Ex19del 15 1740 0.85 7.5 1830 0.41 15.00 1597.50 0.93 0.73 0.28 0.25%EGFR_Ex19del 0 1755 0.00 7.5 1725 0.43 0.00 1732.50 0.00 0.14 0.25 0.10%EGFR_Ex19del 7.5 1627.5 0.46 0 1695 0.00 15.00 1980.00 0.75 0.40 0.38 L858R T790M Ex19del Sample ID Mut Copies Wt Copies MAF (%) Mut Copies Wt Copies MAF (%) Mut Copies Wt Copies MAF (%) TRL_1 67.5 7612.5 0.88 18.75 4770 0.39 0 5932.5 0.00 TRL_2 0 727.5 0.00 0 405 0.00 4 637.5 0.62 TRL_3 0 667.5 0.00 0 397.5 0.00 4 577.5 0.69 TRL_4 255 9645 2.58 61.5 5512.5 1.10 0 7762.5 0.00 TRL_5 0 1042.5 0.00 5.25 652.5 0.80 15 832.5 1.77 TRL_6 0 480 0.00 0 345 0.00 0 465 0.00 TRL_8 114.75 2197.5 4.96 3 1462.5 0.20 0 1890 0.00 TRL_9 0 1155 0.00 58.5 712.5 7.59 210 667.5 23.93 TRL_10 0 795 0.00 0 517.5 0.00 52.5 630 7.69 TRL_11 660 10432.5 5.95 3.75 6630 ND 0 8662.5 0.00 TRL_12 0 3442.5 0.00 0 2175 0.00 255 2452.5 9.42 TRL_13 87 1215 6.68 6.75 975 0.69 0 1027.5 0.00 TRL_14 0 2197.5 0.00 10.5 1297.5 0.80 825 1297.5 38.87 TRL_15 0 2340 0.00 126.75 1260 9.14 480 1575 23.36 TRL_16 4.5 5827.5 0.08 1.35 4110 ND 0 5010 0.00 TRL_17 0 442.5 0.00 0 375 0.00 0 322.5 0.00 TRL_18 57 4725 1.19 11.25 3067.5 0.37 0 3847.5 0.00 TRL_19 117.75 2070 5.38 1.425 1200 ND 0 1612.5 0.00 TRL_20 22.5 1980 1.12 3 1275 0.23 0 1530 0.00 TRL_21 0 2632.5 0.00 96.75 1830 5.02 907.5 1470 38.17 TRL_22 0 585 0.00 0 382.5 0.00 187.5 375 33.33 TRL_23 0 7050 0.00 465 3667.5 11.25 2062.5 4215 32.86 TRL_24 0 615 0.00 0 367.5 0.00 0 502.5 0.00 TRL_25 0 825 0.00 0 622.5 0.00 0 750 0.00 TRL_31 0 1237.5 0.00 1.5 862.5 ND 7.5 1020 0.73 TRL_43 0 8392.5 0.00 697.5 4965 12.32 6645 930 87.72 TRL_44 0 532.5 0.00 0 300 0.00 0 412.5 0.00 TRL_45 0 4680 0.00 585 2257.5 20.58 1650 2340 41.35 TRL_46 0 1680 0.00 3.75 930 0.40 600 847.5 41.45 TRL_47 0 2820 0.00 16.5 1875 0.90 112.5 2122.5 5.03 TRL_48 0 795 0.00 0 517.5 0.00 45 555 7.50 TRL_49 0 1170 0.00 0 847.5 0.00 22.5 780 2.80 TRL_50 0 1012.5 0.00 0 615 0.00 30 742.5 3.88 TRL_51 0 1162.5 0.00 0 682.5 0.00 15 945 1.56 TRL_52 84.75 10162.5 0.83 18 5797.5 0.31 0 7560 0.00 TRL_53 72.75 9592.5 0.75 20.25 5677.5 0.36 0 7290 0.00 TRL_54 56.25 2925 1.89 345 1522.5 18.47 0 2265 0.00 Table 7. Discordant ddPCR results between MolecularMD and the external lab. Sample ID MolecularMD ddPCR result MAF Third method results TRL_5 T790M posive 0.8% Insucient cfDNA TRL_47 T790M posive 0.9% Conrmed posive by NGS TRL_3 Ex19del posive 0.7% Insucient cfDNA TRL_31 Ex19del posive 0.7% Conrmed posive by third ddPCR run using Biorad assay Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Sample Target Mutant Copies WT Copies MAF (%) Mutant Copies WT Copies MAF (%) Mutant Copies WT Copies MAF (%) Average MAF (%) StDev of MAF (%) Healthy Donor EGFR_L858R 0 1080 0.00 0 930 0.00 0 1020 0.00 0.00 0.00 HDcfDNA WT EGFR_L858R 0 2902.5 0.00 0 3450 0.00 0 2655 0.00 0.00 0.00 HDcfDNA 5% EGFR_L858R 119.25 2310 4.90 167.25 3585 4.50 150 2775 5.10 4.83 0.31 HDcfDNA 1% EGFR_L858R 39.75 3270 1.19 42 3877.5 1.08 19.5 3195 0.60 0.96 0.31 HDcfDNA 0.1% EGFR_L858R 0 3082.5 0.00 12 3727.5 0.31 5.25 2925 0.17 0.16 0.16 Healthy Donor EGFR_T790M 2.25 690ND 0 637.5 0.00 0 645 0.00 0.00 0.00 HDcfDNA WT EGFR_T790M 0 2272.5 0.00 1.5 2212.5 ND 2.25 2010 0.10 0.00NA HDcfDNA 5% EGFR_T790M 90.75 1695 5.10 131.25 2490 5.00 100.5 2032.5 4.70 4.93 0.21 HDcfDNA 1% EGFR_T790M 21.75 2317.5 0.92 30.75 2932.5 1.00 20.25 2347.5 0.90 0.94 0.05 HDcfDNA 0.1% EGFR_T790M 0 2197.5 0.00 3.75 2737.5 0.13 6 2100 0.29 0.14 0.15 Healthy Donor EGFR_Ex19del 0 810 0.00 0 2002.5 0.00 0 900 0.00 0.00 0.00 HDcfDNA WT EGFR_Ex19del 0 1575 0.00 0 2265 0.00 0 1605 0.00 0.00 0.00 HDcfDNA 5% EGFR_Ex19del 97.5 1485 6.16 120 2227.5 5.11 112.5 1732.5 6.10 5.79 0.59 HDcfDNA 1% EGFR_Ex19del 22.5 1710 1.30 22.5 1950 1.14 7.5 1935 0.39 0.94 0.49 HDcfDNA 0.1% EGFR_Ex19del 0 1627.5 0.00 0 772.5 0.00 0 1785 0.00 0.00 0.00

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Page 1: Liquid Biopsy Analysis of NSCLC Pa ent Plasma using ddPCR ...molecularmd.com/wp...2017-Lung-Liquid-Biopsy-Poster-11x17-final_print.pdf · Liquid Biopsy Analysis of NSCLC Pa ent Plasma

Liquid Biopsy Analysis of NSCLC Pa�ent Plasma using ddPCR and NGSWeihua Liu, Peng Fang, Chad Galderisi, Cindy Spi�le and Jin Li. MolecularMD, Cambridge, MA and Portland, OR

Introduc�onSince the first liquid biopsy test (Cobas EGFR Muta�on Test v2) was approved by the US Foodand Drug Administra�on (FDA) as a companion diagnos�c assay, the use of liquid biopsy inclinical prac�ce has become a reality. The currently approved liquid biopsy test u�lizes real-�mePCR technology and allows for posi�ve/nega�ve detec�on of EGFR muta�ons (L858R, ex19del,T790M) in cfDNA when NSCLC �ssue is not available or is inadequate. The use of liquid biopsycon�nues to be explored for a wide range of addi�onal applica�ons and indica�ons includingpa�ent screening for combina�on therapies and allele burden monitoring. Therefore, the futureuse of liquid biopsy tes�ng in clinical prac�ce may require technology pla�orms that enable theiden�fica�on of a higher number of targets and/or the absolute quan�fica�on of mutant cfDNAmolecules. Here we use both EGFR droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and the Oncomine Lung cfDNAAssay (NGS panel) to evaluate allele burden and assess a broader muta�on profile, respec�vely,in a set of plasma samples collected from NSCLC pa�ents.

MethodsPlasma samples (1-2.7ml) were collected at Dana-Farber Cancer Ins�tute. cfDNA was extractedusing the QIAamp DSP circula�ng NA kit. EGFR ddPCR assays were designed by DFCI (PMID:19351754). One third of cfDNA extracted from 1 ml plasma was used for each EGFR ddPCR assay(L858R, T790M and ex19del). The L858R and T790M ddPCR assays detect muta�ons usingmutant specific probes. The ex19del assay allows for the detec�on of a broad range of exon 19dele�ons via the loss of wild-type exon 19 signal. Sixteen plasma samples from pa�ents withEGFR WT tumors were analyzed to assess the background noise (Limit of Blank). The other 37plasma samples were analyzed in a blinded fashion. ddPCR analysis was performed on theQX200 system and data was analyzed using QuantaSo� so�ware.A subset of 12 plasma samples had sufficient cfDNA for addi�onal analysis using the OncomineLung cfDNA Assay on the Ion S5. This NGS panel is designed to detect 150 hotspot muta�ons in11 lung cancer-related genes (ALK, BRAF, EGFR, ERBB2, KRAS, MAP2K1, MET, NRAS, PIK3CA,ROS1, and TP53). Torrent Suite So�ware 5.2 was used for NGS data analysis. The HorizonDxcfDNA Mul�plex Reference Standard (MAF 5%, 1%, 0.1% and WT) was also included in theddPCR and NGS studies.

ResultsPosi�ve/Nega�ve Assay Cut-off for EGFR ddPCR: The plasma samples from pa�ents with WTtumors showed large varia�on in the amount of cfDNA extracted ranging from 96 copies to 2032total copies of wild-type EGFR in triplicate wells. No posi�ve droplet was observed in all samplesfor L858R and del19 assays. For the T790M assay, sample TRL_28 showed one double posi�vedroplet and TRL_30 and TRL_32 showed one single posi�ve droplet. Based on the LoBassessment from 16 EGFR nega�ve plasma samples, the cut-off for calling posi�ve muta�on isset at: Poisson es�mated mutant copies ≥ 3 (the actual number of posi�ve droplets ≥ 2) if wildtype copy is ≤ 3000; Poisson es�mated mutant copies ≥ 4.5 (the actual number of posi�vedroplets ≥ 3) if wild type copy is > 3000. These cut-off values were applied to the data generatedin other 32 samples. When the number of copies was below the established posi�ve/nega�vecut off, it was reported as “ND” (Not Detected) (Table 1).

Conclusions Both ddPCR and NGS were able to detect muta�ons at 0.1% MAF with sufficient cfDNAinput. The Oncomine panel confirmed EGFR ddPCR results and detected co-exis�ng PIK3CAmuta�ons. EGFR and PIK3CA muta�ons were present at a similar AF, sugges�ng that EGFRand PIK3CA muta�ons may develop at the same stage of tumorigenesis in these pa�ents. Our study results demonstrate that comprehensive profiling of cfDNA using NGS couldbe cri�cal for the selec�on of appropriate therapies for NSCLC pa�ents while ddPCR is an

ideal pla�orm for monitoring disease burden during the course of therapy.

For Further Informa�onPlease contact [email protected] or visit www.molecularmd.com

Table 4. LoD using 12 ng DNA input in triplicate wells.

Table 8. Results from Oncomine Lung cfDNA Assayfor plasma samples (n=12).

Comparison to ddPCR results from external lab:Plasma samples (n=37) from NSCLC pa�ents that had been previously genotyped forEGFR L858R, Ex19del and T790M muta�ons using ddPCR assays were blinded andtested. MolecularMD analysis determined 12 samples (32%) to be L858R posi�ve, 19samples (51%) to be T790M posi�ve and 20 samples (54%) to be ex19del posi�ve. TheMAF ranged from 0.08-6.68% for L858R, 0.2-20.58% for T790M and 0.62-87.72% forex19del. The ddPCR results between the 2 labs were 100% concordant for L858R and94% concordant for both T790M and ex19del. In all discordant cases, theMolecularMD ddPCR result was posi�ve and the external lab result was nega�ve.When sufficient cfDNA was available, either NGS or an alterna�ve ddPCR assay wasused to resolve discordant results (Table 7). The discordance for these samples couldbe caused by sampling varia�on during cfDNA extrac�on or assay tes�ng to capturethe few copies of mutant molecules present in the plasma samples.Table 6. MolecularMD ddPCR results (n=37).

Results

Precision of EGFR ddPCR : cfDNA was extracted from the HorizonDxD Mul�plex cfDNAReference Standard Set in Synthe�c Plasma and a healthy donor plasma sample. Theextracted cfDNA (10ng input) was analyzed in triplicate wells on 3 different days (Table10). The Reference Standards with 5% and 1% AF were reproducibly detected in 3/3 runs. .Nega�ve samples (healthy donor plasma and HorizonDx WT synthe�c plasma) were callednega�ve in 3/3 runs.

ResultsResults

Table 1. LoB assessment results for EGFR L858R, T790M and del19 ddPCR (n=16).

Limit of Detec�on (LoD) for EGFR ddPCR: The HorizonDx cfDNA Mul�plex Reference StandardSet was serially diluted in wild type cfDNA standard to create 5%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.25% and 0.1%MAF. DNA input for each well was 1 (low), 2 (medium) and 4 ng (high). Triplicate wells wereanalyzed for each dilu�on with each assay on 3 different days by 2 operators. The results weresummarized in Table 2, 3 and 4 for 3, 6, and 12 ng total DNA input in triplicate wells, respec�vely.The rows in grey highlight the lowest MAF detected by each assay. The LoD was defined as theaverage lowest dilu�on that generates a posi�ve muta�on call in 3/3 runs and it increases withcfDNA input (Table 5). In clinical plasma samples, the assay was able to detect 0.08% L858Rmuta�on with high cfDNA input (Table 6: 4.5 L858R mutant copies/5827 wild type copies).Table 2. LoD using 3 ng DNA input in triplicate wells.

Table 3. LoD using 6 ng DNA input in triplicate wells.

Lowest detected average MAF (%)cfDNA input L858R T790M Ex19del3ng 3.51% 1.5% 1.82%6ng 0.33% 0.59% 1.22%12ng 0.31% 0.45% 0.73%

Table 5. Summary of LoD for each EGFR ddPCR assay using 3, 6 and 12 ng DNA input .

Comparison to Oncomine Lung cfDNA Assay: A subset of samples (n=12) that hadsufficient remaining cfDNA was also analyzed by NGS using the Oncomine Lung cfDNAAssay. There was 100% concordance between the NGS and ddPCR results generatedby MolecularMD. EGFR T790M muta�on was detected as low as 0.18% MAF with8.5ng plasma cfDNA input in the NGS assay (Table 8 in green). In addi�on, PIK3CAmuta�ons were found to co-exist with EGFR ex19 dele�ons in 3/12 plasma samples byNGS (Table 8 in yellow). The MAF of PIK3CA muta�ons and EGFR muta�ons wascomparable in the same samples (TRL23: 24.3% for EGFR del19 and 10.4% T790M vs20.2% for PIK3CA H1047R; TRL48: 7.8% for EGFR del19 vs 3.4% for PIK3CA E545K;TRL51: 0.85% for EGFR del19 vs 1.02% for PIK3CA E545K).HorizonDx cfDNA Mul�plex Reference Standard set with 5%, 1%, 0.1% MAF and wildtype was analyzed using NGS along with plasma samples. Muta�ons were detected aslow as 0.1% MAF using 20ng input (Table 9). No muta�on was detected for cfDNA wildtype standard.

Table 9. Results from Oncomine Lung cfDNA Assayfor HorizonDx Mul�plex Standards.Sample Name Gene Muta�on MAF (%) Read Depth

HorizonDx Std 5%

NRAS p.Q61K 5.58 19439NRAS p.A59T 5.48 19471PIK3CA p.E545K 6.83 21514EGFR p.E746_A750delELREA 5.6 21819EGFR p.V769_D770insASV 4.67 17838EGFR p.T790M 7.26 20260EGFR p.L858R 3.79 16875KRAS p.G12D 6.73 22394

HorizonDx Std 1%

NRAS p.Q61K 1.4 22483NRAS p.A59T 0.61 22474PIK3CA p.E545K 1.43 24444EGFR p.E746_A750delELREA 1.18 24477EGFR p.V769_D770insASV 1.04 19300EGFR p.T790M 0.9 22226EGFR p.L858R 0.79 19783KRAS p.G12D 1.4 26832

HorizonDx Std 0.1%

NRAS p.Q61K 0.12 30463NRAS p.A59T 0.09 30450PIK3CA p.E545K 0.09 28803EGFR p.E746_A750delELREA 0.09 31376EGFR p.V769_D770insASV 0.06 24824EGFR p.T790M 0.08 30445EGFR p.L858R 0.16 23471KRAS p.G12D 0.14 32305

Table 10. Results of Precision Study for ddPCR assays.

Sample Name Gene Muta�on MAF (%) Read DepthTRL_23 PIK3CA p.H1047R 20.22 49657TRL_23 EGFR p.E746_A750delELREA 24.29 63630TRL_23 EGFR p.T790M 10.36 35757TRL_43 EGFR p.L747_E749delLRE 86.34 54733TRL_43 EGFR p.T790M 11.8 26533TRL_45 EGFR p.E746_A750delELREA 37.38 52341TRL_45 EGFR p.T790M 17.94 38125TRL_46 EGFR p.L747_E749delLRE 39.49 55918TRL_46 EGFR p.T790M 0.6 30066TRL_47 EGFR p.L747_E749delLRE 4.46 18503TRL_47 EGFR p.T790M 0.18 14658TRL_48 PIK3CA p.E545K 3.42 31061TRL_48 EGFR p.E746_A750delELREA 7.79 27856TRL_49 EGFR p.E746_A750delELREA 3.07 33238TRL_50 EGFR p.E746_A750delELREA 2.59 37631TRL_51 PIK3CA p.E545K 1.02 95255TRL_51 EGFR p.E746_A750delELREA 0.85 77810TRL_52 EGFR p.T790M 0.27 39003TRL_52 EGFR p.L858R 0.52 57698TRL_53 EGFR p.T790M 0.38 31483TRL_53 EGFR p.L858R 0.85 59324TRL_54 EGFR p.T790M 15.06 45911TRL_54 EGFR p.L858R 1.37 95345

L858R T790M Ex19delSample Mut Copies Wt Copies MAF (%) Mut Copies Wt Copies MAF (%) Mut Copies Wt Copies MAF (%)TRL_26 0 397.5 0 0 322.5 0 0 285 0TRL_27 0 412.5 0 0 285 0 0 315 0TRL_28 0 585 0 1.58 375 ND 0 427.5 0TRL_29 0 742.5 0 0 502.5 0 0 630 0TRL_30 0 382.5 0 1.5 307.5 ND 0 300 0TRL_32 0 915 0 1.58 630 ND 0 772.5 0TRL_33 0 472.5 0 0 345 0 0 397.5 0TRL_34 0 465 0 0 420 0 0 420 0TRL_35 0 120.75 0 0 97.5 0 0 96 0TRL_36 0 900 0 0 660 0 0 772.5 0TRL_37 0 690 0 0 495 0 0 585 0TRL_38 0 1050 0 0 810 0 0 900 0TRL_39 0 2032.5 0 0 1477.5 0 0 1755 0TRL_40 0 1687.5 0 0 1207.5 0 0 1402.5 0TRL_41 3 847.5 0 0 585 0 0 667.5 0TRL_42 0 645 0 0 412.5 0 0 570 0

Run 1 Run 2 Run 3

Sample Target Mutant Copies WT Copies MAF (%) Mutant Copies WT Copies MAF (%) Mutant Copies WT Copies MAF (%)Average MAF (%)

StDev of MAF (%)

WT EGFR_L858R 0 990 0.00 0 952.5 0.00 0 667.5 0.00 0.00 0.005.00% EGFR_L858R 37.5 1065 3.40 27.75 975 2.77 38.25 840 4.36 3.51 0.801.00% EGFR_L858R 9.75 915 1.05 1.5 900 0.17 16.5 870 1.86 1.03 0.850.50% EGFR_L858R 5.25 870 0.60 2.25 832.5 0.27 1.575 772.5 0.20 0.36 0.210.25% EGFR_L858R 0 825 0.00 0 922.5 0.00 1.5 765 0.20 0.07 0.110.10% EGFR_L858R 0 1117.5 0.00 0 1012.5 0.00 0 1005 0.00 0.00 0.00

WT EGFR_T790M 0 802.5 0.00 0 735 0.00 0 525 0.00 0.00 0.005.00% EGFR_T790M 25.5 817.5 3.02 35.25 765 4.40 46.5 667.5 6.51 4.65 1.761.00% EGFR_T790M 4.5 772.5 0.58 16.5 720 2.24 10.5 615 1.68 1.50 0.840.50% EGFR_T790M 2.25 577.5 0.39 5.25 682.5 0.76 0 502.5 0.00 0.38 0.380.25% EGFR_T790M 2.25 660 0.34 0 705 0.00 0 540 0.00 0.11 0.200.10% EGFR_T790M 0 825 0.00 0 810 0.00 0 697.5 0.00 0.00 0.00

WT EGFR_Ex19del 0 450 0.00 0 465 0.00 0 337.5 0.00 0.00 0.005.00% EGFR_Ex19del 22.5 480 4.48 37.5 562.5 6.25 37.5 345 9.80 6.84 2.711.00% EGFR_Ex19del 7.5 397.5 1.85 7.5 457.5 1.61 7.5 367.5 2.00 1.82 0.200.50% EGFR_Ex19del 0 412.5 0.00 0 487.5 0.00 0 330 0.00 0.00 0.000.25% EGFR_Ex19del 0 510 0.00 0 510 0.00 0 352.5 0.00 0.00 0.000.10% EGFR_Ex19del 0 502.5 0.00 0 457.5 0.00 0 442.5 0.00 0.00 0.00

Run 1 Run 2 Run 3

Sample Target Mutant Copies WT Copies MAF (%) Mutant Copies WT Copies MAF (%) Mutant Copies WT Copies MAF (%)Average MAF (%)

StDev of MAF (%)

WT EGFR_L858R 0 1665 0.00 0 1957.5 0.00 0 1282.5 0.00 0.00 0.005.00% EGFR_L858R 87 1702.5 4.86 102.75 1897.5 5.14 76.5 1605 4.55 4.85 0.291.00% EGFR_L858R 14.25 1417.5 1.00 8.25 1770 0.46 15 1717.5 0.87 0.78 0.280.50% EGFR_L858R 3.75 1492.5 0.25 6 2085 0.29 6.75 1462.5 0.46 0.33 0.110.25% EGFR_L858R 2.25 1275 0.18 0 1777.5 0.00 1.5 1545 0.10 0.09 0.090.10% EGFR_L858R 3.75 1515 0.25 2.25 1875 0.12 0 1740 0.00 0.12 0.12

WT EGFR_T790M 0 1215 0.00 0 1470 0.00 0 952.5 0.00 0.00 0.005.00% EGFR_T790M 54.75 1147.5 4.55 63.75 1312.5 4.63 39 990 3.79 4.33 0.471.00% EGFR_T790M 6.75 1035 0.65 9.75 1215 0.80 3.75 1140 0.33 0.59 0.240.50% EGFR_T790M 3.75 1207.5 0.31 2.25 1305 0.17 10.5 907.5 1.14 0.54 0.530.25% EGFR_T790M 1.5 1087.5 0.14 1.5 1342.5 0.11 0 1080 0.00 0.08 0.070.10% EGFR_T790M 0 1207.5 0.00 6 1470 0.41 1.5 1290 0.12 0.17 0.21

WT EGFR_Ex19del 0 900 0.00 0 855 0.00 0.00 712.50 0.00 0.00 0.005.00% EGFR_Ex19del 52.5 1012.5 4.93 67.5 937.5 6.72 52.50 900.00 5.51 5.72 0.911.00% EGFR_Ex19del 7.5 780 0.95 15 780 1.89 7.50 892.50 0.83 1.22 0.580.50% EGFR_Ex19del 0 802.5 0.00 7.5 915 0.81 7.50 735.00 1.01 0.61 0.540.25% EGFR_Ex19del 0 855 0.00 0 877.5 0.00 7.50 847.50 0.88 0.29 0.510.10% EGFR_Ex19del 0 847.5 0.00 0 862.5 0.00 0.00 1080.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Run 1 Run 2 Run 3

Sample Target Mutant Copies WT Copies MAF (%) Mutant Copies WT Copies MAF (%) Mutant Copies WT Copies MAF (%)Average MAF (%)

StDev of MAF (%)

WT EGFR_L858R 0 3315 0.00 0 3090 0.00 0 2647.5 0.00 0.00 0.005.00% EGFR_L858R 183 3787.5 4.61 150.75 2977.5 4.82 170.25 3105 5.20 4.88 0.301.00% EGFR_L858R 30 3382.5 0.88 33 2940 1.11 21 3315 0.63 0.87 0.240.50% EGFR_L858R 18.75 3390 0.55 18.75 3030 0.62 16.5 2677.5 0.61 0.59 0.040.25% EGFR_L858R 15 3480 0.43 6 2902.5 0.21 9 2925 0.31 0.31 0.110.10% EGFR_L858R 7.5 3855 0.19 1.5 3090 0.05 4.5 3495 0.13 0.12 0.07

WT EGFR_T790M 3 2490 0.12 0 2302.5 0.00 0 1920 0.00 0.04 0.075.00% EGFR_T790M 142.5 2722.5 4.97 130.5 2392.5 5.17 90 2175 3.97 4.71 0.641.00% EGFR_T790M 21 2460 0.85 24.75 2235 1.10 26.25 2317.5 1.12 1.02 0.150.50% EGFR_T790M 12 2557.5 0.47 12.75 2340 0.54 5.25 1927.5 0.27 0.43 0.140.25% EGFR_T790M 11.25 2430 0.46 15.75 2497.5 0.63 5.25 1995 0.26 0.45 0.180.10% EGFR_T790M 1.5 2805 0.05 3 2490 0.12 3.75 2482.5 0.15 0.11 0.05

WT EGFR_Ex19del 0 1755 0.00 0 1837.5 0.00 0.00 1605.00 0.00 0.00 0.005.00% EGFR_Ex19del 90 1890 4.55 142.5 1837.5 7.20 172.50 1860.00 8.49 6.74 2.011.00% EGFR_Ex19del 22.5 1687.5 1.32 15 1605 0.93 22.50 1882.50 1.18 1.14 0.200.50% EGFR_Ex19del 15 1740 0.85 7.5 1830 0.41 15.00 1597.50 0.93 0.73 0.280.25% EGFR_Ex19del 0 1755 0.00 7.5 1725 0.43 0.00 1732.50 0.00 0.14 0.250.10% EGFR_Ex19del 7.5 1627.5 0.46 0 1695 0.00 15.00 1980.00 0.75 0.40 0.38

L858R T790M Ex19del

Sample ID Mut Copies Wt Copies MAF (%) Mut Copies Wt Copies MAF (%) Mut Copies Wt Copies MAF (%)TRL_1 67.5 7612.5 0.88 18.75 4770 0.39 0 5932.5 0.00TRL_2 0 727.5 0.00 0 405 0.00 4 637.5 0.62TRL_3 0 667.5 0.00 0 397.5 0.00 4 577.5 0.69TRL_4 255 9645 2.58 61.5 5512.5 1.10 0 7762.5 0.00TRL_5 0 1042.5 0.00 5.25 652.5 0.80 15 832.5 1.77TRL_6 0 480 0.00 0 345 0.00 0 465 0.00TRL_8 114.75 2197.5 4.96 3 1462.5 0.20 0 1890 0.00TRL_9 0 1155 0.00 58.5 712.5 7.59 210 667.5 23.93TRL_10 0 795 0.00 0 517.5 0.00 52.5 630 7.69TRL_11 660 10432.5 5.95 3.75 6630 ND 0 8662.5 0.00TRL_12 0 3442.5 0.00 0 2175 0.00 255 2452.5 9.42TRL_13 87 1215 6.68 6.75 975 0.69 0 1027.5 0.00TRL_14 0 2197.5 0.00 10.5 1297.5 0.80 825 1297.5 38.87TRL_15 0 2340 0.00 126.75 1260 9.14 480 1575 23.36TRL_16 4.5 5827.5 0.08 1.35 4110 ND 0 5010 0.00TRL_17 0 442.5 0.00 0 375 0.00 0 322.5 0.00TRL_18 57 4725 1.19 11.25 3067.5 0.37 0 3847.5 0.00TRL_19 117.75 2070 5.38 1.425 1200 ND 0 1612.5 0.00TRL_20 22.5 1980 1.12 3 1275 0.23 0 1530 0.00TRL_21 0 2632.5 0.00 96.75 1830 5.02 907.5 1470 38.17TRL_22 0 585 0.00 0 382.5 0.00 187.5 375 33.33TRL_23 0 7050 0.00 465 3667.5 11.25 2062.5 4215 32.86TRL_24 0 615 0.00 0 367.5 0.00 0 502.5 0.00TRL_25 0 825 0.00 0 622.5 0.00 0 750 0.00

TRL_31 0 1237.5 0.00 1.5 862.5 ND 7.5 1020 0.73TRL_43 0 8392.5 0.00 697.5 4965 12.32 6645 930 87.72TRL_44 0 532.5 0.00 0 300 0.00 0 412.5 0.00TRL_45 0 4680 0.00 585 2257.5 20.58 1650 2340 41.35TRL_46 0 1680 0.00 3.75 930 0.40 600 847.5 41.45TRL_47 0 2820 0.00 16.5 1875 0.90 112.5 2122.5 5.03TRL_48 0 795 0.00 0 517.5 0.00 45 555 7.50TRL_49 0 1170 0.00 0 847.5 0.00 22.5 780 2.80TRL_50 0 1012.5 0.00 0 615 0.00 30 742.5 3.88TRL_51 0 1162.5 0.00 0 682.5 0.00 15 945 1.56TRL_52 84.75 10162.5 0.83 18 5797.5 0.31 0 7560 0.00TRL_53 72.75 9592.5 0.75 20.25 5677.5 0.36 0 7290 0.00TRL_54 56.25 2925 1.89 345 1522.5 18.47 0 2265 0.00

Table 7. Discordant ddPCR results between MolecularMD and the external lab.Sample ID MolecularMD ddPCR result MAF Third method resultsTRL_5 T790M posi�ve 0.8% Insufficient cfDNATRL_47 T790M posi�ve 0.9% Confirmed posi�ve by NGSTRL_3 Ex19del posi�ve 0.7% Insufficient cfDNATRL_31 Ex19del posi�ve 0.7% Confirmed posi�ve by third ddPCR run using Biorad assay

Run 1 Run 2 Run 3

Sample Target Mutant Copies WT Copies MAF (%) Mutant Copies WT Copies MAF (%) Mutant Copies WT Copies MAF (%)Average MAF (%)

StDev of MAF (%)

Healthy Donor EGFR_L858R 0 1080 0.00 0 930 0.00 0 1020 0.00 0.00 0.00HDcfDNA WT EGFR_L858R 0 2902.5 0.00 0 3450 0.00 0 2655 0.00 0.00 0.00HDcfDNA 5% EGFR_L858R 119.25 2310 4.90 167.25 3585 4.50 150 2775 5.10 4.83 0.31HDcfDNA 1% EGFR_L858R 39.75 3270 1.19 42 3877.5 1.08 19.5 3195 0.60 0.96 0.31HDcfDNA 0.1% EGFR_L858R 0 3082.5 0.00 12 3727.5 0.31 5.25 2925 0.17 0.16 0.16Healthy Donor EGFR_T790M 2.25 690 ND 0 637.5 0.00 0 645 0.00 0.00 0.00HDcfDNA WT EGFR_T790M 0 2272.5 0.00 1.5 2212.5 ND 2.25 2010 0.10 0.00 NAHDcfDNA 5% EGFR_T790M 90.75 1695 5.10 131.25 2490 5.00 100.5 2032.5 4.70 4.93 0.21HDcfDNA 1% EGFR_T790M 21.75 2317.5 0.92 30.75 2932.5 1.00 20.25 2347.5 0.90 0.94 0.05HDcfDNA 0.1% EGFR_T790M 0 2197.5 0.00 3.75 2737.5 0.13 6 2100 0.29 0.14 0.15Healthy Donor EGFR_Ex19del 0 810 0.00 0 2002.5 0.00 0 900 0.00 0.00 0.00HDcfDNA WT EGFR_Ex19del 0 1575 0.00 0 2265 0.00 0 1605 0.00 0.00 0.00HDcfDNA 5% EGFR_Ex19del 97.5 1485 6.16 120 2227.5 5.11 112.5 1732.5 6.10 5.79 0.59HDcfDNA 1% EGFR_Ex19del 22.5 1710 1.30 22.5 1950 1.14 7.5 1935 0.39 0.94 0.49HDcfDNA 0.1% EGFR_Ex19del 0 1627.5 0.00 0 772.5 0.00 0 1785 0.00 0.00 0.00