LINUX O'REILLY8

, & .

Books Ru - Microsoft Internet Fxploiei Jfjaa*

| ] hi p '/, boa ru/ 1 , U J j Lt- 3 _, UJ^

=bL_*ll nf-n_LTL , JF.-U-L'U

Delphi. |/I- 1 T6L IM. I ; /

P,

Flier 100 . V, version . V, verbose . -W, wall . w n, warn n , . = 10. .

51

q, quiet . -?, help apmd . (apmd_proxy) : start . stop . suspend [system user] , . . standby [system user] , . . resume [suspend | standby critical] , . , . critical . ; resume . change power . change battery , BIOS . change capability , BIOS , .

apmd

52

3. Linux

apropos

apropos string... whatis . whatis, , , . man k.

ar

ar [-V] key [args] [posname] archive [files] (files) (archive). , (Id). , args ( ), posname - (archive). (files) posname, . -V . d m q t (files) (archive). . (files) (archive). . . . . m posname. , , posname. (archive) . . ,

f i

53

1 s S v

; Linux . . ( strip). . , . ; .

mylib.a : m y l i b . a 'Is * . o '

arch . uname -m. arp [options] TCP/IP. , ARP- (//net/arp). v . -t type type ARP-. type ether (Ethernet), 25 ( .25); ether.a [hosts]

arch

arp

hosts , .d host

host.

54

3. Linux

arp

s host hardware-address host hardware-address, ether- , . -f file . as [options] files (files) . , , .s .. as - . [ files-] (files) . -a[dhlns][=file] , . : -ad . -ah , . al . an . as . =file file. defsym symbol=value symbol. value . f .

as

55

gstabs . objfile objfile ( file.). v . -Ipath path .include. - . L , L. R . W . at [options] time (time) (date). . (. batch.) EOF. (time) (, ), . (date) , (today tomorrow). . . at . /etc/at.allow, ; /etc/at.deny. , . job [job...] . .-d job [job...]

as

at

. atrm.

56

3. Linux

at

-f file

file, . 1 , , . atq. m , , .q letter

, (letter), letter [a-z] [A-Z]. ( ). . V . hh:mm [modifiers} ( 24- ); ; , h, hh ( ) hhmm ( , ). , : 5, 5:30, 0530, 19:45. am 12- . zulu (Greenwich Mean Time). midnight | noon j teatime | now , teatime 4 ; now (increment). month num[, year] (month) , ; ;

57

(year) . , , , at .day

at

, . today | tomorrow , . (date) , at today, , (tomorrow). , , . minute, hour, day, week, month year ( ). next + 1. , :at at at at at 1945 pm December 9 7:45pm Dec 9 3 am Saturday now + 5 hours noon next day

atq [options] . , . at -1. q queue

atq

, . -v , , . V .

58

3. Linux

atrm

atrm [options] [job] [job...] . at d. -q queue . V .

badblocks

badblocks [options] device block-count . device. (block-count). b blocksize blocksize . - f i l e . -v . w .

banner

banner [options] [characters] (characters) . characters , banner . , . w width width . , /. w, 132. w , , 80. /usr/games/banner -w50 Happy Birthday! |lpr

59

basename name [suffix] basename option . suffix, . . help . version basename . % basename /usr/lib/libm.a libm.a% basename /usr/lib/libm.a .a libm

basename

bash [options] [file [arguments]] sh [options] [file [arguments]] Linux, . bash 7 bash: . batch [options] [time] , . , , (. . 0,8). , at, , . . at. -f file

bash

batch

, . .

60

3. Linux

batch

-q letter , (letter), letter- [a-z] [A-Z]. ( ). . V . , .

be

be [options] [files] be ( ), . be . , , . . . (file) . be quit EOF. 1, mathlib . s, standard

POSIX.w, warn POSIX -. q, quiet . V, version .

61

. , . . , . . , . , : . x[i] i. i 2047 .

be

(,) . . - ibase, obase, scale last . . . A-F 10-15. ibase = (, ) ( = 10). obase = ( = 10). : ibase obase , . scale = , ( 0, . . ). scale .last

.

62 be

3. Linux

. . if (rel-expr) {statements} [else {statements}] (statements), rel-expr . , else, . :i f (x==y) { 1 = 1 + 1 } else { 1 = 1 - 1 }

while (rel-expr) {statements} (statements), rel-expr . :while (i>0) {p = p * n ; q = / ; 1 = 1 - 1 }

for (exprl; rel-expr; expr2) {statements} while. , , , 5, :for ( 1 = 1 ; 1 = == !=

65

be

/* */ . () , , . , , . {} . [] . "text" (text). , ( ) , .ibase = 8 20 16 obase = 2 , 20 10000 ibase = scale = 3 8/7 1.001001000 ! ? obase = 10 , .8/7 1.142

, 3 .

66be

3. Linux

:define p(r, ) { auto v v = r"n return (v)} scale = 5 = 2,5-2 x=p(2.5, 2) x 6.25

length(x)3

scale(x)2

biff

biff [arguments} , biff . , comsat(8). biff , a biff n . .

bison

bison [options] f i l e (file), - . file.c. . ., - . ( ) + . b prefix, file-prefix=pre/ix fix.d, defines

file.h, #define, bison , .

67

, raw file.fi , - . k, token-table file.c YYNTOKENS, YYNNTS, YYNRULES YYNSTATES. 1, no-lines #line file.c ( ). n, no-parser , . switch file.act. file, output-file=/j/e . prefix, name-prefix=pre/ijc (prefix) . -t, debug . -v, verbose . file.output. V, version bison. -, , fixed-output-files . bootpd [options] [configfile [dumpfile]] TCP/IP. (Internet Boot Protocol), bootpd /etc/inetd /etc/inetd.conf:bootps dgram udp wait root /etc/bootpd bootpd

bison

bootpd

68

3. Linux

bootpd

bootpd , . . bootpd /etc/bootptab ( configfile, ), BOOTREQUEST. /etc/services bootpd , . : bootps - bootp bootpc - , . bootpd -DDEBUG, SIGUSR1 /etc/bootpd.dump dumpfile.

- directory bootpd. d level . level , 1. t timeout . .

bootpd , . . :hostname: tg=value\ tg=value: tg=value

hostname - - bootp, a tg - , value. .

bf . bs 512 . cs cookie. ds (DNS).

69

gw ha hd hn ht

. . . . (. RFC Assigned Numbers - ). im . ip IP- . lg log-. 1 1-. ns IEN-116. ! . sm . tc . to UTC ( ). ts . vm cookie . , ( RFC 1048). , ASCII-, . bootpgw [options] server (Internet Boot Protocol Gateway). , server bootpd. OTREPLY, BOOTREQUEST. bootpgw /etc/inetd /etc/inetd.conf : bootps dgram udp wait root /etc/bootpgw bootpgw bootpgw , bootpgw , bootpd, -.

bootpd

bootpgw

70

3. Linux

bootptest

bootptest [options] server [template] TCP/IP. bootpd server 10 . template, . -{file . h , IP-. m magic-number magic-number .

bzip2

bzip2 [options] filenames bunzip2 [options] filenames bzcat [option] filenames bzip2recover filenames , gzip, . bzip2 , .2. bunzip2 , bzip2 ( ), bzcat , a bzip2recover . .

-dig - dig . 100 , dig 1 9. , stdout . d, decompress .

71

f , force . . . k, keep . L, license, V, version , . q, quiet . s, small , . t, test , . -v, verbose . . -v . z, compress , bunzip2 bzcat. repetetive-fast, repetetive-best 0.9.5 ( ) .++ [options] files

bzip2

++

. g++.cal [-jy] [[month] year] 12 ( ) . (month) 1 12, (year) - 1 9999. .cal

72

3. Linux

cal

j ( 1 365, ). , - . cal 12 1995 cal 1994 > year_file

cardctl

cardctl [options] command . PCMCIA . , , ( /etc/pcmcia). scheme . PCMCIA , , . config [socket} . eject [socket] ( ). ident [socket] . insert [socket] . reset[socket] . resume [socket] . scheme [name] ().

73

status [socket] . suspend [socket] . directory /etc/pcmcia. -f file , /var/run/pcmcia-scheme. s f i l e , /var/'run/stab. cardmgr [options] , PCMCIA. cardmgr PCMCIA . , ( /etc/pcmcia/config). cardmgr . , . , , - , . , . / var/'run i'stab. - directory directory /etc/pcmcia. -d PCMCIA- modprobe insmod.

cardctl

cardmgr

74cardmgr

3. Linux

f , . mdirectory PCMCIA- , /lib/modules/ \ , . -pfile cardmgr , /var/run/cardmgr.pid. q He . sfile , /var/'run/stab. v . V .

cat

cat [options] [files] (files) . , . EOF. > . , show-all , vET. -b, number-nonblank . 1. , vE.

-, show-ends $ . n, number . 1.

s, squeeze-blank .

75

cat

t To , vT.-, show-tabs (TAB) 1. , Unix-. -v, show-nonprinting , (LINEFEED) (TAB).

cat ch1 cat notesS notes cat > tempi cat > temp2 STOP , EOF , STOP

cat ch1 ch2 ch3 > all

[options] files

. gee.cfdisk [options] [device] . . device /dev/hda ( ), /dev/hdb, /dev/sda, /dev/sdb, /dev/sdc, /dev/sdd. . fdisk. cfdisk

- , . cylinders .

76

3. Linux

cfdisk

h heads . s sectors . z ; . format : ( ), s ( ) t ( ). . . b (bootable) . ( , ). g . , (, h s, ). h . m . . . . q . t . (, , ). W . , . d

chattr

chattr [options] mode files . Linux (Second Extended Filesystem). chmod +, - =. (mode) . . Isattr.

77

R . -V . version version. + = . . ( , ).

chattr

. . . . d dump. i . . s ; . . S . chattr +a myfile ,

chfn [options] [username] , /etc/passwd finger. (options), chfn . , . . .

chfn

78

3. Linux

chfn

f, full-name . h, home-phone . , office . , office-phone . u, help . , version .

chfn -f "Ellen Siever" ellen chgrp chgrp [options] newgroup files chgrp [options] files. - (newgroup) , , /etc/groups. -. , changes . f, silent, quiet , - .

help . R, recursive , .

79chgrp

reference=filename filename. newgroup . V, verbose . version . chmod [options] mode files chmod [options] reference=/itename files (mode) (files). . (mode) (who opcode permission), . () . mode, . -, changes , . f, silent, quiet , chmod .

chmod

help . -R, recursive , . reference=/ri/ename filename. -v, verbose , , .

80

3. Linux

chmod

version .

g + = w s t

. . . ( ). . . ( ). . . . (). . () ( ). . . .

g 0

. , - , - . : 4 . 2 . 1 . : , , . : 4 , , , .

81

2

1

, , , . .

chmod

(execute-by-user permission):chmod u+x file

, (7), (5) (1) a (file):chmod 751 file chmod u=rwx, g=rx, o=x file

(file): chmod =r file chmod 444 file chmod a-wx, a+r file , , , - :chmod 4755 file

chown [options] newowner f i l e s chown [options] reference=filename files (files) (newowner). , /etc/passwd. chown : .. -. , . , , . .

chown

82

3. Linux

chown

, changes , . dereference . f, silent, quiet , - . h, no-dereference ( ), , . , verbose , , . R, recursive , . reference=filename filename . help . version chown .

chpasswd

chpasswd [option] . , chpasswd username.-password ( ). , (password) . .

83

chroot newroot [command] . command , , . . / newroot . newroot. . chsh [options][username] , , . /etc/ shells, . . chsh . . -1, list-shells , /etc/shells, . s shell, shell shell , . -u, help . , version chsh . chsh -s /bin/tcsh

chroot

chsh

84

3. Linux

cksum

cksum [files] (CRC) (files) . , . , ( , ).

clear

clear .

[options] filel file2 [skipl [skip2]] filel file2. - , . . comm diff. . skipl skip2 . , print-chars . -i , ignore-initial=nu7n . -1, verbose . s, quiet, silent ; , : 0 1 2 . . .

, ( 0): cmp -s old new && echo 'no changes'

85

col [options] escape tbl nroff , . (backspace); (manpages). -f , . ( .) -Ira . 128. -x , col , , . . f i l e tbl nroff col : tbl myfile | nroff | col | more man- (manpage) Is out. print, (backspace), ".man Is | col -b > out.print

col

colcrt [options] [files] escape, tbl nroff , . (, ) ( ) . . 2 .

colcrt

86

3. Linux

colrm

colrm [start [stop]] , . , . 1; start () stop (). start stop; (backspace) 1. colrm 3 5 < testl > test2

column

column [options] [files] (files) , . , .

() .s char

char. t. t . , -s. , . comm comm [options] filel file2 filel file2. : , , , . comm diff, . . . comm uniq. , comm , uniq .

87

. . , .

comm

help . version . , :

comm -12 slskel_top10 ebert_top10compress [options] files . .Z. , , . . , , . . gzip. compress

-b maxbits . , .Z. d , . uncompress. f , . . . V , , .

88

3. Linux

[options] filel file2 [options] files directory filel file2 files directory. , ; , ( ). , archive . , -dpR. b, backup . d, no-dereference , . f, force . i, interactive . -1, link ( ). , preserve , . , parents . . , parents jphekman/book/ch1 newdir

jphekman/booh/chl /newdir/jphekman/ book/chl, .

89

, R, recursive . -S backup-suffix, suffix=backup-suffix , . SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. - ~ (). , (. . .bak, bak). s, symbolic-link . . u, update , ( ) . , verbose . V type, version-control=fype . VERSION_CONTROL. existing. : t, numbered . nil, existing , , . never, simple . , one-file-system , . cpio flags [options] ( ) ( ) . (flags) -i, -p .

90

3. Linux

i, extract [options] [patterns] , (patterns). . ( , cpio.) , . ( ). , create [options] , . , pass-through [options] directory (directory) . . , i, , . . i: bcdf mnrtsuv SVCEHMR IF : vABL VC HM 0 F p: Oa d 1m uv L V R -0, null , , , . , reset-access-time ( ) . , append ( ). - F.

91

b, swap 32 . -, 5120 ( 512). blocksize=size (blocksize) / size x 512 . ASCII-. . , io-size==rc

, . d, make-directories . file, pattern-file=/iZe file. f, nonmatching : , patterns. -F file, file=file file, (stdin) (stdout). , user@hostname:file ( user ). force-local , ( F, I -) , :. type, format=type type. bin. : bin . ode (POSIX.1) .

92

3. Linux

newc (SVR4) . (SVR4) , . tar -. ustar POSIX.1 ( , GNU- tar). hpbin HP-UX ( , ). hpodc HP-UX. -I file (file) . (. -F). -k , .

-1, link . -L, dereference . -m, preserve-modification-time . -M msg, message=msg msg . %d, . - I . -n, numeric-uid-gid . no-absolute-filenames .

93

no-preserve-owner , , . .- file

(file). (. F). only-verify-crc CRC- CRC , .quiet

. . -R [user][:group], owner [user][:group] , . . s, swap-bytes . S, swap-half-words . sparse . -t, list ( - ). v Is 1. u, unconditional ; , . v, verbose . -V, dot () ( cpio, ).

94

3. Linux

version . find , .old. cpio: find . -name "*.old" - print | cpio -ocBv > /dev/rst8 , save ( ): cpio -icdv "save*" < /dev/rst8 :find . -depth -print | cpio -padm /mydir

cpp

cpp [options] [if He [ of He ]]

GNU- . - gcc. , gcc, , ifile ofile , , ; . -$ $ . . #define, .

-dD dM, . idirafter dir

dir, .

95

imacros f i l e f i l e . include f i l e file . iprefiK prefix iwithprefix (prefix). iwithprefix dir dir , , . -iprefix, dir. lang-c, -lang-c++, -lang-objc, -lang-objc++ , C++, Objective Objective C++, .-lint

lint : #pragma lint command. nostdinc , . -nostdinc++ , C++ . pedantic . pedantic-errors , -pedantic . traditional , ANSI .undef

. A name[=def] def, #assert.

96

3. Linux

- ( , ). . Dname[=def\ def ( #define). (=def) , 1. D , U. ( ) . -Idir dir #include , /, . , /, , , I, .

- [-MG] . make, . MG, , . -MD file , .

- . , #include "file". -MMD file MD, . , .

97

\lname , , D. , Intel, - unix 1386. Wcomment, Wcomments . Wtraditional , ANSI , . . : DATE ( Oct 10 1997). FILE__ ( ). LINE ( ). TIME ( 12:00:00). , , . #line. # . # . : #assert name (string) string. (assertions) #if. - #system, #cpu #machine.

98

3. Linux

#unassert name . #define name token-string tokenstring. token-string. #define name(arg arg) token-string . tokenstring. token-string. #undef name . #undef. #ident string string . #include "filename"', #include filename . " > . #line integer-constant "filename" . , (integer-constant) filename. filename . . #endif , , (#if, #ifdef #ifndef). . #ifdef name , #endif #else, #elif, , . .

99

#ifndef name , #endif #else #elif, , . . #if constant-expression , #endif #else #elif, , constant-expression . #elif constant-expression #elif #if, #ifdef #ifndef #else #endif. , #elif #else, #elif #endif, , #elif , constant-expression . #elif #else . #else , #endif, , #elif . - #else . # . #warning , . . . , /etc/cron/tabs. . crontab.

100

3. Linux

crontab

crontab [options] [file] , crontab. crontab , u user. crontab ( ), . . , , : 0-59 0-23 1-31 1-12 Jan, Feb, Mar,0-6, 0 Sun, Mon, Tue, . , .

, , - (*). , crontab : 59 3 * * 5 find / -print | backup_program 0 0 1,15 * * echo "Timesheets due" | mail user 3:59 , 1- 15- . crontab . /etc/cron.allow, , - /etc/ cron.deny. , . , 1 , . crontab ( , ). 1 crontab .

101

crontab . u user , crontab. csh [options] [file [arguments]] (C-shell), . 8 csh tcsh. csplit [options] file arguments ( < 100). , . . split. . b suffix, suffix-format=sw//ir (suffix). - . , , . : % d .

crontab

csh

csplit

% i , % d.% . % . % .

% X , % .

-f prefix,

prefix=prefix

prefixOO prefixn ( ). k, keep-files , ( ). , {}, -

102

3. Linux

csplit

out of range ( ) . , digits=raum . = 2. s, -q, silent, quiet . z, elide-empty-files . , . . , , . /expr/ [offset} , , . (offset) + , . %expr%[offset] //, , , . . ({}) . {} . . , , . *, , . 20 - novel.csplit -k -f chap, novel '/CHAPTER/' '{20}'

103

100 ( - 99), , address_list.csplit -k address_list 4 {99}

csplit

ctags [options] files , , C++, FORTRAN, Java, Perl, yacc . ( tags) : file context

ctags

name - , file , , a context - , , name. () vi ::set tags=tagsfiJe : tag name

vi , tagsfile ( t). etags Emacs. -, append . -d, defines . i file, mcliide=file tags file, . -1 language, language=language , , language. h . file, output=file file.

104

3. Linux

ctags

-rregexp, regex=regexp , regexp. , . -R, no-regex , . , . -t, typedefs typedefs. -u, update , (, ). , . -v, vgrind () , ( 64 ). -w, no-warn . -, cxref , , . -, backward-search . -, ++ , . . C++, . -, -h, help . -S, ignore-indentation ctags ; . -, typedefs-and-c++ typedef, struct, enum, union - C++.

105

V, version . cut options [files} . (list) . , (, 1-10,15,20 50). . paste join. -b list, bytes list list ; , . list, characters list . d , delimiter f ( ). (, ) .

ctags

cut

-flist, fields list , list. - , , -s, only-delimited -f . output-delimiter=srmg . , .help

.version

cut .

106

3. Linux

cut

/etc/passwd:cut -d: -f1,5 /etc/passwd

, ( ):, who | cut -d" " -f1

(file) :cut -c4 file | paste - file

date

date [options] [+format] [date] . (format). , ( ), , . . . +format

, :X date +" Xj X n X k %p"

Tuesday 248 15

% % b % % % Z % Y, . . Tue Sep 5 14:59:37 EDT 2000. d date, date date date ( ), d days months d days , . ago , . (. ). f datefile, file=datefile -d datefile.

107

I [timespec], iso-8601[=f imespec] ISO-8601. timespec, : date ( ), hours, minutes, seconds. . - f i l e , reference=/4te . -R, rfc-822 RFC 822. help . version . s date, set date . -u, universal (Greenwich Mean Time), a . % _ %. ( ). ( - ).

date

% . % . % . %d (01-31). % h % b. % j (001-366). % k 24- (0-23). %1 12- (1-12). % (01-12). % .

108

3. Linux

date

%p : a.m. - . . - ( AM ). %r 12- % I:% M:% S%p. %s , , . . 00:00:00 UTC 01.01.1970 ( ). %t . %w ( Sunday = 0). % . %y (00-99). %z , RFC 822. % . % . % D % m/% d/% . % 24- (00-23). %1 12- (01-12). % (00-59) %S (00-59). % % : % : % S. % U (00-53), . % V (0152), . % W (00-53), . % X . % Y (, 1996). % Z . , , . , MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]. , , . time hhmm: 24- - .

109

day MMDD - . - .year ( ) . - . : 1 (0701), 4 (0400), 1995 (95):date 0701040095 date +"HelloXt Date is XD X n X t Time is XT" : Hello Date is 05/09/93 Time is 17:53:39

date

dd [option=value] (if) , ( , of ). , of if , . dd , . bs=ra ; ibs obs.cbs=ra

dd

( ) . ascii, ebcdic, ibm, block unblock.

10 1

3. Linux

dd

conv=flags ( ) . flags . ascii EBCDIC ASCII. ebcdic ASCII EBCDIC. ibm ASCII EBCDIC IBM. block (. . , ) . unblock . lease . ucase . . notrunc . swab . sync , ibs. . ibs=n (512 ). if=file file ( ).

111

dd

(512 ). of=file file ( ). seek=n ( , obs) .skip=n

( , ibs) .help

dd .version

dd . () 1024, 512 2, , , k, b w. .

:dd if=caps_file of=small_file conv=lcase

( data_retrieval_cmd) out, :data_retrieval_cmd \ dd of=out conv=sync,block

debugfs [[option] device] . ext2. device , , ext2 (, /dev/hda3).

debugfs

w .

112

3. Linux

debugfs

cat file inode- . cd directory . chroot directory inode-. close . clri file inode-, file.

dump f i l e out_file inode- out_file. expand_dir directory . find_free_block [goal] , goal ( ), . find_free_inode [dir [mode]] inode- . freeb block block . freei file inode-, file. help debugfs. icheck block inode-. initialize device blocksize ext2 . kill_file file .

113

In source_file dest_file . Is [pathname] Is. modify_inode f i l e inode-, . mkdir directory . mknod f i l e [ [[ | b] major minor]] . ncheck inode inode- > . open [w] device .pwd .

debugfs

quit debugfs. rm file . rmdir directory . setb block . seti file inode-, . show_super_stats . stat file inode-, . testb block , .

114

3. Linux

debugfs

testi block , inode-, . unlink file . write source_file file file source_file.

depmod

depmod [options] modules . (modules). modprobe . depmod /sbin/depmod - /etc/rc.d, . , /etc/conf.modules. d . . (unresolved symbols). v . /etc /conf. modules , , . /sbin/insmod, /sbin/rmmod , depmod.

115

df [options] [name] (name), df . 1 512 ( POSIXLY_CORRECT). () (, /dev/hd*), (, /usr) ( df , ). , all . block-size=n . h, human-readable , (. . 1,9 1967156). , si h, 1000, 1024.i, modes

df

mode, .k, kilobytes

, 512 .1, local

.m, megabytes

. no-sync sync ( ) . .

116df

3. Linux

, portability POSIX ( ). sync sync ( ) .

-t type, type^type (type). , print-type . type, exclude-type=fype , type. help . version . diff diff [options] [diroptions] filel file2 , diff filel file2. , filel . ed (, d), filel file2. - , . , diff , (, diff my_dir junk diff my_dir/junk junk). , diff , (, olddir/ program newdir/program). , diff , , . . .

117

-, text . .b, ignore-space-change

diff

; ., ignore-blank-lines

. : . - , context[=n] : . -d, minimal , , , , . Dsymbol, ifdef=symbol , , #ifdef #ifndef, .

-, ed (, d), filel file2 ed.F regexp, show-function-lme[=regexp] diff , regexp, . - , ; .

118

3. Linux

diff

help . horizon-lines=/i , . -i, ignore-case . . -I regexp, ignore-matching-lines=regexp , regexp. -1, paginate , . -L label, label label, label=label diff label . , , , - . left-column (-) . -, res diff RCS. -N, new-file . -, show-c-function , - Java, , . -, diff. -, unidirectional-new-file , . -q, brief , .

119

, recursive . -s, report-identical-files . -S filename, startmg-file=filename filename, , . suppress-common-lines (-) . t, expand-tabs . -, initial-tab . diff: , . -U , unified[=ra] diff: . 3 . -v, version diff. w, ignore-all-space . W , width=ra (-) . 130. - regexp, exclnde=regexp , regexp.

diff

120

3. Linux

diff

-X filename, exclude-from=/t/ename He , , filename. , side-by-side . . -U.

diff3

diff3 [options] filel file2 fileS . - ( ). : . _^ -j filel , file2 fileS . ====2 file2 , filel fileS . ====3 fileS , filel file2 . diff3 (, , ). diff3 , . (merged changes), . (merged changes). , , (overlapping change). , (file2) (fileS), filel.

121

-3, easy-only ed, filel , file2 fileS., text

diffS

. -, show-all ed, filel , .

, ed ed, filel file2 fileS., show-overlap ed, filel , . -, overlap-only ed, filel . X -, .m, merge

, ( ed). L label, label=ZabeZ label . i (w) (q) ed. -, initial-tab ( ) .V, version

.

122dip

3. Linux

dip [options] [chat scriptfile] . , dip , . . dip diplogiii diplogini. . diplogini. i . diplogin.

k dip , , 1.1 device

k .m mtu

(Maximum Transfer Unit). 296. protocol

: SLIP, CSLIP, TERM. t . . V . , . beep times . bootp IP-, . break BREAK.

123 dip

chatkey keyword code ( ) . config [interface | routing] [pre | up | down | post] arguments (interface) (routing) : (), (up), (down) (post). , if config route. databits 7 1 8 . dec $variable[value] variable value. 1. default IP- , . dial phonenumber [timeout] phonenumber. , timeout . $errlvl . echo on | off . exit [n] . flush . get $variable [ask | remote [timeout]] value variable value. ask, . remote, . timeout . goto label label.

124dip

3. Linux

help . if expr goto label label, . : =, !=, , =. inc $variable [value} variable value. - 1. init string , . QO VI XI. mode protocol . : SLIP, CSLIP, TERM. - SLIP. netmask mask . parity E | | N : (even), (odd) (). password . ARP- . print $variable variable. psend command . . port device , . quit . .

125

reset . securid System SecurelD . securidf prefix System SecurelD. send string string . shell command , . skey [timeout] S/Key, . . , timeout . dip S/Key. sleep time time . speed bits-per-second . 38400. stopbits 1 1 2 . term . . timeout time , . wait text [timeout] timeout text . , .

dip

126dirname dirname pathname

3. Linux

pathname, . . / , dirname . ( ). . basename. dmesg dmesg [options] . . () , , . . n level . dnsdomainname dnsdomainname TCP/IP. DNS ( ). . hostname. domainname domainname [name] NFS/NIS. NIS-. . , , ; . dosfsck dosfsck [options] device fsck.ext2 [options] device . fsck, MS-DOS. MS-DOS fsck. dosfsck , .

127dosfsck

, . MS-DOS Atari. -d file . , . , , dosfsck . -1 file . . . . t . V . . size , size; , . -F . -L file f i l e . du [options] [directories] (. . 1 ), ( ).

du

-, all , .

128

3. Linux

du

-b, bytes . -, total . -D, dereference-args , . -h, human-readable .-, si

h, 1000, 1024. -k, kilobytes ( ). -1, count-links , , . -L, dereference . eTtclude=pattern , pattern. max-depth=/mm , , . -m, megabytes , -s, summarize . -S, separate-dirs .

, one-file-system . -X, exclude-from=/zZe , - file. help . version . dumpe2fs device . device . dumpkeys [options] . key tables. 1, separate-lines / , plain. ccharset, charset=charset , . - iso8859-1. help. compose-only compose1 . compose- .1

129

du

dumpe2fs

dumpkeys

, - , (, . .). - . . .

130

3. Linux

dumpkeys

-f, full-table : , . funcs-only ; . -h, help . -i, short-info . , , , (, ) . keys-only ; . -1, long-info , short-info, . -n, numeric ; . -S , shape=/m/n . : 0 . 1 , full-table. 2 , separate-lines. 3 , /.

131

e2fsck [options] device fsck.ext2 [options] device , fsck, Linux. e2fsck fsck ext2fs. -b superblock . d . f , . e2fsck , .-1 file

e2fsck

f i l e . - . . . . t . . . - size size; , . -F .-L file

. echo [-n] [string] /bin/echo. echo, shell bash. : \ . echo

132

3. Linux

echo

\b . \c . \f ( ). \ . \ . \t . \v . \\ . \ ASCII- . escape- (. ) . . escape-. . help . version . /bin/echo "testing printer" | lp /bin/echo "TITLE\nTITLE" > file; cat dod doc2 file /bin/echo "Warning: ringing bell \a"

egrep

egrep [options} [regexp] [files] (files) , regexp. egrep : \(, \), \, \, \{ \}. , +, ?, | ( ). , . 9 . egrep: 0 - , 1 - , 2 .

133

. grep. . fgrep. egrep, , . Victor Victoria : egrep 'Victor(ia)*' f i l e egrep '(Victor[Victoria)' f i l e , old.docl new.doc2, : egrep -n '(old|new)\.doc?' files emacs [options] [files] . Emacs 10 Emacs. env [options] [variable=value ...] [command] , (variable), (value) . (command), . -, i, ignore-environment . -u name, unset name . help . version . etags [options] files , , Pascal, FORTRAN, yacc flex. ( tags) :

egrep

emacs

env

etags

134

3. Linux name file context

etags

, file , , a context - , , . () Emacs :ESC-x visit-tags-table

Emacs ; TAGS. , tagsfile, :ESC-x find-tag

, , ctags vi. , append . d, defines . i file, include=/i/e , file. 1 language, language=language , , language. h . file, output=file file. regexp, regex=regexp , regexp, , . -, ++ , . . C++, .

135

D, no-defines ., h, help

etags

etags. R, noregex , , , . -S, ignore-indentation etags ; . -V, version etags. ex [options] f i l e . 11 !. expand [options] files , , , . . . -tabs, t, tabs tabs tabs - , , . , . 8 . t tabs , . expand

136

3. Linux

expand

i, initial , .help

. version . expr argl operator arg2 [operator arg3...] , , . . , . : , . . : 0 - , 1 - , 2 - . : + arg2 argl. arg2 argl. * . / argl arg2. % argl arg2. , . * , ( \ ). . , (locale). , 1, - 0. > < . , argl arg2. , argl , arg2.

>= , argl 2. f i l e : who | paste - :paste -s -d"\t\n" list

patch

patch [options] [original [patchfile]] patchfile original. original.orig original".

321

+ [options] [origina.12] () . -b, backup . -z suffix, suffix=suffix prefix=prefix original.suf'fix. ~ prefix, prefix . , context patchfile diff- (context diff). d dir, directory=dir , . -D string, ifdef=string :ffifdef string tfendif

patch

-, ed , patchfile ed., remove-empty-files patch , . -f, force (), . , . , . i file, input-file , .

322

3. Linux

patch

-t, batch , . -F , f\izz=num , . . 2. diff- (context diffs). -I, ignore-whitespace , -n, normal patchfile diff- (normal diff). -N, forward (reversed) . - f i l e , output=/i/e . -[], strip[=raw/n] . = 0 , . , 1, /; , . - f i l e , reject-file=/i/e ( patch ) . original.rej. -R, reverse : . -s, silent, quiet . -u, unified patchfile diff-. -V method, version-control=/neAod ( ).

323

t, numbered . nil, existing , . patch . never, simple .

patch

TMPDIR . /imp. SIMPLE_BACKUP_S UFFIX , .orig ~. VERSION_CONTROL (. V). pathchk [option] filenames (filenames). , , . pathchk

, portability POSIX-. help . version . /usr/sbin/rpc.pcnfsd NFS/NIS. NFS. pcnfsd RFC-, ONC PC-, /etc/ pcnfsd.conf ( ). pcnfsd

324

3. Linux

pcnfsd

RPC, 150001. pcnfsd ( ) , pcnfsd. , pcnfsd, : , . . PCNFSD_AUTH PCNFSD2_AU pcnfsd , , , , umask. wtmp. , wtmp off /etc/pcnfsd.conf. pcnfsd , NFS . PCNFSD_PR_INIT PCNFSD2_PR_INIT, , NFS. pcnfsd ; , , /usr/spool/pcnfs, . , spooldir path

/etc/pcnfsd.conf. , pcnfsd PCNFSD_PR_START PCNFSD2_PR_START. pcnfsd , , , PC. , pcnfsd , , . /etc/pcnfsd.conf:

325

printer name alias-far command

pcnfsd

, alias-for , , a command - , . perl , , , awk sed, . Perl (Randal L. Schwartz) Learning Perl 1 (Larry Wall), ( Christiansen) (Randal L. Schwartz) Programming Perl, Second Edition.2 pidof [options] programs , pidof HakillallS. opids . pidof perl

s . - , .ping [options] host . , ping , . ping - .1 2

pmg

. Perl, BHV-, 2000 . , Perl, 3 , - IV . 2001 .

326

3. Linux

ping

count ( ) count ECHO_RESPONSE. d SOJDEBUG . f ping: , , 100 , , . , . . i wait wait . . f. I preload preload , . . . IP-. digits

16 , . , digits . , ff, . q , . . . , . spacketsize . 56, 64 ICMP- ( 8 ICMP). V : ICMP- ( ECHO_RESPONSE). R IP- , . v , 1.

327

in.pop2d . 109 /var/'spool/mail. pop2d . . popSd. . HELO . FOLD HOST /'var/spool/'mail/$USER. /'var/spool/'pop/$USER.

pop2d

READ . RETR . ACKS . ACKD . NACK . QUIT . in.popSd . pop3d pop2d. , . pop3d

328

3. Linux

popSd

USER . PASS . STAT . LIST . DELE . NOOP . LAST . RSET : . .

QUIT . portmap rpc.portmap [option] NFS/NIS. RPC IP, portmap , RPC IP-. RPC-. RPC portmap , , . RPC , portmap , RPC-. portmap RPC-cep.

329

-d portmap . .

portmap

powerd device . , device. init powerwait powerfail. init powerokwait. pppd [options] [tty] [speed] . ( -, Point-to-Point Protocol) , pppd (tty) ( /dev) ( ). (speed). asyncmap map , . 32- , . , 00000001 0x00; 80000000 Oxlf _. . auth . connect command , . debug, -d .

powerd

pppd

330

3. Linux

pppd

defaultroute , . . detach . pppd fork- . disconnect command , . domain d d. escape character-list character-list ( ). Ox20-0x3f . file file , . lock pppd. mru bytes , bytes . name name . netmask mask (, 255.255.255.0). passive, , . . silent .

331

[local_IP_address]:[remote_IP_address] IP- .

pppd

/var/run/pppn.pid pppd. pppn.pid -, pppd. I etc I lip-up , -. /etc/ppp/ip-down , , - . / etc//pap-secrets , IP- -.

/ etc / / options . , , , . -/. . , . I etc I I options.tty name . pr [files] , , . (), . +begjag[:end_pag], pages=[beg_pag[:end_pag]] begjpag end_pag, .

332

3. Linux

pr

-num_cols, columns=num_cols . . -, across , . -, show-control-chars % (, "), ASCII-, . -d, double-space . -e[tab-char[width]], expand-tabs=[tab-char[width]] ( tab-chars) . width, width ( - 8). -f, -F, form-feed , . -h header, header=/zeac?er header . -i[out-tab-char[out-tab-width]], output-tabs[out-tab-char[out-tab-width]] . ( ) ( - 8). -J, join-lines , W. -1 lines, length=/mes lines ( 66). 10, . -m, merge .

333

n[delimiter[digits]], number-\ines[=delimiter[digits]] ( ). delimiter ( - ) , digits ( - 5).

- width, indent=width . -, no-file-warnings . s[delimiter], separator[=de/imiier] delimiter ( ), . -S[sirmg], sep-string[=sirmg] . J . t, omit-header , . -, omit-pagination -t, . , show-non-printing ASCII-, \. -w page_width, \vidih=*page_width Bpage_width . - 72. -W page_width, page-\vidth=page_width vpage_width . - 72. help . version .

334

3. Linux

praliases

praliases [option] , praliases sendmail, /etc/aliases /etc/aliases.db. -f file , sendmail.

printenv

printenv [variables] .

printf

printf formats [strings] . , escape- ( ). %s .

- . , . . , ( ). printf 'Xs Xs\n' "My files are in" $HOME printf '-25.15s Xs\n' "My files are in" $HOME

ps

ps [options] .

335

. , () .1 , , , 1 , f. pids , . f h j 1 . task_struct. . . He . . .

ps

m . WCHAN. . s . sortdelimiter[+ \ -]key[,[+ \ -]key[,. . .]] , . . . ttty , tty. . vm. , . , : Unix ; BSD ; GNU ( ) . , . - . . .

v

336

3. Linux

ps

w

. . , .

0[+\-]key[,[+\-]key[,...]] (. ). + S . .

.

, cmd .

, cmdline . f, flags . g. Pgrp . G, tpgid . j, cutime . J, cstime . k, utime . , stime . m, min_flt . M, maj_flt .

337ps

n, cmin_flt . N, cmaj_flt . , session . p,pid . , ppid ., rss

. R, resident . s, size . S, share . t,tty . , start_time . U.uid . u, user . v, vsize . , priority .

338

3. Linux

ps

PRI

. , . N1 . , . SIZE .RSS

( ) . WCHAN , . STAT : R D S Z W N . . . . . ( ). (nice) ( ).

. PAGEIN .TRS

, . SWAP . SHARE .

339

psupdate

[mapfile]

psupdate

. psupdate ( /boot/psupdate, - /etc/psdataba.se), . (mapfile), psupdate ( /usr/src/linux/vmlinux /usr/src/linux/tools/zSystem). pwck [option} [files] . /etc/passwd /etc/shadow. pwck (yes/no). . (files). usermod. . . . 0 1 2 3 4 5 . . . . . . pwconv pwck

pwconv pwunconv . /etc/passwd /etc/shadow. /etc/passwd . (shadowing) , pwconv /etc/shadow

340

3. Linux

pwconv

, /etc/ login.defs. /etc/passwd pwconv /etc/shadow. , pwunconv ( /etc/passwd) /etc/shadow. .

pwd

pwd . . dirs (bash, csh/tcsh).

quota

quota [options] [user \ group] , . , . , /etc/ /'stab. -g , , . q , . . g, , . V , .

raidstart

raidstart [options] [devices] raidstop [options] [devices] . RAID- , /etc/raidtab. ( all) , . .

341

, all , . file, configfile file , /etc/raidtab.-h, help

raidstart

. V, version . ramsize [option] [image [size [offset]]] . RAM-. 504 . (image), , . size ( ). (offset). , rdev - ramsize. - offset . ranlib ramsize

ranlib filename . s. rarp [options] . ( /proc/net /rarp) (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol, RARP).

rarp

342

3. Linux

rarp

-a [hostname] . , , . . -d hostname , hostname , , . -s hostname hw_addr hostname hwjaddr. -t type . type ether ( ) 25. v .

[options] filel file2 [options] file ... directory . rname@rhost:path . k , , krb_realm-ofhost. . - , . DES .

rdate

rdate [options] [host. . .] TCP/IP. () , , .

343

. s . .rdev [options] [image [value [offset]]] . /etc/mtab, . , RAM- ( 504), VGA ( - 506) ( - 508). . value . offset. offset , . . ramsize. s swapdev. v vidmode. R root flags. rdist [options] [names] . , rdist . / distfile. distfile f -.

rdate

rdev

rdist

- , .

344

3. Linux

rdist

- name [login@]host[:dest] distfile. login - , host , - , a dest . -d var=value var value. , distfile.-f file

( distfile). (), . -1 options . -m machine machine. . - . , . - options , . chknfs , NFS. chkreadonly , . chksym , , . compare ( ).

345

follow , , , . ignlnks , . nochkgroup , . nochkmode , . nochkowner , . nodescend . a.out. numchkgroup - , . numchkowner , . quiet . remove , , . savetargets name.old. verify , , .

rdist

346

3. Linux

rdist

whole , . , /foo/bar /, /baz/foo/bar, /baz/bar ( ). younger , . ppath rdistd . t seconds ( - 900 ), rdist . inode-, rdist. D . F , fork-. -L options . rdist. 4.

-Ppath rsh . rdistd rdistd options . rdist. , S , V. D . S . V .

347

reboot [options] . , . , . , 0 6, reboot shutdown nf.

reboot

-d-f

/var/log/wtmp. reboot, shutdown.

sync. ; /var/log/wtmp.

w

renice [priority] [options] [target] . , (target). . (priority) 0 PRIO_MAX ( 20), , . ( PRIO_MIN), . + ( ). ( ). g target .

renice

348

3. Linux

target ( ). - target . reset ( ).

reset

rev

rev [file] . . , .

rexecd

rexecd com'mand-llne TCP/IP. rexec, , , rexecd inetd /etc/inetd.conf. : 1. , , . ASCII-. , ( stderr). . . 16 . ( 16 ), . , . , . , , , ,

2.

3. 4.

5.

6.

349

. 7. , stderr, . , rexecd, .

rexecd

Username is too long 16 . Password too long 16 . Command too long . Login incorrect . Password incorrect . No remote directory ( chdir) . Try again fork . :. . . fork . . rlogin rhost [options] . rhost. , . , . 8 8- . rlogin

350

3. Linux

rlogin

escape- ( - ~). -d -k . , , krb_realm-ofhost.

1 username (username) . . DES , rlogin.

escape-. Kerberos. L rlogin - ( litout). rlogind rlogind [options] TCP/IP. rlogin, , , rlogind inetd : . 0-023, . . , IP- . (login) TERM. . -1 .rhosts, root. keep-alive ( ).

351

rm [options] files . , , , . , . -d, directory , . . -f, force , , .

rm

help . -i, interactive . -, -R, recursive , , , . : .V, verbose

(rm ). version . . , , (). rmail user... TCP/IP. , , From mail return-pathlsender sendmail. rmail uucp sendmail. rmail

352

3. Linux

rmdir

rmdir [options] directories ( ). ( , rm -). . mkdir. help . ignore-fail-on-non-empty , . , parents , . . verbose ; . version .

rmmod

rmmod [option] modules . . , . ( , ).

rootflags

rootflags [option] image [flags [offset]] . (image). (flags) . , 498 (image). , , - -

353

, flags . , , ( - 498). , rdev R rootflags. LILO, rootflags . LILO . - offset .

rootflags

route [option] [command} TCP/IP. , routed, route : add - , del - . : add [net | -host] address [gw gateway} [netmask mask} [mss tcp-mss} [dev device} del address (address) , -net /etc/ networks, host , , , /etc/ networks . default , . (gateway), , (netmask), TCP mss , (device). . , route . ; ( , (DNS) ).

route

354routed routed [options] [logfile]

3. Linux

TCP/IP. , routed . Xerox NS . routed ioctl SIOCGIFCONF , routed REQUEST- , REQUEST RESPONSE . REQUEST routed . RESPONSE . RESPONSE- . routed , RESPONSE, , . d . Logfile. g . q s. s routed, , . t routed . routed. rpcgen rpcgen [options] file , RPC. . - file.x file.h, XDR - file_xdr.c, file_svc.c, - file_clnt.c. , %, . rpcgen , SunOS 4.1.

355

5 ( ). , SVR4. XDR. . ANSI ( ). Dname[=value] 1 ( ). h . - RPC. . -I inetd- . sees

rpcgen

1

N -

-Ss t -

. 120. -1 . . . , . . . . . [file] . . RPC. . RPC. rpcinfo

rpcinfo [options] [host] [program] [version] NFS/NIS. RPC. (program) . (version), rpcinfo . ( 0) .

356

3. Linux

rpcinfo

-b program version RFC- version, UDP, . d program version . , , . nportnum portnum t , portmapper. [host] portmapper RPC. (host) , , hostname. t host program [version] RFC- (program) (host), TCP, . u host program [version] RPC- (program) (host), UDP, . RPC, , :$ rpcinfo -p

RPC, klaxon, :$ rpcinfo -p klaxon

, (NIS), : $ rpcinfo -b ypserv version \ uniq version NIS, , .

357

rpm [options] Red Hat (Red Hat Package Manager). . RPM , rpm. rpm 5 Red Hat Debian. rsh [options] host [command] ( ) rlogin. -d . k , , krb_realmofhost(3). -1 username username. , rsh. rsh /dev/null. ( rsh .) DES . Kerberos. rshd [options] TCP/IP. , rcmd , , rshd inetd /etc/inetd.conf. rlogind, -L, rshd. L syslogd.

rpm

rsh

rshd

358

3. Linux

rstat

rstat host TCP/IP. : , , ( ). rstat_svc .

run-parts

run-parts [options] [directory] . . , ( ). .

test , , . umask ( - 022). runlevel runlevel . . ruptime ruptime [options] TCP/IP. , , . , 11 , . . , . 1 . - .

359

t

.

ruptime

, . rusers [options] [host] TCP/IP. , host , who ( , ). - , . 1 : , , , , . rwall host [file] TCP/IP. , (host). , ; . rwho [option] , ( who). , . rwhod TCP/IP. , , rwho ruptime. . rwhod , . rwhod , , /var/'spool/rwho. rwhod rwho rwall rusers

360

3. Linux

rwhod

, rwhod, , . . script [option] [file] fork- . file. , typescript. , , exit +. file typescript, .

script

sed

sed [options] [command] [files] . . sed 12 sed.

sendmail

sendmail [flags] [address...] , sendmail (Mail Transfer Agent, MTA). , , , , .

- : d i ARPAnet. . .

m ( ). . s SMTP .

361

t v

. ; .

sendmail

- f i l e . d level . -F . f name .

-h cnt ( sendmail). . - value value. . protocol protocol. -q [time] (time). , -q30m . f. -t :, : : . v . -X file file. He .

:

362

3. Linux

sendmail

7

7- .

amin D, min . Afile . bminblocks[/maxsize] (minblocks) (maxsize). maxsize , / . Bchar . , .

. sendmail . . : d , i - (), b - () q - , . . . D . . : m - , w - , - ( ), q - - BerkNet. Etext , text , . /.

363

f

From Unix .

sendmail

Fmode . , 0644. G GECOS .

g n , .

Hfile SMTP.h

. i He . DNS . , . arg resolver RES_. , . I .j

MIME .

Jpath .forward. knum . Kiime , , , . 1 m Errors-To: (), . Ln. .

364

3. Linux

sendmail

MXvalue . value X.n

newaliases . , , (. . , ). SMTP-. what : public SMTP ( ). needmailhelo HELO ELHO . needexpnhelo HELO ELHO . needvrfyhelo , . . novrfy . authwarnings , , . goaway ( public). restrictmailq , .

pwhat,what,. . .

365

restrictqrun . Puser ( postmaster - ). qfact () . Qqueuedir . R Sfile . s , , . .

sendmail

Ttime , . tstz, dtz . \Jdatabase . . .

v

Vhost -. w MX. Kload , . X/oad SMTP-, .

366

3. Linux

sendmail

yfactor factor . Y . .

zfactor . . sendmail 1800. Zinc inc . 90 000. sendmail /usr/'lib /sendmail sendmail. /usr/bin/newallases /usr/lib/sendmail. . /usr/bin/mailq . / etc / sendmail.cf . / etc / sendm.ail.hf SMTP. /usr/lib/sendmail.st . . /etc/aliases . /'etc/'aliases. {pag,dir} dbm. /var/'spool /mqueue . /var'/spool/'mqueue /qf .

367

/var/spool /mqueue/df . / var / spool/mqueue/If . /var/spool/'mqueue /tf af, . /var /spool/mqueue /nf . /var /spool/mqueue /xf . setfdprm [options] device [name] . device

sendmail

setfdprm

. -n device . device [name \parameter] device. . : dev, size, sect, heads, tracks, stretch, gap, rate, specl fmt_gap. /etc/fdprm. device device. setsid command [arguments] . arguments . setsid

368

3. Linux

sh

sh [options] [file [arguments]] , . Linux sh bash. 7 bash: .

shar

shar [options] files shar -S [options] ( shar-), . /bin/sh. , compress, gzip uudecode. , . , net-headers . -. -b bits, bits-per-code=feiis b bits compress ( ). , 12. b -Z. , cut-mark shar- Cut here ( ). -d delimiter, here-delimiter=delimiter delimiter, SHAR_EOF. f, basename , shar- . ( shar , f.) g level, level-for-gzip=level -level gzip. 9. g .

369

help . 1 , whole-size-limit=ran , . . m, no-timestamp touch . , archive-name=reame , shar-. -. no-il8n ; , . shar ( LANG/LC_MESSAGES). prefix, output-prefix=prefix oTprefix.Ol aoprefix.nn ( ). , -1 -L. -, intermix-type . -, , Z , , , . print-text-domain-dir , shar , . ~> quiet, silent . s who@where, submitter=who@where ( shar ).

shar

370

3. Linux

shar

version . w, no-character-count we . . , no-check-existing . , . (sh archive -), . . -X.-z, gzip

gzip uuencode, . uudecode gunzip ( zcat). , uuencode ; uuencode . . uudecode. D, no-mdd-digest mdSsum . . F, force-prefix , . , Z. L , split-size-limit=/m . , , . . , mixed-uuencode ( ). ; uuencode . , no-piping .

371

Q, quiet-unshar . -S, stdin-file-list , , , . , find, . . . -, text-files . -V, vanilla-operation shar-, sed echo . -X, query-user . -Z, compress uuencode . showmount [options] [host] NFS/NIS. NFS. mountd host. host , hostname. , host, showmount /usr/sbin, . -, all : hostname:directory hostname - , a directory - . -d, directories , .

shar

showmount

372

3. Linux

showmount

-, exports . -h, help . no-headers , , version .

shutdown

shutdown [options] when [message] . . when ( hh:mm), ( +) now. (message) , . SIGTERM, . /etc/init, . . (runlevel) 1. shutdown . ( ) ; , . . f fsck. h (halt) . k , . init. .

-t sec sec .

373size

size [options] [objfile...] . , a.out. -d . format format size System V (format sysv) BSD (format berkeley). . radix : ( = 10 16) ( = 8). . size System V. size BSD. slattach [options] [tty] TCP/IP. . . command , . d . . h . 1 UUCP I'var/'spool I uucp.

slattach

L .

374

3. Linux

slattach

m He 8 . mesg -n. protocol : slip, adaptive, ppp kiss. q ; . s speed .

sleep

sleep amount [units] . units ( ) . s h d

sort

sort [options] [files] . , , - . . uniq, comm join. b . , , . d . f .

375

help . i ( ASCII 040-176).

sort

m (. . ). . ofile file. .-tc

( - ). . zrecsz recsz . sort .+ [-] . , . ., . , .

k n[,m] +. -1 -1 (. . ; , 1).

version . (JAN, FEB . .). , JAN < FEB . tempdir .

376sort

3. Linux

:wo -1 * | sort -

, , :sort -fd wordlist | uniq -

( ):sort +2n -t: /etc/passwd

split

split [option] [infile] [outfile] infile , infile , outfileaa, outfileab . . ( - , xab . .). (), . . csplit. -, 1 , lines=n infile ( =1000).b ra[bkm], bytes=rc[bkm]

infile . : b k 512 . 1 .

m 1 . bytes[bkm], line-bytes=i>z/ies[bkm] ; .help

.verbose

; .

377

version . . bigfile 1000 : split bigfile , 10 , new.aa, new.ab . . , ( ) new. : cat list[1-4] | split -10 - new. stat filename [filenames. . .] inode . Can't stat file Can't Istat file , . Can't readlink file . : stat /F i l e : "/" Size 1024 Filetype: Directory Mode: (0755/drwxr-xr-x) U i d : ( 0/ root) G i d : ( Device 3,3 Inode: 2 L i n k s : 21 Access: Tue A p r 11 04:02:01 2000(00000.11:47:35) M o d i f y : Wed Nov 17 11:46:38 1999(00146.03:02:58) Change' Wed Nov 17 11:46:38 1999(00146.03:02:58)

split

stat

0/

system)

strace [options] command [arguments] , strace , . strace .

strace

378

3. Linux

strace

, , . .

. . d . strace (stderr). keyword[=[l]values strace , , . , . (!) . all , : abbrev=names , names. read=descriptors , . signal=symbols ( , signal=SIGIO,SIGHUP). iracevalues . : file ipc network process signal verbose=raames . .

379

write=descriptors , . f fork- . ff , filename.pid, -. h . i . filename

strace

filename, (stderr). |, , strace.-On , , strace, . , .

( ). -, strace . +. -q . . - . .-s . =32. S value

- . : calls, name, time nothing. time. , . -t .

380

3. Linux

strace

-tt , . - , (1 1970 ).u username

. setuid setgid. -V . v . . - -ASCII .-XX

. strfile strfile [options] input_file [output_file] unstr [ delimiter] input_file[.ext] [output_file] strfile . , , % ( -), strfile , - , . , , sourcefile.dat. unstr strfile, , , . . unstr - . unstr. strfile. delimiter

- delimiter. strfile, unstr.

381

i . . . s ; . - STR_ROTATED str_flags. strings [options] files , . , -, all . . f, print-file-name . min-len, n min-len, bytes=min-len , min-len . t base, radix=fcase , base: d

strfile

strings

target=format .

, -t .--help . , version .

382strip strip [options] files

3. Linux

files, . F format, target=/ormaf . format, output-target=/ormai . R section, remove-section=seciion section. s, strip-all . S, -g, strip-debug . , discard-all . -X, discard-locals , . , verbose .

stty

stty [options] [modes] / . , ( stty sane), % , "* . - ( ). . , POSIX; *.

383

-, all . g . (, 2400). []clocal [] . []cread [] . csbits bits, 5, 6, 7 8. []cstopb [] . [-]hup [] . [Jhupcl , [-]hup. ispeed . ospeedn . [-]parenb [] .[Jparodd

stty

[] . []crtscts* [] RTS/CTS. ortsfl, ctsflow rtsflow:

384

3. Linux

stty

ortsfl ortsfl ortsfl ortsfl rtsflow ctsflow rtsflow -rtsflow -rtsflow -ctsflow ctsflow -ctsflow

RTS CTS

ortsfl rtsflow ctsflow -ortsfl rtsflow -ctsflow -ortsfl -ortsfl -rtsflow ctsflow

-rtsflow -ctsflow

[-Jbrkint [] INTR (break). [Jicrnl [] CR NL . []ignbrk [] (break) . [-]igncr [] CR . Hignpar [] . [-]inlcr [] NL CR . [-]inpck [] . [-]istrip [] 7 . [-]iuclc* [] .

385

[-]ixany*

stty

[XON] . [ ]ixoff [-] tandem [] START/STOP, /.[ ]ixon

[] START/STOP.[ ]parmrk

[] . [ Jimaxbel* [ ] . bsn (0 1). ( 0 3). ffn (1). nln (0 1). tabra ( 0 3). vtra ( 1).[-]ocrnl*

[] CR NL . [-]ofdel* [NULL] DEL. [ ] . [ ]olcuc* [] .[-]onlcr*

[] NL CR-NL .

386

3. Linux

stty

[ ]onlret* NL [ ] CR. [ ]* [] CR . [ ]opost [] . [ ]echo [] . [ ]echoe, [-]crterase [] ERASE 8--8. [ ]echok [] NL KILL. [ ]echonl [] NL. [ ]icanon [] ( ERASE, KILL, WERASE RPRINT). [ ]iexten [] . [] INTR, SUSPEND QUIT.[-]noflsh

[] INTR QUIT. [ Jtostop* [] SIGTTOU . [ ]xcase* [] . [ Jechoprt, [ ]ptrerase* , \ /.

387

[-Jechoctl, [-jctlecho* (control) . (, ~Z). [-Jechoke, [-]crtkill* , hoprt echoe ( echoctl echok ). ctrl-char . ctrl-char : dsusp ( stop), eof, eol, eo!2 ( ), erase, intr, Inext ( ), quit, start, stop, susp, swtch werase ( ). , >> (, ~Z), ( ), ( 0) . ~ undef.

stty

min n , ; icanon.time n , (min); icanon. line i (1-126). cooked , raw. [-]evenp, [-Jparity , []parenb cs[8]7. [-Jparity , []parenb cs[8]7. ek ERASE KILL : + +.

388

3. Linux

stty

[ ]lcase [] xcase, iticlc olcuc. [-JLCASE [-]lcase. [] icrnl onlcr. nl inlcr, igncr, ocrnl onlret, icrnl, onlcr. [-]oddp [-]parenb, [-Jparodd cs7[8].

[ ]raw [] ( ERASE, KILL, INTR, QUIT, EOT, SWITCH ).sane . [-]tabs* [ ] . [-]cbreak icanon. [-]pass8 -parenb -istrip cs8. [-]litout -parenb -istrip cs8. [-]decctlq* ixany. crt echoe echoctl echoke.

dec echoe echoctl echoke ixany. INTERRUPT , ERASE - DEL, a KILL - ~U. ispeed speed . ospeed speed .

389

rows rows* . cols columns, columns columns* . size* . line discipline* . speed . su [options] [user] [shell_args] (user). , (. . ). EOF. (shell_args), . . sh, - command command sh .

stty

SU

-, -1, login (. . user). command, command=command . , :su - 'find / -name \*.c -print' nobody

-f, fast f. csh tcsh .cshrc. bash . , , preserve-environment .

390

3. Linux

su

s shell, shell=shell shell, /etc/ passwd, . help . version . sum [options] f i l e ( 1 ). . - . BSD- . -s, sysv ( System V). - 512 . help sum . version sum .

sum

swapdev

swapdev [option] [image [swapdevice [offset]]] . . (image), . (swapdevice). (offset) . , rdev s swapdev. offset .

391

swapoff a | device . . . . ( , ) . - , /etc/fstab sw. device. swapon [options] device. . . . device ( , ) . , /etc/f'stab sw. device. priority . . sync . , sync sync(). sync , shutdown sync. sync , (sleep), (halt) (reboot) . , shutdown, (sync-ing) . sysklogd . Linux, syslogd , BSD- syslogd. . , sysklogd

swapoff

swapon

sync

sysklogd

392

3. Linux

sysklogd

. , syslogd. . klogd.

d . f configfile .

h .

-1 hostlist , , . . m marklnterval . . syslogd insit. socket socket, /dev/log. , syslog. s domainlist domainlist . (:). syslogd syslogd TCP/IP. , /etc/syslog. con/. . - , . . syslogd -, /etc/services. syslogd, .

393

systat [options] host . host netstat, systat daytime. n, netstat netstat- . pport, port port , -s, systat systat- . t, time daytime- . tac [options] [file] ( cat). (), . . b, before ( ) . , regex , -s string, separator=string ( ). help . version .

systat

tac

394

3. Linux

tail

tail [options] [file] ( , ) . -n[k] /- . k : 1 (, ), b () ().

k , , 10.+n[k]

-, - .

+k k, . raumjbkm}, bytes num{bk.m} . : b k f 512 1

m 1 He ; . +.

, lines . q, quiet, silent . version . 20 , .Ah: grep ' \ - A h ' file I tail -20 10 name:

395

echo "$name" | tail -

tail

bigfile:

tail -2b bigfile talk person [tt name] . person , user@host ( ). , , ttyname . , (, ). +. talk ; . talkd [option] TCP/IP. . talkd , - . talk , CTL_MSG, LOOK_UP. . , ANNOUNCE, . , , . d syslogd. tar [options] [tarfile] [other-files] . - , tar . ( ). tar

talk

talkd

396 tar

3. Linux

(, modification-time). :tar --long-option -function-options files

: tar --modification-time -xvf t a r f i l e . t a r

, : , create . d, compare , tarfile, other-files. : , , ( ). -, append other-files . -t, list other-files, ( other-files ). u, update , , . , extract, get other-files ( , ). , catenate, concatenate tar- . , 0-9999. /etc/default/ tar.

397

[driue][density] (0-7) (1, m h, , ). atime-preserve . b, block-size=n

tar

512 . checkpoint . . farch, fiie=filename arch arch. , filename hostname:filename ( : ). force-local hostname.-filename . g, listed-incremental . h, dereference . i, ignore-zeros (. . EOF). ignore-failed-read , . . k, keep-old-files . . 1, one-file-system , .

398 tar

3. Linux

m, modification-time He ; . null , -, . , -. old, portability, preserve s . , same-permissions, preserve-permissions . remove-files . rsh-command=command rsh; . s, same-order, preserve-order , . totals . use-compress-program=program . v, verbose . . w, interactive () - . -z, gzip, ungzip gzip gunzip . -, directory=directory .

399 tar

F, info-script, new-volume-script=scnpt ( ). . G, incremental . - file, starting-file f i l e tar file . , , length x 1024 . , multivolume . - . -N date, after-date date . -, to-stdout . , absolute-paths / . R, record-number . S, sparse . - filename, files-from filename filename. V , 11= . W, verify . X file, exclude file file.

400

3. Linux

tar

-Z, compress, uncompress compress uncompress . / /usr/bin (), (v) /dev/rmtO: tar cvf /dev/rmtO /bin /usr/bin , Is 1: tar tvf /dev/rmtO /bin: tar xvf /dev/rmtO /bin backup.tar: tar cvf - 'find . -print' > backup.tar tar , .

tcpd

tcpd TCP/IP. TCP/IP (, telnet, ftp, finger, exec, rlogin). , .

tcpdchk

tcpdchk [options] TCP/IP. TCP (TCP wrapper) /etc/hosts.allow /etc/hosts.deny); , , . . ALLOW .

401

d ./hosts.allow ./hosts.deny /etc/ hosts.allow /etc/hosts.deny. i conf-file inetd.conf tlid.conf. , tcpdchk TCP. v . tcpdmatch [options] daemon client TCP/IP. TCP . , (daemon) ( daemon@host ) (client), ( , user@client). TCP /etc/hosts.allow /etc /hosts.deny. d ./hosts.allow ./hosts.deny /etc/ hosts.allow /etc/hosts.deny. i conf-file inetd.conf tlid.conf. , tcpdmatch TCP. tcsh [options] [files [arguments]] shell. 8 csh tcsh. tee [options] files , files ( - ). , append , .

tcpdchk

tcpdmatch

tcsh

tee

402

3. Linux

tee

i, ignore-interrupts . help . version . Is -1 | tee savefile

telinit

telinit [option] [runlevel] . init (runlevel). telinit init - . t seconds SIGKILL seconds SIGTERM. - 20 . , , : . . 6 ., , /etc/inittab, a, b .1,8, S

q,Q

/etc/inittab, /etc/inittab.

403

telnet [options] [host \port]} , telnet Telnet. telnet (host), , telnet>, , . telnet open (. ) . host , apart - ( - Telnet). . d (socket-level). [escape_char] escape- telnet escape_ char. , escape-.1 user

telnet

, ENVIRON, (user) USER. n tracefile tracefile . - rlogin: escape- ; , escape-, telnet , a "Z, , telnet. ] (escape- telnet ) telnet. . -8 8- . - escape-. -L 8- .-S tos IP- TOS (type-of-service, ) Telnet- tos.

404telnet

3. Linux

CTRL-Z telnet. '.[command] . , . ^[command] . ? . , . close Telnet . display argument. . . set toggle. environ [arguments [. . .]] , TELNET ENVIRON. environ: ? environ, define variable value . undefine variable . export variable . unexport variable .list

. logout logout, telnet.

405

mode [type] Telnet type : ? mode. character TELNET LINEMODE , , . [-]edit [] EDIT TELNET LINEMODE. [] TRAPSIG TELNET LINEMODE . line LINEMODE , , . [-Jsofttabs [] SOFT_TAB LINEMODE. [-Jlitecho [] LIT_ECHO. open [-I user] host [port] . , Telnet. quit Telnet . status telnet, , , . send arguments . : ? send. abort Telnet ABORT.

telnet

406

3. Linux

telnet

Telnet , .

ayt Telnet AYT (Are You There).

brk Telnet BRK (Break).do cmd dont cmd will cmd wont cmd Telnet DO cmd, cmd 0 255 telnet. cmd ? help, ( ).

Telnet EC (Erase Character) - . el Telnet EL (Erase Line) - . eof Telnet EOF (End Of File). eor Telnet EOR (End Of Record). escape escape- Telnet ( "). ga Telnet GA (Go Ahead). getstatus Telnet STATUS, getstatus . ip Telnet IP (Interrupt Process) - . Telnet NOP (No OPeration). susp Telnet SUSP (SUSpend Process).

407

synch Telnet SYNCH - , . set argument value unset argument value telnet TRUE. off , , unset . display. : ? set unset. ayt telnet LOCALCHARS, AYT. echo ( - ), .eof

telnet

telnet LINEMODE , . erase telnet LOCALCHARS , TELNET EC. escape escape- Telnet ( - "[), Telnet . flushoutput telnet LOCALCHARS, flushoutput Telnet . forwl, forw2 Telnet LOCALCHARS, .

408

3. Linux

telnet

interrupt Telnet LOCALCHARS, Telnet IP. kill Telnet IP LOCALCHARS , TELNET EL. Inext Telnet EL LINEMODE , Inext. quit Telnet EL LOCALCHARS, quit Telnet BRK. reprint Telnet BRK LINEMODE , reprint. rlogin rlogin. . start Telnet TOGGLE-FLOW-CONTROL, start. stop Telnet TOGGLE-FLOW-CONTROL, stop. susp Telnet LOCALCHARS LINEMODE, Telnet SUSP. tracefile , netdata.

409

worderase Telnet BRK LINEMODE , worderase. . sic [state] Telnet LINEMODE. ? sic. check . , . export . import , . toggle arguments [. . .] , Telnet . true false set unset. : ? toggle. autoflush autoflush LOCALCHARS true, quit Telnet - , , Telnet . autosynch autosynch LOCALCHARS true, intr quit Telnet SYNCH. toggle - false.

telnet

410

3. Linux

telnet

binary Telnet BINARY . inbinary Telnet BINARY . outbinary Telnet BINARY . crlf true, CR-LF. CR-NUL. - false. crmod . - false. debug - false. .

localchars true, flush, interrupt, quit, erase kill , Telnet. - true. netdata . - false. options , Telnet. - false. prettydump netdata prettydump ( true), netdata . , escape- Telnet .

411telnet

skiprc '/.telnetrc. - false, . . . termdata . - false. z telnet; csh. telnetd [options] TCP/IP. Telnet, telnetd - Telnet ( 23). , , , stdin, stdout stderr. telnetd , Telnet . -debug [port] ( inetd) telnetd. TCP- telnetd. D modifiers) , telnet , , telnet. (modifiers): exercise . netdata , telnetd. options Telnet. ptydata , . report options.

telnetd

412

3. Linux

test

test expression [ expression ] . , true, , . [expression]. . : test option file. , false (). . b d f g ? ? ? ? ? ?

k ? L ? ? ? s ? S (socket)? t [file-descriptor] ( , 1) - ? w

? ? ?

413

- ? G ? : test filei option file2. , true (). -nt ot filel , file2? , . filel , file2? , .

test

ef inode ? : test option string. z ? ? = string . != string . , . ! expression ? expression a expression ? expression expression ? : test integerl option integer2. 1 string ( ).

414

3. Linux

test

eq . . It integerl , integer2. le integerl integer2. gt integerl , integer2. ge integerl integer2.

tftp

tftp [host [port]] TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol), . (host); . tftp : tftp> : ? [command-name. . .] . ascii ASCII (mode ASCII), binary (mode binary). connect hostname [port] (hostname) , , . get filename get remotename localname get filenamel filename2 filenames . . . filenameN . mode transfer-mode . ASCII binary (). ASCII.

415

put filename put localflle remotefile put filenamel filename2 . . . filenameN remote-directory . quit tftp. rexmt retransmission-timeout ( ), . status : tftp (. . ), , , retransmission timeout total transmission timeout. timeout total-transmission-timeout ( ), . trace . verbose . tftpd [homedir] TCP/IP. Trivial File Transfer Protocol, tftpd inetd , - tftp ( /etc/inetd.conf). tftp /etc/inetd.conf , , tftpd . , homedir; tftpboot. tload [options} [tty] . (tty), .

tftp

tftpd

tload

416

3. Linux

tload

-d delay ( ) . s scale ( ). , .

top

top [options] , . . ps. b ; . top . , . -d delay . i -. .

-ppid ( ). q . . -s . () .

-S . , .

417top

. . f, F . h, ? , . k , , ( - 15). -. . . . 0, , ( ).

i 1 m

, #

0,0> .

qs

. renice. renice . .

. . . t . , ( ). "L . , . N .

418

3. Linux

top

( ). S (. S). / . W "/.toprc. top. touch [options] files (files) . touch . , make find . , touch , . , time=atime, time=access, time=use . , no-create . -d time, date time (time). , , a.m. p.m. . . , time=mtime, time=modify . - file, reference f i l e file.t time

touch

. [[cc]yy]mmddhhmm[.ss], , , , , , , .help

. version .

419

tr [options] [stringl [string2]] - stringl string2 stringl. , complement stringl ASCII- 001-377. -d, delete stringl . s, squeeze-repeats string2 . t, truncate-setl stringl string2. help . version . [ ] , . \ "G ()

tr

\ () \f ~L ( ) \ J ( ) \r "M ( ) \t 1 () \v " ( )\ ASCII- .

\\

\.

420

3. Linux

tr

charl-char2 charl~char2. charl char2 , .

[charl-char2] , charl-char2, [charl char2] . [char*] . stringl. [char*number] . . , [*4] .[.class:]

. . alnum . alpha . blank . cntrl . digit . graph . lower . print . punct . space ( ). upper . xdigit . [=char=] , char. : cat file | tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]'

421tr

( ASCII = 012):tr

'\012' < file

file new.file ( 011, ): cat file | tr -s ' \012" > new.file file; new.file:tr -d : < file > new.file

traceroute [options] host \packetsize} TCP/IP. , (host). traceroute UDP-na TTL (time-to-live), ICMP- time exceeded ( ) , host IP-. packet size . 38. d (socket). g addr IP LSRR (Loose Source Record Route) TTL. , IP- addr . -1 time-to-live . maxjttl (hops). 30. - , . .

traceroute

-m max_ttl

422

3. Linux

traceroute

-p port UDP-, . 33434 ().-qn

time-to-live . 3. . s src_addr IP, . t tos

(type-of-service) ( 0). 0255. V - ICMP- ( TIME_EXCEEDED PORT_UNREACHABLE). w wait wait ( 3).

troff

troff . groff.

true

true , (). . false.

tune2fs

tune2fs [options] device . Linux ext2fs. , ; / .

423tune2fs

mount-counts . - behavior . behavior : continue . remotmt-ro - . panic : . -g group group ( ). i interval[d | w | m] . (d), (w) (). 0 , . 1 . percentage ( ) ( ) .

, .u user

user ( ) .

424

3. Linux

tunelp

tunelp device [options] . . (). a [on | off] , . .

. ( 250). . i irq irq . t . 0 (polling) .

- [on | off] , .

-q [on | off] IRQ. . s . t time ( jiffies) . (jiffy) , . 0,01 .w time

( ) .

- [on | off] .

425

ul [options] [names] . . . i () _ ( ). t terminal-type . TERM. umount [options] [special-device/directory] . , umount , , special-device, . umount . / , . , /etc/mtab. , /etc/ mtab. -t type . uname [options] . (Linux).

ul

umount

uname

426

3. Linux

uname

, all ( ). m, machine . n, nodename . , release . s, sysname (Linux). ~> processor ( ). -v . help uname. version uname.

uncompress

uncompress [options] files , compress ( .Z), compress. uncompress .

unexpand

unexpand [options] [files] , . / . (), . , all , .

427

nums, t nums, tabs nums nums - , . . , . 8 . -t tabs, . . help . version . uniq [options] [filel [file2]] filel, file2 ( ). . d - . . comm sort. , f , skip-fields=n . . +, s , skip-chars=ra . , count , . d, repeated , , . i, ignore-case . u, unique ( ).

unexpand

uniq

428

3. Linux

uniq

w n, check-chars=ra ( .). help . version . list list, new: uniq list list.new , :sort names | uniq -d

unshar

unshar [options] [files] (shar-). unshar shar-. . . , . , overwrite . d directory, directory=direcory , . -, exit-0 , ; , shar exit 0 . ( - exit .)

429

- string, split-at=sring , string. -f, force -. help . version . update [options] , update , , update bdflush. (fork-) flushQ syncQ. . syncQ . , flush() . , update syncQ 30 . update. d . . f seconds flushQ seconds ( - 5). h , -s seconds syncQ seconds ( - 30). S syncQ flushQ.

unshar

update

430

3, Linux

update

- percent . 1 blocks ( ) .

-2

buffers , .

3 blocks , . 4 percent , . 5 seconds , . . 6 seconds , . . 7 constant , . 8 ratio . uptime uptime , () , , , . w. useradd useradd [options] [user] .

431

. -D, (user), useradd . . comment .

useradd

-d / . user home, D. date

. //. . , 1970 . (shadow passwords).f days

. , 1. . -g group -. D, , , 1.G groups

, ( ).-k [dir] . . /etc/skel, (dir).

432

3. Linux

useradd

m , . . (uid). (He .)

s shell .

-u uid . , -. , 99 .D [options] . (options), , .

dir , . -d, dir (user). date . .

-/days , . , . -g group . s shell . userdel userdel [option] user . user .

433

. usermod [options] user . . comment .d dir .

userdel

usermod

date . //. . , 1970 . (shadow passwords). -f days . , -1. , . -g group -. -G groups , ( ). , . 1 (). , . (uid). s shell .

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3. Linux

usermod

u uld . , . . . - . users [file] ( ) . . (file) /etc/utmp ( ).

users

usleep

usleep [microseconds] usleep [options] ( 1). help . usage . V, version usleep.

uudecode

uudecode [- outfile] [file] , uuencode, , , (. uuencode). .

uuencode

uuencode [-m] [file] name . ASCII-, () .