linistry of agriculture and settlement

'linistry of Agriculture and Settlementxtension and Project Implementation Department (EPJD)

Horticulture Unit T.orensen/SH

EPID AGENTS HANDBOOK f o r

VEGETABLE CROFSEPID Publication No, 35

October, 1976

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Page

INTRODUCTION •• - 3Chaptor 1 - GARDEN LOCATION U

Chapter 2 - CROP SELECTION 5

Chapter 3 - TOOLS 7Chapter k - PLANTING SEEDS 9Chapter 5 - VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION 12

Chapter 6 - CRUCIFER CROPS 1 2Chapter 7 - SALAD CROPS 19Chapter 8 - GREENS 2k

Chapter 9 - SOLANACEOUS CROPS 30Chapter 10 - CUCURBIT CROPS 38Chapter 11 - LEGUMES kj

Chapter 12 - OTHER FRUIT CROPS 58Chapter 13 - ROOT CROPS 62

Chapter 'Ik - BULB CROPS 67Chapter 15 - FooD VEGETABLE CROPS 73Chapter 16 - SUN DRYING 86

Chapter 17 - ROTATION 87Chapter 18 - INTERCROPPING 88

Chapter 19 - COMPOST 3'9

Table 1 - Plant Names and Index 5Table 2 - Seed Requirements 11

Table 3 - Food Values of Vegetable Crops 82

Table k - Insect Pest Control Methods 8k

Table 5 — Disease Control Methods 85

INTRODUCTIONThis Handbook is intended to serve as a simple field guide for extension agents, home agents, and other EPID staff who deal with vegetable crops. Vegetable crops can play an important role in improving the quality and quantity of food for all people. Vegetables can be grown as cash crops for local or export markets. Vegetables are also well suited to planting around the home (on small pieces of land that otherwise might not be productive) giving people fresh and healthful food. Growing more vegetables should be strongly encouraged. It is hoped that this Handbook can make some contribution towards this goal.

Food values of vegetables are given in Table 3.

Recommendations are based on results from IAR and EPID trials and farmers experiences. As more information becomes available this Handbook can be enlarged and improved.Your comments and suggestions will be appreciated.

E. J. Sorensen Horticulture Unit

b.

Choosing a site for vegetable growing is an important decision.On a good site cultural practices will be easier and growing more likely to be successful. Home gardens are often restricted to land near the farmers house. Even so some selection may be possible, A garden site should meet as clos3.y as _ possible the following specifications:

, Level surface - A flat or gently sloping surface is best for growing vegetables, hillsides are undesirable unless they can be terraced,

2. Good soil - Loamy soil is preferred by vegetables,. Ifpossible soil should also be high in organic matter and plant nutrients and free of soil born diseases. For most vegetables, except taro and watercress, well-drained soil is very important.

3- Water available - A source of water, such as a stream,pond, or well, should be available for irrigation during dry periods. With irrigation it is possible to grow vegetables year round. The EPID Agents Handbook forIrrigation, discusses some methods of irrigation that can be used for vegetable growing.

k. Protected - The garden site should be protected from strong winds by buildings, hills, or windbreaks and from animals and thieves by a fence or guard.

5. Away from competition - Vegetables should not have ttr complete for light, water, or plant nutrients with large trees.Shade and roots from trees or bushes planted as windbreaks should be away from vegetables and garden site should be free of serious weeds.

6. Near market - If vegetables are to be grown for income garden site should be near market or road.

Chapter 1 - GARDEN LOCATION

5.

Besides choosing the site for growing vegetables it is also necessary to choose the best crops and varieties* The important vegetable crops in Ethiopia (and some that are potential important) are listed in Table 71« Selection will depend on the elevation, soil type, season, and availability of water.The adaptation of the various vegetables to these conditions is given in later chapters. Selection will also be influenced by the interest and skills of the grower and by the market for which the crop is grown.

Table "1. - Plant Names and Index

Chapter 2 - CROP SELECTION

Botanical Name PageBeetBroccoliC abbageCarrotCassavaCauliflowerChicoryC ollardC'owpeaCucumberEggplantEndiveFrench beanGarlicJute mallowKaleLablabLeekLettuceLima beanM arrowM.e 1 onNew Zealand spinach

Okra

Beta Vulgaris Brassica oleracea var. italica

capitataBrassica oleracea var.Dauc .s carota Manihot esculentaBrassica oleracea var. botrytis Cichorum intybusBrassica oleracea var. acephala Vigna sinensis Cucumis sativus olanum melongena

Cichorum endiva Phaseolus vulgaris Allium sativum Corchorus olitorius Brassica oleracea var. acephala Dolichos lablab Allium porrum Lactuca sativa Phaseolus lunatus Cucurbita pepo Cucumis melo *

Tetrogonia expansa Hibiscus esealentus

I

6.

Botanical Name PageOnionPeaPepper (hot) Pepper (sweet) Pigeon pea Potato Pumpkin Radish

MoselleScarlet runner

beanShallotSpinachSquashSweet potato Swiss chard Taro Tomato

watermelonyam

Allium cepa Pisum sativum Capsicum spp.Capsicum annum Cajanus cajan Solanum tuberosum Cucurbita spp.Raphanus sativus

Hibiscus sabdarififa

Phaseolus coccineus Allium ascal onicum Spinacia oleracea Cucurbita spp.Ipomea batatas Beta vulgaris var. cicla Colocasia esculenta Lycosperscion esculentum

Citrullus vulgaris Dioscorea alata

7.

Growing vegetables on a small scale does not require complicated machinery. However, some simple hand tools are important for making work easy & efficient. The most commonly used hand tools are :1. Digging hoe - a large heavy hoe used for digging soil and

preparing beds before planting.2. Digging fork - a heavy forked hoe used for digging soil

before planting and for harvesting root crops.3 . 1 Rake - used for smoothing and leveling nurseries and beds.k, Weeding hoe - a small light hoe used for weeding and

loosening soil surface around plants.5. Trowel - a small scoop used to remove seedlings from the

nursery.6. Dibbler - a small metal or wooden tool used to make holes

for transplanting seedings.7 . Watering can - used for watering the nursery.

In addition to these simple tools there is one more piece of equipment that is needed.

8. Sprayer - used for applying chemical sprays to control insect pests and diseases.-

It is important to keep all tools clean, especially the sprayer which is an expensive item and easily damaged by careless use. After using any tool, wash off dirt. Clean all chemical residue from sprayer. The sprayer will need to be oiled to prevent rust.

If more accurate measuring tools are not available then bottle caps, such as from mineral water, soft drinks, or beer, can be used for small gardens. One bottle cap, approximately 3 cm diameter and 0 . 5 cm deep, will hold the following amounts of fertilizer^-

1 bottle cap (fertilizer level with edge) hold, 3.5 g DAP or2.5 g Urea.

1 bottle cap (fertilizer piled above edge) holds 5g DAP or3.5g Urea..

Chapter 3 - TOOLS

String and pegs are necessary when laying out a vegetable graden for marketing beds and furrows. A line level and measuring tape are also useful for this work*

9.

Vegetable seeds are planted in two ways. The simplest method is to sow directly in the field0 This is suited to fast growing vegetables and those, such as carrots and cucurbit crops, that are difficult to transplant. The second me^hodis to sow seeds in nursery beds and later transplant to the field. The advantages of this method are that more attention can be given to delicate or slow growing vegetables during their early stages of growth, less water is needed for irrigation, and weed, disease and insect control are more efficient,,Crops troubled by diseases during rains can be transplanted at the beginning of the dry season. Rainfsd crops can be transplanted at the beginning the main rains so they will have the longest possible growing season. The steps for growing a transplanted crop are:

1• Site selection - For nursery choose a site with rich soil with good texture (heavy clay soil should be avoided) and no diseases. Water should be available for irrigation and there should be no shade caused by trees or buildings,.It should also be convenient for daily inspection after seeds are sown.

2. Layout - Design the nursery so that the beds can be irrigsCed and maintained easily„ Beds should be about1 meter wide, so that is is possible to reach the center for weeding or thinning and so that irrigation water from furrows beside the bed or from a watering-can will reach all seedlings. On hilly land beds should run across the slope so that erosion will not be a problem. Ravsed beds may be used with furrow irrigation or during the rainy season. Sunken beds or beds surrounded by a ridge may be irrigated by watering can or flooding during dry woafhc'v.

3. Priliminaiy preparation - The soil must be prepared by hoeing, removing weeds and stones, raking and leveling*

Chapter k - PLANTING SEEDS

10.

4. Weeding - Weeds can be a serious problem in nursery beds.After preliminary preparation of the soil and removing weeds the land should be irrigated so that weed seeds and underground stems will begin to grow and can be removed. This will usually take 1 - 2 weeks.

5* Final preparation — The nursery beds can be fertilized using manure, compost, or a chemical fertilizer and a fungicide or insecticide applied to the soil. Finally a preplanting irrigation should be given so that the soil will be moist to give rapid germination of seeds;

6 . Planting - Seeds should r'..v.:be sown in rows across the nursery bed. Sow seeds thinly, not more thanone seed each cm* or seeds will be wasted and thinning difficult* A mulch of straw can be put on top of the bed and irrigation given.

7* Maintenance - When the seeds begin to germinate the mulch should be removed or pushed between the rows of seedlings. Irrigation should be given 1 —2 times each week depending on the soil type and weather. Control of weeds, diseases, and insects is very important. Hand weeding should be done carefully to avoid disturbing vegetable seedlings. Funglici- cides and insecticides can be given following a regular schedule to prevent any serious attack. When the seedlings are about h cm tall they can be thinned to avoid crowding and any diseased undersize or off-type seedlings should be removed.

8. Transplanting - The final step is transplanting seedlings from the nursery bed to the field. The bed should be irrigated the day before transplanting. This will help hold some soil on the roots. Seedlings should be disturbed as little as possible when transplanting. If possible remove the seedlings from the nursery beds taking the soil around the roots. Late afternoon or cloudy weather are the best times for transplanting because the seedlings will suffer less shock.

The approximate amounts of seed required for planting a directseeded or transplanted crop are given in Table

Table 2 - SEED REQUIREMENTS

Seeds per 10 grams

Kilograms pjer Hectare______ J.Direct Seeded Transplanted

I set 500 - 800 12 - 18 —Iroccoli 3000 - 3500 - 0.5C'bbage 3000 - 0.5C arrot 7000 - 10000 2 - 6C .uliflover 35OO - 4000 - 0.5C '.icory 5000 h. -C ollard 3000 1 0.5C wpea 4o - 50 20 - 25 -C ucumbe1" 300 - 350 3 - 6I replant 2500 - 0.4I ndivc 6000 1 0*5french Eean O-cfIOCM 63 - 125 -C ite Mallow 5000 1 -Kale 2500 - 4000 1 0.5Iablab 30 - 4o 31 - 56 -I. eelc 3000 - 4000 3 2 , 0I r?ttuce 6000 - 10000 1 - 2 1 . 0Iima Bean (bush) 20 125 -lima Bean (climbing) 20 20> arrow 100 b - 7 -> r-ion 350 - 400 2 - 4 -C kra 150 - 200 9 -C nion 2500 - 3000 5 - 7 3« 5I pa 30 - 100 5 0 - 1 7 0 -I -pper 1500 - 0 . 6I igeon Pea (dwarf) 120 - 1 4o 15 - 25 -Iigeon Pea (tall) 60 - 70 2 - 3 -P adish 1000 - 1200 15 - 20 -Ioselle 300 - 350 4 - 5 -S ninach 1000 2.0 - 30 -£ ':uash 50 1 -Swiss Chard 4oo - 600 7 - 1 2 -T omato 3000 - 3500 - -d*eO

Tr termelon 50 - 100 3 - 5

Chapter 5 VEGETATIVE PROPAGATIONMost vegetables are grown from seeds, but this is not always the best method for certain crops. Some vegetables, such as garlic, produce no seeds for planting. Some others, such as sweet potato, grow very slowly from seeds and are more easily grown by vegetative prepagation.

Vegetative propagation is a method for growing plants from vegetative parts, such as stems, and not from seeds. Stems of certain vegetables if planted in the field can quickly product roots and grow into new plants. Two types of vegetative propaga tion are commonly used for vegetable crops. Special stems called bulbs are used for shallot and garlic, tubers are used for potato and yam, and corms are used for taro* Stem cuttings are used for sweet potato and cassava. But vegetative propagation, especially using special stems, has the disadvantage of requiring a large amount of planting material, which means high production cost, and storage of special stems or cuttings is more difficult than with seeds.

Chapter 6 - CRUCIFER CROPSThese leaf vegetables (cabbage, kale, collard cauliflower, broccoli) all belong to the same family (Crueiferae) and genus (Brassica). They grow best in woyna dega or dega areas, are hardy to light frost, and are attacked by many of the same pests and disease. Usually they are transplanted and show a good response to nitrogen,

CABBAGEOne of the most widely grown vegetables, usually a cash crop. Amharic name is tikul gomen.

1. Adaptation1.1 Elevation - Grows best above 1000m, but tolerant to

fairly wide temprature range.

1.2 Water - Transplant at beginning of rains or irrigate once each week. Small cabbages, such as Golden Acre or Jersey Wakefield, do better under rainfed conditions than larger types.

1.3 Soil - Medium texture, pH 6.0-7*6

2. Varieties

LeafColor

HeadShape

HeadWeight

Weeks to Harvest

Brunswick Green Flat round 3 .0kg 13Copenhagen Market M Round 2. Ok-g 10Early Drumhead M Flat round 3.5*g 12Golden Acre M Round 1.5kg 9Jersey Wakefield n Pointed 1 . 5kg 9Mammoth Red Rock Red Flat round 3.5kg 14

( | > - i M i i . - ' ' ; ' "t

< V K< i} t1 r' • r:

1

( f »./?V. v, r, If/ -t',. V

3. Culture3*1 Planting method - Seeds sown in nursery beds. Rows 10cm

apart, about 1 seed per cm of row, 1 cm deep. Cover withfine soil and use mulch until seedlings appear. Water bedsregularly and remove weeds. Thin to 3 cm between plants. Transplant to field when seedlings are 8-12cm tall,.. Late afternoon or cloudy weather are best times to transplant. Water seedlings immediately after transplanting. Plant on flat surface for rainfed crop oV in double row on raised bed with furrows between beds for surface irrigation Rows should be 10-15cm from edge of bed.

I

3.2 Spacing -

14.

BetweenRows

BetweenPlants

Brunswick, Early Drumhead 60cm 60cmCopenhagen Market 50cm 40cmGolden Acre, Jersey

Wakefield 50cm 35cmMammoth Red Rock 60cm 60cm

3.3 Fertilizers -Time of Applicationbefore transplanting

after 3 weeks

Fertilizer Rate5g DAP/plant, mixed with, soil in planting hole below seedling root level, or 200kg DAP/hectare2.5g TJrea/plant, mixed with soil in circle 1 0cm from stem, or 100kg Urea/hectare

3.4 General Cultivation - Weeding and loosening of soil surface.

3.5 Harvesting method - Harvest heads when fully formed and solid. Cabbages, especially Jersey Wakefield, left in field too long may crack. Cut stem leaving a few old leaves around head for protection during shipping.

4. Utilization

4.1 Consumption - Can be eaten raw, but usually leaves are boiled.

4.2 Storage - Heads can be kept for several weeks in a cool dry place.

15.

In sect Pests

aphids

cabbage white

cut worm

Description Control*

diamond back im>th

tiny, green white or blackj soft bodies insects, feed on underside of leaves or on yound shoots 8 or 9

hairy caterpillars, black,yellow and white color, upto4cm long, feed on leaves. 7 or 11

fat grey caterpillars foundin soil or mulch curled inC-shape, stem cut at soillevel 1 and 3

small green caterpillars,upto 1 2cm long, may hang bythread, feed on leaves andinside head 7 or 11

*See Table 4 for insect pest control methods.

6. DiseasesDescription

damping-offControl*

seedlings attacked, stem becomes dark and shrunken just above soil level, roots die and plants collapse

*See Table 5 for disease control methods.

KALE & COLLARDDependable and easily grown vegetables, for home gardens or as cash crop for local markets. Nutritional value is exceptionally high and harvest period long. Kale is similar to perenni (Gurage) gomen. Collard similar to cabbage but does not form head.

Adaptation'.1 Elevation - Kale grows best over 1500m. Collard is heat

tolerant and can grow well even in Kola areas.

'.2 Water - Usually rainfed. Sow seeds or transplant atbeginning of main rains. Irrigation once each 1-2 weeks during dry weather will lengthen harvest period.

1.3 Soil - Medium texture, pH 5*5-6 . 8

2. Varieties

LeafTexture

Weeks to Harvest

Marrow stem Green (Kale) Thousand headed ”Vates Strain (Collard)

smoothwrinkledsmooth

10

10

• 1

3. Culture3.1 Planting method - sow seeds and transplant like CABBAGE- or

sow seeds directly in field. Direct sowing products stronger and more drought tolerant plants. Sow 3 'seeds per hole, 1-1.5 cm deep. Cover with fine soil and use mulch. Plant on flat surface for rainfed crop or in double row on raised bed with furrows between beds for surface irrigation. Hows shouls be 10-15cm from edgeof bed.

3.2 Spacing - Rows 60 cm apart and 4-0 cm between plants.

3.3 Fertilizer - For transplanted crop follow recommendations for CABBAGE. If direct seeded mix DAP with soil in planting hole 6~8cm below where seed will be placed. After first harvest a second application of 2.5g Urea can be made.

3.4 General Cultivation - Weeding and loosening of soil surface Mulching is useful, especially for rainfed crop or during dry weather, to conserve soil moisture and reduce weeks. Flower shoots should be removed to encourage leaf production.

3.5 Harvesting method - Leaves should be harvested when full size but still tender. Cut leaves once each week or as needed. Harvest period can continue for many months.

117.

4, Utilization4.1 Consumption - Leaves are boiled.

4.2 Storage - Leaves should be used soon after cutting.Harvest leaves for fresh use when needed. Leaves can also be cut into strips, blanched and sun dried for long storage.

4.3 Other uses - Stem of Marrow - Stem Green Kale can be used as cattle' feed after final harvest.

5• Insect^Pe s t sSee under CABBAGE

6. DiseasesSee under CABBAGE

CAULIFLOWER AND BROCCOLIVegetable grown for enlarged flowerheads, usually as cash crops.Amharic name for cauliflower is ababa gomen. Cauliflower has

white flower head, broccoli has green.

1. Adaptation*1 Elevation - Cauliflower grows best over 1800 m and broccoli

over 1500m. Early Italian Giant and especially Ear ly Patna are more heat tolerant thian other cauliflower varieties.

'.2 Water - Transplant at beginning of rains or irrigateonce each week. Irrigation is recommended because crop should mature during dry season.

1.3 Soil - Medium texture, high organic content,pH.5.5-6.8

2. Varieties•

HeadDiameter

Weeks to Harvest

Calabres e (Broccoli) 12 cm 12Di Gicco 5C 12 cm 8Early Italian Gi ait (Cauliflower) 16 . cm 10Early Patna »? 15 cm 8Snow ball Y 15 cm 9Super Snowball cv 14 cm 8

3. Culture

3.1 Planting method - Follow recommendations for CABBAGE,

3.2 Spacing - Rows 60cm apart and 50 cm between plants for cauliflower and rows 50cm apart and 40 cm between for broccoli.

3.3 Fertilizers - Follow recommendations for CABBAGE. After first harvest of broccoli a second application of 2.5g Urea can be made.

3.4 General Cultivation - Follow recommendations for CABBAGE.

3.5 Harvesting method - For cauliflower harvest when flowerhead is full size, solid, and pure white. Cut stem leaving a few old leaves around flowerhead for protection. For broccoli harvest when individual flower buds are noticeable, before any can open. Cut leaving 10-l5cm of stem attached. This part of stem and leaves can be eaten with flowerhead. After the first harvest smaller flowerheads will deveiopand can be harvested. For these crops it is better to harvest slightly early than too late.

I19.

4. Utilization

4.1 Consumption - Flowerheads are boiled.4.2 Storage - Flowerheads can be stored about 1 week under

cool dry conditions. For longer storage cut into pieces, blanch and sun dry.

5. Insect Pests

See under CABBAGE .

6. Diseases

See under CABBAGE .

Chapter 7 - SALAD CROPS

These leaf vegetables (lettuce, endiver chicory) are fast growing,high in vitamins and usually eaten raw. All belong to the samefamily (Compositae). They grow best in oyna dega or dega, arehardy to light frosts* and pests and diseases are usually notserious. These crops have shallow roots and need constant moisture.

LETTUCE

An easily grown leaf vegetable. Usually a cash crop* Two types of lettuce are commonly grown in Ethiopia, Romaine type forms tall loose heads and head type forms a round solid headsimilar to cabbage. Leaf type is less common. It forms loose heads and is easiest to grow. Leaf type and Remaine have higher food value than head type. Head type lettuce can be shipped well. Amahric name is salata.

1.1 Elevation - Grows best over 1000m. Leai type is tolerantto a wider temprature range than Romaine or head types.

1.2 Water - Sow at beginning of rains or irrigate i-2 timeeach week. Lettuce should never lack water or growth will be slow and quality poor. If possible sprinkle leaves with water during dry weather.

1.3 Soil - Medium texture, pH 6.0-6,8. Tolerant to fairly wide range of soils.

2. Varieties

Type Leafcolor

Weeks to harvest

Black Seeded Simpson leaf light green 7Blonde R/omaine 10Great Lakes 118 head d'ark green 12Webbs Wonderful 12White Paris Romaine light green 10Yates Cos ct 1 ight green 10

CulturePlanting method - Seeds sown in nursery beds and transplanted or directly in field. Nursery beds recommended for head type, Romaine and leaf type may be transplanted or directly sown, In nursery beds sow seeds in rows 10cm apart, about 1 seed per cm of row, 1 cm deep. Cover with fine soil and use mulch until seedlings appear. Water beds regularly and remove weeds. Thin to 4 cm between plants. Transplant to field when seedlings are 5-8aiti tall. Late afternoon or cloudy weather are best times to transplant water seedlings immediately after transplant ing. For direct sowing, sow 3 seeds per hole, 1 cm deep. Cover with fine soil. Thin to one plant per hole. Plant on flat surface for rainfed crop or in double row on raised bed with furrows between beds for surface irrigation. Rows should be 5-10cm from edge of bed.

Spacing Between Between______________________________________rows________plantsBlack Seeded Simpson ^ 30cm 25cmBlonde, White Paris, Yates Cos 30cm 30cmGreat Lakes 118, Webbs Wonderful 30cm 30cm

22 .

3.3 Fertilizers -Time of Application______ Fertilizer Rate ____ ,before sowing 7g DAP/meter of row, mixed with soil2 weeks after germination 3,5 g Urea/meter of row, mixed with

soil 5-8cm from row.

Do not allow fertilizer to touch plant or leaves will be burned. Lettuce shows a good response to fertilizer or manure.

3.4 General Cultivation * Weeding and loosening of soilsurface. Care must be taken not to damage shallow root system. Mulching is useful to conserve soil moisture,

3.5 Harvesting method - For head type harvest when headsare solid, for Romaine and leaf types harvest when plants are full size, before plants become tall and flowers are formed. Pull up plants wash soil from roots,- and remove any old or damaged leaves.

4. Utilization

4.1 Consumption - can be eaten raw or boiled in soup.

4.2 Storage - Head type can be stored about 1 week under cooldry conditions. Other types should be used soon after harvest..

5#. Insect Pests

Usually no serious pests.

6. Diseases

Usually no serious diseases.-

2 3.

ENDIVE AND CHICORY

Easily grown leaf vegetables. Endive similar to leaf type lettuce. Chicory has long thin leaves.

1. Adaptation

1,1 Elevation - Grow best over 1400m.

1., 2 Water - Plant at beginning of rains or irrigate 1-2 timeseach week,

1,3 Water - See under LETTUCE

2, VarietiesLeaf Weeks to

_________________________________ Texture________ HarvestFull Heart Batavian (endive) smooth 13Pancalier :: very wrinkled 12Verde da Tagiia (chicory) smooth 8

3, Culture

3.1 Planting method - For endive follow recommendations for Romaine LETTUCE. For chicory sow in rows, 1 seed each 5 cm,

1cm deep. Cover with fine soil.. Thin when seedlings are 5-10cm tall. Plant on flat surface for rainfed crop or in double rows on raised bed with furrows between beds for surface irrigation. Outside rows should be about 5cm from edge of bed*

3.2 Spacing - For endive rows 30cm apart and 25 cm between plants, for endive rows 30cm apart and 15cm between plants.

3.3 Fertilizers - Follow recommendations for LETTUCE.

3.4 General Cultivation - Follow recommendations for LETTUCE*

3.5 Harvesting method - Harvest when plants are full size.Cut stem near soil level.

2b.

4, Utilization

4.1 Consumption - See under LETTUCE.

4.2 Storage - Should be used soon after harvest,

5, Insect Pests

No serious peast

6, Diseases

No serious diseases

Chapter 8 - GREENS

These vegetables (spinach, Swiss chard, New Zealand spinach,jute mallow) are easily grown and very high in food value, Spinach grows best in woyna dega or dega areas, New Zealand spinach in woyna dega or kola areas, Swiss chard can be grown in a wide range of climatic areas. Seeds are sown directly in the field and pests and diseases are usually not serious,

SPINACH (Chenopodiaceae family)

A fast growing and nutritious vegetable. Usually a cash crop. Amahric name is espinach.

1, Adaptation

1.1 Elevation - Grows best above 1800m, hardy to frost,

1.2 Water - Sow seeds at beginning of rains or irrigate once each week.

1.3 Soil - Medium texture, pH 6,0-7,0. High organic content of soil is helpful.

2. Varieties

Leafcolor

Leaftexture

Weeks to harvest

Bloomsdale Giant Noble Viloflay

dark green wrinkledsmooth

3. Culture

3.1 Planting method - Sow in rows, 1 seed each 5cm, 1.5-2cm deep. Cover with fine soil. Thin when seedlings are 5-10cm tall. Plant on flat surface for rainfed crop or in2.-3rows on raised bed with furrows between beds for surface irrigation. Outside rows should be about 5cm from edge of beds.

3.2 Spacing - Rows 25 cm apart and 10cm between plants.

3.3 Fertilizers - Time of Application Fertilizer Ratebefore sowing2 weeks after

germination

7g DAP/meter of row, mixed with soil3.5 g Urea/meter of row, mixed with soil 5-8cm from row.

3.4 General cultivation - Weeding and loosening of soil surface.

3.5 Harvesting method - Harvest when plant is full size. Pull up plants, wash soil from roots, and remove any old or damaged leaves.

4. Utilization

4.1 Consumption - Can be eaten raw in salad, but usually leaves are boiled.

26.

4.2 Storage - Does not keep well. Should be used soon after harvest.

5. Insect Pests_

No serious pests.

6, Diseases

No serious diseases.

SWISS CHARD (Chenopodiaceae family)

A popular vegetable, for home gardens or as cash crop. Easy to grow and has long harvest period. Amahric name is kosta.

1. Adgtation *

1*1 Elevation - Grows best above 800m. Hardy to light frost and tolerant to wide temprature range.

1.2 Water - Sow seeds at beginning of rains or irrigate once each week. Regular irrigation during dry weather will improve quality and lengthen harvest period.

1.3 Soil - See under SPINACH.

2. Varieties

Leafcolor

Leaftexture

Weeks to harvest

Fordhook Giant LucullusVerde a Costa Argentata

dark green wrinkledlight greendark green smooth

3. Culture

3.1 Planting method - Sow 1-2 seeds in hole spaced 30cm apart, about 2cm deep. Cover with fine soil. Thin when seedlings are 5-10cm tall. Several seedlings may develop from one

3.2

3.3

Swiss chard seed, actually a dry fruit. Plant on flat surface for rainfed crop or in double row on raised bed with furrows between beds for surface irrigation. Rows should be about 10cm from edge of bed.

Spacing - Rows 40cm apart and 30cm between plants.

Fertilizers -Time of Application Fertilizer Ratebefore sowing

2 weeks after germination

5g DAP/plant, mixed with soil in planting hole below seed level2.5g Urea/plant, mixed with soil in circle 10cm from stem.

After first harvest a second application of 2.5g Urea can be made.

3.4 General cultivation - Weeding and loosening of soil surface. Malching is useful to conserve soil moisture and reduce weeds.

3.5 Harvesting method - Leaves should be harvested when fullisize, but still tender. Cut leafstalk 2-5 cm above soil level. Remove only outer leaves so new leaves will develop. Harvest period can continue for several months,

4. Utilization^

4.1 Consumption - Leaves and leafstalk are boiled.

4.2 Storage - Does not keep well. Leaves should be used soon after cutting. Harvest leaves when needed.

5. Insect Pests

Description Control*lesser armyworm green caterpillars, up to

3 cm long, with pale stripe on each side of body and 2 dark spots behind head

1 and 6,8 or 9

* See Table 4 for insect pest control methods

28.

No serious diseases .

NEW ZEALAND SPINACH (Aizoaceae family)

A dependable and easily grown leaf vegetable; Has long harvestperiod. Usually grown in home gardens.

1, Adaptation1.1 Elevation - Grows best below l600rrij but tolerant to

fairly wide temprature rangei1.2 Water - Drought resistant* Usually grown as rainfed

crop. Plant at beginning of rains for longest possiblegrowing period. Yields improved with irrigation. Irrigate once each 1 - 2 weeks.

1.3 Soil - Tolerant of wide range of soil types,

2, VarietiesNo named varieties. Seed can be selected from vigorous and disease free mother plants,

3, Culture3.1 Planting methods - Follow recommendations for SWISS CHARD,

Seeds can be soaked in water for 2h hours before planting to speed germination.

3.2 Spacing - Rows 70cm apart and 30 cm between plants,3.3 Fertilizers - Follow recommendations for SWISS CHARD.3.4 General Cultivation - Follow recommendations for SWISS

CHARD.3.5 Harvesting method - Harvest tips of branches, 8-10 cm

long. First harvest about 10 weeks after planting. New leaves and shoots will develop and harvesting can continue for several months.

6. Biseases

4,1 Consumption - See under SPINACH.k.2 Storage - Leaves cannot be kept for long. Harvest

leaves when needed.

5. Insect PestsUsually no serious pests.

6 . DiseasesNo serious diseases.

JUTE MALLOW (Tiliaceae family)An easily grown leaf vegetable. Usually grown in home gardens,

1. Adaptation1.1 EleVation - Grows best below l600m.1.2 Water - Drough resistant. See under NEW ZEALAND SPINACH.1.3 Soil - Tolerant of wide range of soil types. Prefers

soils with high organic content.

2. VarietiesSelect seeds from vigorous and disease free mother plants.

3. Culture3.1 Planting method - Follow recommendations for SWISS CHARD.3.2 Spacing - Rows 50 cm apart and 35 cm between plants.3.3 Fertilizers - Follow recommendations for SWISS CHARD.3* General Cultivation — Follow recommendations for

SWISS CHARD.3.5 Harvesting method - Harvest like NEW ZEALAND SPINACH.

First harvest about 11 weeks after planting.

30.

4. 1 Consumption - See under SPINACH.4*2 Storage - See under NEW ZEALAND SPINACH.4.3 Other uses - Stems can be used for fiber.

5* Insect PestsUsually no serious pests.

6 . DiseasesNo serious diseases.

Chapter 9 - SOLANCEOUS CROPSThese fruit vegetables (tomato, pepper, eggplant) all belong to the same family (Solanaceae). They grow best in kola or w^yna dega areas, are sensitive to low tempratures and damaged by frost, and are attacked by many of the same pests and diseases* Sunlight is important for good growth. Usually these crops are transplanted. Manure or compost mixed with soil before planting will give good response.

TOMATOOne of the most widely grown vegetables, both as cash crop and for home gardens. Fruits are sold for fresh market or processing. Amharic name is timatim. Indeterminate type has long vines, determinate type has shorter more branched vine and a shorter harvest period.

1. Adaptation1.1 Elevation — Grows best below 2000 m.1.2 Water - Usually grown during dry season to avoid diseases.

Irrigate once each 1-2 weeks. Constant and adaquate soil moisture important as water stress may cause fruit rot.

1.3 Soil - Medium texture, high organic content, pH 5*5-6.8. Deep soils are preferred due to deep root system.

4. Utilization

31.

2. VarietiesVine . Type

FruitShape

FruitSize

Weeks to Harve•t

Heintz 1370 determinate round medium 14Homestead 2U it round large 14Marglobe indeterminate It rt 11

Moneymaker It It small 13Roma VF determinate oval 11

Rutgers indeterminate round large 11

San Marzano If oval small 12

X

/

3.2

Culture

ft o in il.

Planting Method — Seeds sowi in nursery beds, Rowg 10cm apart, about 1 seed per cm of row, 0.5-1 cm deep* Cover with fine soil and use mulch until seedlings appear^Water beds regularly and. remove veedg. Thin to 5 £m betyeen plants. Transplant to field when S-4J? cm tall# 5-7weeke after sowing. Roots of seedlings should be buiied deeper in field than in nursery. Late afternoon or £loudy veajjher is best time for transplanting. Water seedlings immediately after transplanting.Spacing - Varieties with indeterminate nine-* are usually staked with rows 1 0 0cm apart and ^5 cm between plants.Vines can be tied to stakes or held by wires stretched between poles 1-2cm apart. Varieties with determinate vines can be staked or left untrained with rows 1 5 0cm apart and 30 cm between plants. Staked tomatoes usually give higher yield but require more investment of mater4«l and labor. Transplant to single row near edge paijs-ed

32.

bed with furrows 40-50 cm wide between bed for surface irrigation. Later remake furrows so that plants are near center of bed.

3,3 Fertilizers -Time of Application_______Fertilizer Rate ________________before transplanting 10g DAP and 2.5g Urea/plant mixed

with soil in planting below seedling roots level, or 200kg DAP and 50kg Urea/ha.

after 5 weeks 2,5g Urea/plant, mixed with soilin circle 1 0cm from stem, or 50kg Urea/ha.

3.4 General Cultivation - Weeding and loosening of soil surface. Mulching is useful to conserve soil moisture and to protect fruits from damage by soil insects or diseases i

03.5 Harvesting Method - Fruits for home use or processing

are harvested when fully mature and red. Fruits that will be shipped for fresh market can be harvested when full size but still slightly green. They will ripen in a few days. Harvesting can be done 2 times a week for 3 - 5 weeks!

4; Utilization4.1 Consumption - Fruits eaten raw in salad or cooked to

make wat or sauce,4.2 Storage - Fruits harvested when still slightly green

can be stored about 1 week. Mature re.d fruits should be used soon after harvest. Rome VF and San Marzano can be sliced and sun dried for storage.

4.3 Other uses - Processed fruits used for juice, paste, or soup. Rome VF and San Marzano are best suited to proces sing.

33.

5. Insect PestsDescription_________________________ Control*

American bollworm

green or brown caterpillars upto 4cm long, feed inside fruits

6

tobacco whitefly tiny white moth-like adults feed on underside of leaves 8

*See Table k for insect pest control methods.

6 . DiseasesDescription Control*

damping-off seedlings attacked, stem becomes dark and shrunken just above soil level, roots die and plants collapse 5

early blight small irregular dark brown spots on leaves, later becoming circular with concentric rings, dark spots on stem end of fruits

2 , 6 or7

late blight dark spots on leaves with white mold on underside, later leaves become dry, brown spots on fruits 2 ,6 , or 7

Septoria grey spots on leaves, later leaves become dry 2 , 6 or 7

**See Table 5 for disease control methods

PEPPERHot peppers are one of the most important vegetables in Ethiopia, They are widely grown as cash crop and for home gardens. Local selections have given high yields. Very small fruited varieties, called Birds Eye Chilies, have hottest fruits that grow upwards instead of hanging down, Amharic names are karia for Iresh hot peppers, berbere for large dried hot peppers, mitmita for small dried hot peppers, and yeferengi karia for sweet peppers. Sweet peppers are usually grown as cash crop.

1, ' Adaptation1.1 Elevation - Usually below 2000m for hot peppers and

700-2000m for sweet peppers.

34.

1.2 Water - Hot peppers usually rainfed and transplanted at beginning of rains. Sowing in nursery beds and transplanting as soon as reliable rains come will give longest possible growing period. Sweet peppers usually irrigated. Irrigate once each 1 —2 weeks.

1.3 Soil - Medium texture, high organic content, pH 5.5-6.8

gives best results.

2. VarietiesType Fruit

shapeDiseaseresistance*

Weeks to harvest

California Wonder TMR sweet square TMV 1 1

Long Red Ceyanne hot long thin - 1 1

Marako Fana n long - 10

Marako Long it long thin - 10

S anttika it short - 10

Yolo Wonder Y sweet square PYV 1 1

* TMV - Tobacco Masaic Virus PYV - Potato Y Virus

Seeds from local varieties should be selected from Vigorous and disease free mother plants.

t

35.

3.1 Planting Method - Sow seeds and transplant like TOMATO. Seedlings should be in nursery beds about 6 weeks.

3.2 Spacing -

3. Culture

Between Rows Between PlantsBirds Eye Chili 1 m 50cmCalifornia Wonder, Yolo

Wonder 60cm 40cmLong Red Ceyanne 60cm 40 cmMarako Fana, Marako Long 80cm 40cmSantaka 60cm 20 cm

Plant on flat surface for rainfed crop or in double row on raised bed with furrows between beds for surface irrigation. Rows should be about 1 5 cm from edge of bed.

3.3 Fertilizers - Manure or compost should be added to soil before planting.

Time of Application____ Fertilizer Rate__________________________before transplanting 5g DAP/plant, mixed with soil in

planting hole below seedling root level, or 130kg DAP/ha,

after 6 weeks 2g Urea/plant, mixed with soil incircle 10cm from stem, or 50kg Urea/ha.

3.4 General Cultivation - See recommendations for TOMATO,3.5 Harvesting Method - For fresh hot peppers and sweet peppers

harvest fruits when full size but still green. Skin shouldbe shiny. Frequent harvests will provide good qualityfruits and lengthen harvest period. For dried hot peppersharvest fruits when fully red but not yet dry. Dry fruitsin sun or shade on trays raised above soil level.

4. Utilization4.1 Consumption - Hot peppers are used for flavoring many

dishes, especially wot. Fresh hot peppers are usually eaten raw, dried hot peppers are ground and used as a spice. Sweet peppers are sliced and eaten raw in salad or filled with meat and cooked.

36.

4.2 Storage - Fresh hot peppers and sweet peppers can be stored 1-2 weeks. Dried hot peppers can be kept for several months.

4.3 Other uses - Some varieties of peppers are used to produce red food coloring. This food coloring and dried Santaka or Birds Eye Chilies are important export items for Ethiopia.

5. Insect PestsDescription Control*

American bolloworm See under TOMATO 6Tobacco whitefly n it it 8Cotton leafworm Caterpillars uptc 4.5cm long

with black spots at back make small hole near stem of fruit and feed inside 6

* See Table 4 for insect pest control methods.


bacterial leaf spot

small yellow-green spots on young leaves, 0 ,5 - 1 cm diameter spots with brown dead centers on older leaves 9

mosaic virus plants stunted, leaves become mottled and deformed 1 and 3

powdery mildew White mildew on upper side of leaves, later leaves become brown 2 , 8 or 10

* See Table 5 for disease control methods.

EGGPLANT

A fruit vegetable usually grown as a cash crop. Amharic nameis deberjan.

1. Adaptation1.1 Elevation — Grows best belo w1700m, needs long growing

period of warm weather.

37.

1.2 Water - Transplant at beginning of rains or irrigate once each 1-2 weeks. Fairly drought resistant, but regular irrigation will increase yield and lengthen harvest period,

1.3 Soils - See under PEPPER.

2 , VarietiesFruitshape

Fruitcolor

Weeks to harvest

Black Beauty Lunga Violetta Nftw York

ovallongoval

blackpurpleblack

12 1 1

12

3, Culture3.1 Planting Method - See recommendations for TOMATO.3.2 Spacing - Rows 60cm apart and 50 cm between plants.

Plant on flat surface or raised beds like PEPPER.3.3 Fertilizers - See recommendations for PEPPER.3.4 General Cultivation — See recommendations for PEPPER.3.5 Harvesting Method - Harvest fruits when skin becomes

shiny, before full size. Older fruits may be tough. Frequent harvests will provide good quality fruit and lengthen harvest period.

•f4, Utilization4.1 Consumption - Fruits are sliced, sprinkled with flour and

salt, and fried until crisp. Fruits may also be sliced and boiled, or added to wat.

4.2 Storage — Fresh fruits cannot be kept long* For storage slice, blanch and sun dry fruits.

38.

5. Insect Pests__________________ Description__________________________ Control*fle a. beetle tiny black beetles, eat small

holes in leaves, jump when distrubed.

28

and or 10

Epilachna round beetles, 7mm diameter, skelelonize leaves, larva are brown with spines 2 and 7

lace bug slow moving, spiny brown bugs, feeding on leaves, leaves become yellow and drop off 2 and 7

*3ee Table k for insect pest control methods.


powdery mildew see under PEPPER 2 ,8 or 10

*3ee Table 5 for disease control methods.

Chapter 10 - CUCURBIT CROPSThese fruit vegetables (cucumber, marrow, pumpkin, squash, melon, watermelon) all belong to the same family (Cucurbitaceae). They grow best in woyna dega or kola areas, are sensitive to low tempratures and damaged by frost, and are attacked by many of the same pests and diseases. Seeds are sown directly in the field. These vegetables usually have long vines and take a lot of space in a garden. Male and female flowers are produce*! separately on vines. Manure oT compost mixed with soil before planting will give good response.

Cr/CUMBERVegetable grown for immature fruits in home gardens or as cash crop Amharic name is keyar.

1. Adaptation1.1 Elevation - Grows best below 1700m1.2 Water - Usually grown during dry season to avoid diseases.

Irrigate regularly once each week. Water stress may causefruits to have bitter flavor.

1.3 Soils - Light texture, high organic content, pH 5.5-6.8,

2. VarietiesFruitColor

Fruitlength*

Diseaseresistance**

Weeks to harvest

EarlyFortunePalomarPoinsett

green withyellow stripes 2 0cmdark green

ii it2 2cm2 0cm

DA , D

910

10

* Fruit length at proper time for harvest ** A= Anthracnose, D= downey mildew

3. Culture3.1 Planting method - Seeds sown directly in field. Sow

3 seeds per hole, 2-3cm deep. Cover with fine soil. Plantin single row on raised beds or single hole or mounds withfurrows between for surface irrigation. Thin to 1 plant per hole.

3.2 vSpacing - Rows 80cm apart and 60 cm between plants.3.3 Fertilizers - Manure or compost should be added to soil

in planting hole before sowing seeds.Time of Application Fertilizer Ratebefore planting

3 weeks after germination

5g DAP/plant, mixed with soil in planting hole below seed level2,5g Urea/plant, mixed with soil in circle 1 5cm from stem.

3.4 General Cultivation - "Weeding and loosening of soil surface.Mulching with straw is useful to conserve soil moistureand to protect fruits from damage by soil insects or diseases. Vines can be trained to climb on a framework of poles over the bed.

3.5 Harvesting method - Harvest fruits before fully mature.Older fruits may be tough. Depending on variety fruits should be about 20-22 cm long at time of harvest. Frequent harvests will provide good quality fruit and lengthen harvest period.

4.1 Consumption - Usually eaten raw, but may be boiled.h.2 Storage - Fruits cannot be kept long.

5. Insect PestsDescription Control*

aphids tiny green, black or white soft bodies insects feed on underside of leaves 8

melon fly white legless larva with black mouthparts, up to 1 cm long, feed inside fruits 2 and 11

* See Table k for insect pest control methods.

6 , DiseasesDescription Control*

Anthracnose Circular red brown spots on leaves, elongated tan spots on stem, sunken pink tan spots on fruits

1 ,2 ,6 ,7 , 8 or 9

damping-off seedlings attacked, stem becomes dark and shrunken just above soil level, roots die and plants collapse 5

downey mildew angular yellow spots on older leaves, later leaves become dry and die

1 ,2 , 6 7 o r 9

*3ee table 5 for disease control methods.

MARROWVegetable grown for immature fruits in home gardens as cash crop. . Sometimes called summer squash or zucchini. Amahric name is zukhini. Two types are planted, trailing type has long vine similar to other Cucurbits, bush type has short vine that occupies less space.

1. Adaptation1.1 Elevation - Grows best below 2100m.1.2 Water - Plant at beginning of rains or irrigate once each

week, water stress may cause fruits to rot.

1.3 Soils - Light texture , high organic content, pH$.5-6.8.Tolerant to fairly wide range of soils.

2 . VarietiesVine Fruit Fruit Weeks totype color length* harvest

Black Zucchini bush dark green 1 Ocm 9Cocozelle dark green

ii with stripes 1 6cm 9Long White n white 1 7cm 9Svizzero ii dark green 2 3cm 9*fruit length at proper stage for harvest.

3„ Culture3.1 Planting method - seeds sown directly in field like

CUCUMBER, 2-4 cm deep* Thin to 1-2 plants per hole;3.2 Spacing - For trailing types holes spaced 1.5m by 1.5m

and for bush types 1 m by 1m.3.3 Fertilizers - Follow recommendations for CUCUMBER.3.4 General Cultivation - Weeding, especially during early

growth period, and loosening of soil surface. Flowers may need artificial pollination. Transfer pollen by hand from male flowers to female flowers early in the morning. Mulchingwith straw is useful to conserve soil moisture and to protect fruits from damage by soil insects or diseases.

3.5 Harvesting method - Follow recommendations for CUCUMBER. Fruits should be 16-23 cm long at time of harvest, depending on variety.

4. Utilization4.1 Consumption - Fruits usually sliced and boiled or fried

slightly. May also be sliced and eaten raw in salad.4.2 Storage - Fresh fruits cannot be kept long. For storage

slice, blanch and sun dry fruits.

See under CUCUMBER.6 . Diseases

*________ - _______Des cription Control*damping-off powdery mildew

See under CUCUMBER 5white powdery mold on upper 1 , 2 , 8 ,surface of leaves or 10


PUMPKIN & SQUASH

Easily grown vegetables for home gardens or as cash crop for local markets. Fruits can be stored after harvest and are an important food source., especially in low rainfall areas.Amahric name is duba. Local selections have given high yields and are usually more disease resistant than imported varieties.

1 Adaptation ,1.1 Elevation - Grows best below 2000m, but tolerant to fairly

wide temprature range.1 „ 2 Water - Fairly drought resistant. Usually grown as.

rainfed crop, but,irrigation can improve yields. Plant on soil containing moisture at end of rains and use mulch to. conserve soil moisture. For irrigated crop irrigatefield before planting, then once each 1 - 2 weeks during

' : * . ' • * * * *dry weather. . #1.3 Soil - See under MARROW.

2 . VarietiesFrigi t color

Fruitsize Weeks to harvest

Butternut (squash) tan medium -1-5.Hubbard (squash) brown green 'large 17

m 1 7Marina di Chioggia(squas-h) 'tan"Seeds from local varieties should be selected from vigorousand'disease free mother plants.

43.

3. Culture3-1 Planting method - Sow seeds directly in field. Sow 3-4

seeds in holes 2 m apart, 2-4cm deep. Cover with finesoil and use mulch. Plant in holes on flat surface forrainfed crop or on mounds with furrows between mounds for surface irrigation. Thin to 1-2 plants per hole.

3.2 Spacing - Holes spaced 2m by 2m.3.3 Fertilizers - Fertilizers are usually not used. Mix manure

or compost with soil in planting hole below seed level before planting.

3.4 General Cultivation - Follow recommendations for MARROW.3.5 Harvesting method - Harvest fruits when fully mature.

Skin should be tough and stem dry. Cut fruits leaving about 2cm of stem attached.

4. Utilization4.1 Consumption - Fruits are cut into pieces and boiled or

used in watf Young shoots and leaves can also be boiled and eaten.

4.2 Storage - Fruits can be kept for several months in a cooldry place. Fruits can also be dried. Remove skin, cut into pieces 2-2 . 5 cm - wide and 0 . 5 cm thick, blanch and sun dry.

5. Insect PestsSee under . CUCUMBER.

6. DiseasesSee under MARROW.

MELONVegetable grown for sweet fruits usually as cash crop. Sometimes called muskmelon or cantaloupe.

1, Adaptation1.1 Elevation — Grows best below 1800m. Needs long growing

season of warm weather.1.2 Water - Usually grown during dry season to avoid diseases.

Irrigate regularly once each week,1.3 Soil - See under CUCUMBER.

2, VarietiesFruit Disease Weeks tosize Resistance* harvest

Charentais 1kg - 12Hales Best PMR 1,5kg P 13

Perlita 1kg D,P 12D= downey mildew, P = powdery mildew

3, Culture3-1 Planting method - Seeds sown directly in field like

CUCUMBER, 2-4cm deep,3.2 Spacing - Holes spaced 1,5m, by 1 . 5m3;3 Fertilizers - Follow recommendations for CUCUMBER,3»4 General cultivation - Foliow recommendations for MARROW,3*5 Harvesting method - Harvest fruits when fully mature

and fruit separates easily from stem. Fruits that willbe shipped can be harvested slightly earlier* The best method to determine proper harvest stage is to harvestfruits at different stages of maturity. Keep these fruitsseveral days, then cut open and taste* Fruits harvestedtoo early will not be sweet,, fruits harvested at properstage can serve as future guide,

4, Utilizationk,1 Consumption - Fruits are eaten raw.4.2 Storage - Fruits can be stored about 2-3 weeks if

harvested at proper time.

See under CUCUMBER6 . Diseases

Description______________________ Control*Anthracnose See under CUCUMBER 1,2,6,7

8 or 9damping-off n t» 5downey mildew it n n 1 ,2 ,6 ,

7 o r 9

powdery mildew See under MARROW 1 ,2 ,8 , or 10

* See table 5 for disease control methods.

WATERMELONVegetable grown for large sweet fruits, usually as cash crop.Native to Africa* Amharic name is habhab.

1. Adaptation1.1 Elevation — See under MELON.1.2 Water - Usually grown as rainfed crop* but irrigation can

improve yields. Chilean Black Seeded is -drought - resistant, requiring 400mm rainfall* Plant on soil containing moisture at end of rains and use mulch to conserve soil moisture. For irrigated crop irrigate field before planting, then once each 2 weeks during dry weather.Water stress may cause misshappen fruits.

1.3 Soil - Light texture, high organic content, pH 5.0-6.8. Deep soils are preferred.

2. VarietiesFruitshape

Fruitweight

Fruitcolor

DiseasesResistance*

Weeks to harvest

CharlestonGrey oval 1 Okgs light green A 13

Chilean Black Seeded round 7k gs dark green - 12

Sugar Baby it 3k gs ti it - 12

* A = anthracnose

3. Culture3#1 Planting method - seeds sown directly in field like

CUCUMBER, 2-4 cm deep.3.2 Spacing - Holes spaced 2m by 2m.3.3 Fertilizers - Follow recommendations for PUMPKIN & SQUASH.3.4 General Cultivation - Harvest fruits when fully mature.

Mature fruits sound hollow when slapped, immature fruits sound solid. Maturity can be tested like MELON. Cut fruits leaving 1—2cm of stem attached.

4. Utilization4.1 Consumption - Fruits are eaten raw*4.2 Storage - Fruits can be stored about 2 weeks if harvested

at proper time.

5. Insect PestsSee under CUCUMBER.

6. Diseases__________________Description_______Anthracnose See under CUCUMBER

46.

Control*1 ,2,6,7,8 or 9

*See Table 5 for disease control methods.

Chapter 11 - LEGUME CROPS

These vegetables (French bean, scarlet runner bean, pea, lablab, pigeon pea, cowpea) all belong to the same family (Leguminosae). They are a very good source of proteins. French bean and lima bean grow best in woyna dega areas, scarlet runner bean, pea, and lablab in woyna dega or dega areas, and pigeon pea and cowpea in kola areas. Seeds are sown directly in the field. These crops are able to take nitrogen from the air and are important in rotation to improve the soil.

FRENCH BEAN Sc SCARLET RUNNER BEANFruit vegetables grown for immature pods. French beans are sometimes called green or snap beans. Two types are planted, climbing type has long vines, bush type has short stiff vine. Scarlet runner bean similar to climbing French bean. Sometimes grown as an arnamental for red flowers.

1. Adaptationft

1.1 Elevation - French bean grows at 600-2200m, tolerant to wide temprature range. Scarlet runner bean usually grown above 2000m, prefers cool tempratures.

1.2 Water - Transplant at beginning of rains or irrigate once each 1 - 2 weeks during early stages of growth, then once each week when flowering begins. Heavy rains may reduce fruit set.

1.3 Soil - Medium texture, pH $.5-6.8.

2. VarietiesVinetype

Podlength*

DiseaseResistance**

Weeks to Harvest

Blue Lake Climbing 1 cm - 9Contender bush 1 6 cm - 8Kentucky Wonder RR climbing 1 8cm R 10Primeur bush 1 8cm - 8Scarlet runner bean climbing 1 3cm — 13Tendergreen bush 1 5 cm - 8Topcrop bush 1 5cm - 8* Pod length at proper time for harvest

** • R = rust

48 .

3. Culture3.1 Planting method - seeds Sown directly in field. Sow in

rows, 1 seed each '10cm,2-4cm deep. Cover with fine soil. Thin when seedlings are about 10 cm tall. Plant on flat surface for rainfed crop or in double row on raised bed with furrows between beds for surface irrigation. Rows should be 1 0- 1 5cm from edge of bed.

3*2 Spacing - Rows 40cm apart and 10cm between plants.

3.3 Fertilizers - Mix manure or compost with soil beforeplanting. Apply fertilizer only if severalcrops havebeen grown without fertilizer being given.Time of Application______ Fertilizer Ratebefore planting DAP/meter of row, mixed

with soil

3.4 General Cultivation - Weeding and loosening of soilsurface. Mulching is useful to conserve soil moisture and reduce weeds. Climbing French bean and scarletrunner beans can be trained to climb on poles, about1.5m high. Bottom of poles should be pushed into soilnear row, tie tops of poles from 2 rows on bed togetherin A shape. Bush French beans need no support.

3.5 Harvesting method - Harvest pods before seeds begin to swell and mature* Older pods will be tough and fiberous. Depending on variety pods should be about 13-18cm longat time of harvest. Frequent harvests will provide good quality pods and lengthen harvest period. Pods of scarlet runner beans can be harvested for fresh seeds when seeds are fully developed, but before pods begin to dry.

4. Utilization4.1 Consumption - pods are boiled and sliced, or sliced and

fried slightly. Fresh seeds of scarlet runner beans can be boiled.

4,, 2 Storage - Fresh pods cannot be kept for long,

5 •» Insect_Pes t sDescription

49.

ControT *American bollworm green or brown caterpillarsf

up to 4cm long, feed on pods 6

Cotton leafworm thick caterpillars, up to 4*5cm long, with 2 rows of black, feed on leaves and pods. 7

* See Table 4 for insect pest control methods

DiseasesDescription Control'-'

Anthracnose elongated red-brown spots on leaves and sunken spots with pink centers on pods

andr/ _ O. i or obacterial blight large dry brown spots

with yellow edges on 4leaves 9

and

bean rust tiny round red broT-mspots on plants 1 or 6

damping-off seedlings attacked,stem becomes dark andshrunken just abovesoil level, roots dieand plants collapse p


PEAA fruit vegetable grown for fresh seeds or edible pods., are climbing or bush. Amharic name is ater„

1 * Adaptation1 „ 1 Elevation - Grows best above 1900m.

1.2 Water - see under FRENCH BEAN,

Vines

1 - 3 Soil - See under FRENCH BEAN,

50.

2„ Varieties

Type VineType

Pod Weeks to , Lengt’

■ »

Dwarf Qrey Suger

Onwardedible pod climbing fresh seed M

7.5cm 99 .0cm 127 .0cm 10Yando IT

Culture3.1

3 .2

3 .3 3 .4

Planting method - seeds sown directly in field like FRENCH BEAN, seeds 3-*4 cm deep.Spacing - Rows > 4-Ocm apart and 5 cm between plants,Fertilizers - Follow recommendations for FRENCH BEAN ,General cultivation - Weeding and loosening of s«±l surface. Mulching is useful to conserve soil moisture and protect fruits from soil pests and diseases. Edible podded types can be trained to grow on strings tied between poles, Poles should be 1 ,5cm tall and spaced 1 m apart along row.Harvesting method - For fresh seeds harvest pods when seeds are fully developed and pods are green.For edible pods harvest when pods are about 7 .5 cm long, before seeds begin to swell and mature* Older pods will be tough and fiberous. Frequent harvests will provide good quality pods and lengthen harvest period.

51.

Utilization

4.1 Consumption - Fresh, seeds and edible pods are boiled**4.2 Storage - Fresh peas and edible pods cannot be kept

for long

Insect PestsUsually no serious pests.

DiseasesDescription Control*

Powdery mildew white powdery moldon upper surface of 8 or 10leaves

* See Table 5 for disease control methods*

LIMA BEAN

A vegetable grown for fresh seeds. Two types are planted, climbing type and bush type.Adaptation1.1 Elevation - Grows best below 1900 m1.2 ¥ater - See under FRENCH BEAN1.3 Soil - See under FRENCH BEAN

Varieties

■■•*-• ■'* TypeSeedColor

1 —Weeks to Harvest

Calico Bush

Calico PoleCalifornia Baby

LimaFordhook 2k2King of the

GardenSieva Pole

bush

climbing

busht»

white with dark purple spots

whitegre en-whi t e

climbing "11 white

10

12

911

1312

Culture

3.1 Planting method - seeds sown directly in field. Sow2 seeds in holes 20 cm apart for bush types, 50 cmapart for climbing types, 2-4 cm deep. Cover with fine soil. Thin when seedlings are about 10 cm tall. Plant on flat surface for rainfed crop or in double row for bush types or single row for climbing types on raised bed with furrows between beds for surface irrigation. Rows should be 10-15 cm from edge of bed.

3.2 Spacing - For bush types 40cm by 20cm, for climbing types 1 m by 50 cm.

3»3 Fertilizers - Follow recommendations for FRENCH BEAN-3.4 General cultivation - Follow recommendations for

FRENCH BEAN.3»5 Harvesting method - Harvest pods when seeds have

fully developed, but before pod begin to dry.

4. Utilization4.1 Consumption - Seeds are boiled.4.2 Storage - Fresh seeds cannot be kept for long.4.3 Other uses - Dry seeds can be eaten as a pulse.

Harvest dry fully mature pods.

5• Insect PestsSee under FRENCH BEAN.

6 . DiseasesSee under FRENCH BEAN.

LABLAB

An easily grown and dependable vegetable, usually in home gardens. Green pods, seeds, and leaves are edible. Sometimes called hyacinth bean or bonavist bean. Amharic name is Amara guaya.

1. Adaptation1.1 Elevation - Usually grown between 1200 - 1800 m, but

tolerant to wide temperature range. Hardy to lightfrost.

1.2 Water - Drought resistant. Usually grown as rainfedcrop, requires 600-800mm rainfall. Plant atbeginning of main rains for longest possible growing period. Yields increased with irrigation. Irrigate once each 1 - 2 weeks, especially important during early stages of growth and during flowering.

1.3 Soil - Medium texture. Tolerant to wide range ofsoil types.

2. Vari et iesSelect seeds from high yielding and disease free mother plants. Local varieties are well adapted and productive.

53.

54.

3. Culture3.1 Planting method - Seeds sown directly in field.

Sow 3-4 seeds in holes 40 cm apart, 2-4 cm deep.Cover with fine soil. Plant on flat surface for rainfed crop or in single row on raised bed with furrows between for surface irrigation. Row should be about 10 cm from edge of bed. Thin to2 plants per hole.

3.2 Spacing - Rows 60 cm apart and 40 cm between plants.-3.3 Fertilizers - Fertilizers are usually not used. Mix

manure or compost with soil in planting hole below seed level before planting.

3*4 General cultivation - Weeding and loosening soil surface. Vines spread on ground or trained to grow on fence for support. Mulching is useful to conserve soil moisture and to protect pods from soil pests and diseases.

3.5 Harvesting method - For fresh pods harvest podsbefore seeds begin to swell and mature. Older pods will be tough and fiberous* For fresh seeds harvest pods when seeds are fully developed, but before pods are dry.

4* Utilizatiion4.1 Consumption - Pods or seeds are boiled. Young leaves

can be boiled.4.2 Storage - Fresh pods or seeds cannot be kept for

long.4.3 Other uses - Dry seeds can be eaten as a pulse.

Harvest dry fully mature pods. Leaves can be used as fodder.

5. Insect PestsUsually no serious pests.

6. DiseasesNo serious diseases.

55.

PIGEON PEA.

An easily grown and dependable vegetable. Two typesare grown, tall type, 2 - 3 m tall, usually grown asperennial, dwarf type, 1 - 2 m tall, usually grown asannual. Amharic name is yewof ater.

1. Adaptation1.1 Elevation - Grows best below 1800 m.1.2 Water - Drought resistant. Usually grown as rainfed

crop, requires less than 600 mm rainfall. Plant at beginning of main rains

1.3 Soil - Tolerant to wide range of soil types. Deep soils are preferred due to deep root system.

2. VarietiesSelect seeds from vigorous disease free mother plants.Local varieties are well adapted and productive*

3• Culture3.1 Planting method - Sow seeds directly in field.

Sow 2-3 seeds in holes 1 m apart for tall types,20 cm apart fnr? dwarf types, 2-4 cm deep. Cover ^ith fine soil and use mulch. Plant on flat surface for rainfed crop.

3.2 Spacing - For tall types holes spaced 1,5 m by 1 m, for dwarf types 50 cm by 20 cm.

3 . 3 Fertilizers — Follow recommendations for LABLAB.3.4 General cultivation - Weeding and loosening of soil

surface. Mulching is useful to conserve soil moisture and reduce weeds.

3.5 Harvesting method - Harvest when seeds are fully developed, but before pods are dry.

Utilization4.1 Consumption - Seeds are boiled.*4.2 Storage - Fresh seeds cannot be kept for long.4.3 Other uses - Dry seeds can be eaten as a pulse.


Insect PestsSee under FRENCH BEANS

DiseasesNo serious diseases.

COWPEAVegetable grown for green pods or fresh seeds. Sometimes called southern pea. Three types are grown, trailing type with long vines, bush type with short stiff vine» and an intermediate type. Green pods, seeds, and leaves are edible. Native to Africa. Amharic name is Aden guaye.

Adaptation2.1 Elevation - Grows best below 1700 m.1.2 Water - Drought resistant. Usually grown as rainfed

crop. Plant at beginning of rains for longest possible growing period. Yields increased with irrigation. Irrigate once each 1-2 weeks, especially during early stages of growth and during flowering.

1.3 Soil - See under LABLAB.

VarietiesSelect seeds from high yielding and disease free mother plants.

57.

3. Culture3.1 Planting method - Sow seeds directly in field

like bush typo LIMA BEAN.3.2 Spacing - Rows 1 m apart and 20 cm between plants.3.3 Fertilizers - Follow recommendations for FRENCH BEAN,3.4 General cultivation - Weeding and loosening of soil

surface. Vines spread on ground, but trailing type can be trained to grow on fence for support. Mulching is useful to conserve soil moisture andto protect pods from soil pests and diseases.

3 .5 Harvesting method - Follow recommendations for LABLAB.

4. Utilization4.1 Consumption - See under LABLAB.4.2 Storage - Fresh pcds or seeds cannot be kept for

long.4.3 Other uses - Dry seeds can be eaten as a pulse.


5. Insect PostsSee under FRENCH BEAN .

6 . Diseases


Leaf Blight small round red- 8 or 10brown spots on . leaves


These vegetables (OKRA, ROSELLE) both belong to the same family (Malvaceal) and genus (Hibiscus), They grow best in kola or woyna dega areas, are sensitive to low tempratures and damaged by frost, and are attached by the same pests and diseases. Seeds are sown directly in the field.

OKRA

An easily growm fruit vegetable. Native to Africa.

1. Adaptation1.1 Elevation - Grows best below 1500 m.1.2 Water - Usually grown as rainfed crop. Transplant

at beginning of main rains. Fairly drought resistant, but irrigation once each 1 - 2 weeks during dry weather will increase yield and lengthen harvest period.

1.3 Soil - Medium texture, pH 6.0 - 6 .8 . Tolerant to fairly wide range of soils.

2. Varieties

Pod Pod Weeks toLength* Color Harvest

Clemsonspineless . 1 5 cm green 9

Emerald 20 cm darkgreen 8

Chapter - 12 OTHER FRUIT VEGETABLE CROPS

* Pod length at proper time for harvest.

59-.3. Culture

3.1 Planting method - Seeds sown directly in field.Sow 3 seeds in holes spaced 35 cm apart, 2 cm deep. Cover with fine soil. Plant on flat surface for rainfed crop or in double row with furrows between for surface irrigation. Thin to 1 plant per hole.

3.2 Spacing - Rows 75 cm apart and 35 cm between plant s.

3.3 Fertilizers - Usually not fertilized. Manure or compost added to soil in planting hole before sowing seeds will give good results.

Time of application________ Fertilizer rate______

before sowing 5 g DAP/plant, mixed withsoil in planting hole below seed level.

3 weeks aftergermination 2.5g Urea/plant, mixed

with soil in circle 1 0 cmfrom stem.

3.4 General cultivation - Weeding and loosening of soil surface. Mulching is useful, especially for rainfed crop or during dry weather to conserve soil moisture and reduce weeds.

3.5 Harvesting method Harvest pods before fully mature* Older pods will be tough* Depending on variety pods should be 1 5 - 2 0 cm long at time of harvest. Break off fruits carefully. Frequent harvests will provide good quality pods and lengthen harvest period.

60.

4. Utilization4.1 Consumption - Pods are sliced, sprinkled with,

flour, and fried. Sliced pods may be added to wat or soup to add flavor and thicken them.

4.2 Storage - Fresh pods cannot be kept for long. Pods for storage should be sliced and sun dried.

5. Insect Pests


iaphids ; tiny, soft bodied, green• or black insects, feed on underside of leaves or young shoots. 7 or 9

fleabeetle tiny, dark brown beetles,

about 4 mm, eat smallholes in leaves. 7 or 1 1

* See Table 4 for insect pest control methods.6 . Diseases

Diseases are usually not serious.

ROSELLE

A vegetable grown for fleshy parts, the calyx, surrounding fruit. Source of beverage called roselle or Kakarde. Leaves are also edible.

1. Adaptation1.1 Elevation - Grows best below 1800 m.1.2 Water - Drought resistant. Usually grown as rainfed

crop, requires at least ^00 mm rainfall. Plant at beginning of main rains for longest possible growing period. Yields improved with irrigation,

1.3 Soil - See under OKRA.

2. VarietiesNo named varieties. Seeds can be selected from vigorous

and diseases free mother plants.

3• Culture3»1 Planting method - Follow recommendations for OKRA, sow

in holes spaced 40 cm apart.3.2 Spacing - Rows 60 cm apart and 40 cm between plants.3*3 Fertilizing - Usually not fertilised.3<.4 General cultivation - Follow recomnendatinns for OKRA.3*5 Harvesting method - Calyx harvested when dark red and

swollen, beforec-seed pod opens. Fleshy parts are removed. Harvest about once aach week. First harvest about 16 weeks after planting. Save seeds from selected plants for sowing next season,

b . Utilisationb ... 1 Consumption - Fresh or dried calyxes are put into

boiling water to make extract, similar to making tea.Add suger to sweeten.

b.Z Storage - Calyces for storage should be sun dried.b.3 Other uses - Leaves can be harvested and used like

SPINACH. Stems can be used for fiber.5- Insect Pests

S e e U n c ie r OK-H-h. .

6 . Dis easesNo serious diseases.

6 1,

This vegetables (CARROT, RED BEET, RADISH) are easily grown and popular. They grow best in woyna dega or dega areas, are hardy to light frost, and pests and diseases are usually not serious. Seeds are sown directly in field. These crops can tolerate more shade than most other vegetables.

CARROT (Umbelliferae family)A popular vegetable, with high vitamin content. Nantes type is the most commonly grown. Roots are long and cylindrical, leaves are few and brittle. Chantenay type also grows well and is better for shipping and storage. Roots are shorter than Nantes type, thick at top and pointed at bottom, leaves large and strong.

1. Adaptation1.1 Elevation - Grows best over 1000m, but tolerant to fairly

wide temprature range.1.2 Water - Usually grown as rainfed crop and planted at

beginning of rains. Irrigation allows planting during dry season to avoid diseases. Irrigate regularly once each weeks. Water stress may cause root splitting.

1.3 Soil - Light texture, pH 6.0-7.6 . Heavy clay soils are not suitable.

2. Varieties

Chapter 13 - ROOT CHOPS

Rootcolor

Rootlength

Rootdiameter*

Weeks to harvest

Chantenay dark orange 1 5cm 5. 5cm 10

Chantenay Red Cored it it 1 3cm 5. 5cm 10

Nantes orange 1 6cm 3 • 5 cm 9Nantes Improved n 1 6cm 3. 5cm 9Nantes Strong Top ii 1 6cm 4cm 9Royal Chantenay it 1 5cm 5cm 10

*Root diameter at proper stage for harvest.

63.

3* Culture3.1 Planting method - Seeds sown directly in field. Sow in

rows, 1 seed i:>er cm o: row, 1 cm deep# Cover with fine soil and use mulch. Thin several times beginning about4 weeks after sowing. Plant on flat surface for rainfed crop or in 2 - 3 rows on raised bed with furrows between for surface irrigation. Rows should be about 5 cm from edge of bed.

3.2 Spacing - Rows 25 cm apart and 5 cm between plants.3.3 Fertilizers - Usually not fertilized. Apply only if

several crops have been grown in soil without fertilizer being given.Time of Application_______Fertilizer Rate _______________before sowing 7g DAP/meter of row, mixed with

soil

Do not use manure or compost because carrot roots may become deformed.

3*4 General cultivation - Weeding especially during time ofgermination and early growth and loosening of 3oil surface* I£eep tops of roots covered with soil or they will become green, especially Nantes types.

3.5 Harvesting method - Harvest when roots are 3.5-5.5cmdiameter, depending on variety. Smaller roots may wilt after harvest, older roots may be tough. Loosen soil with, forked hoe if necessary, pull roots, and wash roots to remove soil. Several harvests should be made,

4. Utilization4.1 Consumption - Can be eaten raw, but usually boiled.4.2 Storage - Roots can be kept for several weeks in a cool

dry place. For longer storage slicev blanch andsun dry roots.

Description Control*Gojam red ant red brown ants, 4mm long, feed

on roots causing holes 4

* See Table 4 for Insect Fest Control Methods.

6. Diseases

_____________________ Description_____________________ Control*Alternaria tiny black spots on leaves« 2,6,7,

older leaves become brown,dry 8 or 9* See Table 5 for Disease Control Methods.

BEET (Chenopodiaceae family)A popular and easily grown vegetable* for home gardens and as cash crop. Closely related to Swiss chard, red beet leaves as well as roots are edible.

1. Adaptation1.1 Elevation - Grows best 1000m.1.2 Water - Sow seeds at beginning of rains or irrigate once

each week.1.3 Soil - Light texture, pH 6.0-7.6

2. Recommended VarietiesRoot Root Leaf Weeks to

_______________________shape_______ Diameter* s i z e__ harvestCrosbys Egyptian flat round 7.5cm small 9Detroit Dark Red round 7cm " 10Tall Top EarlyWonder flat round 7.5cm large 9* Root diameter at proper stage for harvest.

3. Culture_3.1 Planting method — seeds sown directly in field. Sow in

rows, 1 seed each cm, 2f—2*5cm deep. Cover with fine

soil and use mulch. Thin when seedlings are 5-*Ocm tall. Several seedlings may develop from one seed, actuallya dry fruit. Plant on flat surface for rainfed crop or in double row on raised bed with furrows between for surface irrigation. Rows should be about 10cm from edge of bed,,

3,2 Spacing - Rows 35 cm apart and 10 cm between plants-,3„ 3 Fertilizers - Follow recommendations for CARROT-,3., 4 General Cultivation - Weeding and loosening of soil

surface. Cover tops of roots with loose soil,3,5 Harvesting method — Harvest like CARROT, when roots are

7-7*5 cm diameter, depending on variety,

4., Utilization^4.1 Consumption — Roots are boiled, then sliced*4.2 Storage - Roots can be kept about 2-4 weeks under cool

dry conditions. For longer storage boil, slice and sun dry roots,

4.3 Other uses - Leaves can be used like SWISS CHARD*

5, Insect PestsNo serious pests.

6 , DiseasesNo serious diseases.

RADISH (Cruciferae family)A very fast growing vegetable. Usually grown as cash crop.

1, Adaptation1.1 Elevation - Grows best over 1200m,1.2 Water - Sow at beginning of rains or irrigate regularly

1-2 times each week. Radish should never lack wateror growth will be slow and qviality poor.

1.3 Soils - See under CARROT.

2. Varieties RecommendedRootshape

Rootcolor

RootDiameter*

Weeks to harvest

Champion round red 2 . 5cm 6

Cherry Belle ti n 2 cm 5French Breakfast oval red with

white tip 2cm 5Long White Icicle long white 2cm 6

* Root diameter at proper stage for harvest.

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)3. Culture3.1 Planting method - Follow recommendations for CARROT,3*2 Spacing - Rows 20 cm apart and 5 cm between plants.3.3 Fertilizers - Follow recommendations fnr CARROT.3.4 General Cultivation - Follow recommendations for RED BEET.3.5 Harvesting method - Harvest like CARROT, when roots are

2—2.5cm diameter. Larger roots will have poor quality.

4. Utilization4.1 Consumption - Usually eaten raw, can also be boiled.4.2 Storage - Roots cannot be kept for long.

67.

5, Insect PestsNo serious pests


Chapter ^k - BULB CROPS

These vegetables (ONION, SHALLOT, LEEK, GARLIC) all belong to the same family (Amaryllidaceae) and genus (Allium). They gro best in woyna dega or dega areas, are hardy to light frost, an are attacked by many of the same pests and diseases. Onion and leek are usually transplanted, shallot and garlic are usually propagated vegetatively♦ Root systems of onion crops are shallow, the bulbs are made of thickened leaf base..

ONIONAn important vegetable, usually grown as a cash crop. Bulbs are used as food and flavoring, Amharic name is yefcrengi shinkurt,

1, Adaptation .1.1 Elevation - Grown at $00—2400m, but 1200-I800rn gives best

results. Low tempratures cause slow growth and encourage flowering,

1.2 Water - Usually grown as irrigated crop. Irrigate once cach week. Stop irrigation when tops of plants fall over Bulbs should mature during dry weather,

1.3 Soils - Medium texture, pH 6,0-6.8, High organic content of soil is helpful. Heavy soils that crack are not suitable,

2, VarietiesBulb Bulb __ Weeks to.. . Flavor ,color size____________harv es t red medium pungent 20white ” 11 20red ” 11 20tan large mild 2k

Bombay Red Mermiru White Sudan Red Texas Early Grano

\

CulturePlanting- method - Seeds sown in nursery beds. Rows 15crn apart, about 2 seeds per cm of row,. 1-1.5cm deep. Cover with fine soil and use mulch until seedlings appear.Water beds regularly and remove weeds. Transplant to field when seedlings are 15-20cm tall, Lat.c afternoon or cloudy weather are best times to transplant. Water seedlings immediately after transplanting. Plant in double row on raised beds for surface irrigation* Rows should be about 5cm from edge of bed.Spacing - Rows 30cm apart and 10 cm between plants.Fertilizers -Time of Application..... Fertilizer Rate ___________before transplanting 7g DAP/meter of row, mixed

with soil airing row, or 200kg DAP/hai

-------------------------------------- — — ---------- — -------------------- ------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- — —

General Cultivation - Weeding and loosening of soil surface, Care must be taken not to damage shallow rootsystem. Mulching is useful to conserve soil moisture.Any flowers that appear should be pinched off before they can open.Harvesting method - Bulbs ready for harvest after tops of most plants have fallen over and necks of bulbs are dry. Loosen soil with forked hoe and pull bulbs. If bulbs are to be stored, lay bulbs on soil with leaves of one row covering the next. After several days bulbs will be cured and dry enough for storage. Cut off leaves and roots.

UtilizationConsumption — Bulbs are sliced and added to wat, sauces,and soups, or they can be eaten raw. Green leaves canalso be used as flavoring.Storage - Bulbs that have been cured can be stored forseveral months in a cool dry place. Keep under cover in loose piles, not more than 5 0cm deep, preferrably on raised floor made of poles. This will giv© good

ventilation. Diseased or sprouted bulb® «h<*uld be Removed* Bulbs can also be dried. Remove dry outer leaves, slice and sundry.

5. Insect Pests__________________ Description Control*cutworm fat grey caterpillars found in soil

or mulch curled in C-shape, stemcut at soil level 1 and 3

onion thrips tiny yellow or brown insects nearcenter of plant * leaves show silver patches, withered tips, may be twisted 5

........................................... ......... .................................................................... ............... — . . . ■ . . ■ . — - ■■

* See Table 4 for Insect Pest Control Methods*

6 . DiseasesDescription_______ ___________________Control*

damping-off seedlings attacked, stem becomes dark and shrunken just above soil level) roots die and plants collapse 5

downey mildew furry light purple growth on .** leaves, leaves later become yellow and collapse 1,6,7 or9

purple blotch sunken spots with purple centers on leaves, leaves may collapse, bulb scales become purple & dry

2 , 6 , 7 8 or 9

* See Table 5 for Diseases Control Methods.

SHALLOTOne of the most widely grown vegetables. Similar to onion but each plant produces several small bulbs.1. Adaptation1.1 Elevation - See under ONION.1.2 Water -r Usually grown as rainfed crop. Transplant at

beginning of main rains. Bulbs should mature during dry weather.

1.3 Soils - See under ONION.

2. VarietiesSelect planting- material from vigorous disease free mother plants. Local varieties are well adapted and productive.

3. Culture301 Planting method - Usually propagated vegetatively. Bulbs

planted directly in field. Plant 1 bulb each 10cm, 3”5cmdeep, so tops of bulbs are just covered with soil,. Plant on flat surface for rainfed crop,

3.2 Spacing - Rows 30cm apart and 10cm between plants.3.3 Fertilizers - Follow recommendations for ONION.3.4 General Cultivation - Follow recommendations for ONION.3.5 Harvesting method - Follow recommendations for ONION, save

bulbs from selected, plants f'or planting- next season;

4* Utilization4.1 Consumption - See under ONION4

4.2 Storage - See under ONION,,

5. Insect Pests See under ONION.

6. DiseasesSee under ONION,.

#

LEEKA vegetable grown for its thick fleshy stem. Usually a cash crop. Amharic name is baro.

Adaptation1.1 Elevation - Grows best at l600-2500m.1.2 Water - Transplant pt beginning of rains or irrigate

once each week.1.3 Soil - See under ONION.

70 .

2. VarietiesStem ¥eeks to

_____________________ diameter* harvest________Di Carantan 3cm 20Musselburgh 3cm 22* Stem diameter at proper stage for harvest.

3. Culture3.1 Planting method - Follow recommendations for ONION.3.2 Spacing - Rows 35cm apart and 15cm between plants.3.3 Fertilizers - Follow recommendations for ONION.3.4 General Cultivation - Follow recommendstions for ONION.3.5 Harvesting method - Harvest when stems ara about 3 cm

diameter, depending on variety. Pull up plants and wash soil from roots.

4. Utilization4.1 Consumption - Stems are sliced and used like ONION.4.2 Storage - Stems can be kept for several weeks in a cool

dry place. For longer storage slice and sun dry stems.

5. Insect Pests See under ONION.

6. DiseasesUsually no serious diseases.

GARLICAn important vegetable, usually grown as a cash crop. Bulbs are used as flavoring. Amharic name is nech shinkurt.

1. Adaptation1.1 Elevation - Grows best at 1800-2500m.1.2 Water - Usually grown as rainfed crop. Plant at beginning

of rains. Grows best in areas with low rainfall. Bulbs should mature during dry season. If irrigated follow recommendations for ONION.

72.

1.3 Soil - See under ONION.

2-*- VarietiesSelect planting- material from vigorous disease free mother plants. Local varieties are well adapted and productive.

3. Culture3. 1 Planting method - Propagated vegeta.tively, Divide bulbs

into sections 4 cloves, for planting. Plant like SHALLOT.3«2 Spacing - Rows 25 cm apart and 10 cm between plants.3.3 Fertilizers - Follow recommendations for ONION. BestIyields in trials have been with heavy applications of

manure, up to 120 tons per hectare.3*4 General cultivation - Follow recommendations for ONION.3.5 Harvesting method - Bulbs ready for harvest when leaves

turn yellow and begin to dry. Harvest and cure like ONION. Save bulbs from selected plants for planting next season. Bulbs have a dormant period and must be stored for at least 3 months before planting,

4. Utilization4.1 Consumption - Bulb sections, cloves, are sliced and added

to wat or other foods as flavoring. Green leaves can also be used as flavoring.

4.2 Storage - See under ONION,

5. Insect PestsUsually no serious pests,

6. Diseases_______________Description_________________Control*_______rust orange spots on leaves 6

* See Table 5 for Disease Control Methods,

73.

These vegetables (POTATO, SWEET POTATO, CASSAVA, TARO, YAM) are important for their starchy underground roots or stems, which can provide large amounts of food. They are usually grow n as rainfed crops and given little attention in the field Potato grows best in woyna dega areas, the others in woyna dega or kola areas and are sensitive to low tempratures. All are damaged by frost, but pests and diseases are usually not seriou All are propogated vegetatively.

POTATO (Solanaceae fa.mily)A popular vegetable, usually grown as cash crop. Closely related to eggplant and tomato. Amharic name is dinich<,

1„ Adaptation1.1 Elevation - Grows best at 1200-2500m.1.2 Water - Usually grown as rainfed crop, requires 900rnm

rains. Plant at beginning of main rains for longest possible growing period. Irrigation allows planting during dry season when diseases are less. Irrigate field before planting. When sprouts appear begin to irrigate once each week, later when tubers develop irrigateonce each 2 weeks. Stop irrigation when leaves begin to dry.

1.3 Soil - Light texture, high organic content, pH 5.0-6.8.

2. VarietiesSelect planting material from high yr'.eldir!«•; and disease free mother plants.

3. Culture3.1 Planting method - Tubers for planting should be 3-6cm

diameter and have sprouts 1cm long. Plant _n rows about 8cm deep, with sprouts pointed up. Cover with fine soil. Plant or raised bed vi'ch row, abouv 10cm from edge of bed.

Chapter 15 - FOOD VEGETABLE CROPS

3.2 Spacing - Rows 70cm apart and 35cm between plants.3.3 Fertilizers - Mix manure or compost with soil before

planting.Time of Application____ Fertilizer rate__________________before planting - 17g DAP/meter rf row, mixed with

soilj or 300kg DAP/hectare

74, '

3.4 General Cultivation - Weeding and looiening of soilsurface* Vhon plants are. 1 5 C>T1 tall I’eraako beds to have plants near center of bed and pile 3o'Ll arouid stems i

3„5 Harvesting method - Tubers ready for harvest when leaves have become yellow and dry and skin of tubert is tough. Leaves and stems can be cut about 2 weeks before harvestto help toughen skin of -:uber and prevent leaf diseasesfrom entering tubers. Loosen soil with digging fork and gather tubers. After harvest tubers can be cured in shade for several days. Save tubers from selected plants for planting next season.

4. Utilization4.1 Consumption - Tubers are boiled, roasted in ashes, or

sliced and fried.4.2 Storage - Tubers that have been cured can be stored for

several months in a cool dry place. Keep under coverin loose piles, not more than 50cm deep, preferrablyon raised floor made of poles. This will give good ventilation, Diseases or sprouted tubers should be removed. Sunlight can cause tubers to develop green color, but storing in darkness will remove color.

5. Insect Pests_______________ _ Description Control* ___potato tuber moth smooth white caterpillars,

upto 8mm long, with brownhead and brown trianglespot behind head tunnelinside stems and tubers 9

* See Table 4 for Insest Pest Control Methods.

6 DiseasesDescription Control*

bacterial wilt plants wilt, white liquid flows from base of stem or tuber when cut 9

early blight small brown spots with rings on leaves 2,6,7, or8

late blight dark spots on leaves with white powder on underside, later leaves become dry

virus plants stunted, leaves become yellow or mottled, may become curled 3


SVEET POTATO (Convolvulaceae family)A nutritions and dependable food vegetable. Grown in homegardens or as cash crop for local market. Leaves and roots areedible. Amharic name is sukar dinich,

1. Adaptation1.1 Elevation - Grows best below 2100m, but tolerant to wide

temprature range.1.2 Water - Drought resistant. Usually grown as rainfed crop,

requires 750-900mm rainfall. Plant at beginning of main rains for longest possible growing period. Yields improved with irrigation. Irrigate once each 1-2 weeks, especially important during early stages of growth to establish roots.

1.3 Soil - Light texture, high organic content, pH 5.5-6.8.Tolerant to wide range of soil types

2 VarietiesSelect planting material from high yielding and disease free mother plants. Imported variety White Star has given highest yields in trials.

76,

3. Culture3 . 1 Planting method - Stem cuttings for planting should be

25cm long, with at least 3 nodes. Keep cuttings in shade and moist for 2—3 days before planting. Remove leaves. Plant in rows, cuttings at 45° angle; at least half of cutting below soil surface* In dry areas all but one node should be below soil surface. Cuttings not rooted after 2 weeks should be replaced. Plant on raised bed with row about 15cm from edge of bed; Do not plant near land infested with sweet potato weevils.

3.2 Spacing — Rows 1m apart and bOcw between plants,3 . 3 Fertilizers - Mix manure or compost with soil before

planting. Fertilizers usually not used*3.4 General Cultivation - Weeding, especially during early

stages of growth, and loosening of soil surface. About4 weeks after planting remake beds to have plants near center of bed*

3.5 Harvesting method - Tubers ready for harvest when skinis tough and no longer green. Most varieties will mature in 4-6 months. Loosen soil with digging fork and gather tubers. Save stem cuttings from selected plants forplanting next crop. 2 5 ,0 0 0 cuttings are required to plantone hectare.

4. Utilization4.1 Consumption - Tubers are boiled or roasted in ashes, then

peeled. Leaves are boiled.4.2 Storage - During dry season tubers are best stored in

ground. Harvest only as needed. Tubers can also be peeled, sliced, and sun dried.

4.3 Other uses - Sun dried slices pounded to make flour.Leaves and stems can be used as fodder.

5. Insect PestsDescription__________________C ontrol*

lesser armyworm green caterpillars, up to3cm long, with stripe onside and dark spots on 1 and 7»thorax, feed on leaves 9 or 10

___________ Description____________ Control^___Weevil white legless worms, up to 8mm

long, tunnel inside tubers and stems; adults, shiny black, resemble ant, found on soil and leaves 5

* - See Table 4 for insect pest control methods.

6. DiseasesUsually no serious diseases.

CASSAVA (Euphorbiaceae family)An easily grown and dependable vegetable. Two types are planted, bitter type used mainly for preparing flour, sweet type eaten like sweet potato, Tubers of bitter type contains 0.0?-0.03^ poisonous hydrocyanic acid, which is removed when grated and washed for flour or when roasting. Both types have nutritious edible leaves as well as tubers. Sometimes called manioc or tapioca.

Adaptation1.1 Elevation - Grows best below 1500m.1.2 Water - Drought resistant. Usually grown as rainfed crop.

Plant at beginning of main rains for longest possiblegrowing period. Yields improved with irrigation. Irrigate once each 1-2 weeks.

1*3 Soil - Medium texture, high organic content. Tolerantto wide range of soil types. Deep soils are preferred.

2. VarietiesSelect planting material from high yielding and disease free mother plants,

3.. Culture3.1 Planting method - Stem cuttings for planting should be

mature wood, 3^cm long 2—3 cm diameter* Remove leaves. Plant cuttings like SWEET POTATO.

3*2 Spacing — Rows 1.5m apart and 1 ra between plants.3 . 3 Fertilizers — Follow recommendations for SWF IDT POTATO.3.4 General Cultivation - Follow recommendations for

SWEET POTATO.3.5 Harvesting method — Tubers r e a d y for/Jiarvest 9- -2- mon-ths

after planting, usually when flowers appear, Xoosen soil with digging fork and pull stem with tubers attached.Save stem cuttings from selected plants for planting next.;crap. 6,666 cuttings will be required to -plant* one Hectare.

4. Utilization „ s. .*•4.1 Consumption — See under SWEET POTATO.4.2 Storage - See under SWEET POTATO.4.3 Other uses - Tubers, especially of bitter type, are peele

washed and grated. The liquid is kept and starch will settle to bottom. Sun dried slices can be pounded to make flour. Dried stems can be used as firewood.

5/ Insect PestsNo serious pests,

6. Diseases___________ Description_________________ _______ Control*Virus jilarat stunted, leaves mottled

and wrinkled. 3

* See Table 5 for Disease Control Methods,

TARO (Araceae family)Vegetable grown for corm, a starchy underground stem. Sometimes called colocasia or cocoyam, Amharic name is godare, Native to Africa,

1, Adaptation1.1 Elevation - Grows best below 1500m.

79.

1.2 Water - Usually grown as rainfed crop, requires 1250mm rainfall. Often planted near rivers where plants can be flooded. Plant when soil is moist. Irrigate once each week if soil is dry.

1.3 Soil - Medium texture, high organic content. Grows • • .1 in waterlogged soils.

2. VarietiesSelect planting material from vigorous disease free mother plants.

3. Culture3.1 Planting method - Planting usually done at same time as

harvest. Cut corm leaving about 5cm below growing point and 20~30cm of leaf stalks. Plant in holes 60cm apart, about 10cm deep. Press soil around corm and leaf stalks. Plant on mounds or raised beds with holes in center.

3.2 Spacing - Holes spaced 1m by 60cm.3*3 Fertilizers - Fertilizers usually not used. Mix manure or

compost with soil in planting hole.3.4 General cultivation - Weeding.3.5 Harvesting method - Harvest corms individually when they

are about 30cm long and 15cm diameter. Pull up plant.Use top of corm for planting next crop. 16,666 corms aie required to plant one hectare.

k. Utilization4.1 Consumption - Corms boiled and peeled, or peeled, cut

into pieces and boiled or fried. Corms may also be roastec1 in ashes.

4.2 Storage — Corms should be used soon after pulling. Harvest corms when needed.

5. Insect PestsNo serious pests.


YAM (Dioscoreaceae family)Vegetable grown for strachy tubers. Gorwn in home gardens oras a cash crop for local markets.. Amharic name is wocino. Sometypes produce aerial as well as underground tubers.

1 . Adaptation1.1 Elevation Grows best below 1700m*1i2 Water - Usually grown as rainfed crop. Plant at beginning

of main rains for longest possible growing period. Tubers should mature during dry weather.

1*3 Soil - Light texture, high organic content.

2. VarietiesSelect planting material from vigorous disease free mother plants.

3. Culture3.1 Planting method - Tubers for planting should be stored

about 2 months and have sprouts like POTATO. Plant in holes spaced JO cm apart, about 8cm deep, with sprouts pointed up. Plant on mounds with holes in center of mound.

3.2 Spacing - Holes spaced 1m by 70cm.3.3 Fertilizers - Mix manure or compost with soil in planting

hole. Heavy applications of manure give good response3.4 General cultivation - Weeding, especially during early

stages of growth, and loosening of soil surface. Vines should be trained to climb on poles. Use 3 pol ©s, 2m high, for each mound. Bottoms of poles should be pushed into soil, tie tops of poles together in A shape.

3.5 Harvesting method - Tubers ready for harvest when leavesbegin to dry. Most varieties will mature in 6-9 months.Loosen soil with digging fork and gather tubers. Savetubers from selected plants for planting next season.

Consumption — Tubers are prepared, and eaten like POi^.TO.Storage — During dry season tubers are best stored in ground, Harvest only as needed. Tubers can be kept for several weeks in a cool dry place, -See under POTATO,For longer storage tubers can be peeled, sliced and sun dried*

Insect PestsUsually no serious insect pests.

DiseasesUsually no serious diseases.

c:CDTAJBL^ ± - Food Values of Vegetable Crops (For 100 g. of' Vegetable)*

---- -------------Vitamins

Water Calories Protein Fat Carbo Calcium Iron A B1 B2 B12 C(ml) (*> (g) hydrates (mg) (rag) (IU> (mg) (mg) (mg) (mg)

.........

Beet 89 3k 1.9 0 . 1 6.3 13 ffl.5 0 0.05 0 . 0 2 0.4 1 1

Broccoli 90 23 3.6 0.3 2 . 0 78 2 . 0 3800 0 . 1 1 0 . 1 0 0 ,-6 1 1 0

Cabbage 92 2 1 1 . 2 0 . 1 3.7 38 O.k 200 0.05 0.03 0.3 60

Carr*t 88 32 0 , 8 0 . 2 7.1 31 0.9 L0000 0.05 <T\O•O 0.4 5* *Cassava (tuber) 60 153 0.7 0 . 2 37.0 25 1 . 0 0 0.07 0,03 0.7 30Cassava (leaf) 91 28 2 . 0 0.3 4.0 80 2 .5 1000 0.08 0 . 2 0 0.5 50Caulif lover 90 22 2 . 2 0 . 1 3.2 30 1 . 0 40 0.09 0 . 1 2 0 . 6 71Chicory 92 13 1.7 0.3 1 . 1 10 0 0.9 4000 0.66 0 . 1 0 0.5 24Co Hard 85 27 3.3 0.7 2.4 135 1.7 5800 0.11 0.13 1 . 0 1 2 0

Cucumber 96 12 0 . 6 0 . 1 2.7 12 0.3 45 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0.3 12

Eggplant 93 20 1 . 1 0 . 1 k.o 7 0.4 70 0 .0 9 0. 0 2 0 .6 7Frenh Bean (pod) 86 3k 2.7 0 . 2 5.7 35 1 . 2 540 0 . 0 9 0.08 0.9 21

Garlic 6l 39 6.4 0.5 2.9 2k 1.7 0 0. 20 0.11 0.7 15Lablab (pod) 90 3k 2. 0 0 . 0 6.0 50 1.4 200 0.08 0,12 0.5 20

Lettuce omaine ) 94 16 1. 6 0 . 2 2 . 1 36 l.l 2600 0. 10 0 . 10 0.5 24Lima. Beai(seed) 71 80 6.3 1 . 8 1 0. 0 28 2.5 250 0.29 0.11 1.4 27Marrow 95 13 1.2 0.1 2y0 15 0.4 340 0.07 0.03 0.4 9Mel on 99 31 1. 0 0.1 7.2 10 0.4 4200 0 . 0 6 0.02 0.9 45iTew Zealand spinach 9 k 1 10 1.5 0.2 I 0.6 58 0.8 ] 44oo 0.04 0.13 0.5 .......20 I

1

C’-'I« oo

Water(ml) Calories Protein

(g)Fr.t(&)

Carbo- hydrates

( )Okra 3a 25 2,0 0.1 2.7Onion 8? 48 1 c 5 0.0 11.0)Pea( seed) 79 68 5.9 0.3 11*0Pepper(sweet) 93 22 0.9 0.3 4.4Pepper (fresh hot) 86 43 2«. 0 1.5 5-9Potato 78 75 2*3 0.1 16.3Radish 94 15 1.1 ‘ 0.1 2.6Spinach 90 20 3.6 o 1 4 0,8Squash 35 4l 1.0 0.1 8.5Sweet Potato (tuber) 70 114 1.5 0.3 2 6 .0

Sweet Potato (leafy 85 48 5 = 0 0.7 5.0Swiss Chard 92 1 6 1.8 0.2 1.5Taro 82 5k 21 0 0.2 11.0Tomato 9k 19 o . 9 0.1 3.7Watermelon 90 36 0.6 Ool 9.1Yarn 7k 88 1.8 0.5 19.5

* Food values are taken from "Nutrient Composition of Fresh F.D. Howard and "Tables of Representative Values of Foods B.S. Platt.

Calcium(mg)

f-----------------------Iron(mg)

............. L(IU)

81 O «* CO 660

30 0.5 0

35 10 6 1000

7 0 e 4 530

17 1.4 10500

9 0.7 0

27 00•c 0

107 2 . 1 5800

48 0.7 7800

25 1 . 0 100

250 4.0 3000

51 1 . 8 330026 0.4 0

6 0.3 17 00

5 0 . 2 300

23 0 . 6 0

Q.alif'ornia Grown Vegeta Commonly Used in Tropic

Vi t amins31(rng)

B2(mft)

B12 (mg)

c(rr.g)

0 0 w 0 0,06 1,0 4 L0.04 0,02 0.3 0

0 0 0 0.08 1.5 | 40O0O6 0 c 02 0 - 4 1600.08 0 e 08 0 .,0 2450.13 0.02 0,3 100.03 0 o 02 0 * 3 290 012 O'. 16 0.8 52

OH00 0-g-02 10 2 21OclO 0 C04 0,7 300.10 0.30 1.5 100

-cf000 0 <>09 0.4 300.09 o 002 0.6 40.10 0.02 0.6 210.08 0.02 0.2 60.08 OoOl 0,4 6

bles" byal Countries” by

Table 4 - Insect Pest Control Methods

Code Method Chemical Amo tintPer 10 1 We ter*

Amo'.m tPer H.ec tare

Safrty Perj od

1 Clean weed - - - ii!2

3

Destroy any wild host plants in area

Prepare bait and broadcast between rows

40^ aldrin -j. .q / m.ii’d \ri ',h 25 kg wheat bran and water to make onombly mixture

— -

25 kg of bait

i \

4 Apply to soil with sprayer or watering can before planting

40^ aldrin w t p„ 1C nj I liter — |5 Dip seedlings before trans

planting75^ DDT w. p !

•!16 Spray when insects first appear 85°/o carbaryl w,.p 15 g j. c j 3 <la ys7 it it it ii it 40^ dimethoaie ec- 10 ml 3 liter i icek8

ii it it tt ti 95°!° trichlorf on Wct>. 10 g 1 kg J days9 ii ti it n it 50$> malathion e.c. - 20 ml 2 liters 1 week10 tt tt ti ti tt 25°/o DDT e.c.** or

75% DDT w.pc**40 ml or 125 g

41 or 1-25 kg

2 weckL:

ii Plant 3 rows of maize around melon field (maize should be at least 1.5 ni tall when melons flower) and spray maize to kill adult insects

75°/o DDT w.:p. ICOg 1 kg

* Read instructions on label for exact dosage, spray interval, and safety precautions.vc* DDT should be used only if other chemocals for control are not available. DDT should never

be used on crops that are for export.

Table 5 - Disease Control Methods

Code Method Chemical Some Commercial Names

Ailk. -' n tper 10 1 water'-

1 Plant resistant varieties - - -2 Use disease free planting

material - - -3 Plant during dry seas^u

when disease problemsare less - —

4 Destroy all infected plants - - -5 Rotation - - —6 Treat seed thiram (lOg mixed

with 1kg seed) or Aatiram -captan (2-6g mixedwith 1kg seed) Orthocide -

n/ Spray before serious maneb or Maneb, Polyram M 20 - 30 gsymptoms appear mi tiram Polyram Combi 20 - 30 g

3 f? tt ft tfineb or Aspor, Antracal,tl Polyram Z 20 - 30 gcaptafol Ortho Difolation 20 g

9 tt rt tv benomyl Benlate 5 g10 f? If V5 copper Cobox, Cupravit,

Perenox 40 - 60 gShall CopperOXychloride, itVitigran Blue tt

11- t? t; sulfur or Elosal, Kumulus 25gcarbendazim or Bavistin 5gquinomethionate Morestan 5«

* Read instructions on label for exact dosage, spray interval, and safety prec.autions

Sun drying is a method of food preservation well suited to small scale or home production. In Ethiopia berbere and quanta have been prepared for centuries by sun drying, Many vegetables (and fruits) that are perishable or produced only during one season can be sun dried and used throughout the year-. Farmers faced wifch surplus vegetables or low prices can also use sun drying. Sun drxed vega tables can be kopt for lonr periods, then eaten cr scl<\ when needed- Because they are light they can be easily shipped * Sun drying can be done best vhen the weather is dry and warm, At every £tep it i 3 important to have clean equipment and hands so that the product vill bo a healthful food. In order to produce good quality sun dried vegetables it is necessary to follow certain step''.!

1, Freparation — Omy vegetables of good quality should bo selected for sun drying, Diseased or injured vegetable should be eliminated or the damaged part rcmc*” d5 Vegetables Vi-e washed and prepared for sun drying as they would be for cooking. Potatoes are peeled, for example* and the root base and outer scales of onions removed,

2, Cutting — Sun drying should be done as quickly as possible, prefer— rably in less than 48 hom t , For this ^eascn the vegetable should be out into thin slices o^ pieces. These /honld all bo o* the same siae so that drying Trill be unifo-m, A hand jlicer or knife can be used for cutting

3, Blanching - To stop chemical changes that aff r’ flavor and color aome vegetables need to be blanched.. Por t.hi' ireaincn o bhe small pieces can be placed in a cloth and dipped in boiling water for3 minutes. They are then cooled in cold water ho::orr- ?r/..ng. Blanching is not necessary for onions, tomatoes, or neppecs.

4, Drying - The pieces are next spread on trays or mats in the sun to dry. Protection should be provided from annmrls and rlu~t.. If possible the trays should be covered with m; insect screen and raised above the ground. Drying will be faster if air can pass under as well as over the pieces- The screen will al3o keep the

86 »

Chapter 16 — SUN DRYING

pieces from being blown away by wind. It will be necessary to turn the pieces by hand to get uniform drying. Drying is complete when the pieces are brittle and easily broken.

5. Storage - Sun dried vegetables, are not attacked by uicro-organisns but they must be protected from water, insects and animals. Sun dried vegetables may be kept in plastic bags, but it is safest to put them closed tins or clean clay pots.

Vegetables preserved by sun drying can be eaten after cooking them in hot water or oil. They may be used alone or as ingredient in foods such as wot. Dried potato, sweet potato and cassava can also be used to prepare flour.

Chapter 17 - CROP ROTATION

Crop rotation is an important practice to follow in vegetable growing.Diseases and insect pests increase if the same type of crop is grownon the same land for several seasons. Plant nutrients needed by the crop are also removed from the soil and the soil can become unproductive

roration different crops are planted in succession on the same land.The crops should be of different types, auch as leaf vegetables or root vegetables, and from different families. A good rotation system includes 3- t different types of crops:

1. First Crop - Leaf or fruit vegetables are ofter the first crop planted in rotation. These crops usually have high nutrient require ments and should be given fertilizer containing nitrogen and phosphorous and manure or compost. Many of these crops are sensitive to insects, pests and diseases that can build up in the soil.(A leaf or fruit vegetable can be planted again if it is from a different family, such as cabbage followed by tomato or marrow followed by lettuce).

2. Second Crop — Root vegetables should be planted after leax or fruit vegetables. The root vegetables are not given xertilizer, manure, or compost unless the soil is very poor.

They can usually grow veil on the nutrients remaining in the soil from the previous crop. The root vegetable selected should be of a different family from the first crop. Potato should not follow tomato or pepper, for example, because they all belong to the same family and are attacked by many of the same insect pests and diseases

3. Third Crop - Legumes have the ability to change nitrogen from the air into plant nutrients they are useful in rotation to improve the soil.

After these crops have all been grown the rotation can begin again. If the land becomes seriously infested with an insect pest or disease that attacks one type of vegetable then that vegetable should be dropped from the rotation. If, for example, tomato is seriously attacked by insect pests from the soil or disease it should not be grown again for3-4 years. Cereals can be included in the rotation system for vegetables especially if the land becomes seriously infested. The longer the period between growing the same crop the better it is.

Chapter 18 - INTERCROPPINGIntercropping is the practice of planting 2 or more crops together. The crops can be in alternating rows or in the same row. Where garden space is limited intercropping makes the most efficient use of space, and makes use of land that otherwise would be empty. Fertilizers can be more efficiently used and weed competition is reduced.

Slow growing vegetable crops can be intercropped with faster growing crops. The fast growing crop will be harvested before it becomes Crowded and shaded by the slow growing crop. For example a row of fast growing crops such as lettuce, radish, or beets can be planted between the wide spaced rows of slow growing crop such as kale, eggplant, or peppers. Some climbing vegetables such as French beans or Lima beans can be intercropped with strong tall growing crops such as maize or sorghum. The climbing vegetables can use such crops for support and poles will not be needed.

86.

Vegetables can also be intercropped with fruit and other tree crops. Pigeon peas are sometimes planted between rows of young fruit trees to provide a windbreak and to improve soil by fixing nitrogen (besides producing peas). In 1-2 years?as fruit trees become largerfthe pigeon peas can be pulled out. Vegetables should only be intercropped with trees when the trees are small. Older trees may shade vegetables and the roots of fruit trees may be damaged by the frequent irrigation that vegetables require.

Chapter 19 - COMPOST

Compost is waste material from the garden or home that is turned into an inexpensive and useful product. It is especially useful in vegetable gardens. The main benefit of applying compost is the addition of organic matter to the soil. This helps improve the soil texture. On sandy soils the water holding capacity is increased. On clay soils aearation and drainage are improved. Compost also provides nutrients to the plants in the garden and reduces the need for expensive chemical fertilizers.

Material such as grass, leaves, straw, saw dust, wood ash, coffee pulp, bone meal, manure, or any type of garbage that will rot can be used to prepare compost. Old plants from the garden and waste material after harvest can also be used, except badly diseased plants such as those infected with virus.

These organic materials are piled in layers about 50 cm high. Between each layer add soil and some fertilizer, such as Urea (0.5 kg for each layer) and manure or urine. The pile should be 1.5 - 2 meters wide and up to 1.5 meters high, but a smaller pile is easier to manage. Sprinkle water on the pile as each layer is added. The pile should be kept moist but not wet at all time. Covering with a layer of straw will prevent the pile from drying out and the loss of nutrients during rains. When the organic materials have completely decayed the compost is ready for use. If the pile is turned over each month the compost should be ready for use after about 3 months. Hake 2-3 piles to provide a continuous supply of compost.

Compost should be applied to the soil before planting. Mix with soil2along row where plants will be. 2kg per n can be applied, but soils

low in organic natter may need even more. Compost is also useful as a mulch. Apply 2-5 cm of compost to soil surface around plants or on nursery beds to help keep soil moist and reduce the number of weeds. The compost can later be cultivated into the soil •

Ministry of AgricultureE , P I D

List of EPID Publications

1 . A Master Plan for the Exrtensi*n-and Project Implement ation Department of the Ministry of Agriculture, October, 1970

2* Supply - Jemand Prospects and Development Problems for Ethiopian Agriculture, by Nils-Ivar Isaksson,June, 1971

3. Plan of Operation for EPID 1971/72 - 1974/75* July,1971

4* EPID Work Programme and Budget 1971/72, July, 1971

5. Fertilizer and Variety Trials and Demonstrations in Ethiopia, 1971-72, June, 1972

6. Minimum Package Project Programme, Loan Application to IBRD/IDA, July, 1972

7. Feasibility Study on the Integration of Animal Produc tion and Marketing Extension Activities in LPID’s Minimum Package Px-og:rainnie , by H* Berth#.ldson,E# Rrannang and G* Oscarsson, October 1972

8. Crop Samplings in Ethiopia, 1970/71 - 1971 - 72

9. Results from the Surveys cf the Basic Farm Conditions in Ethiopia, 1971 — 72

10, Fertilizer and Variety Trials and Demonstrations inEthiopia, 1972 73

11, ¥©rk Programme and Budget 1972-73 & 1973/74

12, Results in Details from Fertilizer Demonstrations on Farmers Fie3.ds, 1972/73» June, 1973

13* EPID Annual Report for the 1971/72 Financiu.1 "Year,June, 1973

2 .1 *+♦ Increasing Efficiency in the National Grain Marketing

System of Ethiopia - A Policy Guideline, by B* Wi«kstr#m, October, 1973

15. EPID Annual Report for the 1972/73 Financial Year, December 1973

16. Short-Term Recovery Programme for the Drought Stricken Provinces of Ethiopia, January 197 +

17* Work Programme and Budget for EPID 197^/75 and 1975/76, February 197^

l8i Integrated Agricultural Extension Approach to Sub-sistance Farm Households *- Policy Guidelines for Home Economics Extension Programme, by Ingrid Janelid,April 197*1-

19* Crop Sampling Survey 1973/7^j by Aynallem Aregahegne,May 1 9 7*4-

20« Medium-Term Rehabilitation Programme For SettledAgriculture in Drought Stricken rr*vinces of Ethiopia., August, 197^

21• EPID Phase II - Proposals for the Expansion of EPID During 1975/76 - 79/80 and for Support by SIDA,August 197^*

22, Development of Co-*peratives -- Justification, PolicyGuidelines and Plan of Work, by S#S. TYAGI, Ootobor^1 97^

23• Results of EPID Trials and Demonstrations 1972/73 and 1973/7^, September 197^

24. EPID Annual Report for the 1973/7*4- Financial Year, October, 197^

3

'fork Programme and Budget Tor EPXD for the 1975/76 1968 E,C.) Fiscal Year, April 1975

EPID Demonstrators Handbook for Soil and Water Conservation, June, 1975EPID Agents Handbook for Agronomy Crops, April, 1975Master Plan for the Evaluation of EPID, (l/7/l975 ~ 3 0/6/19 7 9 )9 by Johan Toborn, August 1975Crop Sampling Survey 197^/75? July 1975Report on the Short Term Recovery Programme for Drought Stricken Areas in Ethiopia, 197 -S ^ ^ • Eglseer,September, 19 7 5

lesults of EPID Trials and Demonstrations 197^/75The Ethiopian Pulse Industry, A Situation Paper, Februar/ 1976Annual Report for the 197^-/75 (19^7 EC} Fiscal Year,/iddis Ababa, April 197*6EPID Agnets Handbook for Irrigation, March, 19?6

2PXD Agnets Handbook -fox’ Yogetable C a r o 1976

Provisional MilitaryGovernmentof Socialist EthiopiaMinistry of Agriculture & ForestryExtension

ProjectImplementationDepartment

A d d r e s s :E P I DP. O. Box 3824 A d d i s A b a b a

linistry of agriculture and settlement

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