Linguistics Presentation

Colombia and Peru

James Beaver, Mark Harwood, Michelle Clay, Richard Tarrega, Sara Ramiro Vizcarrondo, Michael Purton

16/03/2009

A Brief Summary of the Arrival of the Spanish Conquistadores

-Indigenous tribes – Muisca, Tarrona

- Spanish arrived 1499

- 1536 – New Kingdom of Granada

- 1549 – Spanish Colony, Santa Fe de Bogota established as capital.

- 1819-1831 – Gran Colombia

- Whole towns disappared, losing langauges with it.

- Indians and slaves used to work in mines and on haciendas

Languages of Colombia

- Descendents of original native inhabitants, Spanish Colonists, African Slaves, 20 th C. immigrants from Europe and Middle East

- Ethnologue database – 101 languages, 80 living

- Largest Indigenous Languages – Quechuismos – Cancha, Chunce, Napa, Topo

- 2nd largest – Muisquismos – Alpayaca, Changua, Cubio

- 500,000 speakers of Indigenous Languages.

- 43,000,000 speakers of Spanish

- Living Languages – Chimilia – 2000 (1993)

- Guayabero – 1,237 (1993)

- Paez – 35-41,000 monolinguals

Present-day Language Initiatives

- Caro y Cuervo Institute in Bogota

- Educative Centre specialised in Spanish literature, phonology and Linguistics

- Miguel Antonio Caro and Rufino Jose Cuervo

- Created in 1942 on orders of Colombian Government in 1942

- First creation – Dictionary of Spanish Language Regimen

- Yearly re-edited; recognized and used throughout Latin America and Spain.

- Centro Colombiano de Estudios de Lenguas Aborígenes (CCELA)

- Since 1987 – Universidad de los Andes

Colombian Spanish Phonology

• Colombia is one of the most studied countries with regards to its dialectology in Latin America

• The Spanish of Bogotá is considered to be among the purest Spanish in Latin America.

• The 2 main distinguishing terms in Colombia are Cachacos and Costeño.

• Colombia like many other L.A. countries practices seseo and yeísmo

LAS TIERRAS ALTAS

• final /s/ of the syllable or the word is maintained as a sibilant /s/

• To the west of Bogotá an apical-alveolar /ś/ is used. • the /s/ is sometimes aspirated in initial and intervocalic

position e.g. nosotros as nojostros. • The dissimilation in words which contain a succession

of s’s , one of the s’s generally the first is realized as an aspirated /h/, necesario [nehesario]

• Initial prevocalic /s/ is often aspirated in constructions such as una señora which becomes [unahenora]

• The [x] jota is weakened in central Colombia to an aspirated [h].

• final /n/ is usually alveolar like that of Spanish

• /rr/ is usually a weak sonorant, although you can sometimes hear a relaxed fricative pronunciation due to Quechan influence.

• Final /r/ is a weak fricative and it’s not rare to be pronounced as a silenced sibilant at the end of the word.

• The pronunciation /tr/ does not have one single pronunciation anywhere in central Colombia. It is pronounced as an affricate – e.g. tres [tres], in Colombian Spanish is almost a /ʧ/ ‘ch’ sound.

• the /ʎ/ is pronounced as /y/. For example poyo – pollo.• The intervocalic voiced obstruents are fairly weak and

the g generally dropped in the word Bogotá/bogotano. The loss of b and d is also common.

• post-consonantal voiced obtruents are normally pronounced as occlusives.

• sometimes voiced occlusives are aspirated

La Costa Caribeña

• final /s/ is normally aspirated • final n is realised as a velar n /ɳ/ and sometimes the

elision of the nasal and the nasalisation of the final vowel.

• The jota [x] is a weak aspiration and can be lost in intervocalic position e.g. mujer – muer.

• Intervocalic d is often lost. Comprado/ comprao• intervocalic d was made occlusive, then reduced to

an /r/ when speaking fast due to a substratum influence from Spanish speaking Africans. Maruro for maduro, moro – modo. However the reverse can also happen where r>d such as Mosqueda – mosquera.

Siendo probe alimales lo palomos

a la gente a sé gente noj enseñane su conducta la mejó cactilla hay en sus moros efertiva cencia nacen los ros sobre la mimas pajas y allí se etán hata en repué que vuelan maj asina chiquitos, entre er nío se rán caló, entre juntos, y se besan

• final /r/ often lost with infinitives e.g. hacé • -consonantal liquids tend to be neutralised, r is generally

more affected than l – such as pielna, calne, parma.

La costa del Pacifíco • final /s/ is either lost or aspirated • Most of la costa del Pacífico above all el chocó

pronounce the intervocalic as an r • y/ is a strong approximant which sometimes has an

affricate quality when at the beginning of the word• At the vernacular level final liquids are reduced when

in the final syllable, it is often heard as a non-lateral approximant. The final r usually disappears especially with infinitives.

• Some cases of glottal occlusions on the west coast of Colombia resulting in glottalisation of final prevocalic S. The intervocalic k is also affected as in [bo?adiyo].

• In the coastal areas there is also a tendency to maintain the old Spanish ‘h’ – mojoso for mohoso, jacé for hacer and the pronunciation of some vowel combinations in hiatus e.g. cause = cause, caucho = caúcho

la región amazónica

• The final /s/ is usually realised as a sibilant /s/. Occassionally it disappears especially if morphologically redundant such as in ‘los muchachos’

• final /n/ sometimes has a velar quality /ɳ/

• intervocalic voiced obstruents are sometimes occlusive

• /ʎ/ is not present in this variety and the /y/ is realised as a weak fricative

Morphology• The simple future tense has been replaced with the ‘ir a...’

construction or with the verb pensar: ‘pienso ir a Año Nuevo.’• The use of the future tense to convey doubt or probability:

‘Quién sabe cuanto pidira’.• The Spanish spoken in Colombia continues to distinguish

between the preterite and the perfect and uses them in the correct circumstances: ‘Todavía no ha venido’ and ‘Vino ayer tarde’.

• Acaso has changed in its use from an adverb of doubt to an adverb of negation: ‘Acaso vino nada’ instead of saying ‘no vino’ or ‘al final no vino’.

• The plural endings of certain nouns are suppressed in words such as ‘tijeras’ which becomes ‘tijera’ or ‘pantalones’ becomes ‘pantalón’.

• Tú is used as an impersonal form, so where in Spain they use the impersonal ‘se’, in Colombia the ‘tú’ form of the verb is used.

Morphology

• Highland Colombians from central regions prefer ‘usted’ and use it in a wide range of contexts – to wives and husbands, children and close friends. The Caribbean coast of Colombia uses ‘tú’ exclusively, while along the Pacific coast usage varies between both vos and ‘tú’.

• The verb forms accompanying ‘vos’ are usually –ás, -és and ís.

• In temporal expressions, the verb ‘hacer’ becomes pluralised: ‘Hacen diez años’.

• The use of the third person ‘ha’ from ‘haber’ is common with the first person pronoun: ‘yo ha ido’ and ‘yo ha comido bastante’.

• Colombian Spanish gives special preference to the diminutive ‘–ico’, predominately after nouns and adjectives whose final consonant is /t/ or /d/: ‘momentico’ – just a moment and ‘ratico’ – little while.

Syntax

• The pronoun ‘aquel’, ‘aquella’ are used for emphasis: ‘Se para esa mujer con aquella ira’.

• In all areas of Colombia they use ‘donde’ instead of ‘a’: ‘los enfermos van a donde el medico’, whereas in standard Spanish it would be: ‘los enfermos van al medico’.

• The use of the preposition ‘de’ with verbs that do not require it: ‘Le importa poco de hablar’ and ‘no le interesa de saberlo’.

• Instead of the ‘si + conditional’ structure, they use ‘como’

• Exclamations: ‘¡Anda!’ ‘Que vá’

Syntax• Repetition of adverbs: ‘Ese ya lo apunté ya’, also

found with double negation ‘no hablo inglés no’, and there is no pause or intonational break before the second ‘no’.

• Common in much of Colombia is the use of the ‘intensive ser’: ‘lo hice fue en el verano’ – I did it in the summer, and ‘teníamos era que trabajar mucho’ – we really had to work hard’. This is also found in Venezuela, Ecuador and Panama.

• Colombians frequently introduce a subject pronoun into infinitive constructions: ‘antes de yo salir de mi país’ – before I left my country, and ‘para él sacar mejores notas’ – for him to get better grades.

Peru

A Brief History of Peru• Pre-Columbian history dominated by the

Incas.

• Empire spread from southern Colombia to

central Chile and northwest Argentina.

• Empire governed from Cuzco.

• 1532 – Pizarro invaded.

A Brief History of Peru• Lima founded in 1535.• Spanish realised that there was an

abundance of minerals.• The best of Spain’s resources and

personnel were dedicated to Peru.• Unbalanced socio-economic and linguistic

environment.• Declared Independence in 1821

Linguistic History• Quechua was the main indigenous

language followed by Aymara.

• Spanish rarely left Lima.

• Outside of cities most people used indigenous languages.

• Other influences came from African Slaves and Chinese labour.

Linguistic Regions• Lipski – Costal, highland and Amazon

Basin dialects.

• Murrieta – Northern coast, central/southern coast, extreme southern highland/costal region and mountain highlands.

• Escobar – Andes and lowland/non-Andean Spanish.

A Few Statistics• Ethnic Groups - Amerindian 45%, mestizo

(mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%

• Spanish and Quechua are both official languages.

• 87.7% of the population are literate.

FONETICA VS FONOLOGIA

La fonética estudia los sonidos lingüísticos tal como los humanos los producen y perciben.

1. La producción de dichos sonidos = fonética articulatoria

2. La percepción de dichos sonidos = fonética acústica

La fonología estudia la producción fonética, no ya desde un punto de vista material, como lo hace la fonética, sino desde un punto de vista semántico. La fonología analiza, pues, las incidencias de significado

que pueden presentar los datos fonéticos.

Ejemplo : una pesa vs. una mesa

DIALECTOS DEL ESPAÑOL DE PERU

• Español andino: Es el más empleado, sobre todo en toda la sierra (más marcado en el ámbito rural) y tiene muchas similitudes con el habla ”estándar” de Ecuador y Bolivia.

•  

• Español peruano ribereño o limeño: se le considera como el habla más castiza. pese a ser hablado propiamante por una minoría, la base del español peruano “normativo”.

•  

• Español andino-ribereño o neolimeño: es el habla con el que más se identifica a los peruanos.

• Español amazónico: Se desarrolló especialmente al contacto del español andino y limeño con las lenguas amazónicas sin que éstas sin embargo hayan influido mucho. Posee una distintiva estructura tonal.

CARACTERISTICAS FONETICAS DE CADA DIALECTO

Español andino:

Asibilamiento de /rr/ y /r/

Aparente confusión entre las vocales /e/ y /o/ con la /i/ y la /u/, respectivamente

 

Español peruano ribereño o limeño:

Las vocales se pronuncian todas claras y con la misma duración.

La /rr/ y /r/ en todo contexto se pronuncian claras, sin fricativizar.

La “s” es predorsal y se aspira (a veces transforma en fricativa velar sorda) ante consonante (no en final de palabra como en Chile o Andalucía

La /d/ final se convierte en /t/ o se elide.

Español amazónico:

La sibilante /s/ resiste a la aspiración

Hay confusión de “j” (aspirada en situación interior) con f (siempre bilabial).

Ej “San Fan”, San Juan

Los fonemas /p/ /t/ y /k/ se realizan con una aspiración

Peruvian Spanish: Syntax

• A past tense may be followed by a subjunctive in the present:

-eg, El quería que lo hagamos• Object + Verb word order is found among the least fluent speakers

in the Andean region, which has its origin in Quechua and Aymara:

-eg, Comida tengo• Clitic Usage in Andean Spanish of Peru - the most common usage

is the doubling of direct object clitics:

-eg, No lo encuentro a su hijo• This clitic doubling often gives rise to constructions in which more

than one clitic is present:

-Me está castigandome

Peruvian Spanish: Syntax

• BUT, clitic doubling does not occur when the direct object has been fronted:

-eg, Mi letra [la] conoce• Null direct objects (aka “object drop) are frequent in highland Peru,

but not coastal dialects:-eg, A veces en la noche dejo su comida ya preparada en la

mañana Ø caliento y Ø toman• In the Andean region, double possessives exist:

-eg, Lava su pantalón del niño• A common construction among less fluent bilinguals is the use of

diciendo or dice, perhaps as a translation of Quechua nispa:-eg, Entonces sale una señora. Qué cosa, diciendo…

hazme descansar diciendo

Peruvian Spanish: Syntax

• Quechua-Spanish often omits articles where they are required in monolingual Spanish:

-eg, Y cuando tocan [la] campaña, se entran a su clase• Bilingual Quechua-Spanish speakers often use en to locate

adverbs:-eg, Vivo en acá

• Common usage of present perfect instead of the preterite, even with events quite clearly finished in the past:

-eg, He nacido en 1950• Among Spanish-recessive bilinguals, the pluperfect indicative is

used to express events not personally witnessed by the speaker:-eg, Habías llegado anoche [It seems that] you arrived

last night

Peruvian Spanish: Morphology

• The existence of voseo:-Educated Peruvians from urban areas may never hear vos,

and often deny its existence-Nevertheless, pockets of vos remain, especially among

indigenous speakers-vos is limited to the southern highlands, the Antiplano area,

parts of Arequipa and areas of the northern coast, always at the lowest sociolinguistic levels.

-Among the indigenous population, -ís prevail for the second conjugation, while along the coast, forms in –és exist.

• Among bilingual speakers, it is frequent for direct objects lo and la to be used where an indirect object is called for:

-eg, El los [les] dio algunas instrucciones

Peruvian Spanish: Morphology

• In bilingual Andean Spanish, lo is used generically for both direct and indirect objects:

-eg, No lo [los] vi a sus hermanitos

-eg, A María nosoros lo [la] adoramos• At the same levels of Spanish-recessive bilingalism, lack of subject-

verb agreement is also noticeable:

-eg, Los informes fueron excelente [excelentes]• In the Andean highlands, a combination of the intensifying adverb

muy and the adjectival superlative suffix –ísimo is found:

-eg, El niño juega muy poquísimo The child plays very little

Bibliography

-Henao, Jesús María – History of Colombia. New York; Greenwood Press, 1938

- Lapesa, Rafael - Historia de la lengua española. Madrid, 1986.-

- Lipski, John M. – Latin American Spanish. London; Longman, 1994.

- Palacios, Marco – Between Legitimacy and Violence: A History of Colombia. Durham and London; Duke University Press, 2006

Websiteshttp://www.infor.uva.es/~descuder/proyectos/boca/datos/fon.htm http://academiaperuanadelalengua.org/simposio2008/caracterizacion-fonetica

http://www.lenguasdecolombia.gov.co/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18&Itemid=70

www.ethnologue.comhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yCO9vdMrOnU