LIBER VII

[1] Annō urbis septingentēsimō ferē ac nōnō interfectō Caesare cīvīlia bella reparāta sunt.

In-year of-city sevenhundredth about and ninth having-been-killed Caesar civil wars restarted were

Percussōribus enim Caesaris senātus favēbat. Antōnius cōnsul partium Caesaris cīvīlibus

to-attackers for of-Caesar senate was-supportive Antony consul of-party of-Caesar by-civil

bellīs opprimere eōs cōnābātur. Ergō turbātā rē pūblicā multa Antōnius scelera committēns ā

wars to-overwhelm them was-trying therefore with-disturbed state many Antony crimes committing by

senātū hostis iūdicātus est. Missī ad eum persequendum duo cōnsulēs, Pānsā et Hirtius, et

senate enemy declared was sent for him being-pursued two consuls Pansa and Hirtius and

Octāviānus, adulēscēns annōs X et VIĪĪ nātus, Caesaris nepōs, quem ille testāmentō hērēdem

Octavian youngster years 10 and 8 old Caesar’s nephew whom he in-will heir

relīquerat et nōmen suum ferre iusserat. Hic est, quī posteā Augustus est dictus et rērum

had-left and name his to-bear had-ordered this is the-one-who afterwards Augustus was called and of-state

potītus. Quī profectī contrā Antōnium trēs ducēs vīcērunt eum. Ēvenit tamen ut victōrēs

took-control these setting-out against Antony three generals defeated him it-happened however that victorious

cōnsulēs ambō morerentur. Quārē trēs exercitūs ūnī Caesarī Augustō pāruērunt.

Consuls both died so three armies one-man Caesar Augustus obeyed

Antony’s wife, Fulvia, inspecting Cicero’s head (Francisco Maura Y Montaner, 1888 )

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulvia

[2] Fugātus Antōnius āmissō exercitū cōnfūgit ad Lepidum, quī Caesaris magister equitum

Routed Antony having-been-lost army fled to Lepidus who Caesar’s master of-horse

fuerat et tum mīlitum cōpiās grandēs habēbat, ā quō susceptus est. Mox Lepidō operam dante

had-been and then of-soldiers quantity large had by whom given-refuge he-was soon with-Lepidus effort giving

Caesar pācem cum Antōniō fēcit et quasi vindicātūrus patris suī mortem, ā quō per

Caesar peace with Antony made and as-if going-to-avenge of-father his death by whom through

testāmentum fuerat adoptātus, Rōmam cum exercitū profectus extorsit, ut sibi vīcēsimō

will he-had-been adopted to-Rome with army setting-out extracted-agreement that to-him in-20th

annō cōnsulātus darētur. Senātum prōscrīpsit, cum Antōniō ac Lepidō rem pūblicam armīs

year consulship be-given senate he-proscribed with Antonius and Lepidus state with-weapons

tenēre coepit. Per hōs etiam Cicerō ōrātor occīsus est multīque aliī nōbilēs.

to-control he-began by these also Cicero orator killed was and-many other noble-men

The 1st Battle of Philippi, October 42 B.C.

https://www.livius.org/pictures/a/maps/map-of-the-double-battle-of-philippi-pt-1/

[3] Intereā Brūtus et Cassius, interfectōrēs Caesaris, ingēns bellum mōvērunt. Erant enim per

Meanwhile Brutus and Cassius killers of-Caesar huge war launched there-were for through

Macedoniam et Orientem multī exercitūs, quōs occupāverant. Profectī sunt igitur contrā eōs

Macedonia and Orient many armies which they-had-taken-control-of set-out therefore against them

Caesar Octāviānus Augustus et M. Antōnius; remānserat enim ad dēfendendam Ītaliam

Caesar Octavian Augustus and Marcus Antonius had-remained for for-purpose-of being-defended Italy

Lepidus. Apud Philippōs, Macedoniae urbem, contrā eōs pugnāvērunt. Prīmō proeliō vīctī

Lepidus at Philippi of-Macedeonia city against them they-fought in-first battle defeated

sunt Antōnius et Caesar, periit tamen dux nōbilitātis Cassius, secundō Brūtum et

were Antony and Caesar perished however leader of-the-nobility Cassius in-second Brutus and

īnfīnītam nōbilitātem, quae cum illīs bellum gesserat, vīctam interfēcērunt. Ac sīc inter eōs

in-boundless-number nobility which with them war had-fought defeated they-killed and thus between them

dīvīsa est rēs pūblica, ut Augustus Hispāniās, Galliās et Ītaliam tenēret, Antōnius Asiam,

divided was state so- that Augustus Spains Gauls and Italy should-hold Antony Asia

Pontum, Orientem. Sed in Ītaliā L. Antōnius cōnsul bellum cīvīle commōvit, frāter eius, quī

Pontus Orient but in Italy Lucius Antonius consul war civil launched brother of-him who

cum Caesare contrā Brūtum et Cassium dīmicāverat. Is apud Perusiam, Tusciae cīvitātem,

with Caesar against Brutus and Cassius had-fought he at Perusia of-Etruria city

victus et captus est, neque occīsus.

defeated and captured was and-not killed

Perugia (ancient Perusia)

https://www.audleytravel.com/us/italy/places-to-go/umbria/perugia

[4] Interim ā Sex. Pompēiō, Cn. Pompēiī Magnī fīliō, ingēns bellum in Siciliā commōtum est

Meanwhile by Sextus Pompeius Gnaeus of-Pompey the-Great son huge war in Sicily launched was

hīs, quī superfuerant ex partibus Brūtī Cassiīque, ad eum cōnfluentibus. Bellātum per

with-those who had-survived from party of-Brutus and-Cassius to him flocking fought by

Caesarem Augustum Octāviānum et M. Antōnium adversus Sex. Pompēium est. Pāx

Caesar Augustus Octavianus and Marcus Antonius against Sextus Pompeius it-was peace

postrēmō convēnit.

finally was-agreed

[5] Eō tempore M. Agrippa in Acquitāniā rem prōsperē gessit et L. Ventidius Bassus

At-that time Marcus Agrippa in Aquitania situation successfully managed and Lucius Ventidius Bassus

inrumpentēs in Syriam Persās tribis proeliīs vīcit. Pacorum, rēgis Orōdīs fīlium, interfēcit eō

breaking into Syria Persians in-three battles defeated Pacorus of-king Orodes son he-killed on-that

ipsō diē, quō ōlim Orōdēs, Persārum rēx, per ducem Sūrēnam Crassum occīderat. Hic prīmus

very day on-which once Orodes of-Persians king through commander Surena Crassus had-killed He first

dē Parthīs iūstissimum triumphum Rōmae ēgit.

over Parthians a-most-just triumph at-Rome held

[6] Interim Pompēius pācem rūpit et nāvālī proeliō victus fugiēns ad Asiam interfectus est.

Meanwhile Pompeius peace broke and in-naval battle defeated fleeing to Asia killed was

Antōnius, quī Asiam et Orientem tenēbat, repudiātā sorōre Caesaris Augustī Octāviānī

Antony who Asia and the-east was-holding having-been-repudiated sister of-Caesar Augustus Octavianus

Cleopātram, rēgīnam Aegyptī, dūxit uxōrem. Contrā Persās etiam ipse pugnāvit. Prīmīs eōs

Cleopatra queen of-Egypt took as-wife against Persians also himself he-fought in-initial them

proeliīs vīcit, regrediēns tamen famē et pestilentiā labōrāvit et, cum īnstārent Parthī fugientī,

battles defeated returning however with-hunger and disease had-trouble when pressed Parthians on-him-fleeing

ipse prō vīctō recessit.

he as defeated-man withdrew

Battle of Actium

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Actium

[7] Hic quoque ingēns bellum cīvīle commōvit cōgente uxōre Cleopātrā, rēgīnā Aegyptī, dum

He also huge war civil launched compelling[him] wife Cleopatra queen of-Egypt while

cupiditāte muliebrī optat etiam in urbe rēgnāre. Victus est ab Augustō nāvālī pugnā clārā et

with-cupidity feminine she-hoped also in city [Rome] to-reign defeated he-was by Augustus in-naval battle famous and

inlūstrī apud Actium, quī locus in Ēpīrō est, ex quā fugit in Aegyptum et dēspērātīs

celebrated at Actium which place in Epirus is from where he-fled into Egypt and having-been-despaired-of

rēbus, cum omnēs ad Augustum trānsīrent, ipse sē interēmit. Cleopātra sibi aspidem admīsit

situation since all to Augustus were-going-over he himself killed Cleopatra to-self asp gave-access

et venēnō eius extīncta est. Aegyptus per Octāviānum Augustum imperiō Rōmānō adiecta est

and by-poison its killed was Egypt by Octavian Augustus to-empire Roman added was

praepositusque eī C. Cornēlius Gallus. Hunc prīmum Aegyptus Rōmānum iūdicem habuit.

and-put-in-charge over-it Gaius Cornelius Gallus this first Egypt Roman administrator had

The Death of Cleopatra as imagined by Reginald Arthur (1892)

https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-millennia-cleopatra-portrayals-reveal-evolving-perceptions-sex-women-race

[8] Ita bellīs tōtō orbe cōnfectīs Octāviānus Augustus Rōmam rediit, duodecimō annō, quam

Thus with-wars in-whole world ended Octavian Augustus to-Rome returned in-twelfth year after

cōnsul fuerat. Ex eō rem pūblicam per quadrāgintā et quattuor annōs sōlus obtinuit. Ante consul he-had-been from then state for forty and four years alone he-controlled previously

enim duodecim annīs cum Antōniō et Lepidō tenuerat. Ita ab initiō prīncipātūs eius usque ad

for for-twelve years with Antonius and Lepidus he-had-controlled thus from beginning of-ascendancy his through to

fīnem quīnquāgintā et sex annī fuērunt. Obiit autem septuāgēsimō sextō annō morte

end fifty and sex years there-were he-passed-away however in-seventieth sixth year by-death

commūnī in oppidō Campāniae Ātellā. Rōmae in campō Mārtiō sepultus est, vir, quī nōn

natural in town of-Camp[ania Atella at-Rome on Campus Martius buried he-was man who not

inmeritō ex maximā parte deō similis est putātus. Neque enim facile ūllus eō aut in bellīs

undeservedly in largest part to-god similar was thought and-not for easily anyone than-him in wars

fēlīcior fuit aut in pāce moderātior. Quadrāgintā et quattuor annīs, quibus sōlus gessit

more- successful was or in peace more-moderate for-forty and four years in-which alone he-wielded

imperium, cīvīlissimē vīxit, in cūnctōs līberālissimus, in amīcōs fīdissimus, quōs tantīs

power most-graciously he-lived to all most-generous to friends most-faithful whom with-such-great

ēvēxit honōribus, ut paene aequāret fastīgiō suō.

he-exalted honours that he-almost made-equal to-rank his-own

Augustus of Prima Porta with conjectural restoration of original colouring

https://www.reddit.com/r/Colorization/comments/6qsdjq/augustus_caesar/?utm_source=ifttt

[9] Nūllō tempore ante eum magis Rōmāna rēs flōruit. Nam exceptīs cīvīlibus bellīs, in

At-no time before him more Roman affairs flourished for for left-aside civil wars in

quibus invictus fuit, Rōmānō adiēcit imperiō Aegyptum, Cantabriam, Dalmatiam saepe ante

which undefeated he-was to-Roman he-added empire Egypt Cantabria Dalmatia often before

vīctam, sed penitus tunc subāctam, Pannoniam, Aquītāniam, Illyricum, Raetiam, Vindelicōs

conquered but completely then subdues Pannonia, Aquitania Illyria Raetia the Vindelici

et Salassōs in Alpibus, omnēs Pontī maritimās cīvitātēs, in hīs nōbilissimās Bosphōrum et

and Salassi in the-Alps all of-Black-Sea maritime cities among them most-notable Bosphorus and

Panticapaeum. Vīcit autem multīs proeliīs Dācōs. Germānōrum ingentēs cōpiās cecīdit,

Panticapaeun he-defeated also in-many battles the-Dacians of-Germans huge forces he-destroyed

ipsōs quoque trāns Albim fluvium summōvit, quī in barbaricō longē ultrā Rhēnum est. Hoc

them also across Elbe river he-drove which in barbarian-territory far beyond Rhine is this

tamen bellum per Drūsum, prīvignum suum, administrāvit, sīcut per Tiberium, prīvignum

however war through Drusus stepson his he-conducted as through Tiberius stepson

alterum, Pannonicum, quō bellō XL captīvōrum mīlia ex Germāniā trānstulit et suprā rīpam

second the Pannonian-one in-which war 40 of-captives thousands from Germany he-transferred and on bank

Rhēnī in Galliā conlocāvit. Armeniam ā Parthīs recēpit. Obsidēs, quod nūllī anteā, Persae

of-Rhine in Gaul settled Armenia from Parthians he-took-back hostages which none before Persians him

eī dedērunt. Reddidērunt etiam signa Rōmāna, quae Crassō vīctō adēmerant.

him gave they-restored also standards Roman which from-Crassus defeated they –had-taken

Roman provinces in the Alpine region, 14 A.D.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%B6mische_Provinzen_im_Alpenraum_ca_14_n_Chr.png

[10] Scythae et Indī, quibus anteā Rōmānōrum nōmen incognitum fuerat, mūnera et lēgātōs

Scythians and Indians to-whom before of-Romans name unknown had-been gifts and envoys

ad eum mīsērunt. Galatia quoque sub hōc prōvinciā facta est, cum anteā rēgnum fuisset,

to him sent Galatia also under him province made was when before kingdom it-had-been

prīmusque eam M. Lollius prō praetōre administrāvit. Tantō autem amōre etiam apud

and-first it Marcus Lollius as-praetor administered with-so-great also love even among

barbarōs fuit, ut rēgēs populī Rōmānī amīcī in honōrem eius conderent cīvitātēs, quās

barbarians he-was that kings of-people Roman friends in honour of-him founded cities which

Caesarēās nōminārent, sīcut in Maurītāniā ā rēge Iubā, et in Palaestīnā, quae nunc urbs est

Caesareas they-called as in Mauritania by king Juba and in Palestine which now city is

clārissima. Multī autem rēgēs ex rēgnīs suīs vēnērunt, ut eī obsequerentur, et habitū

most-famous many moreover kings from kingdoms their came so-that to-him they-could-pay-obeisance and in-style

Rōmānō, togātī scīlicet, ad vehiculum vel equum ipsīus cucurrērunt. Moriēns Dīvus

Roman toga-clad of-course to carriage or horse his they-ran dying god

appellātus. Rem pūblicam beātissimam Tiberiō successōrī relīquit, quī prīvignus eī, mox

declared [he-was] state in-most-happy-condition to-Tiberius successor he-left who step-son to-him soon

gener, postrēmō adoptiōne fīlius fuerat.

son-in-law finally by-adoption son had-been

Herod’s port of Caesarea on the coast of Judea

http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/Caesarea_Maritima.html

[11] Tiberius ingentī socordiā imperium gessit, gravī crūdēlitāte, scelestā avāritiā, turpī

Tiberius with-great sloth empire governed with-great cruelty wicked greed shameful

libīdine. Nam nusquam ipse pugnāvit, bella per lēgātōs gessit suōs. Quōsdam rēgēs ad sē per

licentiousness for nowhere he-himself fought wars through representatives he-fought his certain kings to self through

blanditiās ēvocātōs numquam remīsit, in quibus Archelāum Cappadocem, cuius etiam rēgnum

blandishments summoned never he-sent-back among whom Archelaus of-Cappadocia whose also kingdom

in prōvinciae fōrmam redēgit et maximam cīvitātem appellārī nōmine suō iussit, quae nunc

into of-province form he-reduced and largest city to-be-called by-name his he-ordered which now

Caesarēa dīcitur, cum Māzaca anteā vocārētur. Hic tertiō et vīcēsimō imperiī annō, aetātis

Caesarea is-called while Mazaca before it-was-called he in-third and twentieth of-rule year of-age

septuāgēsimō octāvō, ingentī omnium gaudiō mortuus est in Campāniā.

seventieth eighth with-huge of-all joy died in Campania

[12] Successit eī C. Caesar, cognōmentō Caligula, Drūsī, prīvignī Augustī, et ipsīus Tiberiī

Succeeded him Gaius Caesar by-surname Caligula of-Drusus stepson of-Augustus and of-himself-Tiberius

nepōs, scelerātissimus ac fūnestissimus et quī etiam Tiberiī dēdecora pūrgāverit. Bellum

grandson most-wicked and most-deadly and who even of-Tiberius shameful-acts over-shadowed war

contrā Germānōs suscēpit et ingressus Suēviam nihil strēnuē fēcit. Stupra sorōribus

against Germans he-undertook and having-entered country-of-the-Suevi nothing energetically he-did defilement on-sisters

intulit, ex ūnā etiam fīliam cognōvit. Cum adversum cūnctōs ingentī avāritiā, libīdine,

he-inflicted from one even daughter he-acknowledged when against all with-enormous greed lust

crūdēlitāte saevīret, interfectus in Palātiō est annō aetātis vīcēsimō nōnō, imperiī tertiō, mēnse

cruelty he-was-raging killed in the Palace he-was in-year of-age twentieth ninth of-rule third in-month

decimō diēque octāvō.

tenth and-on-day eighth

Claudius discovered hiding after the assassination of Caligula

https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-famous-people/praetorian-guards-serve-and-protect-roman-emperors-most-time-004230

[13] Post hunc Claudius fuit, patruus Caligulae, Drūsī, quī apud Mogontiacum monumentum

After him Claudius there-was paternal-uncle of-Caligula of-Drusus who at Mogontiacum monument

habet, fīlius, cuius et Caligula nepōs erat. Hīc mediē imperāvit, multa gerēns tranquillē

has son of-whom also Caligula nephew was he in-non-extreme-way ruled many-things doing calmly

atque moderātē, quaedam crūdēliter et īnsulsē. Britanniae intulit bellum, quam nūllus

and moderately some-things cruelly and stupidly on-Britain he-made war which none

Rōmānōrum post C. Caesarem attigerat, eāque dēvictā per Cn. Sentium et Ā. Plautium,

of-Romans after Gaius Caesar had-reached and-with-it conquered by Gnaeus Sentinus and Aulus Plautius

inlūstrēs ac nōbilēs virōs, triumphum celebrem ēgit. Quāsdam īnsulās etiam ultrā Britanniās

famous and noble men triumph renowned he-held certain islands also beyond British-ones

in Ōceanō positās imperiō Rōmānō addidit, quae appellantur Orchadēs, fīliō autem suō

in the-Ocean situated to-empire Roman added which are-called Orkneys son also his

Britannicī nōmen inposuit. Tam cīvīlis autem circā quōsdam amīcōs extitit, ut etiam Plautium,

of-Britannicus name he-gave so polite moreover to certain friends he-stood-out that even Plautius

nōbilem virum, quī expedītiōne Britannicā multa ēgregiē fēcerat, triumphantem ipse

noble man who in-campaign British many-things excellently had-done holding-triumph himself

prōsequerētur et cōnscendentī Capitōlium laevus incēderet. Is vīxit annōs IV et LX, imperāvit

escorted and for-him-ascending the-Capitol on-left he-walked he lived years 4 and 60 ruled

XIV. Post mortem cōnsecrātus est Dīvusque appellātus.

14 after death consecrated he-was and-a-god called

The British chieftain Caratacus before the emperor Claudius

https://sites.psu.edu/romanoccupationofbritain/roman-conquest-of-britain-ad-43/

[14] Successit huic Nerō, Caligulae, avunculō suō, simillimus, quī Rōmānum imperium et

Succeeded him Nero to-Caligua maternal-uncle his very-similar who Roman empire both

dēfōrmāvit et dīminuit, inūsitātae luxuriae sūmptuumque, ut quī exemplō C. Caligulae in

disgraced and weakened of-unprecedented luxury and-extravagance [man] as one-who by-example of-Gaius Caligula in

calidīs et frīgidīs lavāret unguentīs, rētibus aureīs piscārētur, quae blattīnīs fūnibus extrahēbat.

hot and cold was- -type-to-wash perfumes with-nets golden was-type-to-fish which with-purple ropes he-pulled-up

Īnfīnītam senātūs partem interfēcit, bonīs omnibus hostīs fuit. Ad postrēmum sē tantō

Huge of-senate part he-killed to-good-people all enemy was at end himself with-such-great

dēdecore prōstituit, ut et saltāret et cantāret in scaenā citharoedicō habitū vel tragicō.

disgrace he-exhibited that both he-danced and sang on stage of-cithara-player in-costume or of-tragic-actor

Parricīdia multa commīsit, frātre, uxōre, sorōre, mātre interfectīs. Urbem Rōmam incendit,

parricides many he-committed with-brother wife sister mother killed city Rome he-burned

ut spectāculī eius imāginem cerneret, quālī ōlim Troia capta ārserat. In rē mīlitārī nihil

so-that of-spectacle that image he-could-see in-which once Troy when-captured had-blazed in affairs military nothing

omnīnō ausus Britanniam paene āmīsit. Nam duo sub eō nōbilissima oppida capta illīc

at-all having-ventured Britain almost he-lost for two under him very-noble towns captured there and

atque ēversa sunt. Armeniam Parthī sustulērunt legiōnēsque Rōmānās sub iugum mīsērunt.

And levelled- were Armenia Parthians took-away and-legions Roman under yoke sent

Duae tamen sub eō prōvinciae factae sunt, Pontus Polemōniacus concēdente rēge Polemōne et

Two however under him provinces created were Pontus Polemonian retiring king Polemon and

Alpēs Cottiae Cottiō rēge dēfūnctō.

Alps Cottian with-Cottius king dead

Statue of the British rebel leader Boudica (Boadicea) on Westminster Bridge

[15] Per haec Rōmānō orbī execrābilis ab omnibus simul dēstitūtus est et ā senātū hostis

Through these-things for-Roman world hateful by all at-same-time deserted was and by senate enemy

iūdicātus; cum quaererētur ad poenam, quae poena erat tālis, ut nūdus per pūblicum ductus,

declared when he-was-being-sought for punishment which punishment was such that naked amongst public lead

furcā capitī eius īnsertā, virgīs usque ad mortem caederētur atque ita praecipitārētur ā saxō,

with-fork to-head his fixed by-rods right up-to death he be-cut and thus be-hurled from rock

ē Palātiō fūgit et in suburbānō lībertī suī, quod est inter Salāriam et Nōmentānam viam ad

from Palace he-fled and in suburban[villa] of-freedman his which is between the Salarian and Nomentan way at

quārtum urbis mīliārium, sē interfēcit. Is aedificāvit Rōmae thermās, quae ante Nerōniānae

fourth of-city milestone himself killed he built at-Rome baths which previously Neronian

dictae nunc Alexandriānae appellantur. Obiit trīcēsimō et alterō aetātis annō, imperiī quārtō

termed now Alexandrian are-called he-dief in-thirtieth and second of-age year of-rule in-fourth

decimō, atque in eō omnis Augustī familia cōnsūmpta est.

tenth and in him whole of-Augustus family extinguished was

[16] Huic Ser. Galba successit, antīquissimae nōbilitātis senātor, cum septuāgēsimum et

Him Servius Galba succeeded of-most-ancient nobility senator when seventieth and

tertium annum ageret aetātis, ab Hispānīs et Gallīs imperātor ēlēctus, mox ab ūniversō

third year he-was-passing of-age by Spanish and Gallic[legions] emperor chosen soon by entire

exercitū libenter acceptus. Nam prīvāta eius vīta īnsignis fuerat mīlitāribus et cīvīlibus rēbus.

army willingly accepted for in-private his life notable he-had-been in-military and in-civil affairs

Saepe cōnsul, saepe prō cōnsule, frequenter dux in gravissimīs bellīs. Huius breve imperium

Often consul often proconsul frequently commander in-very-important wars of-him brief rule

fuit et quod bona habēret exōrdia, nisi ad sevēritātem prōpēnsior vidērētur. Īnsidiīs tamen

was and one-which good would-have-had beginnings if-not to severity too-prone he-had-seemed by-plot however

Othōnis occīsus est imperiī mēnse septimō. Iugulātus in forō Rōmae sepultusque in

of-Otho killed he-was of-rule in-month seventh He-had-throat-cut in Forum at-Rome and-buried [was] in

hortīs suīs, quī sunt Aurēliā viā nōn longē ab urbe Rōmā.

gardens own which are on-Aurelian Way not far from city Rome

Otho: ancient statues and a modern computer-assisted reconstruction

https://medium.com/@voshart/photoreal-roman-emperor-project-236be7f06c8f

[17] Othō occīsō Galbā invāsit imperium, māternō genere nōbilior quam paternō,

Otho having-been-killed Galba took power from-maternal line more-noble than from-paternal

neutrō tamen obscūrō. In prīvātā vīta mollis et Nerōnī familiāris, in imperiō documentum

with-neither however undistinguished in private life gentle and to-Nero friend in ruling proof

suī nōn potuit ostendere. Nam cum īsdem temporibus, quibus Othō Galbam occīderat, etiam

of-self not he-could show for since at-same time at-which Otho Galba had-killed also

Vitellius factus esset ā Germāniciānīs exercitibus imperātor, bellō contrā eum susceptō cum

Vitellius made had-been by German armies emperor with-war against him undertaken when

apud Bētriacum in Ītaliā levī proeliō victus esset, ingentēs tamen cōpiās ad bellum habēret,

at Bedriacum in Italy in-minor battle conquered he-had-been huge however forces for war he-had

sponte sēmet occīdit. Petentibus mīlitibus, nē tam cito dē bellī dēspērāret ēventū, cum

by-own-choice self he-killed asking soldiers that-not so quickly about war’s he-should-despair outcome when

tantī sē nōn esse dīxisset, ut propter eum bellum cīvīle movērētur, voluntāriā morte

worth-so-much himself not to-be he-had-said that because-of him war civil should-be-launched by-voluntary death

obiit trīcēsimō et octāvō aetātis annō, nōnāgēsimō et quīntō imperiī diē.

he-passed-away in-thirtieth and eighth of-age year ninetieth and fifth of-rule on-day

The First Battle of Bedriacum, 14 April 69

https://www.routeyou.com/en-it/location/view/48080221/battle-of-bedriacum

[18] Dein Vitellius imperiō potītus est, familiā honōrātā magis quam nōbilī. Nam pater eius

Then Vitellius of-empire gained control from-family honoured more than noble for father his

nōn admodum clārē nātus trēs tamen ōrdināriōs gesserat cōnsulātūs. Hic cum multō

not very famously born three still ordinary had-held consulships he with much

dēdecore imperāvit et gravī saevitiā notābilis, praecipuē ingluviē et vorācitāte, quippe cum

disgrace ruled and for-great savagery remarkable particularly for-gluttony and insatiability since

dē diē saepe quārtō vel quīntō ferātur epulātus. Nōtissima certē cēna memoriae mandāta est,

in day often fourth or fifth-time he-is-said to-have-dined very-famous indeed dinner to-memory entrusted has-been

quam eī Vitellius frāter exhibuit, in quā super cēterōs sūmptūs duo mīlia piscium, septem

which for-him Vitellius [his]brother gave in-which on-top-of other lavish-expenditure two thousands of-fish seven

mīlia avium adposita trāduntur. Hic cum Nerōnī similis esse vellet atque id adeō prae sē

thousands of-birds served are-reported he when to-Nero similar to-be he-wanted and this so-much before himself

ferret, ut etiam exequiās Nerōnis, quae humiliter sepultae fuerant, honōrāret, ā Vespasiānī

carried that even remains of-Nero which meanly buried had-been he-honoured by Vespasian’s

ducibus occīsus est interfectō prius in urbe Sabīnō, Vespasiānī imperātōris frātre, quem cum

commanders killed was having-been-killed first in city Sabinus Vespasian emperor’s brother whom with

Capitōliō incendit. Interfectus autem est magnō dēdecore: tractus per urbem Rōmam pūblicē,

Capitol he-burned killed moreover he-was with-great disgrace dragged through city Rome publicly

nūdus, ērēctō comā capite et subiectō ad mentum gladiō, stercore in vultum et pectus ab

naked held-straight by-hair with-head and pointed-up towards chin with-sword with-filth onto face and chest by

omnibus obviīs adpetītus, postrēmō iugulātus et in Tiberim dēiectus etiam commūnī caruit

all on-way pelted finally having-throat-cut and into Tiber dumped of-common he-was-deprived

sepultūrā. Periit autem aetātis annō septimō et quīnquāgēsimō, imperiī mēnse octāvō et diē

burial he-perished moreover of-age in-year seventh and fiftieth of-rule in-month eighth and one

ūnō.

day

Artist’s impression of Isca Dummniorum (modern Exeter), established by Vespasian as a military base during his conquest of South-West Britain

https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/BritainDumnonia.htm

[19] Vespasiānus huic successit, factus apud Palaestīnam imperātor, prīnceps obscūrē quidem

Vespasian him succeeded having-been-made in Palestine emperor prince obscurely indeed

nātus, sed optimīs conparandus, prīvātā vītā inlūstris, ut quī ā Claudiō in Germāniam et

born but with-best to-be-compared in-private life distinguished as-one-who by Claudius into German and

deinde in Britanniam missus trīciēs et bis cum hoste cōnflīxerit, duās validissimās gentēs,

then into Britain sent thirty-times and twice with enemy fought two very-strong tribes

vīgintī oppida, īnsulam Vectam, Britanniae proximam, imperiō Rōmānō adiēcerit. Rōmae sē

twenty towns Isle of-Wight to-Britain next to-empire Roman he-added in-Rome self

in imperiō moderātissimē gessit. Pecūniae tantum avidior fuit, ita tamen, ut eam nūllī

in rule very-moderately conducted for-money just rather-greedy he-was in-such-way however that it from-none

iniūstē auferret. Quam cum omnī dīligentiae prōvīsiōne colligeret, tamen studiōsissimē

unjustly he-took-away this although with- every of-care provision he-amassed still very-enthusiastically

largiēbātur, praecipuē indigentibus. Nec facile ante eum cuiusquam prīncipis vel maior est

he-gave-away especially to-those-in-need nor easily before him of-any prince either greater was

līberālitās comperta, vel iūstior. Placidissimae lēnitātis, ut quī maiestātis quoque contrā sē

generosity found or more-just of-very-calm leniency [he-was] as one-who of-treason also against himself

reōs nōn facile pūnierit ultrā exiliī poenam. Sub hōc Iūdaea Rōmānō accessit imperiō et

those-guilty not readily he-punished beyond of-exile penalty under him Judaea Roman came-into empire and

Hierosolyma, quae fuit urbs nōbilissima Palaestīnae. Achāiam, Lyciam, Rhodum,

Jerusalem which was city noblest of-Palestine Achaea Lycia Rhodes

Bȳzantium, Samum, quae līberae ante id tempus fuerant, item Thrāciam, Ciliciam,

Byzantium, Samos which free before that time had-been likewise Thrace Cilicia

Commāgēnēn, quae sub rēgibus amīcīs ēgerant, in prōvinciārum fōrmam redēgit.

Commagene which under kings friendly had-functioned into of-provinces form reduced

Mount Nemrut in Eastern Turkey, tomb-sanctuary built by Antiochus I of Commagene

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nemrut

[20] Offēnsārum et inimīcitiārum inmemor fuit, convīcia ā causidicīs et philosophīs in sē

Of-offences and enmities forgetful he-was insults by pleaders and philosophers against himself

dicta leviter tulit, dīligēns tamen coercitor disciplīnae mīlitāris. Hic cum fīliō Titō dē

spoken lightly he-bore careful however enforcer of-discipline military he with son Titus over

Hierosolymīs triumphāvit. Per haec cum senātuī, populō, postrēmō cūnctīs amābilis ac

Jerusalem held-triumph through these-things when to-senate people finally to-all friendly and

iūcundus esset, prōfluviō ventris extīnctus est in vīllā propriā circā Sabīnōs, annum agēns

pleasant he-was from-diarrhoea he-died in villa own near Sabine-territory year passing

aetātis sexāgēsimum nōnum, imperiī nōnum et diem septimum, atque inter Dīvōs relātus est.

of-age sixtieth ninth of-rule ninth and day seventh and among Gods enrolled was

Genitūram fīliōrum ita cognitam habuit, ut, cum multae contrā eum coniūrātiōnēs fierent,

Horoscope of-sons so known he-had that when many against him conspiracies were-happening

quās patefactās ingentī dissimulātiōne contempsit, in senātū dīxerit aut fīliōs sibi successūrōs,

which when-revealed with-great indifference he-disregarded in senate he-said either sons him going-to-succeed

aut nēminem.

or nobody

[21] Huic Titus fīlius successit, quī et ipse Vespasiānus est dictus, vir omnium virtūtum

Him Titus son succeeded who also himself Vespasian was called man of-all virtues

genere mīrābilis adeō, ut amor et dēliciae hūmānī generis dīcerētur, fācundissimus,

with-kind remarkable so that darling and delight of-human race he-was-called most-eloquent

bellicōsissimus, moderātissimus. Causās Latīnē ēgit, poēmata et tragoediās Graecē

most warrior-like most-moderate cases in-Latin he-pleaded poems and tragedies in-Greek

conposuit. In oppugnātiōne Hierosolymōrum sub patre mīlitāns duodecim prōpugnātōrēs

he-composed in assault of-Jerusalem under father fighting twelve men-in-front-rank

duodecim sagittārum cōnfīxit ictibus. Rōmae tantae cīvīlitātis in imperiō fuit, ut nūllum

of-twelve arrows he-pierced with-shots in-Rome of-such-great civility in rule he-was that none

omnīnō pūnīret, convictōs adversum sē coniūrātiōnis dīmīserit vel in eādem familiāritāte, quā

at-all he-punished those-convicted against himself of-conspiracy he-let-go or in same close-relationship as

anteā, habuerit. Facilitātis et līberālitātis tantae fuit, ut, cum nūllī quicquam negāret et ab

before he-had of-affability and generosity so-great he-was that when nobody anything he-was-denying and by

amīcīs reprehenderētur, responderit nūllum trīstem dēbēre ab imperātōre discēdere, praetereā,

friends he-was-criticised he-replied nobody sad should from emperor depart besides

cum quādam diē in cēnā recordātus fuisset nihil sē illō diē cuīquam praestitisse, dīxerit:

when on-certain day at dinner remembered he-had nothing himself on-that day to-anyone to-have-given said

"Amīcī, hodiē diem perdidī". Hic Rōmae amphitheātrum aedificāvit et quīnque mīlia ferārum

Friends today day I-have-wasted he in-Rome amphitheatre built and five thousands of-beasts

in dēdicātiōne eius occīdit.

at inauguration of-it killed

Arch of Titus in Rome, commemorating the capture of Jerusalem in 70 A.D.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_of_Titus#/media/File:TitusbogenFront.jpg

[22] Per haec inūsitātō favōre dīlēctus morbō periit in eā, quā pater, vīllā post biennium et

For these-things with-extraordinary affection loved from-sickness died that in-which father villa after two-years and

mēnsēs octo, diēs vīgintī, quam imperātor erat factus, aetātis annō alterō et quadrāgēsimō.

months eighy days twenty after emperor he-had become of-age in-year second and fortieth

Tantus lūctus eō mortuō pūblicus fuit, ut omnēs tamquam in propriā doluerint orbitāte.

such-great grief with-him dead public there-was that all as-if in personal were-sad bereavement

Senātus obitū ipsīus circā vesperam nūntiātō nocte inrūpit in cūriam et tantās eī mortuō

Senate with-death of-him around evening announced at-night burst into senate-house and such-great on-him dead

laudēs grātiāsque congessit, quantās nec vīvō umquam ēgerat nec praesentī. Inter Dīvōs

praises and-thanks heaped as neither to-one-living ever it-had-done nor-to-one-present among gods

relātus est.

enrolled he-was

The northern frontier, showing tribes targeted in Domitian’s campaigns – Dacia is shown within the empire but was not incorporated as a province until Trajan’s reign

[23] Domitiānus mox accēpit imperium, frāter ipsīus iūnior, Nerōnī aut Caligulae aut Tiberiō

Domitian soon received power brother his younger to-Nero or Caligula or Tiberius

similior quam patrī vel frātrī suō. Prīmīs tamen annīs moderātus in imperiō fuit, mox ad

more-similar than to-father or brother his-own in-first however years restrained in ruling he-was soon to

ingentia vitia prōgressus libīdinis, īrācundiae, crūdēlitātis, avāritiae tantum in sē odiī

huge vices giving-gone-on of-lust of-rage of- cruelty of-greed so-much against self of-hatred

concitāvit, ut merita et patris et frātris abolēret. Interfēcit nōbilissimōs ē senātū. Dominum sē

he-stirred-up that merits both of-father and father he-erased he-killed the-most-noble-men from senate lord himself

et deum prīmus appellārī iussit. Nūllam sibi nisi auream et argenteam statuam in Capitōliō

and god first to-be-called he-ordered no to-himself except gold and silver statue on Capitoline

passus est pōnī. Cōnsōbrīnōs suōs interfēcit. Superbia quoque in eō execrābilis fuit.

he allowed to-be-placed cousins his he-killed pride also in him despicable was

Expedītiōnēs quattuor habuit, ūnam adversum Sarmatās, alteram adversum Cattōs, duās

Campaigns four he-mounted one against Sarmatians another against Catti two

adversum Dācōs. Dē Dācīs Cattīsque duplicem triumphum ēgit, dē Sarmatīs sōlam lauream

against Dacians over Dacians and-Catti double triumph he-celebrated over Sarmatians only laurel-wreath

ūsūrpāvit. Multās tamen calamitātēs īsdem bellīs passus est; nam in Sarmatiā legiō eius cum

he-assumed many however disasters in-same wars he-suffered for in Sarmatia legion his with

duce interfecta est et ā Dācīs Oppius Sabīnus cōnsulāris et Cornēlius Fuscus, praefectus

commander killed was and by Dacians Oppius Sabinus ex-consul and Cornelius Fuscus prefect

praetōriō, cum magnīs exercitibus occīsī sunt. Rōmae quoque multa opera fēcit, in

of-praetorian-guard with huge armies killed were in-Rome also many projects he-completed among

hīs Capitōlium et Forum Trānsitōrium, Dīvōrum Porticus, Īsium ac Serapium et Stadium.

them [temple-on]Capitoline and the-forum Transitorium of-Gods Portico temple-of-Isis and of-Serapis and a stadium

Vērum, cum ob scelerā ūniversīs exōsus esse coepisset, interfectus est suōrum coniūrātiōne in

Indeed when because-of crimes to-all hateful to-be he-had-begun killed he-was of-own-people by-conspiracy in

Palātiō annō aetātis quadrāgēsimō quīntō, imperiī quīntō decimō. Fūnus eius ingentī dēdecore

Palace in-year of-age fortieth fifth of-rule fifth tenth corpse his with-huge shame

per vespillōnēs exportātum et ignōbiliter est sepultum.

by undertakers carried-out and dishonourably was buried

LIBER VIII

Expansion of the Roman Empire from Augustus to Trajan

http://www.rabbitsforlatin.com/the-geography-of-roman-conquest-and-expansion

[1] Annō octingentēsimō et quīnquāgēsimō ab urbe conditā, Vetere et Valente cōnsulibus rēs

In-year eight-hundredth and fiftieth from city founded with-Vetus and Valens consuls state

pūblica ad prosperrimum statum rediit bonīs prīncipibus ingentī fēlīcitātē commissa.

to most-prosperous condition returned to-good princes with-great good-fortune entrusted

Domitiānō enim exitiābilī tyrannō Nerva successit, vir in prīvātā vītā moderātus et strēnuus,

to-Domitian for deadly tyrant Nerva succeeded man in private life restrained and energetic

nōbilitātis mediae. Quī senex, admodum operam dante Petrōniō Secundō, praefectō praetōriō,

of-nobiliy middle-ranking he old-man certainly effort making Petronius Secundus prefect praetorian

item Partheniō interfectōre Domitiānī, imperātor est factus; aequissimum sē et cīvīlissimum

likewise Parthenius killer of-Domitian emperor was made most-just self and most-polite

praebuit. Reī pūblicae dīvīna prōvīsiōne cōnsuluit Traiānum adoptandō. Mortuus est Rōmae

he-showed for-state with-divine foresight he-took-thought Trajan by-adopting. He-died in-Rome

post annum et quattuor mēnsēs imperiī suī ac diēs octo, aetātis septuāgēsimō et alterō annō,

after year and four months of-rule his and days eight of-age in-70th and second year

atque inter Dīvōs relātus est.

and among Gods enrolled was

Detail of Trajan’s Column, commemorating his victories in Dacia (mosern Romania)

https://www.crystalinks.com/trajanscolumn.html

[2] Successit eī Ulpius Crīnītus Traiānus, nātus Italicae in Hispāniā, familiā antīquā magis

There-succeeded him Ulpius Crinitus Trajan born in-Italica in Spain with-family old rather

quam clārā. Nam pater eius prīmum cōnsul fuit. Imperātor autem apud Agrippīnam in Galliīs

than famous for father of-him first consul was emperor moreover at Agrippina in Gaul

factus est. Rem pūblicam ita administrāvit, ut omnibus prīncipibus meritō praeferātur,

made he-was state so he-administered that to-all princes deservedly he-is-preferred

inūsitātae cīvīlitātis et fortitūdinis. Rōmānī imperiī, quod post Augustum dēfēnsum magis

of-unusual politeness and couage of-Roman empire which after Augustus defended more

fuerat quam nōbiliter ampliātum, fīnēs longē lātēque diffūdit. Urbēs trāns Rhēnum in

had-been than nobly enlarged borders far and-wide he-extended cities across Rhine in

Germāniā reparāvit. Dāciam Decibālō vīctō subēgit, prōvinciā trāns Danubium factā in hīs

Germany he-restored Dacia with-Decibalus defeated he-subjugated with-province across Danube made in these

agrīs, quōs nunc Taifālī, Victoālī et Tervingī habent. Ea prōvincia deciēs centēna milia

territories which now Taifali Victoali and Tervingi hold that province ten-times hundred thousands

passuum in circuitū tenuit.

of-paces in circumference had

Roman amphitheatre at Italica in SW Spain, birthplace of Trajan and Hadrian

https://www.hisour.com/roman-amphitheater-of-italica-spain-51086/

[3] Armeniam, quam occupāverant Parthī, recēpit, Parthomasīrī occīsō, quī eam tenēbat.

Armenia which had-occupied Parthians he-recovered with-Parthomasiris killed who it was-holding

Albānīs rēgem dedit. Hibērōrum rēgem et Sauromatārum et Bosphorānōrum et Arabum et

to-Albanians king he-gave of-Iberians king and of-Sauromatae and of-Bosphorani and of-Arabs and

Osdroēnōrum et Colchōrum in fidem accēpit. Carduēnōs, Marcomēdōs occupāvit et

of-Osdroeni and Colchians into allegiance he-received [territory-of] Cardueni [& of] Marcomedi he-occupied and

Anthemūsium, magnam Persidis regiōnem, Seleucīam, Ctēsiphontem, Babylōnem; Messēniōs

Anthemusium great of-Persia region Seleucia Cetesiphon Babylon Messenians

vīcit ac tenuit. Usque ad Indiae fīnēs et mare Rubrum accessit atque ibi trēs prōvinciās

conquered and kept-control-of up to of-India boorders and sea Red he-advanced and there three provinces

fēcit, Armeniam, Assyriam, Mesopotamiam, cum hīs gentibus, quae Madenam attingunt.

he-created Armenia Assyria Mesopotamia with these tribes who Madena border-on

Arabiam posteā in prōvinciae fōrmam redēgit. In marī Rubrō classem īnstituit, ut per eam

Arabia afterwards into of-province form he-reduced in sea Red fleet he-stationed so-that through it

Indiae fīnēs vastāret.

Of-India territory he-could-ravage

[4] Glōriam tamen mīlitārem cīvīlitāte et moderātiōne superāvit, Rōmae et per prōvinciās

Glory however military in-courtesey and restraint he-exceeded in-Rome and through provinces

aequālem sē omnibus exhibēns, amīcōs salūtandī causā frequentāns vel aegrōtantēs vel cum

fair himself to-all showing friends of-greeting for-sake-of frequenting whether sick or when

fēstōs diēs habuissent, convīvia cum īsdem indiscrēta vicissim habēns, saepe in vehiculīs

special days they—had parties with them without-favouritism in-turn having often in vehicles

eōrum sedēns, nūllum senātōrum laedēns, nihil iniūstum ad augendum fiscum agēns, līberālīs

of-them sitting none f-the-senators harming nothing unjust for increasing treasury doing generous

in cūnctōs, pūblicē prīvātimque dītāns omnēs et honōribus augēns, quōs vel mediocrī

towards all publicly and-privately enriching all and with-honours loading those-who even through slight

familiāritāte cognōvisset, per orbem terrārum aedificāns multa, inmūnitātēs cīvitātibus

familiarity he-knew throjught world building many-things immunity[from-taxation] to-cities

tribuēns, nihil nōn tranquillum et placidum agēns, adeō ut omnī eius aetāte ūnus senātor

awarding nothing not peaceful and calm doing so-much-so that in-all his time one senator

damnātus sit atque is tamen per senātum ignōrante Traiānō. Ob haec per orbem terrārum deō

condemned was and he however by senate being-unaware Trajan because-of these-things throughout world to-a-god

proximus nihil nōn venerātiōnis meruit et vīvus et mortuus.

next nothing not of-veneration he-deserved both alive and dead

Trajan’s theatre of operations in 114-115

http://history-moments.com/roman-empire/emperor-trajan-the-impossible-dream/

5] Inter alia dicta hoc ipsīus fertur ēgregium. Amīcīs enim culpantibus, quod nimium circā

Among other saying this-one of-him is-reported outstanding with-friends for blaming [him] because too around

omnēs commūnīs esset, respondit tālem sē imperātōrem esse prīvātīs, quālēs esse sibi

all approachable was he-replied such himself emperor to-be to-private-citizens as to-be to-him

imperātōrēs prīvātus optāsset. Post ingentem igitur glōriam bellī domīque quaesītam ē Persidē

emperors as-private-citizen he-would-have-wished after huge therefore glory of-war and-at-home sought from Persia

rediēns apud Seleucīam Isauriae prōfluviō ventris extīnctus est. Obiit autem aetātis annō

returning at Seleucia in-Isauria from-diarrhoea died he-passed-away moreover of-age in-year

sexāgēsimō tertiō, mēnse nōnō, diē quārtō, imperiī nōnō decimō, mēnse sextō, diē quīntō

sixtieth third in-month ninth day fourth of-rule ninth tenth in-month sixth on-day fifth

decimō. Inter Dīvōs relātus est sōlusque omnium intrā urbem sepultus est. Ossa conlāta in

tenth among gods enrolled he-was and-alone of-all within city buried was bons placed in

urnam auream in forō, quod aedificāvit, sub columnā posita sunt, cuius altitūdō CXLIV pedēs

urn golden in forum which he-built under column placed were whose height 144 feet

habet. Huius tantum memoriae dēlātum est, ut usque ad nostram aetātem nōn aliter in

has of-him so-much[respect] to-memory paid has-been that down-to our age not otherwise in

senātū prīncipibus adclāmētur, nisi "Fēlīcior Augustō, melior Traiānō". Adeō in eō glōria

senate to-princes is-acclamation-given except more-fortunate than-Augustus better than-Trajan so-much in him reputation

bonitātis obtinuit, ut vel adsentantibus vel vērē laudantibus occāsiōnem magnificentissimī

of-goodness has-endured that whether to-those-flattering or truly to-those-praising opportunity of-most-magnificent

praestet exemplī.

he-provides example

[6] Dēfūnctō Traiānō Aelius Hadriānus creātus est prīnceps, sine aliquā quidem voluntāte

Having-died Trajan Aelius Hadrian made was emperor without any indeed wish

Traiānī, sed operam dante Plotīnā, Traiānī uxōre; nam eum Traiānus, quamquam cōnsōbrīnae

of-Trajan but effort making Plotina of-Trajan wife for him Trajan although of-cousin

suae fīlium, vīvus nōluerat adoptāre. Nātus et ipse Italicae in Hispāniā. Quī Traiānī glōriae

his-own son while-alive had-not-wanted to-adopt born also he at-Italica in Spain he of-Trajan glory

invidēns statim prōvinciās trēs relīquit, quās Traiānus addiderat, et dē Assyriā, Mesopotamiā,

envious at-once provinces three he-abandoned which Trajan had-added and from Assyria Mesopotamia

Armeniā revocāvit exercitūs ac fīnem imperiī esse voluit Euphrātēn. Idem dē Dāciā facere

Armenia recalled armies and boundary of-empire to-be he-wanted Euphrates same-thing about Dacia to-do

cōnātum amīcī dēterruērunt, nē multī cīvēs Rōmānī barbarīs trāderentur, proptereā quia

him-having-tried friends deterred lest many citizens Roman to-barbarians be-handed-over because-of fact-that

Traiānus victā Dāciā ex tōtō orbe Rōmānō īnfīnītās eō cōpiās hominum trānstulerat

Trajan having-been-conquered Dacia from whole world Roman immense to-there numbers of-people had-transferred

ad agrōs et urbēs colendās. Dācia enim diuturnō bellō Decibālī virīs fuerat exhausta.

For fields and cities being-populated Dacia for by-long war of-Decibalus of-men had-been drained

Hadrian’s Wall, constructed in 122-28 to separate Caledonia from the Roman province

[7] Pācem tamen omnī imperiī suī tempore habuit, semel tantum per praesidem dīmicāvit.

Peace however in-whole of-rule his time he-had once only through governor he-fought

Orbem Rōmānum circumiit; multa aedificāvit. Fācundissimus Latīnō sermōne, Graecō

World Roman he-went-round many-things he-built most-eloquent in-Latin language in-Greek

ērudītissimus fuit. Nōn magnam clēmentiae glōriam habuit, dīligentissimus tamen circā

most-learned was not great of-mercy glory he-had most-diligent however about

aerārium et mīlitum disciplīnam. Obiit in Campāniā maior sexāgēnāriō, imperiī annō

treasury and of-soldiers discipline he-died in Campania more-than sixty-years-old of-rule in-year

vīcēsimō prīmō, mēnse decimō, diē vīcēsimō nōnō. Senātus eī tribuere nōluit dīvīnōs honōrēs,

twentieth first in-month tenth on-day twentieth ninth senate to-him to-assign did-not-want divine honours

tamen cum successor ipsīus T. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Fulvius hoc vehementer exigeret, etsī

however since successor of-him Titus Aurelius Antoninus Fulvius this forcefully was-demanding although

ūniversī senātōrēs palam resisterent, tandem obtinuit.

all senators openly were-resisting at-last he-got-his-way

Remains of the Antonine Wall along the Clyde-Forth line in Scotland

https://blog.historicenvironment.scot/2018/10/africans-antonine-wall/

[8] Ergō Hadriānō successit T. Antōnīnus Fulvius Boiōnius, idem etiam Pius nōminātus,

Therefore to-Hadrian was-successor Titus Antoninus Fulvius Bionius same-man also Pius called

genere clārō, sed nōn admodum vetere, vir īnsignis et quī meritō Numae Pompiliō

of-family famous but not particularly old man remarkable and who deservedly with-Numa Popilius

cōnferātur, ita ut Rōmulō Traiānus aequētur. Vīxit ingentī honestāte prīvātus,

can-be-compared just as with-Romulus Trajan can-be-equated he-lived with-great integrity as-private-citizen

maiōre in imperiō, nūllī acerbus, cūnctīs benignus, in rē mīlitārī moderātā glōriā, dēfendere

with-greater in power to-none harsh to-all kind in matters military with-moderate glory to-defend

magis prōvinciās quam amplificāre studēns, virōs aequissimōs ad administrandam rem

rather provinces than to-enlarge eager men most-fair for adminstering state

pūblicam quaerēns, bonīs honōrem habēns, inprobōs sine aliquā acerbitāte dētestāns, rēgibus

( ) seeking to-good honour giving the-bad without any harshness rejecting for-kings

amīcīs venerābilīs nōn minus quam terribilis, adeō ut barbarōrum plūrimae nātiōnēs dēpositīs

friendly to-be-respected no less than to-be-feared so-much that of-barbarians very-many nations having-been-laid-down

armīs ad eum contrōversiās suās lītēsque dēferrent sententiaeque pārērent. Hic ante imperium

arms to whom arguments their-own and-disputes referred and-his-decision obeyed he before ruling

dītissimus opēs quidem omnēs suās stīpendiīs mīlitum et circā amīcōs līberālitātibus minuit,

very-rich wealth indeed all own for-payment of-soldiers and towards friends acts-of-generosity he-diminished

vērum aerārium opulentum relīquit. Pius propter clēmentiam dictus est. Obiit apud Lōrium,

indeed (public)treasury well-stocked he-left Pius because-of clemency called he-was he-died at Lorium

vīllam suam, mīliāriō ab urbe duodecimō, vītae annō septuāgēsimō tertiō, imperiī vīcēsimō

estate his at-milestone from city 12th of-life in-year seventieth third of-rule twentieth

tertiō, atque inter Dīvōs relātus est et meritō cōnsecrātus.

third and among gods enrolled was and deservedly consecrated

Marcus Aurelius as reconstructed for the Photoreal Roman Emperor Project

https://medium.com/@voshart/appearance-of-the-principate-pt-iii-c6f156abb592

[9] Post hunc imperāvit M. Antōnīnus Vērus, haud dubiē nōbilissimus, quippe cum eius orīgō

After him reigned Marcus Antoninus Verus undoubtedly man-most-noble since his origin

paterna ā Numā Pompiliō, māternā ā Solentīnō rēge penderet, et cum eō L. Annius Antōnīnus

paternal from Numa Pompilius maternal from of-Salentini king was-from and with him Lucius Annius Antoninus

Vērus. Tumque prīmum Rōmāna rēs pūblica duōbus aequō iūre imperium administrantibus

Verus and-then first Roman state two-men with-equal right empire governing

pāruit, cum usque ad eum singulōs semper habuisset Augustōs.

obeyed when up to him single always it-had-had emperors.

[10] Hī et genere inter sē coniūnctī fuērunt et adfīnitāte. Nam Vērus Annius Antōnīnus M.

These both by-descent among selves joined had-been and through-marriage for Verus Annius Antoninus of-Marcus

Antōnīnī fīliam in mātrimōnium habuit, M. autem Antōnīnus gener Antōnīnī Piī fuit per

Antoninus daughter in marriage took Marcus howevers Antoninus son-in-law of-Antoninus Pius was through

uxōrem Galeriam Faustīnam iūniōrem, cōnsōbrīnam suam. Hī bellum contrā Parthōs

wife Galeria Faustina junior cousin his they war against Parthians

gessērunt, quī post victōriam Traiānī tum prīmum rebellāverant. Vērus Antōnīnus ad id

waged who after victory of-Trajan then first had-rebelled Verus Antoninus to this

profectus est. Quī Antiochīae et circā Armeniam agēns multa per ducēs suōs et ingentia

set-out He in-Antioch and around Armenia operating many-things through generals his and great

patrāvit. Seleucīam, Assyriae urbem nōbilissimam, cum quadringentīs mīlibus hominum

accomplished Seleucia of-Assyria city most-noble with four-hundred thousands of-men

cēpit; Parthicum triumphum revēxit. Cum frātre eōdemque socerō triumphāvit. Obiit tamen

captured Parthian triumph he-brought-back with brother and-same-man father-in-law he-held-triumph he-died however

in Venetiā, cum ā Concordiā cīvitāte Altīnum proficīscerētur et cum frātre in vehiculō sedēret,

in Venice when from Concordia city for-Altinum he-was-setting-off and with brother in vehicle was-sitting

subitō sanguine ictus, cāsū morbī, quem Graecī apoplēxīn vocant. Vir ingeniī parum cīvīlis,

suddenly by-blood struck in-a-case of-disease which Greeks apoplexy call man of-nature too-little polite

reverentiā tamen frātris nihil umquam atrōx ausus. Cum obīsset ūndecimō imperiī annō, inter

out-of-respect however of-brother nothing ever atrocious having-dared when he-had-died in-eleventh of-rule year among

deōs relātus est.

gods enrolled he-was

[11] Post eum M. Antōnīnus sōlus rem pūblicam tenuit, vir quem mīrārī facilius quis quam

After him Marcus Antoninus alone state held man whom marvel-at more-easily anyone than

laudāre possit. Ā prīncipiō vītae tranquillissimus, adeō ut ex īnfantiā quoque vultum nec ex

praise could from beginning of-life most-calm so-much-so that from infancy also expression neiher from

gaudiō nec ex maerōre mūtāverit. Philosophiae dēditus Stōicae, ipse etiam nōn sōlum vītae

joy nor from sadness changed to-philosophy devoted Stoic himself also not only of-life

mōribus, sed etiam ērudītiōne philosophus. Tantae admīrātiōnis adhūc iuvenis, ut eum

by-way but by-erudition philosopher of-so-great admiration [subject-of] still young that him

successōrem parāverit Hadriānus relinquere, adoptātō tamen Antōnīnō Piō generum eī idcircō

as-successor prepared Hadrian to-leave having-been-adopted however Antoninus Pius son-in-law to-him therefore

esse voluerit, ut hōc ōrdine ad imperium pervenīret.

to-be he-wished so-that in-this order into power he-might-come

[12] Īnstitūtus est ad philosophiam per Apollōnium Chalcēdonium, ad scientiam litterārum

trained he-was for philosophy by Apollonius of-Chalcedon for knowledge of-literature

Graecārum per Sextum Chaeronēnsem, Plutarchī nepōtem, Latīnās autem eum litterās Frontō,

Greek by Sextus Chaeronensis Plutarch’s grandson Latin moreover him literature Fronto

ōrātor nōbilissimus, docuit.Hic cum omnibus Rōmae aequō iūre ēgit, ad nūllam īnsolentiam

orator most-noble taught he with all at-Rome with-equal right dealt-with to no insolence

ēlātus est imperiī fastīgiō; līberālitātis prōmptissimae. Prōvinciās ingentī benignitāte et

carried-away he-was of-power at-summit of-generosity most-at-the-ready provinces with-enormous kindness and

moderātiōne tractāvit. Contrā Germānōs eō prīncipe rēs fēlīciter gestae sunt. Bellum ipse

restraint he-treated against Germans with-him emperor things successfully carried-out were war himself

ūnum gessit Marcomannicum, sed quantum nūllā memoriā fuit, adeō ut Pūnicīs

one he-waged the-Macrommanic but so-large-as with-no memory was so-much-so that to-Punic-ones

cōnferātur. Nam eō gravius est factum, quod ūniversī exercitūs Rōmānī perierant. Sub hōc

it-is-comparable for by-this more-serious it became that all armies Roman had-perished at this[time]

enim tantus cāsus pestilentiae fuit, ut post victōriam Persicam Rōmae ac per Ītaliam

for so-great outbreak of-plague there-was that after victory over-Persia at and throughout Italy

prōvinciāsque maxima hominum pars, mīlitum omnēs ferē cōpiae languōre dēfēcerint.

and-provinces greatest of-people part of-soldiers all almost forces from-wasting-away died

1st Macromannic War – the onslaught

https://omniatlas.com/maps/europe/1700827/

1st. Macromannic War – Marcus Aurelius’s victories

https://omniatlas.com/maps/europe/1750503/

[13] Ingentī ergō labōre et moderātiōne, cum apud Carnuntum iūgī trienniō persevērāsset,

With-enormous therefore effort and moderation when at Carnuntum for-whole three-years he-had-persevered

bellum Marcomannicum cōnfēcit, quod cum hīs Quādī, Vandalī, Sarmatae, Suēvī atque omnis

war Marcomannicn he-finished which with them Qadi Vandals Sarmatians Suevi and all-of

barbaria commōverat, multa hominum milia interfēcit, ac Pannoniīs servitiō līberātīs Rōmae

barbarians had-launched many of-people thousands killed and with-Pannonians from-servitude freed in-Rome

rūrsus cum Commodō Antōnīnō, fīliō suō, quem iam Caesarem fēcerat, triumphāvit. Ad

again with Commodus Antoninus son his whom already Caesar he-had-made held-triumph for

huius bellī sūmptum cum aerāriō exhaustō largītiōnēs nūllās habēret neque indīcere

of-this war expense since with-treasury exhausted funds no he-had and-not to-impose

prōvinciālibus aut senātuī aliquid vellet, īnstrūmentum rēgiī cultūs factā in forō

on-provincials or on-senate anything he-wanted paraphernalia of-royal life-style having-been-made in forum

dīvī Traiānī sectiōne distrāxit, vāsa aurea, pōcula crystallina et murrinā, uxōriam ac suam

of-deified Trajan auction sold-off vessels golden cups of-crystal and of-fluorspar of-wife and of-self

sēricam et auream vestem, multa ōrnāmenta gemmārum. Ac per duōs continuōs mēnsēs ea

silken and golden clothing many ormaments of-gems and through two consecutive months this

vēnditiō habita est multumque aurī redāctum. Post victōriam tamen ēmptōribus pretia restituit,

sale held was and-much of-gold brought-in after victory however to-buyers prices he-restored

quī reddere conparāta voluērunt; molestus nūllī fuit, quī māluit semel ēmpta retinēre.

who to-return things-bought wanted troublesome to-none was who preferred once bought-things to-retain

[14] Hic permīsit virīs clāriōribus, ut convīvia eōdem cultū quō ipse et ministrīs similibus

He permitted to- men more-distinguished that banquets in-same style in-which he-himself and with-attendants similar

exhibērent. In ēditiōne mūnerum post victōriam adeō magnificus fuit, ut centum simul leōnēs

they-put-on in giving-out public-shows after victory so magnificent he-was that hundred at-same-time lions

exhibuisse trādātur. Cum igitur fortūnātam rem pūblicam et virtūte et mānsuētūdine

to-have-exhibited he-is-reported when therefore fortunate state both by-courage and restraint

reddidisset, obiit XVIII imperiī annō, vītae LXI, et omnibus certātim adnītentibus inter Dīvōs

he-had-rendered he-died in-18th of-rule year of-life 61st and with-all in-rivalry striving-for-this among Gods

relātus est.

enrolled he-was

`Miracle of the Rain’ on the column of Marcus Aurelius

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars#/media/File:Miracolo_della_Pioggia.JPG

[15] Huius successor L. Antōnīnus Commodus nihil paternum habuit, nisi quod contrā

To-him successos Lucius Antoninus Commodus nothing of-father had except that against

Germānōs fēlīciter et ipse pugnāvit. Septembrem mēnsem ad nōmen suum trānsferre cōnātus

Germans successfully also he fought September month to name own to-transfer he tried

est, ut Commodus dīcerētur. Sed luxuriā et obscēnitāte dēprāvātus gladiātōriīs armīs

so-that Commodus it-would-be-called but by—extravagance and lewdness depraved with-gladiatorial weapons

saepissimē in lūdō, deinceps etiam in amphitheātrō cum huiusmodī hominibus dīmicāvit.

very-often in training-school then also in amphitheatre with of-this-kind men he-fought

Obiit morte subitā atque adeō, ut strangulātus vel venēnō interfectus putārētur, cum annīs

He-died by-death sudden and in-such- -way that having-throat-cut or by-poison killed he-was-thought when for-years

XII post patrem et VIII mēnsibus imperāsset, tantā execrātiōne omnium, ut hostīs hūmānī

12 after father and 8 months he-had-ruled with-so-great detestation by-all that enemy of-human

generis etiam mortuus iūdicārētur.

race also when-dead he-was-judged

[16] Huic successit Pertināx, grandaevus iam et quī septuāgēnāriam attigisset aetātem,

To-him successor-was Pertinax elderly already and who of-seventy had-reached age

praefectūram urbī tum agēns, ex senātūs cōnsultō imperāre iussus. Octōgēsimō diē imperiī

post-of-prefect for-city then holding by senate’s decree to-rule ordered on-80th day of-rule

praetōriānōrum mīlitum sēditiōne et Iūliānī scelere occīsus est.

of-praetorian soldiers by-mutiny and of-Julianus crime killed he-was

[17] Post eum Salvius Iūliānus rem pūblicam invāsit, vir nōbilis et iūre perītissimus, nepōs

After him Salvius Iulianus state seized-control man of-noble-birth and in-law most-skilled grandson

Salviī Iūliānī, quī sub Dīvō Hadriānō perpetuum conposuit ēdictum. Victus est ā Sevērō

of-Salvius Julianus who under Deified Hadrian permanent composed edict defeated he-was by Severus

apud Mulvium pontem, interfectus in Palātiō. Vīxit mēnsibus septem, postquam coeperat

at Milvian bridge killed in palace he-lived for-months seven after he-had-begun imperāre.

to-rule

Statue of Septimius Severus outside the museum at Leptis Magna, Libya

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/5f/d3/b8/5fd3b83f77bac433c915e0be4e95eb68.jpg

[18] Hinc imperiī Rōmānī administrātiōnem Septimius Sevērus accēpit, oriundus ex Āfricā,

Then of-empire Roman government Septimius Severus assumed originating from Africa

prōvinciā Tripolitānā, oppidō Leptī. Sōlus omnī memoriā et ante et posteā ex Āfricā

province of-Tripoli town Leptis only on-entire record both before and afterwards from Africa emperor

imperātor fuit. Hic prīmum fiscī advocātus, mox mīlitāris tribūnus, per multa deinde et varia

he-was he first he first of-treasury advocate soon military tribune through many then and various

officia atque honōrēs usque ad administrātiōnem tōtīus reī pūblicae vēnit. Pertinācem sē

offices and honours up to administration of-whole state came Pertinax himself

appellārī voluit in honōrem eius Pertinācis, quī ā Iūliānō fuerat occīsus. Parcus admodum fuit,

to-be-called he-wanted in honour of-the Pertinax who by Julianus has-been killed parsimonious quite he-was

nātūrā saevus. Bella multa et fēlīciter gessit. Pescennium Nigrum, quī in Aegyptō et Syriā

by-nature cruel wars many and successfully he-waged Pescennius Niger who in Egypt and Syria

rebellāverat, apud Cȳzicum interfēcit. Parthōs vīcit et Arabās interiōrēs et Adiabēnōs.

had-rebelled at Cyzicus he-killed Parthians he-defeated and Arabs inner and Adiabenians

Arabās eō usque superāvit, ut etiam prōvinciam ibi faceret. Idcircō Parthicus, Arabicus,

Arabs point up-to he-overcame that also province there he-made therefore Parthicus Arabicus

Adiabēnicus dictus est. Multa tōtō orbe Rōmānō reparāvit. Sub eō etiam Clōdius

Asibenicus called he-was many.things in-whole wotld Roman he-restored under him also Clodius Albīnus,quī in occīdendō Pertinace socius fuerat Iūliānō, Caesarem sē in Galliā fēcit,

Albinus who in being-killed Pertinax accomplice had-been to-Julianus Caesar himself in Gaul made

victusque apud Lugdūnum et interfectus.

and-defeated at Lyons and killed

Guarding the fort at Trimontium on the River Tweed in the Scottish Borders

https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/the-honest-truth-how-the-romans-came-close-but-ultimately-failed-to-conquer-scotland-under-septimius-severus/

[19] Sevērus tamen praeter bellicam glōriam etiam cīvīlibus studiīs clārus fuit et litterīs

Severus however bedides military glory also for-civilian pursuits famous was and in-literature

doctus, philosophiae scientiam ad plēnum adeptus. Novissimum bellum in Britanniā habuit,

learned of-philosophy knowledge to high-degree having final war in Britain he-had

utque receptās prōvinciās omnī sēcūritāte mūnīret, vallum per CXXXIII passuum mīlia ā marī

and-so-that recovered provinces with-full security he-could-fortify rampart through 133 of-paces thousands from sea

ad mare dēdūxit. Dēcessit Eborācī admodum senex, imperiī annō sextō decimō, mēnsē

to sea he-constructed he-died at-York very old of-rule in-year sixth tenth in-month

tertiō. Dīvus appellātus est. Nam fīliōs duōs successōrēs relīquit, Bassiānum et Getam, sed

third A-god called was for sons two as-successors he-left Bassianus and Geta but

Bassiānō Antōnīnī nōmen ā senātū voluit inpōnī. Itaque dictus est M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus

on-Bassianus of-Antoninus name by senate wanted to-be-conferred and-do called he-was Marcus Aurelius Antoninus

Bassiānus patrīque successit. Nam Geta hostis pūblicus indicātus cōnfestim periit.

Bassianus and-to-father was-successor for Geta enemy public proclaimed immediately perished

Septimius Severus’s African conquests shown in medium tan (202 A.D.)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus#/media/File:Septimius_Severus'_African_conquests1.jpg

[20] M. igitur Aurēlius Antōnīnus Bassiānus, īdemque Caracalla, mōrum ferē paternōrum fuit,

Marcus therefore Aurelius Antoninus Bassianus also-known-as Caracalla of-ways generally like-father’s was

paulō asperior et mināx. Opus Rōmae ēgregium fēcit lavācrī, quae thermae Antōnīniānae

a-little harsher and menacing work at-Rome outstanding he-made of-baths which Hot-baths Antoninian

appellantur, nihil praetereā memorābile. Inpatientis libīdinis, quī novercam suam Iūliam

are-called nothing otherwise memorable of-uncotrollable passion passion as-he stepmother own Julia

uxōrem dūxerit. Dēfūnctus est in Osdroēnā apud Edessam mōliēns adversum Parthōs

wife he-mase he died in Osdroene at Edessa preparing against Parthians

expedītiōnem annō imperiī sextō, mēnsē secundō, vix ēgressus quadrāgēsimum tertium

expedition in-year of-rule sixth in-month second hardly having-completed fortieth third

annum. Fūnere pūblicō ēlātus est.

year with-funeral public buried he-was

Septimius Severus with his wife and sons, showing Geta with face erased after his damnatio memoriae

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geta_(emperor)

[21] Deinde Opilius Macrīnus, quī praefectus praetōriō erat, cum fīliō Diadūmenō factī

Then Opilius Macrinus who prefect of-Praetorian-Guard was with son Diadumenus made

imperātōrēs nihil memorābile ex temporis brevitāte gessērunt. Nam imperium eōrum duum

emperors nothing memorable from of-time shortness did for rule of-them of-two

mēnsium et ūnīus annī fuit. Sēditiōne mīlitārī ambō pariter occīsī sunt.

months and one year was in-revolt military both at-same-time killed were

[22] Creātus est post hōs M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus. Hic Antōnīnī Caracallae fīlius putābātur,

Made (emperor) was after these Marcus Aurelius Antoninus he of-Antoninus Caracallae son was thought

sacerdōs autem Hēliogabalī templī erat. Is cum Rōmam ingentī et mīlitum et senātūs

priest moreover of-Helogabalus’s temple he-was he although to-Rome with-huge of-soldiers and senate

expectātiōne vēnisset, probrīs sē omnibus contāmināvit. Inpudīcissimē et obscēnissimē

expectation had-come by-disgraceful-acts self of-all-kinds defiled most-shamefully and obscenely

vīxit, bienniōque post et octo mēnsibus tumultū interfectus est mīlitārī et cum eō māter

he-loved and-teoyears after and eight months in-riot killed he-was military and with him mother

Symiasera.

Symiasera

[23] Successit huic Aurēlius Alexander, ab exercitū Caesar, ā senātū Augustus nōminātus,

Was-successor to-him Aurelius Alexander by army Caesar by senate Augustus named

iuvenis admodum, susceptōque adversus Persās bellō Xerxēn, eōrum rēgem, glōriōsissimē

young very and-having-been-undertaken against Persians war Xerxes their king most-gloriously

vīcit. Mīlitārem disciplīnam sevērissimē rēxit. Quāsdam tumultuantēs legiōnēs integrās

he-defeated military discipline very-strictly he-controlled certain rebelling legkions whole

exauctōrāvit. Adsessōrem habuit vel scrīniī magistrum Ulpiānum, iūris conditōrem. Rōmae

he-cashiered advisor he-had or of-secretariat head Ulpian of-law compiler at-Rome

quoque favōrābilis fuit. Periit in Galliā mīlitārī tumultū tertiō decimō imperiī annō et diē

also popular he-was he-died in Gaul in-military revolt in-thirs tenth of-rule year and on-day

nōnō. In Mamaeam, mātrem suam, ūnicē pius.

ninth towards Mamaea mother his exceptionally filial

� 709 A.U.C. would correspond to 45 B.C. The actual assassination was in 44.

� On Caesar’s death, Anthony initially co-operated with the conspirators but roused the people of Rome against them with his funeral oration, a fictional version of which figures in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar (`Friends, Romans, countrymen…’). Brutus and Cassius then fled to the Eastern Mediterranean. After Octavian, Caesar’s grandnephew, reached Rome in April but got no support from Anthony, he began assembling an army and, on Cicero’s suggestion, was accepted as an ally by the senate. Antony, who was besieging the conspirator Decimus Brutus at Mutina (modern Modena) in the Po valley, fled to Gaul after his defeat in April 43 by the combined forces of Octavian and of Hirtius and Pansa, consuls for that year.

� After Mutina, the senate had denied Octavian’s demands for appointment as a replacement consul (for which his age technically disqualified him) and a triumph but granted the latter to Decimus Brutus and ordered Octavian to hand over his command. Lepidus’s original intentions when Antony joined him in Transalpine Gaul are unclear and support for Anthony among Lepidus’ own troops may have been decisive (see � HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(triumvir)" �https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(triumvir)� At a meeting near Bononia (Bologna) in October 43 Lepidus, Anthony and Octavian agreed to share power as the Second Triumvirate, an arrangement ratified by the comitia tributa (Tribal Assembly) in Rome in November; in contrast, the First Triumvirate, established by Caesar, Pompey and Lepidus in 60, had remained purely informal. Anthony and his wife Fulvia were said to have gloated over the severed head of Cicero, the most famous victim of the proscriptions. Others outlawed included between 130 and 300 senators and 2000 equites (see � HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" �https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus�) .

� The republicans who had command of the seas around Greece hoped to remain on the defensive until Antony and Octavian, who had caught up with them near Philippi in Thrace, ran out of supplies. However, Antony’s attempt to outflank Cassius’ position by building a causeway through marshes to their south led to an engagement in early October 42. The result was not decisive, but Cassius, wrongly believing that Brutus, who had actually taken Octavian’s camp, had been defeated, committed suicide. Now in sole command Brutus attacked the triumvirs on 23 October and, once defeated, also killed himself. Brutus is often thought to have attacked unwisely because of pressure from his men (see � HYPERLINK "https://www.livius.org/articles/battle/philippi-42-bce/" �https://www.livius.org/articles/battle/philippi-42-bce/�) but he may have feared being cut off from his own supply base at Neapolis (see � HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" �https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi� and the map above).

� Lucius Antonius and his wife Fulvia believed that Octavian was undermining Antony’s hold on his own veterans in Italy and presented themselves as champions both of those veterans and of civilians dispossessed to give land to ex-soldiers. After Lucius’s surrender at Perugia (modern Perugia in Umbria), Fulvia fled to Greece but died of illness near Corinth. Antony subsequently placed the blame for the conflict on her and married Octavian’s sister. Fulvia, earlier the wife of Cicero’s enemy Clodius Pulcher, had kept control of Clodius’s `enforcers’ after his death and was thus powerful in her own right. Slogans etched on sling shots found at Perugia show how Octavian’s propaganda portrayed her as aggressive and over-sexed, whilst Octavian was in turn derided as effeminate. The poet Martial quotes elegiac couplets he attributes to Octavian himself but which were probably by a supporter: "Quod futuit Glaphyran Antonius, hanc mihi poenam / Fulvia cōnstituit, sē quoque utī futuam/ Fulviam ego ut futuam? Quod sī mē Mānius ōret/ pēdīcem? faciam? Nōn puto, si sapiam. /'Aut futue, aut pugnemus' ait. Quid quod mihi vītā/ cārior est ipsā mentula? Signa canant!" (`Because Antony f**ked Glaphyra [queen of the client kingdom of Cappadocia], Fulvia decided that as punishment I should f**ck herself. I’m to f**ck Fulvia? What if Manius [a supporter of Lucius] asked me to bugger him? Should I do it? I think not, if I were wise. She says `Either f**k or fight.’ What of the fact that my pr**k is dearer to me than life itself? Let the trumpets sound!’). See also � HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulvia" �https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulvia� and

� HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Antonius_(brother_of_Mark_Antony)" �https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Antonius_(brother_of_Mark_Antony)�.

� Sextus Pompey had been given command of the navy by the senate in April 43 but was outlawed when Octavian took control of Rome. He seized control of Sicily and in 40 also of Sardinia and began a blockade of Italy. An agreement in 39 recognised his authority in Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica but fighting broke out again and in 36, after his defeat by Agrippa and Lepidus he fled to Asia Minor where he was captured and killed. Lepidus himself had earlier been suspected of collaborating with Sextus and removed from control of Italy but he was granted the province of Africa in 40,

� Marcus Agrippa (c.63-12 B.C.) was a close and trusted collaborator of Octavian, marrying his daughter Julia in 21. He subdued Aquitania, the SW region of Gaul, in 38 and it was formally established as the province of Gallia Aquitania in 27.

� The Parthians had taken control of Syria and other Eastern territory in alliance with Quintus Labienus, who led forces still loyal to the Pompeian/Republican cause. Antony’s commander who defeated them in 39/38, earning the title `Parthicus’, was Publius Ventidius Bassus. Quintus was the son of Caesar’ s lieutenant, and later enemy, Titus Labienus (see � HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Labienus" �https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Labienus�) The Parthian ruling elite were originally a Scythian tribe known as Parni who took over the region of Parthia in Iran and extended their rule over much of what had been the Persian Empire. The Romans referred to them both as Parthians and as Persians.

� Antony sent Octavia back to Rome in 37 and may have gone through a marriage ceremony with Cleopatra though he was still legally Octavia’s husband. The failed invasion of Parthia in 37, which Eutropius evidently refers to, was followed by the conquest of Armenia in 34 but a renewed invasion of Parthia in 34 was cut short by the conflict with Octavian (see Bird for further details),

� Amidst mounting tension between the two men, Antony formally divorced Octavian’s sister in 32. Octavian had obtained a copy of Antony’s will, in which he acknowledged Caesarion as Julius Caesar’s son by Cleopatra, and directed that he himself be buried at Alexandria. Using this as evidence that his rival was a traitor to Rome, Octavian secured a declaration of war against Cleopatra and on 2 September 31defeated her and Antony in a naval battle off Actium in western Greece. The details are unclear but Anthony and Cleopatra, with their position on land weakening, may have planned to slip past the enemy fleet rather than start a full-scale engagement. The following summer, after Cornelius Gallus and then Octavian had landed in Egypt, Antony committed suicide. Cleopatra, who had already opened negotiations with Octavian and may even have triggered Antony’s death by letting him have a false report of her own, failed to win the victor over and, rather than grace his triumphal procession in Rome, took her own life. Her choice of method may be connected with an Egyptian belief that an asp’s bite brought a kind of immortality (see Peter Green’s `� HYPERLINK "The%20Last%20of%20the%20Ptolemies" ��The Last of the Ptolemies�’). Octavian had Caesarion killed as a rival dynastic claimant but spared Cleopatra’s other children. Gallus, the first Roman governor of Egypt, is termed iudex as by Eutropius’ time the word could denote an official with administrative as well as judicial responsibilities.

� Augustus held his first consulship in 43 B.C. and returned to Italy from Actium in 30 B.C. before leaving again for Alexandria. He remained master of Rome until his death in 14 A.C. but, unlike Julius Caesar, he was careful to disguise the extent of his power and claimed in 27 B.C., when the senate voted him the name `Augustus’, to have actually restored the republic. Rome thus became a monarchy disguised as a republic, in contrast to several modern states like the United Kingdom, which are republics disguised as monarchies.

� Literally `ordinary’, `common’.

� Augustus actually died at Nola, a town 34 km east of Naples. In 23 B.C., however, he had been cured of a serious illness by a Greek physician