ling 200 spring 2006 - university of...
TRANSCRIPT
Phonological rules
LING 200Spring 2006
Foreign accents and borrowed words
• Borrowed words– often pronounced according to phonological
rules of borrowing language• Foreign accents
– result from application of native language phonology to target language phonology
– especially if language learned as adult
Spanish loans into English
[sændiego]San Diego[sndjeo]
[bio]
[thko]
[phdez]
in English
burrito[burito]
taco[tko]
Padres[pres]
Spanish
[r] = alveolar trill
[] = voiced velar fricative
[] = retroflex approximant; [] = alveolar flap
The original shibboleth
• Judges 12:5-6
Some types of phonological rules
• Assimilation (cf. phonetic coarticulation)• Dissimilation• Deletion• Epenthesis
Examples of phonological rules• Assimilation
– Mohawk Voicing– Nasal Assimilation in Italian (and many other
languages)– Korean s-palatalization
Witsuwit’en
[plm’] ‘its ice’[nn] ‘it (cloth) is moving’
[tltm] ‘it’s pounding’
[tq’aj] ‘cutthroat trout’
[wepts] ‘it isn’t rolling’
[ip] ‘it’s flooding’
[ppt] ‘its abdomen’[tin] ‘it’s slithering’
[n] ‘dark birthmark’
[ns] ‘ahead’[nq] ‘uphill’[tilts] ‘she’s in a rush’
[tcho] ‘blue grouse’
[tz] ‘driftwood’[ntq] ‘up’
[] and [] after non-lowering consonants[q] = voiceless uvular stop; [q’] = uvular ejective; [ch] = voiceless aspirated palatal stop; [] = voiceless uvular fricative; [] = voiceless lateral fricative; [] = voiced uvular approximant; [m’] = glottalized nasal
Witsuwit’en consonant chart
llateral
wjapproximants
nmnasals
lateral
hxwçs zfricatives
t th t’lateral
ts tsh ts’affricates
q qh q’kw kwh kw’c ch c’t th t’p p’stops
glottaluvularlabio-velarpalatalalveolarlabial
Dissimilation• A sound becomes less similar to another sound• An example from Sanskrit• Phonetic background from Hindi
Sanskrit
Hindi
5 = retroflex
Laryngeal contrasts in Hindi• [] = voiced retroflex stop
– [l] ‘branch’• [] = voiceless retroflex stop
– [l] ‘postpone’• [h] = voiceless aspirated retroflex stop
– [hl] ‘wood shop’
• [] = (breathy) voiced aspirated retroflex stop– [l] ‘shield’
Dissimilation
Grassman’s Law (Sanskrit):
• Voiced aspirated stops/affricates are deaspirated before another voiced aspirated stop/affricate.
• C C / ___ ... C
Grassman’s Law in Sanskrit• [b] = voiced aspirated labial stop• Rightmost voiced aspirate survives
‘is awake’[budjte:]/budjte:/
‘was awake’[bubo:d]/bubo:d/
‘will be awake’[bo:tsjati]/bo:dsjati/
• Rightmost voiced aspirate devoices and deaspirates before [s] (a different phonological rule); leftmost survives
Deletion• Cree. An Algonquian language spoken in Canada
(B.C. to Ontario)
‘suns’[pi:simwak]cf. /pi:simwak/
‘sun’[pi:sim]/pi:simw/
• /w/ Ø / C ___ # (# = edge of word)
Epenthesis• Witsuwit’en
– No word can begin with //– [h] epenthesized– /tsh/ [htsh] (more narrowly, [htsh]) ‘he’s
crying’• Tsek’ene
– No word can begin with //– [] epenthesized– /tsh/ [tsh] ‘he’s crying’
Epenthesis
• English– No word can begin with a vowel– [] epenthesized– uh-oh /o/ [o]– apple /æpl/ [æpl]– the apple /ð/ # /æpl/ [ðæpl]
Phonetics vs. phonology
how do sounds form patterns, classes?what are the phonological rules?
what are articulatory, acoustic, perceptible properties?
sounds
what is contrastive?how is a particular contrast realized?
contrast
detail is predicted by rule system
explicitly represented as needed
phonetic detail
typically broad, streamlined
narrower as neededtranscription
phonologyphonetics
Final thoughts about spoken language phonetics and phonology
A clip from The Human Language, vol. 3