LINCOSAMIDESLINCOSAMIDES

Pharmacology Of The Antibiotic

Agents:

Submitted by: Group 6 (BSNII-BLK. 2)

Members: Gelmark Olivares

Elaine OrtizMoverick JavierBubbles Pascua

Angelina Maniquiz Raizzalyn Resane

 

The anti-infective drugsThe anti-infective drugsAnti-infective agents are Anti-infective agents are drugs drugs

that are designed to act that are designed to act selectively on foreign organismsselectively on foreign organisms that have invaded and infected that have invaded and infected the bodythe body

The anti-infective drugsThe anti-infective drugsAnti-infective drugs - range from Anti-infective drugs - range from AntibacterialsAntibacterials AntifungalsAntifungals AntiprotozoalsAntiprotozoals AntihelminthicsAntihelminthics Antivirals Antivirals AntimycobacterialAntimycobacterial

General Mechanisms of Action General Mechanisms of Action of anti-infective agentsof anti-infective agentsThe mechanisms are: The mechanisms are: Inhibition the biosynthesis of Inhibition the biosynthesis of

bacterial cell WALLbacterial cell WALLInhibition of protein synthesis Inhibition of protein synthesis Some change the cell membrane Some change the cell membrane

permeabilitypermeabilitySome inhibit DNA synthesisSome inhibit DNA synthesis

ExamplesExamplesCELL WALL INHIBITORSCELL WALL INHIBITORS penicillin, cephalosporin, penicillin, cephalosporin,

vancomycinvancomycin

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORSINHIBITORS

LINCOSAMIDES, LINCOSAMIDES, Macrolides, Macrolides, aminogylcosidesaminogylcosides

CELL WALL PermeabilityCELL WALL Permeability KetoconazoleKetoconazole

DNA SYNTHESIS DNA SYNTHESIS INHIBITORSINHIBITORS

QuinolonesQuinolones

Anti-infective agents can also be:Anti-infective agents can also be:Bacteriostatic - anti-infectives that interfere

with the ability of the cell to reproduce/replicate without killing them.

Examples: Erythromycin, tetracyclines, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, spectinomycin, sulfonamidesBactericidal - Antibiotics that can

aggressively cause bacterial death.Examples: Penicillins, Cephalosphorins, Metronidazole, Aminoglycosides, Vancomycin, Polymyxin

Antibiotics are made in three Antibiotics are made in three ways:ways:

1. By living microorganisms

2. By synthetic manufacture

3. Through genetic engineering

Major Classes:Major Classes:1. Aminoglycosides

2. Cephalosporins3. Fluoroquinolones4. LINCOSAMIDES

5. Macrolides6. Monobactams7. Penicillins8. Sulfonamides9. Tetracyclines

The LINCOSAMIDES

Formulation:The lincosamides, as the hydrochloride

salt, are bitter to taste, so for oral formulation they are given as the palimitate esters, or formulated in capsules. Clindamycin is given intravenously as clindamycin phosphate, which is then converted into active clindamycin within the body.

Mode of Action:bind to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomessimilar action to macrolidesinhibit early elongation of peptide chain by

inhibiting transpeptidase reactionInhibits bacterial protein synthesis and

have bacteriostatic and bactericidal actions depending on drug doses

Resistance:alteration of target site. Similar to

resistance found in macrolides and streptogramins

enzymatic inactivation of clindamycin has been described (rare)

Pharmacodynamics:

Pharmacodynamicsbacteriostaticantagonists of macrolides and

streptogramins

These agents penetrate the cell These agents penetrate the cell membrane and bind to the ribosome membrane and bind to the ribosome in the bacterial cytoplasm to in the bacterial cytoplasm to prevent the protein productionprevent the protein production

The Mechanism of Action of Lincosamides

LINCOSAMIDES are:Effective against gram (+) bacteria –

Staphylococcus aureusNot effective against gram (-) bacteria – E.

coli, PseudomonasClindamycin is more effective than lincomycin

with minimal side effectsThese agents are similar to the Macrolides but These agents are similar to the Macrolides but

are more toxic.are more toxic.Example of Lincosamides: Clindamycin,

Lincomycin

Side effects and Adverse Side effects and Adverse ReactionsReactions

GIT- GI irritation, nausea, vomiting and GIT- GI irritation, nausea, vomiting and stomatitisstomatitis

Allergic reactions such as rashes.Allergic reactions such as rashes.Adverse: Colitis and Anaphylactic shock

Drug InteractionsDrug InteractionsLincomycin and clindamycin are Lincomycin and clindamycin are

incompatible with aminophyline, incompatible with aminophyline, phenytoin, barbiturates and ampicillin. phenytoin, barbiturates and ampicillin.

Nursing Interventions

1.) Obtain sample from infected area for C & S (Culture & Sensitivity). Start antibiotic after lab results are obtained

2.) Monitor VS, Urine Output and Lab Values  

Take the oral drugs with foodTake the oral drugs with foodEvaluate the liver test, kidney test and CBCEvaluate the liver test, kidney test and CBCInstitute safety measuresInstitute safety measures

Health Teaching

Take Full course of the antibiotic. Drug compliance should be emphasized

Instruct to report side effects or any adverse effects mentioned.