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Low Carbon Building Group, School of Architecture

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION REPORT

09 JULY 2012

NW BICESTER ECO TOWN

TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY BOARD

DESIGN FOR FUTURE CLIMATE:

ADAPTING BUILDINGS PROGRAMME

SUBMITTED TO

PHILIP HARKER

HYDER CONSULTING

29 BRESSENDEN PLACE

LONDON SW1E 5DZ

PREPARED BY

PROFESSOR RAJAT GUPTA,

DR HU DU AND MATT GREGG

LOW CARBON BUILDING GROUP

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

OXFORD BROOKES UNIVERSITY

HEADINGTON CAMPUS

GIPSY LANE, OXFORD OX3 0BP

TEL: 01865 484049

FAX: 01865 483298

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

1 Low Carbon Building Group, School of Architecture

NW Bicester Eco Town

Summary

This report provides climate change adaption measures for NW Bicester development.

Adaption measures for comfort were tested by dynamic building simulation software IES VE

and adaption measures for construction and water were given based on empirical

experience.

Firstly the performances of twenty seven individual adaptation measures for designing for

comfort were tested on a south-facing end-terraced house. The most effective individual

measures were combined as three adaptation packages. These packages allow the house

to stay within comfort range during the 2050s and 2080s with minimized change to the

existing building design.

Then the performance of the three adaption packages were then applied to all house types

(bungalow, flat, detached house and mid-terraced house) in NW Bicester eco town

development. A timeline of when and which adaptation package could tackle future

overheating for domestic home types in NW Bicester development is also given (table 21). It

is suggested that adaptation package 1 (external shutter and window opening) could allow

most of house types to stay within comfort range in 2050s and package 3 (package 1

including heavy weight construction and white paint) could allow all house types to stay

within comfort range in 2080s.

Based on empirical experience, 37 adaptation measures for water, construction, landscape

and infrastructure are given in sections 3, 4 and 5.

This report is provided for Hyder Consulting as information for the Technology Strategy Board’s

Design for Future Climate: Adapting Buildings project, application number: 3404-23352.



Contents

Summary ............................................................................................................................. 1

Contents .............................................................................................................................. 2

1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 3

2 Designing for comfort .................................................................................................. 6

2.1 Modelling of the performance of individual measures on the worst case ................. 9

2.1.1 High albedo surface ......................................................................................... 9

2.1.2 Window film technology ................................................................................. 10

2.1.3 Thermal mass in fabric and internal ............................................................... 11

2.1.4 Ventilation ...................................................................................................... 13

2.1.5 Shading ......................................................................................................... 16

2.1.6 Orientation ..................................................................................................... 19

2.2 Modelling of the performance of adaptation packages .......................................... 21

2.3 Performance of adaptation packages on other house types .................................. 23

2.4 Timelines .............................................................................................................. 29

3 Designing for construction ....................................................................................... 30

3.1 Wind load .............................................................................................................. 30

3.2 Wind driven rain .................................................................................................... 31

4 Designing to manage water ....................................................................................... 32

4.1 Flood..................................................................................................................... 32

4.2 Water conservation ............................................................................................... 34

4.2.1 In-house grey water system ........................................................................... 34

4.2.2 Rainwater catchment system ......................................................................... 34

4.3 Energy for hot water system ................................................................................. 35

5 Green landscape and infrastructure ......................................................................... 36

6 Summary of adaption measures ............................................................................... 38

References ........................................................................................................................ 40



1 Introduction

The previous report (Gupta and Gregg 2011) identified future climate changes for NW

Bicester eco town project, e.g. Increase in maximum temperatures of 1.9 °C by 2020s (50

percentile of high emission) rising to 4.0°C by the 2050s (50 percentile of high emission)

and 6.2°C by the 2080s (50 percentile of high emission).

This report suggests a range of climate change adaptation measures for NW Bicester eco

town project. It is focused on adaptation measures for water, construction and comfort.

Based on empirical experience which authors have, adaptation measures for water and

construction are given. Numerical modelling of the worst case building type was conducted

in IES VE to test 27 individual adaptation measures for comfort. Three adaptation packages

were developed to allow the building to stay within comfort range by 2050s or 2080s.

To arrive at practical adaptation strategies, the generic adaptation measures (table 1)

suggested by Gething (2010) were considered for NW Bicester eco town project.

Table 1 Generic adaptation measures (Gething 2010)

No. Adaptation measures

Desig

nin

g f

or

com

fort

Adaptation design challenge - keeping cool for internal spaces

1 Shading - manufactured

2 Shading - building form

3 Glass technologies

4 Film technologies

5 Green roofs/transpiration cooling

6 Shading - planting

7 Reflective materials

8 Conflict between maximising daylight and overheating

9 Secure and bug free night ventilation

10 Interrelationship with noise & air pollution

11 Interrelationship with ceiling height

12 Role of thermal mass in significantly warmer climate

13 Enhancing thermal mass in lightweight construction

14 Energy efficient/ renewable powered cooling systems

15 Groundwater cooling

16 Enhanced control systems - peak lopping

Adaptation design challenge - keeping cool for spaces around buildings

17 Maximum temperature legislation

18 Built form - building to building shading

19 Access to external space -overheating relief

20 Shade from planting

21 Manufactured shading

22 Interrelationship with renewables

23 Shading parking/ transport infrastructure

24 Role of water - landscape/ swimming pools



Adaptation design challenge - keeping warm

25 Building fabric insulation standards

26 Relevance of heat reclaim systems

27 Heating appliance design for minimal heating


Desig

nin

g f

or

co

nstr

uctio

n

Adaptation design challenge - Structural stability -below ground

29 Foundation design - subsidence/ heave/ soils/ regions

30 Underpinning

31 Retaining wall and slope stability

Adaptation design challenge - Structural stability -above ground

32 Lateral stability -wind loading standards

33 Loading from ponding

Adaptation design challenge - Fixings and weatherproofing

34 Fixing standards - walls, roofs

35 Detail design for extremes - wind - 3 step approach

36 Lightning strikes (storm intensity)

37 Tanking/ underground tanks in relation to water table- contamination, buoyancy, pressure

38 Detail design for extremes - rain -thresholds/ joints

Adaptation design challenge -Materials behaviour

39 Effect of extended wetting -permeability, rotting, weight

40 Effect of extended heat/ UV -drying out, shrinkage, expansion, de-lamination, softening, reflection, admittance, colour fastness

41 Performance in extremes - wind - air tightness, strength, suction/ pressure

42 Performance in extremes - rain

Adaptation design challenge - work on site

43 Temperature limitations for building processes

44 Stability during construction

45 Inclement winter weather -rain (reduced freezing?)

46 Working conditions -Site accommodation

47 Working conditions - internal conditions in incomplete/ unserviced buildings (overlap with robustness in use)

Desig

nin

g t

o m

ana

ge

wate

r

Adaptation design challenge - Water supply/ conservation

48 Low water use fittings

49 Grey water storage

50 Rain water storage

51 Alternatives to water based drainage

52 Pools as irrigation water storage

53 Limits to development

54 Water-intensive construction processes

Adaptation design challenge - Drainage external/building related

55 Drain design

56 SUDS and soak away design

57 Gutter/ roof/ upstand design

Adaptation design challenge - Flood Avoidance/ Resistance/ resilience

58 Environment Agency guidance -location, infrastructure



59 Combination effects -wind + rain + sea level rise

60 Flood defence – permanent

61 Flood defence - temporary -products etc

62 Evacuation/ self sufficiency

63 Flood tolerant construction

64 Flood tolerant products and materials

65 Post-flood recovery measures

De

sig

nin

g f

or

lan

dsca

pe

Adaptation design challenge - Landscape

66 Plant selection - drought resistance vs cooling effect of transpiration

67 Changes to ecology

68 Irrigation techniques

69 Limitations on use of water features -mosquitoes etc

70 Role of planting and paving in modifying micro climate & heat island effect

71 Failsafe design for extremes -water

72 Firebreaks

Above measures for designing for comfort were investigated in section 2. Sections 3, 4 and

5 discussed adaptation measures for construction, managing water and landscape

respectively. A summary of all adaption measures for NW Bicester development were given

in section 6.

Note that due to the probabilistic feature of UKCP09 projections, several risk levels were

nominated by the research group who generated PROMETHEUS weather data for building

simulation. By examining the process of generating future weather data, the authors

selected the 50 percentile of high emission weather data as the inputs for building

performance simulation.



2 Designing for comfort

To design buildings without overheating issues under a future climate, the following steps

were conducted to develop adaptation measures for NW Bicester development.

1. Adaptation measures for comfort mentioned in Design for Future Climate report

(Gething 2010) were considered.

2. The adaptation measures which are applicable for NW Bicester development were

selected (highlighted table 2).

3. To test the performance of these adaptation measures, detailed house level energy

models were built in the building thermal simulation package IES. IES was selected

partly due to the wide international usage by both research and practice

communities, and partly due to the extensive historical testing and verification

(Gough and Rees 2004).

4. The performance of individual measures was tested on the worst case, south-facing

end-terraced house. CIBSE overheating guidance was selected as evaluation metric,

because it is an efficient and transparent, and it is widely used by practitioners. The

CIBSE guidance of overheating for living areas is 1% annual occupied hours over

operative temperature of 28 ⁰C, and for bedrooms, the benchmark is 1% annual

occupied hours over operative temperature of 26 ⁰C (CIBSE 2006).

5. Three packages which are the combinations of the most effective adaptation

measures were proposed for NW Bicester development. The performance of three

adaptation packages were tested on the worst case house type under current, 2030s,

2050s and 2080s’ climate.

6. The three adaptation packages were tested on other house types in NW Bicester

development and the timeline of application of adaptation packages were

summarised at the end.



Table 2 Adaptation measures for comfort

Design opportunity (adaptation measure) Adapted element Overheating modelling in IES

Keeping cool for internal spaces

1 Shading - manufactured 1.1 Interstitial blinds Window Not applicable at this stage of NW Bicester project

1.2 Internal blinds Window IES model case 1, 2, 3, 4

2 Shading - building form

2.1 External fixed shades Window IES model case 5

2.2 External adjustable shading - time control Window IES model case 6, 7

2.3 External adjustable shading - radiation control Window IES model case 8, 9

2.4 Orientation Building IES model case 20-27

3 Glass technologies 3.1 Double glazing Window Not applicable, base models used triple glazing

3.2 Triple glazing Window Not applicable, base models used triple glazing

4 Film technologies 4.1 Window film technology Window IES model case 10, 11

5 Green roofs/transpiration cooling 5.1 Green roof Roof Not implementable in IES VE

6 Shading - planting 6.1 Deciduous planting on south façade Facade Not implementable in IES VE

7 Reflective materials 7.1 Reflective coatings on external walls Wall IES model case 12, 13

7.2 Reflective coatings on roof Wall IES model case 12, 13

8 Conflict between maximising daylight and overheating

8.1 Adjust window size Window Not applicable at this stage of NW Bicester project

9 Secure and bug free night ventilation 9.1 Secure and bug free night ventilation Window IES model case 14

10 Interrelationship with noise & air pollution

10.1 Acoustic HVAC system Not implementable in IES VE

10.2 Air purifier HVAC system Not implementable in IES VE

10.3 Mechanical ventilation HVAC system IES model case 15, 16, 17

11 Interrelationship with ceiling height 11.1 Adjust ceiling height Wall Not applicable at this stage of NW Bicester project



Design opportunity (adaptation measure) Adapted element Overheating modelling in IES

12 Role of thermal mass in significantly warmer climate

12.1 Apply concrete floor Floor IES model case 18, 19, 20

12.2 Apply concrete internal wall Wall IES model case 18, 19, 20

12.3 Apply heavy weight external wall Wall IES model case 18, 19, 20

13 Enhancing thermal mass in lightweight construction

13.1 Apply concrete staircase and fireplace Internal space Not applicable at this stage of NW Bicester project

13.2 Install phase change material Wall Could implement in IES VE by using air-conditioned cavity, however its accuracy is not guaranteed


14.1 Heat Recovery Ventilation (operation in summer, when outdoor T> indoor T)

HVAC system Not effective at current climate, may be implemented at future

15 Groundwater cooling 15.1 Groundwater cooling Space nearby Not applicable for overheating modelling

16 Enhanced control systems - peak lopping 16.1 Enhanced control systems - peak lopping HVAC system Not applicable for overheating modelling

17 Maximum temperature legislation 17.1 Change building regulation Building regulation Apply adaptive thermal comfort limit

Keeping cool for spaces around buildings

18 Built form - building to building shading 18.1 building to building shading Planning Not applicable at this stage of NW Bicester project

19 Access to external space -overheating relief

19.1 Access to external space Planning Not implementable in IES VE

20 Shade from planting 20.1 Listed above Listed above

21 Manufactured shading 21.1 Listed above Listed above

22 Interrelationship with renewables 22.1 Listed above Listed above

23 Shading parking/ transport infrastructure 23.1 Shading parking/ transport infrastructure Planning Need review overheating metric for transportation

24 Role of water - landscape/ swimming pools

24.1 Role of water - landscape/ swimming pools Landscape Not implementable in IES VE



The selected individual measures for NW Bicester project (highlighted in grey in table 2)

were categorised in 6 groups: high albedo surface, window film, thermal mass, ventilation,

shading and orientation. The performance of these individual measures was tested on the

worst case, 3-bed, south-facing end-terraced house.

CIBSE overheating benchmark was selected as evaluation metric, because it is an efficient

and transparent, and it is widely used by practitioners. The benchmark is 1% annual

occupied hours over operative temperature of 28 ⁰C for living areas, and for bedrooms, it is

over operative temperature of 26 ⁰C (CIBSE 2006).

2.1 Modelling of the performance of individual measures on the worst case

2.1.1 High albedo surface

By reducing irradiative gains, high albedo surface (light-coloured roof and external wall) can

reduce interior air temperature, peak cooling demand. It also helps reduces the urban heat

island effect. Two types of paint were tested in IES.

Description of measures

White paint: paint outside surface of roof and external wall in white colour.

Cream paint: paint outside surface of roof and external wall in cream colour.

Note that all the settings of base model are reported in Overheating metrics and base IES

model report (Gupta and Du 2012). The settings of white and cream paint surface are

suggested by Halewood and Wilde (2010).

Implementation of adaptation measure in IES:

Table 3 Implementations of high albedo surface in IES

Settings Base model White paint Cream paint

Outside surface emissivity 0.9 0.9 0.87

Outside surface solar absorptance 0.7 for external wall

0.4 for roof 0.2 0.4

Results:

The percentage of annual occupied hours over operative temperature 28 ⁰C for living room

and the percentages of annual occupied hours over operative temperature 26 ⁰C for

bedrooms in south facing end-terraced 3-bedroom house were calculated in building thermal

simulation software. The average overheating percentages for a living room and 3 bedrooms

at current and 2080s are listed in following table. The results shows that the white paint does

help relieve overheating issue now and in future.



Table 4 Overheating percentages of adaptation measures

Time lines Base model White paint Cream paint

Current 7.1% 6.5% 6.8%

2080s 25.7% 24.8% 25.4%

2.1.2 Window film technology

Reflective solar film, also known as "mirror" film, is designed to ward off the sun's glare and

heat and to keep building space cooler. The film can be applied to most glass surfaces. Two

types of windows films were tested in IES.

Description:

Dark film: The dark reflective window film allows 18% of light through (PURLFROST

Ltd 2012).

Light film: The light reflective window film allows 48% of light through (PURLFROST

Ltd 2012).


Table 5 Implementation of windows film in IES

Settings Base model Light film Dark film

Inside surface emissivity 0.9 0.74 0.7

Visible light normal transmittance 0.76 0.36 (48%) 0.137 (18%)

Transmittance of internal layer 0.44 0.176 (40%) 0.0528 (12%)

Outside/inside reflectance 0.23 0.0713 (31%) 0.1265 (55%)

Results:

The average overheating percentages for a living room and 3 bedrooms at current and

2080s are listed in following table. The results shows that the dark film does help reduce

overheating percentages at current climate and in future.


Time lines Base model Light film Dark film

Current 7.1% 5.45% 5.25%

2080s 25.7% 23.26% 22.93%



2.1.3 Thermal mass in fabric and internal

Thermal mass describes a material's capacity to absorb, store and release heat. Increasing

thermal mass is effective in improving building comfort in any place that experiences daily

temperature fluctuations. Five types of thermal mass were tested in IES. The detailed

makeups and descriptions are listed in following tables:

Description:

Timber frame structure (base model, light weight)

Base model internal floor partition settings:

Base model internal wall partition settings:

Base model external wall settings:

Masonry wall (medium weight external wall)

Masonry external wall settings:



Heavy weight external wall

Heavy weigh external wall settings:

Heavy weight external wall and internal partition

Combination of heavy weight external wall (table above), heavy weight internal floor and wall

partitions listed below:

Heavy weight internal floor

Heavy weight internal wall partition


Above measures were implemented in IES by imputing their physical and thermal properties.

The thermal capacities and admittance of above five measures are summarised in following

tables 7 and 8:

Table 7 Implementation of thermal mass in IES

SBEM Thermal capacity (kJ/m2K) External

wall Internal wall

partition Internal floor

partition

Timber frame

(base model, light weight) 8.37 4.19 39.38

Masonry wall

(medium weight external wall) 85.04 4.19 39.38

Heavy weight external wall 191.34 4.19 39.38

Heavy weight external wall and heavy weight internal partition

191.34 149.09 126.31



Table 8 Implementation of thermal mass in IES

Admittance (W/m2K) External

wall Internal wall

partition Internal floor

partition

Timber frame

(base model, light weight) 0.7123 0.6667 1.3629

Masonry wall

(medium weight external wall) 3.2197 0.6667 1.3629

Heavy weight external wall 3.9057 0.6667 1.3629


3.9057 3.0914 2.5636

Results:

The average overheating percentages for a living room and 3 bedrooms at current, 2050s

and 2080s are listed in the following table. The results show that heavy weight structure

does help reduce overheating percentages under current climate condition; however in

2080s heavy thermal mass would make overheating worse.


Time lines CIBSE baseline

Prometheus 2050s H

50%

Prometheus 2080s H

50%

Timber frame structure (base model, light weight) 7.10% 19.63% 25.68%

Masonry wall (medium weight external wall) 6.58% 20.10% 26.53%

Heavy weight external wall 6.08% 19.80% 26.65%


5.28% 19.08% 26.15%

2.1.4 Ventilation

When external air temperature is lower than indoor air temperature, increasing ventilation

rate could help reduce indoor air temperature. The following five ventilation strategies were

tested in IES.

Description:

Base model (one air change rate): Building space with constant 1 air change rate

ventilation rate which provided by exhaust fans or windows opening.

Two air change rate: Building space with constant 2 air change rate ventilation rate

which provided by exhaust fans or windows opening.

Three air change rate: Building space with constant 3 air change rate ventilation

rate which provided by exhaust fans or windows opening.



Nigh time ventilation (three air change rate): Building space with 3 air change rate

ventilation rate at night-time only (18:00-08:00) which provided by exhaust fans or

windows opening.

Conditional windows opening: This ventilation strategy assumes that top hung

windows (10% overall windows area) open 10⁰ when indoor air temperature is higher

than 23 ⁰C and higher than external air temperature. The opening could be

implemented by building occupants or automatic control system. The simulation of

this ventilation strategy was conducted in IES MacroFlo using network ventilation

calculation method.


Table 10 Implementation of ventilation strategies in IES

Ventilation strategies Implementations in IES

Base model (one air change rate) Set natural ventilation rate as 1 ACH, and set its profile as continuously

Two air change rate Set natural ventilation rate as 2 ACH, and set its profile as continuously

Three air change rate Set natural ventilation rate as 3 ACH, and set its profile as continuously

Nigh time ventilation (three air change rate at nigh time)

Set natural ventilation rate as 3 ACH, and set its profile active during 18.00-08.00

Conditional windows opening

Set windows opening type in MarcoFlo as follows,

Opening category: Window-top hung

Opening Category: 10%

Max Angle Open: 10⁰

Proportions: Length/Height<0.5

Crack Flow Coefficient: 0.15

Opening threshold temperature: 23⁰C

Opening profile:

On when indoor air temperature >23⁰C and > external air temperature



Results:

The average overheating percentages at current, 2050s and 2080s are listed in following

table. The results show that conditional opening windows could significantly reduce indoor

air temperature. It is the most effective measure so far.


Ventilation strategies CIBSE baseline

Prometheus 2050s H 50%


Base model (one air change rate) 7.1% 19.6% 25.7%

Two air change rate 2.9% 10.9% 16.0%

Three air change rate 1.9% 7.7% 11.7%

Nigh time ventilation (three air change rate at nigh time) 4.2% 12.5% 17.2%

Conditional windows opening 1.2% 5.8% 8.4%



2.1.5 Shading

Solar energy is the most important factor causing overheating in building spaces. To avoid

overheating, shading devices can be used to reduce the total amount of radiation entering

the room by reflection and absorption, and they also help improve the distribution of the light

in room.

Shading devices can be categorised into 2 types: internal shading and external shading. In

this study, 4 types of internal shading and 5 types of external shading were tested.

For internal shading, the performance of 2 types of curtain and 2 types of blinds were

examined. For external shading, fixed shading devices, 2 types of external shutter and 2

types of louver were tested. The descriptions of them are followed.

Descriptions:

Base model: No shading devices.

Internal curtain with control: This shading strategy assumes that building

occupants draw curtains closed when incident radiation is higher than 100 W/m2.

Internal curtain without control: Curtains are closed during 10am to 6pm.

Internal blinds with control: This shading strategy assumes that building occupants

close blinds when incident radiation is higher than 100 W/m2.

Internal blinds without control: blinds are closed during 10am to 6pm.

Fixed shading: The design of a fixed shading device was modelled for south facing

windows using Ecotect. The designed shading could cover direct sunshine during

11:00 to 16:00, 1st May to 31st Aug. The dimension of overhang is 0.8m × windows

width. The height of left and right fin is 0.8m which is a third of windows height.

Figure 1 Fixed shading and its sun path diagram

External shutter with control: This shading strategy assumes that building

occupants close the shutter when incident radiation is higher than 100 W/m2.

External shutter without control: Shutters are closed during 10am to 6pm.



External louver with control: This shading strategy assumes that building

occupants turn louver closed when incident radiation is higher than 100 W/m2.

External louver without control: Louvers are closed during 10am to 6pm.


Table 12 Implementation of shading strategies in IES

Shading strategies Implementations in IES

Base model No shading device

Internal curtain with control

Set curtains as internal shading devices

Incident radiation to lower device: 100 W/m2

Incident radiation to raise device: 100 W/m2

Internal curtain without control Set curtains as internal shading devices

Percentage profile group: Active during 10:00-18:00

Internal blinds with control

Set blinds as internal shading devices



Internal blinds without control Set blinds as internal shading devices


Fixed shading

Set Projections as local shading devices

Windows width: 1.1m

Window height: 0.8m

Overhang projection: 0.8m

Left fin projection: 0.8m

Right fin projection: 0.8m

External shutter with control

Set shutter as external shading devices



External shutter without control Set shutter as external shading devices


External louver with control

Set louver as external shading devices



External louver without control Set louver as external shading devices

Percentage profile group: Off during 10:00-18:00



Results:

The average overheating percentages for the south-facing end-terraced house at current,

2050s and 2080s are listed in the following table. The results show that external shading

devices have better performance than internal shading devices. External shutter or louver

can significantly reduce overheating percentages. Controlled external shading devices can

allow the south-facing end-terraced house to stay within comfort range by 2050s. Note that

the performance of external louver is the same as external shutter.


Shading strategies CIBSE baseline



Base model 7.1% 19.6% 25.7%

Internal curtain with control 2.6% 12.2% 19.1%

Internal curtain without control 3.7% 14.5% 21.2%

Internal blinds with control 2.6% 12.2% 19.1%

Internal blinds without control 3.7% 14.5% 21.2%

Fixed shading 0.3% 4.0% 8.8%

External shutter with control 0.0% 0.5% 2.4%

External shutter without control 0.4% 4.4% 9.7%

External louver with control 0.0% 0.5% 2.4%

External louver without control 0.4% 4.4% 9.7%

Figure 2 Overheating percentages of shading adaptation measures

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

Current 2050s 2080s

Base model

Internal curtain with control

Internal curtain without control

Internal blinds with control

Internal blinds without control

Fixed shading

External shutter with control

External shutter without control

External louver with control

External louver without control



2.1.6 Orientation

Building orientation and windows opening directions have significant impacts on building

performance. They are often limited by land and existing surroundings. When this research

was conducted, the site plan of phase 1 development has already been decided. Therefore,

exploring best orientation is the author’s interest and it might be useful for future

development.

Description:

The orientation here is site rotation angle (bearing angle of model) in IES. The default (base

model) angle is 79⁰.


Set site rotation angle in IES as 79, 79+45, 79+90, 79+135, 79+180, 79+225, 79+270,

79+315-360.

Results:

The results in the following table show that 180 degree rotation of existing building could

reduce overheating percentage from 7.1% to 0.9% at current climate condition. Note that the

180 degree rotation of this south-facing end-terraced house would result in another south-

facing end-terraced house (was north-facing). Therefore the performance of terraced houses

block should be considered when conducting orientation optimization.




Site rotation angle in IES Ground floor plan

(↑ North)

CIBSE

baseline

Prometheus

2050s H 50%

Prometheus

2080s H 50%

79+0 (base model)

Door

7.10% 19.60% 25.70%

79+45

5.60% 17.70% 24.40%

79+90

2.40% 11.30% 18.50%

79+135

1.30% 7.40% 14.60%

79+180

0.90% 6.60% 13.40%

79+225

1.20% 7.30% 14.50%

79+270

2.30% 10.60% 17.90%

79+315-360

5.30% 16.50% 23.00%



2.2 Modelling of the performance of adaptation packages

In this section, all individual adaptation measures and their performance are summarized

(table 15). Three adaptation packages were developed based on the effectiveness of

individual measures and they are heighted in table 15.

The package 1 (P1) combines the two most effective adaptation measures (external

shutter and conditional windows opening). Note that external shutter and external

louver have same effectiveness, so this package also could be external louver and

conditional windows opening.

The package 2 (P2) includes white paint in additional.

The package 3 (P3) includes heavy weight external/internal partitions in additional.

Windows film should have limited effect due to installation of shading devices; therefore dark

film is not included in package 2 and package 3. Changing orientation is not applicable at

this stage of NW Bicester project; therefore it is also not included in all packages.

Table 15 Average overheating percentages of adaptation measures

Adaptation measures CIBSE

baseline Prometheus 2050s H 50%


P1 P2 P3

Base model 7.1% 19.6% 25.7%

High albedo surface

White paint 6.5%

24.8%

√ √

Cream paint 6.8%

25.4%

Windows film Light film 5.5%

23.3%

Dark film 5.3%

22.9%

Thermal mass

Masonry wall (medium weight external wall)

6.6% 20.1% 26.5%

Heavy weight external wall 6.1% 19.8% 26.7%


5.3% 19.1% 26.2%

√

Ventilation

Two air change rate 2.9% 10.9% 16.0%

Three air change rate 1.9% 7.7% 11.7%

Nigh time ventilation (three air change rate at nigh time)

4.2% 12.5% 17.2%

Conditional windows opening 1.2% 5.8% 8.4% √ √ √

Shading

Internal curtain with control 2.6% 12.2% 19.1%

Internal curtain without control 3.7% 14.5% 21.2%

Internal blinds with control 2.6% 12.2% 19.1%

Internal blinds without control 3.7% 14.5% 21.2%

Fixed shading 0.3% 4.0% 8.8%

External shutter with control 0.0% 0.5% 2.4% √ √ √

External shutter without control 0.4% 4.4% 9.7%

External louver with control 0.0% 0.5% 2.4%

External louver without control 0.4% 4.4% 9.7%

Orientation

79+45 5.6% 17.7% 24.4%

79+90 2.4% 11.3% 18.5%

79+135 1.3% 7.4% 14.6%

79+180 0.9% 6.6% 13.4%

79+225 1.2% 7.3% 14.5%

79+270 2.3% 10.6% 17.9%

79+315-360 5.3% 16.5% 23.0%



The performances of three packages were then tested under current climate and 50

percentile of high emission scenario of 2030s, 2050s and 2080s climate condition. The

overheating percentages of each room in the 3-bed south-facing end-terraced house are

listed in table 16 and the values higher than 1% are highlighted. The average values of

whole house are shown in figure 3.

Table 16 Overheating percentages of adaptation packages on south-facing end-terraced house

Percentage of occupied hours over 26 /28 ⁰C

CIBSE baseline




End-terraced 3-bed house without adaptation

Bedroom1 12.7% 18.8% 26.3% 31.2%

Bedroom2 4.1% 9.6% 16.6% 24.0%

Bedroom3 8.0% 14.7% 22.3% 28.3%

Living room 3.6% 7.1% 13.3% 19.2%

Average 7.1% 12.6% 19.6% 25.7%

Adaptation package 1 (shutter and windows opening)

Bedroom1 0.0% 0.0% 0.5% 1.9%

Bedroom2 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 1.3%

Bedroom3 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 1.0%

Living room 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 1.1%

Adaptation package 2 (white paint + package 1)

Bedroom1 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 1.1%

Bedroom2 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4%

Bedroom3 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.3%

Living room 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.5%

Adaptation package 3 (heavy weight + package 2)

Bedroom1 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Bedroom2 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%

Bedroom3 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Living room 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Figure 3 Average overheating percentages of adaptation packages

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

CIBSE baseline Prometheus2030s H 50%

Prometheus2050s H 50%


End-terraced 3-bed housewithout adaptation

Adaptation package 1(shutter and windowsopening)Adaptation package 2(white paint + package 1)

Adaptation package 3(heavy weight + package 2)



Adaptation package 1 (shutter and windows opening) could allow the worst case building in

NW Bicester project to stay within comfort range by 2050s. Note that the control of shutter

and windows opening is relied on users’ expectation and experience. For vulnerable

occupants, automatic control system should be introduced.

To solve the problem in 2080s, white paint surface (package 2) could be applied at that time.

This could allow the building to stay within comfort range by 2080s in general (just 0.1% over

the comfort limit in one of bedrooms.).

The package 3 could allow the building to stand by 2080s without any overheating issue.

2.3 Performance of adaptation packages on other house types

In this section, three adaptation packages were applied on other four house types in NW

Bicester development. Their performance is summarized in tables 18-20 and figures 5-7. To

compare their performance with original building model, table 17 and figure 4 also listed the

overheating percentages of the buildings without adaptation measures.

Table 18 and figure 5 show that adaptation package 1 could allow bungalow, detached

house, mid-terraced house and most rooms of flat (with exception of 2 bedrooms) to stay

within comfort limits in 2050s.

Table 19 and figure 6 show that adaptation package 2 could allow mid-terraced house to

stay within comfort limits in 2080s.

Table 20 and figure 7 show that adaptation package 3 could allow all building types to stay

within comfort limits in 2080s



Table 17 Overheating percentages (without adaptation)

Type No.


CIBSE baseline




2 Bungalow

Bedroom 1 0.8% 2.8% 7.4% 13.4%

Lounge 2.9% 5.2% 9.8% 12.6%

Bedroom 2 0.2% 1.1% 4.7% 10.5%

Average 1.3% 3.0% 7.3% 12.2%

3.1 Ground floor 1 bed flat west

Bedroom 0-A 1.7% 5.4% 10.5% 18.3%

Living room 0-A 1.6% 3.9% 8.4% 13.8%

Average 1.7% 4.7% 9.5% 16.1%

3.2 Ground floor 1 bed flat east

Bedroom 0-B 1.8% 5.5% 10.7% 18.6%

Living room 0-B 1.5% 4.0% 9.0% 14.7%

Average 1.7% 4.8% 9.9% 16.7%

3.3 First floor 2-bed flat west

Bedroom 1-A1 1.8% 5.7% 11.4% 19.0%

Bedroom 1-A2 1.8% 5.4% 11.4% 20.2%

Living room 1-A 2.3% 5.3% 11.6% 18.6%

Average 2.0% 5.5% 11.5% 19.3%

3.4 First floor 2-bed flat east

Bedroom 1-B1 2.2% 6.2% 11.8% 19.9%

Bedroom 1-B2 2.2% 6.6% 12.4% 21.2%

Living room 1-B 2.8% 6.6% 13.1% 19.9%

Average 2.4% 6.5% 12.4% 20.3%

3.5 Second floor 2-bed flat west

Bedroom 2-A1 1.4% 4.9% 10.8% 18.8%

Bedroom 2-A2 1.4% 4.9% 11.0% 20.2%

Living room 2-A 2.1% 5.4% 12.1% 19.5%

Average 1.6% 5.1% 11.3% 19.5%

3.6 Second floor 2-bed flat east

Bedroom 2-B1 1.6% 5.3% 11.1% 19.2%

Bedroom 2-B2 1.5% 5.9% 12.2% 21.1%

Living room 2-B 2.7% 6.6% 14.0% 21.1%

Average 1.9% 5.9% 12.4% 20.5%

4 Detached 5-bed house

Living room 0.0% 0.0% 0.6% 3.3%

Bedroom1 0.0% 0.0% 1.8% 6.4%

Bedroom2 0.0% 0.0% 1.8% 7.0%

Bedroom3 0.0% 0.0% 3.2% 9.5%

Bedroom4 0.1% 0.3% 4.1% 10.3%

Bedroom5 0.5% 2.0% 5.5% 11.9%

Average 0.1% 0.4% 2.8% 8.1%

5 Mid-terraced 3-bed house

Bedroom1 4.5% 9.4% 16.7% 24.1%

Bedroom2 3.3% 7.6% 14.2% 21.5%

Bedroom3 7.6% 13.4% 20.7% 26.7%

Living room 1.3% 3.5% 8.5% 14.3%

Average 4.2% 8.5% 15.0% 21.7%



Table 18 Overheating percentages (adaptation package 1)

Type No.


CIBSE baseline




2 Bungalow

Bedroom 1 0.0% 0.0% 0.5% 3.3%

Lounge 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.3%

Bedroom 2 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 1.9%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 1.8%


Bedroom 0-A 0.0% 0.0% 0.7% 3.5%

Living room 0-A 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.3%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 1.9%


Bedroom 0-B 0.0% 0.0% 0.7% 3.6%

Living room 0-B 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.5%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 2.1%


Bedroom 1-A1 0.0% 0.0% 1.1% 4.2%

Bedroom 1-A2 0.0% 0.0% 0.9% 3.6%

Living room 1-A 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.3%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.7% 2.7%


Bedroom 1-B1 0.0% 0.0% 1.2% 4.3%

Bedroom 1-B2 0.0% 0.0% 0.9% 3.9%

Living room 1-B 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.7% 2.9%


Bedroom 2-A1 0.0% 0.0% 1.0% 4.4%

Bedroom 2-A2 0.0% 0.0% 0.7% 4.0%

Living room 2-A 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.6% 2.9%


Bedroom 2-B1 0.0% 0.0% 1.0% 4.5%

Bedroom 2-B2 0.0% 0.0% 0.8% 4.3%

Living room 2-B 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.3%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.6% 3.0%

4 Detached

Living room 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%

Bedroom1 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 1.3%

Bedroom2 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 1.4%

Bedroom3 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 1.9%

Bedroom4 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 2.2%

Bedroom5 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 2.6%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 1.6%


Bedroom1 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 1.4%

Bedroom2 0.0% 0.0% 0.5% 1.8%

Bedroom3 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 1.4%

Living room 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 1.2%




Type No.


CIBSE baseline




2 Bungalow

Bedroom 1 0.0% 0.0% 0.6% 2.9%

Lounge 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.3%

Bedroom 2 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 1.6%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 1.6%


Bedroom 0-A 0.0% 0.0% 0.6% 2.2%

Living room 0-A 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 1.2%


Bedroom 0-B 0.0% 0.0% 0.6% 2.2%

Living room 0-B 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 1.2%


Bedroom 1-A1 0.0% 0.0% 0.7% 2.4%

Bedroom 1-A2 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 1.4%

Living room 1-A 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 1.3%


Bedroom 1-B1 0.0% 0.0% 0.7% 2.5%

Bedroom 1-B2 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 1.7%

Living room 1-B 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 1.4%


Bedroom 2-A1 0.0% 0.0% 0.7% 2.6%

Bedroom 2-A2 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 1.6%

Living room 2-A 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 1.4%


Bedroom 2-B1 0.0% 0.0% 0.7% 2.7%

Bedroom 2-B2 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 2.0%

Living room 2-B 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 1.6%

4 Detached

Living room 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Bedroom1 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 1.0%

Bedroom2 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 1.0%

Bedroom3 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 1.2%

Bedroom4 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 1.3%

Bedroom5 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 1.5%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 1.0%


Bedroom1 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.6%

Bedroom2 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 1.0%

Bedroom3 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.8%

Living room 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.6%




Type No.


CIBSE baseline




2 Bungalow

Bedroom 1 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%

Lounge 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Bedroom 2 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2%


Bedroom 0-A 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Living room 0-A 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%


Bedroom 0-B 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Living room 0-B 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%


Bedroom 1-A1 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%

Bedroom 1-A2 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%

Living room 1-A 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%


Bedroom 1-B1 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%

Bedroom 1-B2 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%

Living room 1-B 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%


Bedroom 2-A1 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%

Bedroom 2-A2 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2%

Living room 2-A 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%


Bedroom 2-B1 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%

Bedroom 2-B2 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2%

Living room 2-B 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%

4 Detached

Living room 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%

Bedroom1 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Bedroom2 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Bedroom3 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Bedroom4 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Bedroom5 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%


Bedroom1 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Bedroom2 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Bedroom3 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Living room 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%



Figure 4 Average overheating percentages (without adaptation)

Figure 5 Average overheating percentages (adaptation package 1)


0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%




Bungalow

Ground floor 1 bed flat west

Ground floor 1 bed flat east

First floor 2-bed flat west

First floor 2-bed flat east

Second floor 2-bed flat west

Second floor 2-bed flat east

Detached 5-bed house

Mid-terraced 3-bed house

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

5.00%




Bungalow









0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

5.00%




Bungalow












2.4 Timelines

The performance of all adaption packages on all house types in NW Bicester are given in

previous section. A summary of when and which package could tackle future overheating for

domestic home types in NW Bicester development are shown in table 21. The table shows

that adaptation package 1 could allow most of building types to stay within comfort range in

2050s.

If occupants are happy to accept mild overheating (just 0.1% over the 1% limit) in small parts

of house, adaptation package 1 works fine for flat building in 2050s, and package 2 is

capable for end-terraced south facing house in 2080s. There are shown in bracket in the

table.

Table 21 Timelines of adaptation packages for NW Bicester project

Adaptation needed House types

CIBSE baseline




End-terraced south facing 3-bed house Package 1 Package 1 Package 1 Package 3 (2)

Mid-terraced 3-bed house Package 1 Package 1 Package 1 Package 2

Bungalow Package 1 Package 1 Package 1 Package 3

Flat Package 1 Package 1 Package 2 (1) Package 3

Detached No need Package 1 Package 1 Package 3

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

5.00%




Bungalow











3 Designing for construction

3.1 Wind load

Due to a high degree of variation of wind speed and a lack of systematic change wind speed

projections were not included in the UKCP09 probabilistic output (Murphy et al. 2009). But it

is possible to access wind speed in the regional climate model output on which UKCP09 was

partly based on. This provided 11 perturbed physic projections which has approximately

25km resolution (Barclay et al. 2012). The upper limits of these projections could be used to

calculate wind load.

Another approach to calculate wind speed which was used by COPSE and Prometheus

projects is to obtain it by the Penman-Monteith equation (Allen et al. 1998). Watkins et al.

(2011) evaluated the reliability of this equation by non-UKCP09 data.

The well-established wind load calculation tool was developed by BRE. It is dependent on

location (height above sea level, distance from sea, surrounds) and the shaping (height and

form) of the building itself. E.g. the historical wind speed is illustrated in figure 2.

An online wind load calculator (Roofconsult 2012) is also available to carry out calculation

based on the method in British Standard (BS 6399-2:1997).

Figure 8 Basic wind speed map 1997(Gething 2010)



3.2 Wind driven rain

The previous report (Gupta and Gregg 2011) identified precipitation changes for NW

Bicester eco town project. In the long-term under high emissions scenario, winter

precipitation is very unlikely to increase by less than 7% and very unlikely to increase by

more than 61% (central estimate: 28% increase). Summer precipitation is very unlikely to

decrease by more than 55% and very unlikely to increase by more than 5% (central

estimate: 28% reduction).

The current approximate wind driven rain for NW Bicester is moderate (33-56.5 Litres/m2 per

shell) based on the map illustrated in Design for future climate report (Gething 2010).

To prevent the increase of winter wind driven rain, following protections would be introduced

with a relatively small cost.

Table 22 Adaptation measures for wind driven rain

Adaptation Element

Measures for Adapting to impacts

from

Climatic change that the adaptation is responding to

Climate change hazard

Climatic change impact

Construction element

Recessed window and door reveals

Structural stability Winter precipitation increase and wind change

Fabric damage

Render finishes


Fabric damage

Projecting sills with drips


Fabric damage

Extended eaves


Fabric damage

Greater laps and fixings to roof and cladding fixings


Fabric damage

Avoidance of fully filled cavities


Fabric damage



4 Designing to manage water

4.1 Flood

According to the Environment Agency (2010), the development site in Bicester is not

currently at significant risk for flooding. The flood risk relative to the development site is

shown below (figure 3). However due to the precipitation changes in future for NW Bicester

eco town, sustainable drainage systems (SUDS) may be needed. It is also needed to

consider following adaption measures.

Figure 9 Flood map for the development site of NW Bicester



Table 23 Adaptation measures for flood

Adaptation Element

Measures for Adapting to impacts from

Climatic change that the adaptation is

responding to



Constructions element

Sustainable drainage systems Water Increased precipitation

Flood

Urban flash flooding

Water Increased precipitation

Flood

Ground water levels changes Water Increased precipitation

Flood

River flood defences Water Increased precipitation

Flood

Water flow obstruction and erosion management


Flood

Increase gutter, downpipe and drainage sizing


Flood

Move all electrical outlets, metering, boiler and electrical equipment above flood level


Flood

Increase green cover, wetlands and trees


Flood



4.2 Water conservation

4.2.1 In-house grey water system

Nearly half of the water usage in a domestic building is flushed down the toilet. Recycling

graywater under sink units can save up to 32 litres per person each day. This system also

can reclaim water from clothes washers, dishwashers and showers. The system requires

plumbing system; therefore there is an electricity cost.

Figure 10 In-house grey water system (Internet image)

4.2.2 Rainwater catchment system

Rainwater Catchment System is defined as a system that utilizes the principal of collecting

and using precipitation from a rooftop or other manmade, above ground collection surface.

The rainwater reaching a roof in a year can be estimated as the annual rainfall times the

roof’s plan area. The collection of run-off water from roof is typically 85% of rainwater

reaching a roof due to evaporation and splashing.

Figure 11 Rainwater catchment system (Internet image)



4.3 Energy for hot water system

Solar hot water system increases the energy security of a building by providing an on-site

energy supply for water heating. Solar hot water use solar energy to heat water rather than

relying on electricity or natural gas. The system works all year round, though the water

needs to be heated further with a boiler during the winter months.

Figure 12 Domestic solar hot water system (Internet image)

The adaptation measures for water conservation and energy are summarized in table below.

Table 24 Adaptation measures for water (building level)

Element of built environment

being adapted

Measures for Adapting to impacts from, and mitigating

future climate change

Climatic change that the

adaptation is responding to



Water

(building level)

In-house grey water system

WATER STRESS Summertime mean precipitation reduction

Water stress and/or drought

Water

(building level)

Install rainwater catchment system

WATER STRESS / DROUGHT

Summertime mean precipitation reduction


Hot water system Install domestic solar hot water system

ENERGY Summertime mean precipitation reduction




5 Green landscape and infrastructure

The future climate of hotter and drier summer will have significant impact on outdoor

environment; therefore green landscape and infrastructure have important roles on providing

comfort environment. Following adaptation measures are suggested to be considered for

NW Bicester eco town development.

Table 25 Adaptation measures (infrastructure)

Adaptation Element

Measures for Adapting to impacts from

Climatic change that the

adaptation is responding to



Pu

blic

am

enitie

s

an

d in

frastr

uctu

re

Add shading to transport infrastructure, such as bus stops and cycle racks

HEAT

Peak summertime temperature increase Summertime solar intensity increase

Overheating in summer leading to discomfort, ill health and degradation of materials

Add seating in shaded areas, on streets & in POS

HEAT

Summertime temperature increase and measurable heat wave projections

Building overheating in summer leading to discomfort, ill health

Identify and allocate appropriate buildings as ‘community cool rooms’

HEAT WAVES


Overheating in buildings further increased by urban heat island effects

Ensure pedestrian and cycle routes are sheltered from high winds/storms, e.g. by soft landscaping

STORM Wintertime mean precipitation increase

Increased flood vulnerability and building structure/material degradation

Replace pavements and roads with porous, ‘cool’ materials

HEAT & INCREASED RAIN AND STORMS

Wintertime mean precipitation increase

Increased flood vulnerability and water ingress for buildings

Use energy efficient street lighting and/ or switch street lights off for periods of the night

ENERGY Peak summertime temperature increase

Higher temperatures cause increased cooling load increases energy demand & energy poverty

Remodel streets to encourage walking, cycling and public transport, e.g. reduce parking spaces, develop ‘home zones’

HEAT Peak summertime temperature increase

Building overheating in summer and urban heat island effect leading to increased energy demand

Wa

ter

(ne

igh

bo

urh

ood

level)

Install blue infrastructure: lakes, ponds, and other water landscape features

HEAT



Install a pond or other water feature e.g. pool

HEAT





Table 26 Adaptation measures (landscape)

Adaptation Element

Measures for Adapting to impacts from, and

mitigating future climate change

Climatic change that the adaptation

is responding to



Green landscaping features

Plant more street trees/ Shaded outdoor space

HEAT


Overheating in buildings, high urban temperatures leading to possible increased energy use

Convert selected streets into greenways

HEAT, STORMS and INCREASED RAINFALL

Summertime temperature increase and Wintertime mean precipitation increase

Overheating in buildings and Increased flood vulnerability

Enhance vegetation if the soil has good infiltration qualities

HEAVY RAIN and FLOODS

Wintertime mean precipitation increase

Increased flood vulnerability and water ingress for buildings

Plant trees with large canopies - using caution not to compromise building stability

HEAT



Plant heat, drought and pollution tolerant plants (Xeriscaping)

HEAT



Plant drought resistant plants -Good examples Birch, Alder, Yew, Beech, Italian Alder, Box, Privet.

DROUGHT Summertime mean precipitation reduction


Species (Willows, poplars & oaks) should not include as these can cause low level ozone production under high temperatures

HEAT AND AIR POLLUTION

Summertime temperature increase and Summertime mean precipitation reduction

Overheating in buildings leading to possible increased energy use and increased dust levels

Set aside space to grow food HEAT/FOOD

Summertime temperature increase and Summertime mean precipitation reduction

Water stress but increased growing season

Remove/ reduce non-porous garden surfaces. Replace with an alternative: grass-reinforcement concrete or plastic mesh, gravel, brick (with drainage channels), cellular paving, or lawn or vegetable plots

INCREASED PRECIPITATION

Winter mean precipitation increase

Increased flood vulnerability and water ingress for dwellings



6 Summary of adaption measures

In summary, all adaption measures for comfort, construction, water, green landscape and

infrastructure were listed in following table. Building designers could choose the suitable

measures from the list based on their judgement and costs of these adaption measures.

Table 27 Summary of adaption measures

Catalogue Adaptation Measures

Comfort

Package 1: External shutter closed when incident radiation is higher than 100 W/m

2; Top hung windows (10% overall windows area) open 10⁰ when indoor air

temperature is higher than 23 ⁰C and higher than external air temperature. Both of

them could be implemented by occupants or automatic control system.

Package 2: package 1 + paint outside surface of roof and external wall in white colour

Package 3: package 2 + heavy weight external and internal partitions

Construction

Wind load change

Recessed window and door reveals

Render finishes

Projecting sills with drips

Extended eaves

Greater laps and fixings to roof and cladding fixings

Avoidance of fully filled cavities

Flood

Sustainable drainage systems

Urban flash flooding

Ground water levels changes

River flood defences

Water flow obstruction and erosion management

Increase gutter, downpipe and drainage sizing

Move all electrical outlets, metering, boiler and electrical equipment above flood level

Increase green cover, wetlands and trees

Water \conservation (building level)

In-house grey water system

Install rainwater catchment system

Water/ energy for hot water

Install domestic solar hot water system

Water \conservation (neighbourhood level)

Install blue infrastructure: lakes, ponds, and other water landscape features

Install a pond or other water feature e.g. pool

Green landscaping features

Plant more street trees/

Shaded outdoor space

Convert selected streets into greenways

Enhance vegetation if the soil has good infiltration qualities

Plant trees with large canopies - using caution not to compromise building stability

Plant heat, drought and pollution tolerant plants (Xeriscaping)

Plant drought resistant plants -Good examples Birch, Alder, Yew, Beech, Italian Alder, Box, Privet.

Species (Willows, poplars & oaks) should not include as these can cause low level ozone production under high temperatures

Set aside space to grow food

Remove/ reduce non-porous garden surfaces. Replace with an alternative: grass-reinforcement concrete or plastic mesh, gravel, brick (with drainage channels), cellular paving, or lawn or vegetable plots



Catalogue Adaptation Measures

Infrastructure

Add shading to transport infrastructure, such as bus stops and cycle racks

Add seating in shaded areas, on streets & in POS

Identify and allocate appropriate buildings as ‘community cool rooms’

Ensure pedestrian and cycle routes are sheltered from high winds/storms, e.g. by soft landscaping

Replace pavements and roads with porous, ‘cool’ materials

Use energy efficient street lighting and/ or switch street lights off for periods of the night

Remodel streets to encourage walking, cycling and public transport, e.g. reduce parking spaces, develop ‘home zones’



References

Allen, R. G., et al., 1998. Crop evapotranspiration - Guidelines for computing crop water requirements - FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.

Barclay, M., et al. 2012. The natural ventilation performance of buildings under alternative future weather projections. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 33(1), 35-50.

CIBSE, 2006. Environmental Design: CIBSE Guide A. London: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers.

Gething, B., 2010. Design for future climate - Opportunities for adaptation in the built environment [online]. Available from: http://www.innovateuk.org/ourstrategy/innovationplatforms/lowimpactbuilding/design-for-future-climate-report-.ashx [Accessed 4 May 2012].

Gough, M. and Rees, C., 2004. Tests performed on ApacheSim in accordance with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140-2001. Glasgow: IES Ltd.

Gupta, R. and Du, H., 2012. Overheating metrics and base IES model report 2 - NW Bicester Eco Town. Submitted to Hyder Consulting, London on 14 May; Funded by TSB under Design for future climate: adapting buildings competition.

Gupta, R. and Gregg, M., 2011. Future climate changes projections for NW Bicester: Climate chnages hazards and impacts. Submitted to Hyder Consulting, London on April 2011; Funded by TSB under Design for future climate: adapting buildings competition.

Halewood, J. and Wilde, P. d., 2010. Cool roofs and their application in the UK, Information paper IP 13/10 BRE Electronic Publications.

Murphy, J., et al. 2009. UK Climate Projections science report: Climate change projections. PURLFROST Ltd, 2012. Window Films - Silver Reflective Film [online]. Available from:

http://www.purlsol.com/products_bymeter_list.php?catid=92 [Accessed 8 Jun 2012]. Roofconsult, 2012. Wind load Calculations to BS 6399:Part 2:1997 [online]. Available from:

http://www.roofconsult.co.uk/calculations/wind/main.asp [Accessed 21 June 2012]. Watkins, R., Levermore, G. and Parkinson, J. 2011. Constructing a future weather file for

use in building simulation using UKCP09 projections. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 32(3), 293-299.

http://www.innovateuk.org/ourstrategy/innovationplatforms/lowimpactbuilding/design-for-future-climate-report-.ashx

http://www.innovateuk.org/ourstrategy/innovationplatforms/lowimpactbuilding/design-for-future-climate-report-.ashx

http://www.purlsol.com/products_bymeter_list.php?catid=92

http://www.roofconsult.co.uk/calculations/wind/main.asp

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