Lima eBus Intro to Electric Buses

Any reproduction or distribution is expressly prohibited.

Workshop Agenda

1. Anatomy of the Transit Bus & Evolution

2. Technology Comparison (eBus vs. diesel)

3. Going Electric Global eBus Outlook

4. Benefits & Challenges of eBus Adoption

5. eBus Lessons Learned

6. Session Wrap & Questions

Session 1Intro to Electric Buses10:30am to 12:30pm

Transit Bus Technology Evolution

Transit Bus Anatomy - Subsystems

Proprietary classification algorithm

10 Major Subsystems* (Articulating Joint, 18m only)

• Subsystems used to classify Work Order Maintenance

• Identify cost drivers according to subsystem

Diesel Engine Generations - EPA Impact

Diesel Engine Generations - EPA Impact

Propulsion System Focus

Transit Bus AnatomyDiesel vs. Electric

eBus Anatomy – Functional Overview

Drive Cycle• Power electronics system manages energy

distribution throughout drivetrain

• On-board battery pack powers traction motor

• Traction motor powers drive axle and wheels

• Electrical energy transformed to mechanical

Regenerative Braking• Traction motor run in reverse to recapture

mechanical energy from braking

• Regenerative braking used to recharge vehicle battery

• Managed through power electronics controller

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7XGaGc0qek

eBus Anatomy - Subsystems

eBus Anatomy – Charging Methods

Plug-in Depot Charge

• Plug-in charger with vehicle charging port

• Slow charging at depot

Overhead Pantograph Charge

• Pantograph (on Bus or station) lowers high voltage charger to conductive rails

• Fast charging on-route or at depot

Inductive Charging

• Wireless charging using inductive current charges battery pack

Subsystem Comparison

Subsystem Comparison

Subsystem Comparison

System Diesel Bus Change to BEB Major Changes

Brakes, Pneumatic & ABS SensorsFriction Braking System

with Caliper Brakes

Regenerative Braking System,

Partially Recharges Battery

During Deceleration

Yes

Wheels, Axles, Suspension & Differential

Pneumatic Suspension Front

& Rear, Rear Differential,

Standard Wheel & Tire Size

Rear Axle to be Compatible with

Regenerative Braking, Higher

Axle & Suspension Rating to

Support Battery Weight

Yes

HVAC Diesel Powered Heater

Diesel Heater or Electric Heater

(to reach Zero Tailpipe

Emissions)

Yes

Farebox & ITS

Fare Payment Equipment,

Communications and

Destination Signs

Fare Payment Equipment,

Communications and Destination

Signs

No

Doors & Ramps

Bifold Doors Front & Rear,

Manual or Powered Ramp

Deployment

Bifold Doors Front & Rear,

Manual or Powered Ramp

Deployment

No

Interior

Passenger Seating,

Stanchions, Stop Request,

Signals, etc.

Optimize weight of Interior

components to compensate for

additional battery weight (i.e.

plastic seats, plastic stanchions)

Yes

Global eBus Outlook

Global Electric Bus Growth Forecast

Global Electric Bus Orders

City / Transit Agency No. of eBuses Ordered

Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority 2,200*

Medellin, Colombia 64

Santiago, Chile 100

RATP, Paris 4,500*

New York MTA, USA 500*

Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation, Bengaluru, India

150*

* Planned / Approved

LA Metro ZEB ProgramLos Angeles, California, USA

• Zero Emission Bus (ZEB) Program Master Plan currently underway

• Largest e-Bus study in North America to have fully electric fleet by 2030

• Phased implementation by Division

• Optimization Plan for:• Depot vs. On-route Charging• On-site Power Demand at Facilities• Facility Upgrades• Percentage of Route Network Complete

• Initial eBus pilot of BYD K9 in 2015• Challenges on vehicle maintenance• Retrofits and modifications• Range Expectations (155 miles vs. 133 miles actual)• Power Requirements (Gradeability)• Termination of Pilot after 4 months

BYD eBus FleetShenzhen, China

• Largest eBus fleet in the world with 16,000 buses

• Shenzhen headquarters for BYD largest global EV manufacturer

• Benefits of improved air quality and traffic noise reduction

• China’s Electrification Goal 20% of all vehicles by 2025

• Shenzhen Bus Company Fleet• GHG emissions reduced 440,000 tonnes/year• Fleet fuel cost 50% reduction• 180 depots with over 40,000 charging stations

installed• Overnight charge (~2 hours) • eBus range 200 km

TTC eBus ProgramToronto, Canada

• City of Toronto TransformTO climate change action plan 80% GHG reduction by 2050

• Public Transit Infrastructure Fund (PTIF) $140 million Government of Canada and City of Toronto

• 60 eBuses set to be in operation by 2020

• Rotational pilot set for three (3) divisions• New Flyer Xclesior Charge (454 kWh)• BYD K9 (500 kWh)• Proterra E2 Catalyst (440 kWh)

• All eBuses depot charged

• Ongoing Audit for eBus OEMs

• Microgrid Energy Storage

Going ElectricBenefits & Challenges

Challenges to Transit Agencies

Requirements for transit agencies to reduce GHG emissions of their fleet.

Electric buses are a main GHG mitigation initiative supported by government funded programs and policies.

The electric bus market is experiencing considerable growth with much interest and investment in electric bus technology and advancements in battery innovation.

Why are transit agencies going electric?

How much will an electric bus and supporting infrastructure cost me?

How will my current operations and facilities be disrupted by introducing electric buses?

What kind of training will be required for drivers and personnel working with high voltage electrical infrastructure and batteries?

Main questions transit agencies have for electric bus adoption:

6,000 houses together consume approx. 6 MW energy1 house area = 1,050 sq. ft

6,000 Houses – 145 acres

200 eBuses – 25 acres

200 electric buses in a bus garage consume approx. 6 MW energy for charging

Electric Bus Energy Consumption Comparison

Electric Bus Noise Comparison

• Volvo (Sweden) study on socio-economic cost of traffic noise

• Socio-economic benefits from low noise eBuses• Health effects (i.e. stress, hearing damage. Blood pressure)• Lower impact on health care system• Higher quality of living in major transit corridors

• Considerations for visually impaired due to low noise level

eBus Lessons LearnedWinnipeg Transit, MB, CAN

• eBus pilot for Airport Route in partnership with New Flyer 200 kWh battery pack

• Initial operations without revenue service to test subsystem functionality

• On-route pantograph fast charger installed

• Four seasons energy consumption (kWh/km) recorded:• Spring/Fall = 1.25 kWh/km (No A/C)• Summer = 1.85 kWh/km (Full A/C)• Winter = 3.10 kWh/km (Full Heat)

• Auxiliary diesel heating system used in HVAC to lessen demand on battery draw, improve cold weather operation

eBus Lessons LearnedWorcester (WRTA), MA, USA

• Second largest Regional Transit Authority (RTA) in Massachusetts, fleet size 52 buses

• Fleet of six Proterra EcoRide 35ft eBuses operation started in 2013

• End point on-route charging used• Challenges with charging infrastructure maintenance

(eBuses out 10 weeks)• Range limitation ~30 miles (small battery pack)• High charging cost due to power transmission

(considering off grid natural gas generators)

• Supply chain issues for parts availability to support repairs

eBus Lessons LearnedFoothill Transit, CA, USA

• Collaboration with California Air Resources Board (CARB) and National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)

• Twelve (12) Proterra 35ft fast charge eBuses (88 kWh)

• Two (2) Proterra 40ft fast charge (106 kWh)

• eBus purchase cost $880,000 to $905,000 USD

• eBus operations on 16 mile route loop with on-route end point charging

• On-route charger reliability 98% up time

• Majority of eBus fleet downtime related to general bus maintenance issues (not electric powertrain)

Energy Consumption:• 35ft eBus = 2.18 kWh/mile• 40FT eBus = 2.22 kWh/mile• HVAC major factor

Electric Bus Barriers to Adoption

Technological• Infrastructure planning

• High voltage, power distribution• Grid demand management

• Range limitations• Local skillset for fleet & infrastructure maintenance

Financial• Higher vehicle purchase/capital cost• Capital investment for supporting infrastructure• Risk of unproven technology and lifecycle cost savings

Institutional • Lack of favourable policies, grants and/or incentives• Land acquisition for charging infrastructure

Roadmap to Electric

Road Map (Stages)

Stage 1: Understanding • User group and vehicle needs (operations)• GHG Reduction Targets

Stage 2: Exploratory • Market research on alt. propulsion technologies• Impact of green tech on GHG reduction• Grants and funding opportunities • Utility Partnerships (Grid impact, pricing)

Road Map (Stages)

Stage 3: Implementation • Change management plan• Maintenance & facility modifications • Buy-in from stakeholders & senior management

Stage 4: Execution & Monitoring• Pilot vehicle program • Review of pilot data & user feedback

eBus Global Deployment

Any reproduction or distribution is expressly prohibited.