lignin biomass recalcitrane
Post on 14-Sep-2014
2.763 views
DESCRIPTION
Lignin is one of the major substance in the world. This slide presented lignin, role in the plant, biosynthesis, lignin evolution, and bioengineering or lignin.TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
LIGNIN
A Twenty-first Century Challenge
Isroi (http://isroi.com)
BIOMASS RECALCITRANE
![Page 2: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cell Wall Model: Cellulose, Hemicellulose and Lignin
![Page 3: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Cell Wall Model: Cellulose, Hemicellulose and Lignin
![Page 4: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Cell Wall Model: Cellulose, Hemicellulose and Lignin
![Page 5: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Pseudocolor SEM micrograph of lignin redeposited on cellulose (10,000X).
www.nrel.gov/.../technology.cfm/tech=18
![Page 6: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Lignin:
• Nature’s second abundant organic substances
• Product of phenylpropanoid pathway
• Lignin – monolignol/lignin-forming pathway steps evolved during transition (evolution) of plants from the water habitat to the land habitat.
![Page 8: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Plant evolution
LIGNIN: Moleculer Basis and role in plant adaptation
![Page 9: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Diagram showing changes in cell wall
composition during the course of
evolution.
Sarkar P et al. J. Exp. Bot. 2009;60:3615-3635
© The Author [2009]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights
reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: [email protected]
![Page 10: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Sarkar P et al. J. Exp. Bot. 2009;60:3615-3635
![Page 11: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree
showing the distribution of
lignin monomer composition
across major lineages. *, S-
units are only found in cell
cultures of Ginkgo, not in wood
(Novo Uzal et al., 2009). **,
Lignin-like structures are
reported in some mosses and
green algae, but the presence of
real lignin in these nonvascular
species remains questionable;
red algae have been barely
studied (Weng et al., 2008b;
Martone et al., 2009).
Vanholme R. et.al. Plant Physiol. 2010:153:895-905
Copyright © 2010. © 2010 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved.
LIGNIN: Moleculer Basis and role in plant adaptation
![Page 12: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Red Seaweed
Like many land plants, this red seaweed produces lignin, a primary component of wood. (Credit: Kathy Ann Miller)
![Page 13: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
http://www.science20.com/news_releases/biofuels_research_makes_a_plant_evolution_discovery
Selaginela
![Page 14: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Selaginela
http://esciencenews.com/
Both lignin and cellulose are found in the rigid cell walls of the xylem cells (those that conduct water) in the primitive plant, Selaginella. (Credit: Zina Deretsky, National Science Foundation; Selaginella cross section SEM by Jing-Ke Weng, Clint Chapple, Purdue University; Lignin structure from Wout Bergjan, John Ralph, Marie Baucher (Annual Review of Plant Biology, Vol. 54:519-546, June 2003); Cellulose structure from http://www.chusa.jussieu.fr/disc/bio_cell/)
![Page 15: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Fossil Ginkgo leaves from the Jurassic of England. Some 160 million years ago.
Modern Ginkgo leaves.
![Page 16: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Corn Stover
![Page 17: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Wood
http://siteresources.worldbank.org
![Page 18: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Softwood Hardwood
• Larger, longer cells • Water transported by cells
• Contains large-diameter vessels • Water transported by these vessels
![Page 19: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Lignin: Major monolignols of lignins.
Hatfield R., Vermerris W. Plant Physiol. 2001:126:1351-1357
H-unit P-hydroxyphenyl
G-unit guaiacyl
S-unit syringyl
![Page 20: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Lignin: Major monolignols of lignins.
(A) Monolignol esters 30-32 found in grasses.
(D) Several dominant substructures present in native lignins.
![Page 21: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Lignin Structure:
Freudenbrerg (1965)
![Page 22: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Brunow et al. 1998
Lignin Structure:
![Page 23: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Lignin Structure:
![Page 24: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Lignin Biosynthesis Pathway
![Page 25: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Lignin Pathway Evolution
Humphreys, J. M., C. C. S. Chapple. 2002. Rewriting the lignin roadmap. Plant Bio. 5, 224–229.
![Page 26: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Lignin Pathway Evolution
Humphreys, J. M., C. C. S. Chapple. 2002. Rewriting the lignin roadmap. Plant Bio. 5, 224–229.
![Page 27: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Vascular Plant Diversification and Lignification
![Page 28: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Vascular Plant Diversification and Lignification
Pinus taeda
Medicago sativa
![Page 29: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Vascular Plant Diversification and Lignification
![Page 30: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda)
![Page 31: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Tamarack (Larix laricina) Ebony (Diospyros ebenum)
Douglas fir
compression
normal
Black cottonwood
tension
normal
![Page 33: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Monilignol Biosynthesis
![Page 34: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
7.3.2
Monilignol Biosynthesis
![Page 35: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
7.3.3
Monilignol Biosynthesis
![Page 36: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
7.3.4
Monilignol Biosynthesis
![Page 37: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
7.3.5
Monilignol Biosynthesis
![Page 38: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
7.3.6
Monilignol Biosynthesis
![Page 39: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
7.3.7
Monilignol Biosynthesis
![Page 40: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
7.3.8
Monilignol Biosynthesis
![Page 41: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/91/6/673/F3.expansion
Monilignol Biosynthesis
![Page 42: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Inherent Shortcomings in lignin analyses: a critical juncture and the urgent need
Lignin Isolation Procedure:
• Strong acid (sulphite pulping proceses) • Strong alkaline (kraft pulping) • Milled wood lignin • Björkman lignin
![Page 43: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Figure 2. Representation of a lignin polymer from poplar, as predicted from NMR-based lignin
analysis (adapted from Stewart et al., 2009).
Vanholme R. et.al. Plant Physiol. 2010:153:895-905
Copyright © 2010. © 2010 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved.
Lignin Structure: Lignin subunit and lignin structural analyses by NMR spectroscopy
![Page 44: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Quantification of lignin amounts, lignin degradation protocols, and synthetic dehydropolymerizates
• Klason Lignin Various non-lignin componens, such as tannins, was determined
• Acetyl bromide • Thioglycolic acid
![Page 45: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Modulation of monolignol pathway and peroxidase enzymatic step
![Page 46: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Lignin, a key component of plant cell walls, is normally synthesized from three simple monolignols (top). The hydroxyl group (OH), shown in red, must remain unmodified for these precursors to link up. Liu's team created a novel enzyme (green "ribbon" structure) that can methylate this specific hydroxyl group. This enzyme may therefore lead to ways to interfere with lignin biosynthesis in plants to make them easier to break down for biofuels.
Chang-Jun Liu
![Page 54: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Native Lignin Macromolecular Configuration
Freudenbrerg (1965)
1965
![Page 55: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Lignin Structure: 1970s-1980s
![Page 56: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Adler (1977)
Lignin Structure:
![Page 57: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Lignin Structure:
Partial structure of a hypothetical lignin molecule from European beech (Fagus sylvatica ). The phenylpropanoid units that make up lignin are not linked in a simple, repeating way. The lignin of beech contains units derived from coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, and para-coumaryl alcohol in the approximate ratio 100:70:7 and is typical of angiosperm lignin. Gymnosperm lignin contains relatively fewer sinapyl alcohol units. (After Nimz 1974.)
![Page 58: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Brunow et al. 1998
Lignin Structure: 1990s and 2000s
![Page 59: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Figure 2. Representation of a lignin polymer from poplar, as predicted from NMR-based lignin
analysis (adapted from Stewart et al., 2009).
Vanholme R. et.al. Plant Physiol. 2010:153:895-905
Copyright © 2010. © 2010 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved.
Lignin Structure: Lignin subunit and lignin structural analyses by NMR spectroscopy
![Page 60: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Future Outlook
![Page 61: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Future Outlook
1. Monolignol transport to the cell/wall 2. Lignin initiation sites 3. Lignin Primary Sequences/New Chemistries 4. Re-oxidation of the growing lignin chains 5. Monolignol radical and lignin primary chain
interactions, proposed template polymerization, and lignin association
6. Transcriptional control of individual cell wall formation processes, biomechanics, and biodegradation of plant cell walls.
![Page 62: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Thanks You
Biomass Recalcitrance
![Page 63: Lignin biomass recalcitrane](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050801/541570e58d7f72336c8b46ca/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Alkali nitrobenzene oxidation/thioacidolysis/permanganate oxidation degradation procedures