1. n 19 r (Sir Issac Newton) ro

n} }ooon

n .. 1678 r (Huygens) oon

19 (Thomas Young and Augus tin Fresnel) onr on}

e .. 1873 rr (Maxwell) ono n jn

n rr (Henrich Hertz) on n j o on n jn nn (visible light) }n jnono 4.3x1014 Hz 7.5x1014 Hz n 700 nm 400 nm

e .. 1900 r r (Max Plank) onn} nonn} e .. 1905 r (Eiestein) r Photo electric effect) n }on (photon)

e .. 1921 m (A.B. Compton) onn}o

{nnno no} 2 (r) (dr)

oo}on

oor rn

2

2. (speed of light) e 1970 rn (U.S. Bureau of Standards) o

ornnn 299,792,458 / o 1 noo1/299,792,458 o ( c ) = 3.0x108 n non3. (shadow) o n

2 on 2.1 nnon n

}

()

()

()

2.1 () n} n () n o () nnn

o

- 2

2 (superposition) (coherent sources) (monochromatic) 10-8 s 1S 2S

A P 1S 2S 1r 2r 1S 2S

2-2 1S 2S P

1 = 0 sin( 1) (2-1) 2 = 0 sin( 2) (2-2)

1 2 k (angular wave number) 2

P

= 2 1 = 2

(2 1) (2-3)

4

(2 1) (path difference) = 1 + 2 = 0[sin( 1) + sin( 2)]

22 2

sin sin sin[ ]cos[ ]m n m n

m n

- 3

= 20cos (

2) sin[

(1+2)

2] (2-4)

P 20cos (

2) **

(constructive interference) 2E0 2m m = 0, 1, 2, (2-5) (destructive interference) 0 2 1( )m m = 0, 1, 2, (2-6) 2 1 = (2-7)

2 1 = ( + 1

2) (2-8)

.. 1803 (Thomas Young) 2 d (double slit) 2 2 2-2 P 1S 2S OQ 1S P 2S P 2 1 = 1R = (2-9)

20

4 -1

2-3

) - ) 1S 2S

- 4

D >> d

P (2-7) (2-8) P sind m 0, 1, 2( ...)m (2-10) P

12

sin ( )d m 0, 1, 2( ...)m (2-11)

Q 0 0sind Q m Q ( )I ( 2-4)

I ()2

402cos2(

2)

= cos2(

)

= 40

2

2-4 = 2

sin tanx

D sin

mmD

xd

(2-12)

mx m Q

m + 1 Q +1 = (+1)

= +1 =

(2-13)

- 5

2-1 ( = 5460 A ) 0.1 mm 20 cm 1 10 ) 1 0m

12

sin ( )d m

1 9(0 ) 546 10

23

0.1 10sin

0.0027

0.16 ) 10 10m sind m

3.13

2-2 5890 A (d ) 0.02 cm (D ) 4 cm

10 D >> d (1 A = 10-8 cm)

D >> d 10m

mDxd

8

10 4 5890 10

0.02

0.11780 cm

sind m

2 2

sinx

D x

(0.02)(

(42+2 )) = (10)( 5890 x 10-8 )

= 0.117851117 cm

= 0.117851117 0.117800.117851117

x 100

0.043 % D >> d 0.043 %

- 6

4 - 2 1 = 0()

E0

(a) Phasor diagram for the wave disturbance E1 = E0 sin t. The phasor is a vector of length E0 rotating counterclockwise. (b) Phasor diagram for the wave E2 = E0 sin(t + ). (c) The disturbance ER is the resultant phasor formed from the phasors of parts (a) and (b).

2 2 = 0( + ) E1 ER 2-5 (c)

y Ep , E1 E2 Ep = E1 + E2 (t=0) 2-6

2-6 ER t=0 =

2

0 =

2

= 20

=

2 = 20cos (

2)

ER = sin( + ) = 20 cos(

2) [sin ( +

2)]

= sin ( +

2)

Em 2E0cos(

) 2-4 **

- 7

2- 5

(2-14)

2 2-7 E1 = E0sin , E2 = E0sin ( + ) , E2 = E0sin ( + 2) ,

(a) (b)

2-7 ER

4-3

(N) 10,000 1

(d) d = 1

= 1

10,000 =

1 102

10,000 = 106

(a)

2 - 8 ( a)

(b)

(b)

r

OT nd sin n

d TO sin

- 8

nno 2-7(b)

22sin

xDx

T

OT nd sin n = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 ,

22 xDdx

O

n OT nd sindnOT sin

n nn onn o

n o on

d TO sin

on OnDxd

nDdx O

n ooo} (diffraction gratings) on n }n ono

2- 9

2 - 9

- 9

5.

(2-15)

D >> d

2-10

5-1nnonnn n

onno n oo 2-11

n (n)

n no d -no n

nnon oon

n nonnno

n o

- 10

2-11

2-12

2-12

D

- 11

o a

onn no} n nn on T r n}nn 1 3 n nn a/2 1 on 3n Tsin

2a

n 2 4 = Tsin2a

ono} 2 4 n(n 180q) o

2sin

2OT a

o OT sinaonno d } 4 nn o nnd/4 onO/2

2sin

4OT a

OT 2sin a }n 2 onno d } 6 , 8 , 10 , o OT 3sin a , O4 , O5 ,

on (node) n Q }n n n

o OT na n sin n = 1 , 2 , 3 ,. n = 1 n 1 n

nnnn o onnnn 0 T n onn d } 3 , 5 , 7 , n non

P }nn n n OT )(sin 21 na n n = 1 , 2 , 3 ,. n = 1 nn 1 n

2-13

2-13

(2-16)

(2-17)

nn )( x' oaDx O ' o

nonaDO2

a

2-14

2-15

2-3 a (6500 A ) 20 a sina m 1m , 20 , 6500 A

10

1 6500 10

20sina

190,005.84 A

3

- 12

D

6

2 S (real source) S (virtual source) (Lloyd's mirror) P S S 180

2-16

2-17

180 2-18 = d

n , n

2-17

nn

- 13

.

( d

2-4 0.410-6m ( 1.5) = 0m

( 2-18) 122

( )nd m

4 1.5 0.4 10-6 2.4 m

122

( )nd m

2-19

2

d

f a gn n n (2-20) an gn fn 1.5 1.22 (MgF2) 1.38 (cryolite) 1.36 550 nm 0m 1.5 (1/2)(1/2)(550/1.38) = 100 nm

- 15

2-20 SiO

2-5 (SiO, n =1.45) 3.5 550 nm

1 2

0m

d

122

( )nd m

9

550 10

4 4 1.45( )d

n

94.8 nm

30% 10% n 2-6 d rn n = 1.33

oo onm600 O n d ro

(o)o

n

mmd n

OO

)()

21(2 2

1

m = 0 d rn

d4O = nmnm 113

) 33.1( 4600

d rn m = 1 od r nm

xnmx

nd 538

.33.146003

43 O

m = 2 od r nmx

nmxn

d 56433.14

600545 O

m = 3 od r nmx

nmxn

d 78933.14

600747 O

d ro = 113 nm d rn o 338 nm , 564 nm ,789 nm ,

d r

- 16

7. (Polarization) n

j } no nn

nn n}n jrjn 2-22n nn}r(unpolarized light) rn jojn n }nr

2-21 nj 2-22 rjnr

oonr o(polarized light) x y ron x y o rnro 2-23

2-23 rnr

onrr 1. ro onrono(n)nr(n} 2 r jnr rjon jn

- 17

2-24 rjnr 1 n

2-25 rjnr 2 n

onr}nr (polarizer) nr (analyzer)

2-26 nrnr (dichroric) r (tourmaline)

rjn oonrnnrjrnrjr 2-27 nroo}r}nr

2-27 onnr

- 18

(Malus , s law) nn onnro}rnnrnrr

oornnnr(polarizer) nnrnoj E nnnnr (analyzer) : T rn r E nnro EcosT nr EsinT nrnno

rnnr (polarizer) oj Enrr (analyzer) T nr oj Ep

TcosEE p ..(2-21) T222 cosEE p k T222 coskEkE p ..(2-22)o 2EID o 2pp kEI (nnr)

2kEI (nnnr)o I }onnnr Ip }onnr (2-22) o onnr

T2cosII p (2-23)oo I0 }onr (nr)

I0 = 2I I }onnnr

n 2-7 nr A0r- 30q r nrn

nr = A0 r T 30 q nr

Tcos0A

A'$30cos0A 0

0 866.023

AA

A'

- 19

2. roo onro}

n n no onn o}r 100 %

- nrnr (Brewster angle) - no = 90qrn Tp n

1

2tannn

p T

3.15 $902 TT ppTT

$902

21

2

sinsin

TT p

nn

)90sin(sin

1

2

p

p

nn

TT

$

pp

p

nn T

TT

tancossin

1

2 . . 2-28 nro

. nro orn . n TP ornr

jo rnnrrooonro

o n}rn nroronn

58 58tan n 1.6n

- 20

2-8

2-29 nrnrn

2-30 o E

nror } 2-29n}r onn nr n o (ordinary ray) n no nn r} 2-29 E (extraordinary ray) onn nE 2-29 o} nn no = nEn

oro oo no}o oo n on nnrn}n ronooo 4. r nno rnonro onnr rn (scattering)

3. r n r(calcite ) r (quartz) nnnnnn n (double refracting crystal) n (birefringent crystal)

- 21

2-31 rrn oo o o rn

2-31 nrorn

8. rn 8.1 nnnn

n nn nonn nnnn on}

onn n}n 7 n

2-32 n 2-33 (T)

(D) } nno n

n o (nn!n)

- 22

n o Dn!D)on

no(T!Tn)8.2 o no nn

oo oo o o 2

. o . o

. o 3.23 o

o oo ooo on

o oon o 2 on

o 40q- 42q no nnono 51q - 54q nno non

- 23

8.3 (scattering of light) }r n

n on n } n

}rn n i }no nonn on

ron 7 on n o o

o o oj} oj on n n ojnnoo n} i

er on nj o}j

roo j noj}j

o ro j no o oj} o

8.4 8-4-1 nr

2-35 n 2-36 no

- 24

n} oo onr o }n(iris) n ndnn(pupil)ooo o}r o or r oo nnro 25 cm no no nn

- r onr

oroor oonnoro (f) n(D) f = -D 2-37

() ()

2-37 o () n () nnoro

- rn nro oroo or 25 cm n

oornr r

25)25(

DDf 2-38

() () 2-38 o

() on () nnor o 25 cm

- 25

- }nn ornno ononooonro noo 8-4-2 nnrn 2

- rn }rnoono

- r }rno no

r 3 nnn n n nn no rn onnn}o o o rn 1 oo o onno onnr o} n n

}nr nn or noo

( , , ) } o ( , j , n) or 2-41 n } } n} o () o

8-4-3 nno

- n }non} no on o

- n }non onj

- 26

- }nno o nno

}n 1. o oo

2. (pigment) oo o no 3 on

n (j)o ( ) o

2-39

nj

, , , , , -

, ,n , , j , , - , ,

3. 2 oo 3 n nn(color substraction) o

= n + j = j + = n +

4.n oo n no}

o nn (complementary color) 3.28 + = n + = j() + = noo

o

- 27

1. (primary colour) noo 3

2.nn (addition of colored light) o

+ = + = n + = (j)

3.n oo no o

2-40 2-41

2-40 2-41 rRed ( R ) , Green (G) , Blue (B) , Magenta(M) ,

Cyan (C )

+ = + j = + n =

n (filter)}noono nonon

- 28

8.5 n (Illuminance) 1. nn nn

}on n} (lumen ; lm) 2. n (E) (F)

n nn}r (lx) , 1 r = 1 /3. onn (I) (F) nn

1 n (Z) onnn} (cd)

ZFI

onnS4FI

n 24 RFS

no

AFE 24 RA S

o2RIE

onno 22

21

2

1

RR

II

2-42 B A

n A o

2maxA

normalRIEE

n A TcosmaxEE A

Tcos2A

A RIE

1. (Solid angle) o o

r n} (steradian) on Sr. o

A = r =

B

- 29

(2-24)

(2-25) = 2

1 Sr

1 o 1 o 1 Sr. o nnnon n

n n

2. rnn (Luminous Flux) rnnn solid angle or n} lumen on lm. 1 n solid angle 1 Sr. o Point source onnn 1 candela n Point source 1 candela 1 n 1

**** Point source n }on r , , r}o

n}

}o

= n n} lumen I = onnn n} candela

= solid angle n n} steradian

r onn onnn , nn , n}o

- 30

(2-26)

2-43

2-44

4

42

2

42

=

3. onnn (Luminous intensity) n solid angle o oononnn or I n} candela on cd. o

1 cd = 1 lm/Sr.

4. nn (illuminance) nrnn () or E

1 }nn 2 }nn

2-45 n1 m2

nnno 2 n} foot - candle n fc.

- 31

(2-27)

(2-28)

(2-29)...................

...................

................... =

=

=

=

=

2 =

2

SI n} lux n lx 1 fc = 10.76 lux5. n (luminance) on n} n SI } foot - lambert (fl.) nn on r n no n6. nn (luminous efficacy) nnrnn () ornn n} lumen / watt n lm/w n }onrj

nrnon no 40 W 11 lm/W nr 36 W 72 lm/W nono 6 n rno 6 n onnrr nnn oo on nnoo

- 32

- 33

2-9 1 2500

5

( )

(

)

2000

4

64 36 144

,

0.50

2-10

1020 18 250

18 %

3.34

2-11

- 34

1 6,400 20%

, ,

(

)

(

)

56 %

2-12

25 500

()

() ()

15 120 750 40 500 2,700

,

- 15

- 40

- 15

- 40

40 200 W

200

2-13

- 35

1. 500 nm 1.5 m 2 5 mm [ 0.15 mm]

2. d D

[ 32

D

d

]

3.

500 nm 0.01 cm 1 1.5 m [ 1.5 10-2 m]

4.

[ 5

2 ]

5. a

) a (650 nm) 300 [ 1,300 nm]

) 300 [ 433 nm]

6. 1.33 [ 37 ]

7. mI mI[ 45 135 ]

8.

590 nm 250 m 50 cm x mm [ 1.18 mm]