Lifestyles and consumption on the residential tourist in Italyby Tullio Romita

Associate Professor of Sociology of Tourism - Department of Sociology and Political Science (CReST - Centre for Research and Studies on Tourism), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cube 0B, 87036 Arcavacata Rende (CS), Italy. Phone 0984.492554 - fax 0984.492598; e-mail: tromita@unical.it - tromita@libero.it

1. IntroductionIn 1999 the volume "The Undetected Tourism" was published and probably it was the first publication in Italy to address specifically to the tourism private houses (Romita 1999).The book was the result of years of research devoted to the study of tourism, through an approach that, from the sociological point of view, placed at its center the question of sustainability in tourism1.Indeed, in an attempt to seek an explanation for the obvious negative impacts on the environment caused by the tourists movement in some areas of southern Italy, we discovered the “undetected tourism”, in other words the existence of a social, complex and widespread, phenomenon for decades very large, which had played and continued to play an important role in the development of local communities and in the organization and management of the land, but to which up till now had not been given due attention.In fact, with the term "Undetected Tourism" it’s indicated the presence of a widespread social phenomenon, but little or nothing designed by the Italian scientific community, and basically ignored by the official statistics: "Undetected Tourism" was all tourism practiced through the use of private dwellings, in a self-organized and do-it-yourself way.More than ten years after the publication of the book "The Undetected Tourism" in Italy the state of things has not changed much.Even today in Italy tourism of private houses for vacation is a form of tourism not officially surveyed either nationally or locally, remains basically impossible to determine its actual quantitative dimensions, both in terms of demand than that of offer. Probably the biggest changes are happening on the side of the scientific study and application of this social phenomenon.For nearly a decade, other researchers are approaching the study of tourism of private houses for vacation in Italy and also major national research institutes are giving more space for research and publications on the theme2 . Nevertheless, the current situation is that the phenomenon of tourism of private houses in Italy remains, even now, a phenomenon largely unknown and little studied.Over the past ten years, within the activities of the Centre for Research and Studies on Tourism (CReST) at the University of Calabria, in which the writer is a member, the “Undetected Tourism” was the main topic of research, demonstrating an important key to understanding the processes of development and change crossed the society and local communities, and problems related to operation and use of land, particularly in areas of southern Italy3. The knowledge gained on the subject, has been able to come to some conclusions, for example, to classify as “touristic” hundreds of Italian municipalities, those that did not appear as a result of the

1 The Undetected Tourism is perhaps one of the first publications in the world to highlight in detail the existence of a strong correlation between informal and underground economy and environmental and natural degradation. 2 Here we point out: the "reports on tourism and services sector” of the Bank of Italy and the National Institute for Research on Tourism (Isnart); publications of the research center of the Touring Club of Italy (TCI), the research of the Italian National Institute of Statistics (Istat) on "Travel" and those of the Italians on the "Second-Home Tourism" to some Italian Chambers of Commerce (among these the most recent and most thorough was built in 2011 on tourists and on owners of holiday homes by the Chamber of Commerce of Cosenza in collaboration with Isnart and CREST (Centre for Research and Studies on Tourism at the University of Calabria).3 It refers to several researchers who gravitate in various capacities, since 1996, around the activities of study and analysis of tourism carried out by Centre for Research and Studies on Tourism of the University of Calabria: http://www. sociologia.unical.it /crest /index.php

presence of little or no conventional accommodation officers; to find an acceptable explanation to the fact that in hundreds of municipalities of almost all areas of Italian territory, especially during the summer time, was observed a population much higher than the resident; some limited impacts on territory and on local communities, negatives and positives, produced by the presence of unorganized and not surveyed touristic flows typical of undetected tourism; understood because in many Italian cities, even among the smaller ones, there were a number of houses "empty or unoccupied" superior to that of occupied dwellings, in some cases even in very substantial proportions4.During the preparing of this paper we will try to illustrate the knowledge and experience gained in over ten years of studies and research on tourism of private houses. However, we will give ample space and detail to some of the conclusions we have reached through a search that began over three years ago, through which we have studied the do-it-yourself tourists (as a social figure that is generated during the process of developing of local tourism industry based on the idea of the cottage; McCannel 1976) and what happens in the local contexts in which tourism is developed in a spontaneous and outside of the official tourist market (ie in contexts where tourism is very popular unofficial do-it-yourself bored through private houses for vacation).In short, everything is dealt with in this paper will cover what we have hitherto called "Undetected Tourism”, but here, also to standardize our language to that in use at the international level, will also call "Residential Tourism".Therefore, we find it useful to define the meaning in this work, and with reference to Italy, we assign the term "residential tourism", which we will do in the next section.

2. The residential tourism in Italy: evolution and definitionIn almost all countries of the Western world, tourism has become an important social phenomenon of mass in the middle of the twentieth century. From those years the tourist industry has expanded continuously, seeking and finding new markets, gradually imposing its rules, by providing standardized consumable products on a global scale.For over half a century, then, to talk about tourism means commonly refer to a phenomenon in which a few people organize and plan the way we travel and go on holiday for millions of people: touristic products created and marketed by the technicians of tourism are purchased and consumed by people who, thus, produce an experience of traveling and living in controlled environments and guaranteed by the tour operators and travel agencies (with the so-called "environmental bubble"; Boorstin 1961).In the years 50 and 60 of the twentieth century, the seaside and mountain areas, even those which could not boast a tradition of tourism, they were open to tourism and were equipped to find their place in the national and/or internationally tourism market, encouraging and facilitating the construction of accommodation officers and, simultaneously, to private houses to holiday use.At the beginning, the path of development of resorts was substantially equal in all over the nation but, over the years, while some resorts have preferred conventional development models investing in the expansion of tourist accommodation officer (not through the creation from scratch of accommodations but also through the conversion of part of existing private housing stock in hotels, pensions, etc..), other places have, however, preferred to give priority to tourism development models based on demand and supply of affordable housing private for holiday use.In any case, the general result of this process it is there are very few resorts now distributed throughout the Italian territory, where you can track the significant presence of residential tourism.The residential tourism is therefore a phenomenon that has always existed in Italy, and that in time it has also transformed from elite phenomenon into a mass phenomenon.

4 The Census "Population and Housing in Italy" conducted every ten years of The Italian National Institute for Statistics (ISTAT), classifies as either empty or unoccupied houses that all those at the census are not occupied by people who live there all the year.

But in the Italian case the residential tourism is not and has never been just a "form or type" of tourism, but a social phenomenon that with conventional mass tourism has in common only the roots. In fact, it is a phenomenon that has important features such as the fact that it was essentially informal, undeclared and unregulated, and in this context its operation and behavior of different actors (tourists, owners of holiday houses and host communities), unlike in the case of conventional tourism, but not other-directed choices and decisions primarily based on self-directed or do-it-yourself.The residential tourism in Italy has always been the more interesting and important form of DIY tourism, not only survived through the years as explosive emergence of the tourism industry, but it is indeed, in our view, more strengthen and remained so, in large part, dropped substantially from the official rules of the tourist market.In fact, since the time when tourism has become a social phenomenon of mass the residential tourism in Italy has never ceased to exist and grow (Romita 2009a: 4-11).The residential tourism in Italy can now count on a potential offer of more than three million households use vacation5, mostly built since the years 60 of XX century. but mostly dating back to the years 70 of the century.Some of the reasons that led to the emergence of residential tourism in Italy are due to the specific way of being and living of Italians, others are generals and concern the development of residential tourism not only in Italy, in any case we can indicate at least four:- Private houses for holiday use during the stay reproduce conditions and lifestyles similar to those "every day";- private houses for holiday use to enable the realization of long tourists holidays also to larger families, since cheaper than those offered by conventional tourism hotels and other non-hotel;- ownership of a second residence in a resort as well as an element of social distinction acquires the meaning of economic investment;- a significant part of the assets of private houses for holiday use was built by people who have emigrated to other places, for these people the house is not only an opportunity to holiday in places of origin but also an element of forging strong links with the territory.In Italy, it's really rare to find cases of residential resorts where tourism has been developed thank to defined development strategies. The supply of residential tourism is almost always adequate to the spontaneous demand for tourism, local authorities and local people have benefited economically from the sale of land, with the construction of dwellings and the provision of services for maintenance of homes for vacation and residence of tourists.As before stated, we don’t know fully or quantitative nor qualitative characteristics, there are no real tools for monitoring, national policies and legislation do not exist that make it visible.In addition, theoretical and conceptual tools used to analyze the phenomenon of residential tourism are essentially those used to understand, explain and interpret the phenomenon of conventional tourism, thus proving largely inadequate in this respect.However, in recent years the situation is very changing. The rapid expansion of residential tourism in all parts of the world but mainly in Mediterranean Europe, spurring the interest of a growing number of scholars (Mazón and Aledo, eds., 2005; Huete 2008, 2009; Mantecón 2008; Mazón , Huete and Mantecón 2010; Müller 2004; Karayiannis, Iakovidou and Tsartas 2010; Nazaré Roca M., Oliveira J.A. and Roca Z. 2010; Grzinic 2010; Romita 2010; etc.)Nevertheless, to emphasize the difficulties of analysis of the phenomenon and the absence of a consolidated set of scientific reference in the literature on residential tourism it is possible to detect the presence of a wide variety of names used to indicate the same phenomenon: undetected tourism, residential tourism, tourism of private houses, tourism of second homes, tourism of real estate, tourism of holiday houses, etc.(Romita 1999; Mazón et al. 1996; Isnart 2011; Aledo and Mazón 2004; Karayiannis, Iakovidou and Tsartas 2010; etc.).

5 The figure quoted was detected with the Housing Census of 1991 in Italy, where it was specifically noted the number of private homes for holiday use (Istat 1994).

For these reasons, we consider necessary to give a definition of residential tourism that takes into account what we have so far said about the Italian case.In our opinion, the definition which represents more effectively the phenomenon of which we are concerned is the following: "The residential tourism is a informal and black economy phenomenon which is developed through private tourist accommodation, available in the area to accommodate the request from a self-directed, spontaneous, uncertain and unpredictable tourism demand which, in turn, organize and conduct their own choices through space and time of their tourism experience." Thus: "The residential tourist is a do-it-yourself tourist, who organizes the space and time of the holiday in total independence, staying in private houses and taking only present the general rules of daily life and in particular those applicable in the host resort." (Romita 2009b)6.Share these definitions mean to emphasize the factors that, in our opinion, best represent the development of residential tourism in Italy. And, that is, the residential tourism as a social phenomenon: it is said in the time placing the edge of the processes of modernization and globalization that have affected society and the Italian economy over the past sixty years, has developed leaving more freedom of choice and self-determination to local communities, has developed and consolidated over time and to this day, the lead actors of the phenomenon by offering the possibility to adopt a lifestyle based on do-it-yourself.We can conclude that residential tourism in Italy has always been perceived as essentially a marginal or residual social phenomenon, therefore, demonstration and effect, the development of organized mass tourism. In other words, the tourism market of private homes, growing outside, or at least the border, the official tourist market, has never been considered, in our opinion wrong, out and out tourism.

3. The diffusion of residential tourism in ItalyAs already mentioned, residential tourism in Italy has the characteristic of a social phenomenon substantially undetected and for this reason it is very difficult to quantify in terms of demand than the supply of tourism.Nevertheless, some local and national studies, in recent years, allow to understand its great importance and diffusion all over the country, and to estimate its dimension.On the supply side of private houses for vacation, the reference data, all those who deal with the question usually use, it is that Istat (National Statistics Institute) noted the "Census of Population and Housing" in 1991: the census of 1991, the private home holiday in Italy were found to be 2.711.419, in turn composed of 9.762.086 rooms.Unfortunately, only in the Census of 1991, Istat has acquired specifically the figure for private home holiday. In other surveys, both in previous and in subsequent ones, as you can see from Tab. 1.1, this type of data has not been detected, and homes for holiday use are included among those that Istat has generally assessed as “empty or unoccupied dwellings."

Table 1.1 - Italy: occupied and unoccupied dwellings in the censuses from 1971 to 2001

Census year

Abitazioni non occupate o vuote

Total dwellings

Occupied dwellings

Unoccupied dwellings and/or

empty

Unoccupied dwellings for

holiday use

Total unoccupied dwellings and/or

empty1971 15.301.357 2.132.534 2.132.534 17.433.8911981 17.541.752 4.395.471 4.395.471 21.937.2231991 19.735.913 2.581.190 2.711.419 5.292.609 25.028.5222001 21.967.516 5.324.477 5.324.477 27.291.993

Source: ISTAT, Population and Housing Census (Years: 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001)

6 Here it is worth reporting that the definition given, with reference to the Spanish case, from Mazon and Aledo (2005: 18-19): “The residential tourism is an economic activity resulting from the urbanization, building and selling houses, offered to non-hotel tourism market almost always outside of official channels, whose beneficiaries live there permanently or semi-permanent, and that responds to a new form of residential mobility and advanced society .”

In any case, using as reference the data of 1991, whereas then the availability of 9.762.086 rooms in homes to use vacation, and assuming only 1-2 beds per room, we can estimate in 10-20 million the number of beds which is capable of expressing the segment of the residential tourism in Italy.Our belief is that the data seen so far underestimate the effective dimension is the number of houses for holiday use and both the number of beds that expresses residential tourism in Italy.However, these numbers put the supply of residential tourism in a position of primary importance within the Italian tourism industry which, until 2010, at the level of conventional official accommodation offer (ie hotel and other accomodation: hotels, tourist villages, camping, hostels, B&B, etc.) as a whole could count on 146.000 of its accommodation and 4.600.000 beds.The remarkable consistency of supply of residential tourism, present to a greater extent in the southern regions of Italy, had already been reported in the 1999 book quoted above Romita 1999. and also, subsequently, in more recent studies, carried out by research institutes, estimate that in about eleven million sleepers of tourism of second homes7.

4. The demand for residential tourism in ItalyIf we consider the analysis of demand for residential tourism, the situation becomes more complicated.While the analysis of supply, making use of data collected through the decennial census of housing, we could make estimates about the legacy of housing to a holiday use and their beds, in the case of the evaluation of tourist flows generated by the residential tourism can make use of only non-systematic studies that have tried to address this issue by proposing estimates of tourist flows and possible models to be adopted, but still not getting fully reliable assessments or final solutions.In some local studies, we estimated a population due to tourism, residential tourism, just in August, can get to be up to fifteen times the resident population (Romita 1999).According to another study at the national level, in 2003 residential tourism in Italy would produce 730 million admissions (Aa.Vv. 2003).In a more recent study, more articulate and prudent of the two first mentioned, it is estimated that Italian residential tourism generated, in 2010, 154 million overnight stays by international tourists and 296 million overnight stays by Italian tourists (Isnart 2011: 38).Beyond the actual ability of these estimates to fully represent the situation of tourist flows attributable to the residential tourism, and waiting in Italy is of course necessary to realize a system for monitoring the movement of tourist homes, we can still understand what is the great weight of tourist flows attributable to the residential tourism in Italy, flows certainly greater than that which is capable of producing the conventional tourism.

5. The choice of the private houses in travels and vacation of ItaliansIstat in its latest national survey on "Travel and Holidays of the Italians in Italy and abroad", has detected a prevalent and growing interest in the years of Italian tourists to stay in private homes, and also that the accommodation for holidays in households are on average longer than those that are performed using conventional accommodations.Indeed, comparing the data collected in 2010 with those collected in 2009 (see Tabb. 1.2 and 1.3). Istat comes to the following conclusions: "In 2010, during the stay in Italy, private homes holiday are preferred for, while in stays abroad are chosen more conventional accommodation facilities (hotels, tourist villages, camping, etc.). Compared to Italian destinations, in fact, 53.9% of trips and 63.6% of overnight stays concern private homes for vacation, while 46.1% of the trips and 36.4% of overnight stays concern tourist accommodations conventional. For trips abroad, however, the conventional facilities are used for the 70.9% of the trips and 58% of overnight stays , while private homes for vacation are chosen for 29.1% of the trips and 42% of overnight stays."(Istat 2011: 9).

7 Among all here mention the study conducted by the company that Mercury (Aa. Vv. 2003), also starting from the 1991 census data, make an estimate of their homes for holiday use, according to which in 2001 were 2.917.172, ie an increase compared to 1991.

Table 1.2 - Italian trips by type of accommodation and main destination. Year 2010 (%)

Destination

Type of accommodation

TotalConventional

accommodationPrivate apartments

for holidayItaly 46,1 53,9 100,0

North 50,2 49,8 100,0Centre 47,3 52,7 100,0

South and Islands 39,1 60,9 100,0Abroad 70,9 29,1 100,0Total 50,7 49,3 100,0Source - Istat: National Survey "Travel and Holidays of the Italians in Italy and abroad", the year 2010.

Table 1.3 - Italian for total nights of travel, accommodation and main destination. Year 2010 (%)

Type of accommodationDestinations

Total overnight staysItaly AbroadConventional accommodation 36,4 58,0 41,0 Private apartments for holiday 63,6 42,0 59,0 Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 Source - Istat: National Survey "Travel and Holidays of the Italians in Italy and abroad", the year 2010.

A similar conclusion also comes Isnart (2011) in its last annual report on tourism in Italy, that still adds interesting information to analyze the behavior of tourists who prefer to spend their vacation by staying in private homes for vacation.According to the latest report, in 2010 the choice of the Italians of holidays in private homes has had a special role on domestic tourism (see tab. 1.4). In fact, those who have stayed in private homes for vacation, only a small fraction went abroad (mainly France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland and Spain). while in most cases, the Italian tourist destination has been chosen (mostly Lombardia, Liguria, Toscana, Lazio, Piemonte and Emilia Romagna).Moreover, always by the same ratio, we also learn that the reasons that guide the choice of residential tourists spend their holidays staying in a private home are mainly three: the presence of friends and family, home ownership and a willingness to revise relatives and friends.

Table 1.4 - Voyages of the Italian type of accommodation and main destination. Year 2010 (%)

Destinations

Type of accommodation

Total holidaysConventional

accommodationPrivate apartments

for holidayItaly 74,0 87,9 78,1Abroad 26,0 12,1 21,9Total 100,0 100,0 100,0Source - Isnart: Report on Italian tourism "Tourism Company 2011", Isnart, Rome, 2011.

6. The residential tourism in Italy in synthesisSumming up what until now highlighted, we can say that in the Italian case the residential tourism is a social phenomenon:a) that comes along with the organized mass tourism, but then continued to grow over time substantially independent of this;b) that developed on the basis of demand and spontaneous supply of tourism;c) it has maintained over time as the prevailing character of a social, undetected and informal phenomenon; d) that in consequence of the informal character of the phenomenon it is not possible to plan and to predict the economic, social and environmental issues;e) that mainly as a result of the informal character of the phenomenon has given rise to social and economic environments that we call "spontaneous local tourist contexts", in other words areas

where the residential tourism has been developing in an unplanned manner, based on agreements and do-it-yourself behavior, that is not formalized and organized, including all relevant local stakeholders (homeowners, tourists, local people, civil servants, traders, etc.);f) that has preserved the character of a undetected phenomenon due to the absence of a formal system of national observation and monitoring;g) that in consequence of the largely underground phenomenon, we do not know the actual flow of tourists;h) that despite it’s a undetected phenomenon, some local studies and some national estimates lead us to conclude that in most Italian resorts tourism residential tourism produces more superior to those produced by official conventional tourism;i) that in consequence of this undetected phenomenon tourist destinations where conventional official tourism is not widespread, even when they residential tourism is widely present, do not appear in national statistics about tourism;j) that in many national resorts coexists with the conventional tourist accommodation facilities, resulting a coexistence sometimes very difficult as a result of self-direction of residential tourism and of hetero-direction of conventional official tourism;k) that was significantly influenced by the so-called roots tourism (or of return), that the people who now come back as tourists in the place of origin and from which they emigrated in the past for reasons of employment between the most industrialized areas North of Italy or abroad.

7. Lifestyles and consumption of residential tourist7.1 IntroductionIn the analysis of lifestyles and consumption on the residential tourist we will use the results of some field research carried out by CREST (Centre for Research and Studies on Tourism) at the University of Calabria, through which you have studied the dimensions which qualify and characterize the residential tourism as a social phenomenon of mass, and those who qualify and characterize the experience of residential and tourist behavior.The research carried out has, of course, taking into account what we have previously synthesized than that in Italy appears to be the phenomenon of residential tourism.In addition, some general assumptions adopted in the implementation of the research were: a) residential tourism is a social phenomenon, as essentially self-directed, allows to avoid the approval process and standardization of typical production of the tourism industry of tourism Mass held; b) the residential tourism is a social phenomenon that was born and developed to meet the needs of creative use of leisure time, because it feeds on self-directed choices; c) residential tourism is a social phenomenon that respects the original cultures, promotes social relations and the creation of new forms of housing.In research carried out specific topics studied were: the attachment to the holiday resorts, vacation habits, motivations and behaviors tourist, the terms and conditions of residence, the use of rental housing; consumption behaviors.CREST has been concerned for several years of residential tourism, carrying out research continuously since 19978. However, for the analysis of lifestyles and consumption patterns of tourist residential we will use only some of the results that have been reached, in particular through research carried out in 2007 (over 600 interviews) and 2011 (around 3.000 interviews), the latter in collaboration with other entities9. Both studies were carried out in tourist areas of Southern Italy, in

8 These activities started in 1997, which resulted in several field studies (2004, 2005, 2007, 2009), through which have completed more than six thousand interviews with tourists on holiday in the residential seaside and mountain. The most significant results of the research were presented in total held national and international conferences, and you can find them in the following publications (Romita 1999, 2007, 2009a, 2009b; Romita and Perri 2006, 2009a, 2009b, 2011; Romita and Muoio 2009).9 The research conducted in 2011 commissioned by the Chamber of Commerce and Cosenza in collaboration with Isnart (National Research Institute of Tourism) in Rome. More research on both information and materials may be requested to CREST: crest@unical.it – tromita@unical.it.

the area north of Calabria, along the shores of the Tyrrhenian Sea and Ionian Sea, and in the Sila mountain resorts.The 2007 survey will use it to highlight the lifestyles of the tourist residential research in 2011 to describe the consumption patterns of residential tourists.

Table 5 - Identikit of the tourist in the private holiday homes (%) year 2010Sex Italy Abroad Total

Male 47,2 50,2 47,6Female 52,8 49,8 52,4Total 100,0 100,0 100,0

Age Italy Abroad Total15-24 years 10,9 17,1 11,725-34 years 23,2 30,6 24,235-44 years 21,6 16,8 20,945 -54 years 17,3 12,2 16,655-64 years 13,0 13,4 13,165 yearsand over 13,9 9,9 13,4Total 100,0 100,0 100,0

Qualification Italy Abroad TotalNone / Primary school 3,1 1,3 2,9Junior High School 10,9 13,0 11,2High school diploma 50,3 42,3 49,3Degree 35,6 43,4 36,7Total 100,0 100,0 100,0

Profession Italy Abroad TotalEmployed 60,1 62,3 60,4Unemployed/looking for first job 7,4 7,9 7,5Housewife/Retired 23,6 17,5 22,8Student 8,9 12,3 9,3Total 100,0 100,0 100,0

Social status Italy Abroad TotalSingle with children 6,4 6,5 6,4Single with no children 27,9 36,4 29,0Couple with children 48,9 36,5 47,3Couple with no children 16,8 20,6 17,3Total 100,0 100,0 100,0

Source - Isnart: Report on Italian tourism "Tourism Company 2011", Isnart, Rome, 2011.

7.2 Lifestyles of the tourist residentialIn Italy, in residential tourism relations between tourism stakeholders and the dynamics and social and economic relations produced are the result of choices that are only minimally dependent on the tourism institutional, public and private decision makers.Unlike traditional tourism industry, in residential tourism most of the behaviors and choices are determined by self-directed decisions in particular by those decisions taken by the main touristic actor, in other words the tourist who in this situation is do-it-yourself.The residential tourist is, therefore, a type of person who does not rely on others to organize and manage their tourism experience, since he organizes the space and time of the holiday, in total autonomy, staying in a private houses, and keeping only present the general rules of everyday life and in particular those applicable in the host resort.

While the organized mass tourist can find in literature several studies10 on the residential do-it-yourself tourist knowledge is limited and for this reason it is very difficult to understand and assess the role, behavior, attitudes, choices11.However, the analysis of the behavior of the residential tourist collected through a survey conducted in 200712, we identified those that, in our opinion, were the dimension of the tourist experience that qualifies as residential do-it-yourself, who, taking what has already been widely published in our recent article in the journal Tourismos (see Romita and Perri 2011), present anew the following:- The residential tourist does not like the news and sees the holiday like an opportunity to break the routine of daily life, but just like change than as novelty: creates long periods of tourist stay (longer than three weeks) during the tourist stay he attended public meeting places and participated in local manifestations of tourist entertainment; performs only rarely visits and/or excursions to other territories and the most popular activities are hiking and reading. During the holiday travel around to other locations as little as possible and stay as close as possible to that chosen. Tends to exploit the opportunities for recreation and entertainment made available by the host community and the natural and cultural resources existing there. Try to gain acceptance from the local community by finding opportunities daily relationships and establishing friendships.- The tourist is faithful to the residential locations. To spend several times holidays in the same location and to return there after a few years break, maybe taking a family tradition broken in time for some reason. In cases where you do not own, but tenants of the house where you spend the holiday, it often happens that the housing unit is the same for years and in it you will leave your personal stuffs which they will be useful for next year. Tourists do-it-yourself back in the same locality also to spend brief holiday periods during various times of the year (Easter, Christmas, weekends).- The residential tourist is, however, satisfied about the location. On the one hand indicates defects and negative situations in which the resort spends the holiday, the other shows a high satisfaction with the chosen location, not only because, as we have seen above, there often comes back, but also because inclined to give advice in favor of that stay with relatives and friends. This apparent inconsistency depends not only on variables that may influence more or less intensely to the proceedings (for example, ownership of a home, the easy accessibility of the site, proximity to friends and relatives, etc.), also and above all, by the fact that just because the choices of tourists do-it-yourself are totally self-directed, however, are carefully weighed, it is therefore difficult to prove incompatible with their expectations.- The residential tourist goes on holiday with family and tends to reproduce the daily routine. He makes a group with other families and/or with relatives and/or friends, leaving together, or giving themselves an appointment in the destination chosen, but giving no space to maintain their independence. He organizes everyday manner and criteria that are similar to those usually adopted during the life of "all day". Or, try to build reassuring routine, within the limits of what are the objective conditions of the new spaces in which and the time is dictated by the type of vacation (set times for lunch and dinner are compatible with the "activities" main part of the holiday, traditionally favorite foods, but will become more frugal meals in restaurants and outputs; spaces and equipment of the house organized so as to reproduce as much as possible those of the main residence, parking 10 Among these we mention the contributions of MacCannel (1976), Urry (1991), Cohen (1974), Augé (1999), and the Italian Savelli (1989), Nocifora (2008), Dall'Ara (1995), etc..11 With regard to the Italian case, however, we indicate how useful the studies already cited on tourism residential Romita (1999) and published reports from Mercury (Aa. Vv. 2003) and Isnart (2011), and essays by Romita (2009b), Romita and Perri (2009a, 2011).12 The research was conducted by interviewing tourists (owners and renters) of private houses in the holiday resorts of Southern Italy, sea and mountain, high-density private housing for holiday use. Data collection was conducted through face-to-face administration of a questionnaire, which took place at the home in addition to vacation even in outdoor places where the tourist hubbub (beach, picnic areas, lifts, etc.), and producing more than 600 interviews. The measurement campaign lasted for the entire month of August 2007. The survey was conducted by the working group of CREST (Centre for Studies and Research on Tourism), Department of Sociology and Political Science at the University of Calabria.

the car as close possible to housing looking for a way to occupy for the duration of the holiday; lido or spot on the beach possibly always the same; etc.). The availability of a car is essential to ensure the local mobility for the whole family (for example to go shopping).- The residential tourist cares to the state of local tourism resources and demonstrates a particular sensitivity to environmental resources in the tourist resort where he spends the holidays. Do-it-yourself tourists does this reasoning: "I chose to come to this town since the types of natural and cultural resources available allow me to practice my favorite form of tourism, if these are kept well and more I will find satisfaction during the holiday. The local community ensures that resources are accessible and usable, even better if this is valid also join efforts to cater for tourists, I must assess the status of the resources I'm using. In any case, as long as resources are of adequate quality and quantity to satisfy the reasons why I want to make tourism, the chances that I go in this town are very high."- The residential tourist is real estate in the evaluation of space tourism. Just because attentive, interested and active observer of the environment within which to spend the holiday, develops a set knowledge that allow them to develop proposals to improve the living conditions of the tourist. If requested he is full of constructive suggestions and concrete proposals to be implemented to improve the tourist offer of the town. For example, in reporting a defect: "The poor quality of the landscape and the environment", indicates like solution: "Caring for the landscape and the environment"; another flaw in the report: "The shortage / inadequacy of facilities and tourism infrastructure "suggests the solution:" To increase / improve tourism infrastructure and facilities ", etc.- The residential tourist self-organizes so integrated with the environment. A holiday in an official accommodation for the tourist does not involve specific tasks, because all the services and those needed to meet basic needs (food and lodging), and those accessories (umbrella on the beach, etc.), and both those additional non-core (swimming pool, sports facilities and equipment, etc.), are organized and provided by others, or from the institution where he resides. In the case of do-it-yourself tourism everything must be planned and in many cases managed by the tourist. It will be necessary to have spaces more or less stable for the carrying out fundamental tourist activities (as close as possible to the sea, to friends and at home which is housed), temporarily or permanently modifying the physical environment (for example, planting for the entire duration of the holiday the umbrella on the beach). The construction of the "space" within which to carry out their specific tourist experience occurs without the need to follow a precise path, but still, this is accomplished through the environment, which is modified and used by tourists according to their needs and their objectives13.

7.3 Styles of consumption of residential touristConsumption and consumption models of residential tourists are in majority very similar to those that are performed routinely during the life of every day.In fact, the residential tourist housing during the holiday in a private house, will necessarily have to buy food for lunch, cleaning the house and the person, fuel and parking for the car when it is followed, a Bathing place at the Lido if it does not intend to exploit the beaches, clothing, medicines, etc.. Moreover, depending on the lifestyle and the greater or less propensity to consume, costs for souvenirs, restaurants, bars and pizzerias, tickets to shows, gyms and other sports equipment, etc.Finally, if in addition tourists has also owners of the house where he is staying during the holidays, he will be responsible for a number of other costs that characterize much the style of consumption, for example, costs for swimming pools and private condominium, maintenance of gardens, for the maintenance of the house and fixtures, lighting, heating or cooling, telecommunications, drinking water, for municipal taxes on properties, etc..

13 About this topic, please refer to the volume of Beato, Nocifora, Pieroni, Romita, Ruzza, Savelli (2007).

In short, consumption is very important for the location of residential tourism because it increases the overall wealth of the population and widespread given the great diversity of people to whom the visitor is obliged to consult. During the stay, while the style of consumption is influenced by level of general and specific quality of services offered by theresort, which in turn conditions.

- Travel and stayThe majority of Italian residential tourists traveling with their families, an average of four people, while foreigners spend their holidays mostly childless.The means of transport used by the residential tourists is the car, a travel option that is most widespread among Italian tourists than foreign ones, and when the foreigners arrive at their destination by plane favor the special low cost flights. In terms of expenditure, the total cost for transportation is around 100 euros for Italian tourists and almost 400 euro for foreigners.Residential tourists respondents, if vacationing in seaside spend most of their time on the beaches, typical behavior of the Italians, but less popular among foreign tourists who prefer to do other activities.In fact, foreigners tourists join the interest in the wine and food products through moments of tasting and participating in events on the theme, shopping by buying local products and/or local crafts, walking the streets of Old Town, and participating in folk music shows or events.The Italian residential tourists show, on vacation, a greater propensity for practicing sports as swimming, cycling and tennis, while foreigners prefer, by far, the tranquility of walking.For the majority of tourists surveyed the residential tourist stays in a period ranges from one to three weeks. However, in many cases the stay is much longer with a large percentage of respondents who stay on vacation for over two months.

- The vacation destinationResidential tourists clearly manifest a tendency to be regular guests of the resort where is the house for the holiday. In fact, in this study, as in all other ones we made, we have observed the great majority who in the last three years have spent holidays in the same locality, especially the Italians.The opinion about the vacation destination is generally positive, and the majority of residential tourists respondents would recommend to friends and relatives reside in the municipality where they are on vacation when this doesn’t happen it’s the case for a general dissatisfaction with respect to environmental resources available.On the other hand, the tourist apartment is located in the place where the holiday house appreciates especially the climatic and environmental quality, tranquility and relaxation, rich landscape, the local gastronomy, the local tourist reception. Along with environmental resources, including the local production and acceptance of the resident population are the elements that are experiencing the highest level of interest among tourists.Towards the environmental theme, there is a growing attention over the years, in fact there is a steady increase over time the amount of residential tourists who recommends action on the problem of pollution and poor waste management, maintaining the cleanliness of the sea and beaches .

- The cost of the holidayExcluding the costs of travel and accommodation, the average daily cost made by tourists during the holiday stay is thirty euros for Italians and almost twenty-five euros for foreigners.The majority of costs are attributable to the catering industry: tourists spend ten euros on average per day for meals at restaurants and pizzerias, five euros for consumption in bars, pastry shops and cafes and, again, five euros for the purchase of products food and wine, while the bulk of the average daily expenditure (twenty euros) for the purchase of food from supermarkets and shops.In addition to restaurants, shopping for clothing cost for day is on average about ten euros per person (foreigners spend much more than the Italians), is another major area of costs. In all other areas of spending, cost less relevant but still interesting, they record the sector of leisure activities

(almost exclusively by Italian customers) and for the access to bathing facilities (with an average daily cost of about ten euros per person).For tourists who rent residential home for the holiday, the range of rent prices has a range that varies on average from a minimum price of three hundred fifty euros to a maximum of almost six hundred euros per week.And this is one of the most important information for estimating the economic resources generated by the residential tourism, but also one of the most difficult to obtain from the owners of holiday homes.In accordance with the statements by the owners we surveyed we can think that in the case of residential tourism there is a big difference between high and low season. More specifically, this difference is primarily known for housing the most valuable and / or dimension. In any case, a week's holiday in a private home to tourists can cost anywhere from a minimum of hundred euros to a maximum of five thousand euros in high season, while in low season from a minimum of fifty to a maximum of four thousand euros.

- The choice of the private residence for vacationFor Italian residential tourists, the choice of the private houses to spend the holiday is largely done through word of mouth among tourists and to the knowledge of friends and relatives who live in the chosen location, to the convenience and economy to the previous holiday experiences in the same household.In most cases, the chosen home for the holiday is booked through the help of friends and/or friends who live in the area or who knows the owners of the property you want to book; other booking methods used is the direct contact with the owner, especially if previously it was used the same home.

- The residential tourists of roots This research found among the foreign residential tourists it’s present a majority of people whose families have roots (origins) in the place of vacation.In fact, the territory on which it was realized the research it is one of those Italians who have lived more intensely the problem of emigration. In particular, the phenomenon of the 50 and 60 years of the twentieth century has caused the displacement of millions of people from the poorest regions of the country to the most industrialized Italian and foreign, and that has emptied most of the workforce young, vibrant rural areas and many small towns in the hinterland.The emigrants have returned every year, mostly during the summer vacation, the places of origin, but for the majority of them they return in the guise of tourists, including taking behaviors and attitudes, and their roots, the emotional ties with the territory, parental relationships and friendships and possessions of the family, are the factors of attraction towards the place.In fact, almost all foreign residential tourists respondents chose the resort for the desire to search for local traditions, or because the recommended choice by relatives and friends, and, because of the latter, in many cases offer free hospitality to tourists foreigners.

- The operating costs for rental housingBeing owners of a holiday house is a form of economic investment and presents some advantages: it has a significant economic asset which in fact a house, through the rent of this house you can accrue additional income through the use of this house you can do a lot of low cost holiday in a holiday than in a conventional accommodation.However, to own a holiday house usually a second house where you live for limited periods of time during the year, also involves a number of costs of maintenance and management that, over time, grew more and more.The data acquired in the research allow to have a fairly accurate idea of what is involved in the economic ownership of a home for vacation in Italy. In one year, owners of holiday houses should

pay fixed costs average about seven hundred euros (water, electricity, gas, heating, waste disposal). To these costs, if the appeal is mandatory for directors of condominium, plus another three hundred euros.Others costs are about two thousand euros for costs of maintenance and management of sanitary facilities, walls, ceilings, floors and upholstery, frames and window frames. If then there is the pool you have to add about thousand per year. Finally, there, is the tax on second houses to be paid, in proportion to the dimension of the dwelling, which is located in the municipal home for the holidays.Most types of costs are, of course, very similar to those of your own home where you usually reside when not on holiday, but in any case, represent a significant economic resource for local economies.Typical costs are about water, electricity, gas (LPG and/or methane) for cooking and heating.The current technology permit to renounce a fixed telephone network, but the Italian owners of holiday homes does not gladly pay the annual fee for waste disposal because, at best, produce waste every single day for three months at 'year.In short, to own a holiday home costs, and considerations of the current government assumptions, will probably cost even more in the future.

8. ConclusionsIn a country that has always been a favorite of residential tourism in the world, as it is rich in cultural resources and environmental, it's really hard to find places where for some reason there are no traces left by tourists.And indeed, even the most remote village in the inland areas of Italian territory, you can meet, maybe for just a few days in a year, tourists have a resource to see or visit, something special that may have something to do with many traditions, histories and cultures, which are able to express the Italian communities.The residential tourism is often a response to widespread demand for tourism, which affects Italy, a response that might not have been able or willing to provide the tourism industry held that, despite appearances, not always arrived, or has found it convenient to get in all the sights of the world, and that therefore you should not always capture the status of a tourist destination, sometimes even in cases of well-known destinations.Residential tourism in Italy presents as dominant character to be a social phenomenon largely informal and undetected, it’s possible to think it can produce negative effects and impacts on land and on local communities, but not always it’s in this way.In fact, the major negative effects ,observed in other studies, are mostly due to the impossibility of governing the phenomenon from the perspective of its impact on the environment and landscape, and could be in large part prevented if only by adopting a national observatory on the phenomenon.These negative impacts are offset by the positive ones that occur at the level of widespread economic benefits for the local community as a whole (much more balanced than those who produce the tourism industry organized), and those resulting from the significant social interrelation which determines among tourists and local people (sometimes even negative in the case of conventional organized tourism).The residential tourism, well-differentiated from official tourism, is a positive phenomenon with good implications for economic and social growth of the nation even though it has generated negative effects on the environment and tourism itself, interfered significantly with the development urban area, has taken in many areas of the country, over on tourism official remains difficult to understand according to the logic of industrial management of tourism because of the informal nature of the phenomenon and undetected but which, nevertheless, has contributed and continues to contribute to the growth of many localities.We are also convinced that the issues raised in this paper are of some interest, in particular in order to find an explanation more relevant than those ordinarily provided, on how to operate in those

areas for tourism, which, unlike those generated according to industrial logic, create and develop independently of any project or plan for tourism development.These spaces, which we have here called "spontaneous tourist contexts", are very special and much more common than the literature on tourism. They have not geographic and/or administrative dimension and boundaries, but they start and end where social, cultural and economic development, are based on the ability to organize independently and beyond the formal rules, and find a shared space and time to the local community level.In this context, the main actor is the do-it-yourself tourist, he recognizes himself as do-it-yourself tourist, but also other relevant actors to grant him this role. It 's a social special figure, he is not not just a tourist, but also a subject in terms of its ability to decide for themselves, it is able to stimulate the creation of areas for tourism and influence the development and evolution. We hope that this work is able to clarify at least in part the behavior of this type of tourist and the meaning the same from the tourist experience.However, residential tourism, as we showed in this paper represents a very significant and widespread phenomenon across the country with great economic and social consequences, especially for local communities that are crossed.

AcknowledgmentsIt is a great pleasure to thank Dr. Lucia Groe for her valuable suggestions regarding the translation of the text in English language.

References and BibliographyAA. VV. 2009. XVI Rapporto sul Turismo Italiano. Milano: Franco Angeli.AA. VV. 2003. Il turismo negli appartamenti per vacanza. Firenze: Mercury.Augé, M. 1999. Disneyland e altri non luoghi. Torino: Bollati Boringhieri.Aguer, O. 2004. El sector turístico-hotelero en Marruecos. ICE.Aledo, A. 2008. De la tierra al suelo: la transformación del paisaje y el nuevo turismo residencial.

Alicante: Universidad de Alicante.Bauman, Z. 2001. Dentro la globalizzazione. Le conseguenze sulle persone. Bari: Editori Laterza.Beato, F. (ed.). 1995. La valutazione di impatto ambientale. Milano: Franco Angeli.Beato, F., Nocifora, E., Pieroni, O., Romita, T., Ruzza, C. and Savelli, A. 2007. Tracce di turismo

sostenibile. Rende: Celuc Università della Calabria.Bonadei, R. and Volli U. (eds.). 2003. Lo sguardo del turista e il racconto dei luoghi. Milano:

Franco Angeli. Boorstin, D.J. 1961. The Image. A guide to pseudo-events in America. New York: Vintage Books.Burby, R.J. 1979. Second Homes In North Carolina: An Analysis of Water Resources and Other

Consequences of Recreational Land Development. University of North Carolina: Water Resources Research Institute.

Censis, 1983. Come cambia il turismo. Dalle vacanze ai turismi. Quindicinale di note e commenti, 8.

Chimoniti-Terroviti, S. 2001. Ampliamento ed evoluzione delle abitazioni nel corso degli ultimi decenni: osservazioni ed indicazioni sulle aree urbane. Atene: Centro di Programmazione e Ricerche Economiche CPRE.

Cohen, E. 1974. Who is a Tourist? A conceptual clarification. The Sociological Review, 22(4), 527-554.

Coppock, J.T. (ed.). 1977. Second Homes, Curse or Blessing. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Dall’Ara, G. 1995. Perché le persone vanno in vacanza?. Milano: Franco Angeli.Davies, R.B. and O’Farrell, P. 1981. An Intra-Regional Locational Analysis of Second Home

Ownership. University of Wales: Dept of Town Planning.Deller, S.C., Marcouiller, D.W. and Green, G.P. 1997. Recreational Housing and Local

Government Finance. Annals of Tourism Research, 24, 687-705.

De Rita, G., and Bonomi, A. 1998. Manifesto per lo sviluppo locale. Torino: Bollati Boringhieri.Di, Z.X., McArdle, N. and Masnick, G.S. 2001. “Second Homes: What, How Many, Where and

Who”. University of Harvard: Joint Centre for Housing Studies.Downing, P. and Dower, M. 1977. Second Homes in Scotland. Dartington: Dartington Amenity

Research Trust.Ericsson, B. 2006. Second Homes in Norway: Factors Motivating for Ownership and Usage, with

Differing Market Perspectives and Planning Parameters. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 6.

Fialová, D. and Vágner, J. 2006. New Trends in Second Housing in Czechia. Universitatis Comeniae: Acta Geographica,.

Gallent, N., Mace, A. and Tewdwr-Jones, M. 2005. Second Homes, European Perspectives and UK Policies. UK: Ashgate.

Grgona, J. 2002. Tourism in the Function of Economic Development of Croatian Islands. Economic survey, 53, 7-8.

Grzinic, J. 2010. Turismo residenziale e sostenibilità del turismo in Croazia. in Il Turismo Residenziale. Nuovi stili di vita e di residenzialità, governance del territorio e sviluppo sostenibile del turismo in Europa, edit by T. Romita (ed.). Milano: Franco Angeli.

Guidicini, P. and Savelli, A. (eds.). 1988. Il turismo in una società che cambia. Milano: Franco Angeli.

Gunther, T. 2002. Development of Second Home Tourism in Denmark. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 2, 2.

Hall, C.M. and Müller, D.K. (eds.). 2004. Tourism, Mobility and Second Homes: between Elite Landscape and Common Ground. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.

Huete, R. 2009. Turistas que llegan para quedarse. Una explicación sociológica sobre la movilidad residencial. Alicante: Universidad de Alicante.

Huete, R. 2008. Tendencias del turismo residencial: el caso del Mediterráneo Español. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 14.

Isnart 2011. Impresa Turismo 2011. Roma: Isnart.Istat 2011. Viaggi e vacanze degli italiani in Italia ed all’estero nell’anno 2010. Roma: Istat.Istat 2004. 14° Censimento generale della popolazione e delle abitazioni. Roma: Istat.Istat 1994. 13° Censimento generale della popolazione e delle abitazioni. Roma: Istat.Jaakson, R. 1986. Second-Home Domestic Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 13, 357-391.Karayiannis, O., Iakovidou, O. and Tsartas, P. 2010. Il fenomeno dell’abitazione secondaria in

Grecia e suoi rapporti con il turismo. in Il Turismo Residenziale. Nuovi stili di vita e di residenzialità, governance del territorio e sviluppo sostenibile del turismo in Europa, edit by T. Romita (ed.). Milano: Franco Angeli.

Lyotard, J.F. 1981. La condizione post-moderna. Milano: Feltrinelli.Magnaghi, A. 2000. Il progetto locale. Torino: Bollati Boringhieri.Mantecón, A. 2008. La experiencia del turismo. Un estudio sociológico sobre el proceso turístico-

residencial. Barcelona: Icaria.Mazón, T. and Aledo, A. (eds.). 2005. Turismo residencial y cambio social. Nuevas perspectivas

teóricas y empíricas. Alicante: Aguaclara.Mazón, T., Huete, R. and Mantecón A. (eds.). 2009. Turismo, urbanización y estilos de vida. Las

nuevas formas de movilidad residencial. Barcelona: Icaria.Mazón, T. et al. 1996. El turismo inmobiliario en la provincia de Alicante: análisis y propuestas.

Alicante: Diputación Provincial. McCannel, D. 1976. The tourist: a theory of the leisure class. New York: Schocken.Nazaré Roca, M., Oliveira, J.A. and Roca, Z. 2010. Seconda casa e turismo della seconda casa in

Portogallo. in Il Turismo Residenziale. Nuovi stili di vita e di residenzialità, governance del territorio e sviluppo sostenibile del turismo in Europa, edit by T. Romita (ed.). Milano: Franco Angeli.

Nocifora, E. 2008. La società turistica, Napoli: Scriptaweb.Pettersson, R. 1999. Foreign Second Home Purchases – The Case of Northern Sweden, 1990-96.

CERUM Working Paper Umeå University, 14. Pieroni, O. and Romita, T. 2003. Viaggiare, conoscere e rispettare l’ambiente. Soveria Mannelli:

Rubbettino Editore.Pyne, C.B. 1973. Second Homes. Caenarvonshire: County Planning Dept..Rogić, I. 2006. Attitude Towards Second Homes in Croatia in the 1945.-2005. Institute of Social

Sciences Zagreb, 15 (2), 81-82.Roma, G. 2001. L’economia sommersa. Bari: Editori Laterza.Romita, T. (ed.). 2010. Il Turismo Residenziale. Nuovi stili di vita e di residenzialità, governance

del territorio e sviluppo sostenibile del turismo in Europa. Milano: Franco Angeli.Romita, T. 2009a. Il turismo c'è ma non si vede. Rivista del Turismo del Touring Club Italiano, 4,

4-11.Romita, T. 2009b. Turisti per caso: ai margini o dentro il mercato?. in XVI Rapporto sul Turismo

Italiano, edit by AA. VV.. Milano: Franco Angeli.Romita, T. 2007. Sustainable Tourism: the Environmental Impact of Undetected Tourism.

Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, 2(1), 47-62.Romita, T. 1999. Il turismo che non appare. Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino Editore.Romita, T. and Muoio, C. 2009. Turismo residencial: paisaje y consumo de lugares. in Turismo,

urbanizacion y estilos de vidas, edit by T. Mazon., R. Huete and A. Mantecon A. (eds.). Barcelona: Icaria.

Romita, T. and Perri, A. 2006. La cura della risorsa ambientale come fattore di sviluppo del turismo. Il caso dei contesti turistici spontanei e del turismo fai-da-te. in Atti del convegno: Turismo sostenibile. Trasformazioni recenti e prospettive future, edit by E. Nocifora, O. Pieroni, T. Romita and C. Ruzza (eds.). Cosenza: Pronovis.

Romita, T. and Perri, A. 2009a. El turista fai-da-te. in El turismo en el mediterraneo: posibilidades de desarrollo y cohesion, edit by M.Latiesa Rodriguez (ed.). Madrid: Editorial Universitaria Ramon Areces.

Romita, T. and Perri, A. 2009b. Da emigranti a turisti. in Atti del III Convegno Nazionale Turismo Sostenibile: ieri, oggi, domani, edit by T. Romita, E. Ercole, E. Nocifora, M. Palumbo, O. Pieroni, C. Ruzza and A. Savelli (eds.). Cosenza: Pronovis.

Romita, T. and Perri, A. 2011. The D.I.Y. Tourist. Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, 6, 277-292.

Santos, M.G.P. 1993. A residência secundária no âmbito da geografia dos tempos livres, análise comparativa dos casos de São Pedro de Moel e Praia de Vieira. Coimbra: FLUC.

Savelli, A. 1989. Sociologia del Turismo. Milano: Franco Angeli.Smith, V. 1977. Hosts and Guests. The Antropology of Tourism. Philadelphia: University of

Pensylvania Press.Strapp, J.D. 1988. The Resort Cycle and Second Homes. Annals of Tourism Research, 15, 504-516.Torres, E. 2006. The Impact of Second Homes on Local Taxes. Fiscal Studies, 27(2), 231-250.Urry, J. 1991. The Tourist Gaze. London: Sage.