Lifestyle/ Chronic Diseases Lifestyle/ Chronic Diseases (Non-Communicable)(Non-Communicable)

Unit 8 In The BookUnit 8 In The Book

Page 514Page 514

Lifestyle/Chronic DiseasesLifestyle/Chronic Diseases

Diseases caused by lifestyle choices, Diseases caused by lifestyle choices, genetics, and/or environment and are not genetics, and/or environment and are not communicablecommunicable

Cardiovascular DiseasesCardiovascular DiseasesCardiovascular/Heart DiseaseCardiovascular/Heart Disease: any disease of the : any disease of the

heart muscle or working parts of the heartheart muscle or working parts of the heartAngina PectorisAngina Pectoris: Chest pain resulting from : Chest pain resulting from

narrowed coronary arteries narrowed coronary arteries – Heart is not getting enough oxygenHeart is not getting enough oxygen

Congestive Heart Failure:Congestive Heart Failure:Coronary Heart DiseaseCoronary Heart Disease: A disease in which the : A disease in which the

coronary arteries are narrowed or blocked.coronary arteries are narrowed or blocked.Coronary ArteryCoronary Artery: The blood vessel that carries : The blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood to the heart muscles. oxygenated blood to the heart muscles. PlaquePlaque: Hardened deposits of fat.: Hardened deposits of fat.

Factors which could lead to Factors which could lead to Cardiovascular DiseaseCardiovascular Disease

Gender, Heredity, Smoking, Hypertension, Gender, Heredity, Smoking, Hypertension, High Cholesterol, Poor Diet, Diabetes, High Cholesterol, Poor Diet, Diabetes, Obesity, Lack of exercise, StressObesity, Lack of exercise, Stress

The Heart p. 210The Heart p. 210Has 2 Pumps with 2 Has 2 Pumps with 2 ChambersChambers

Right side: Pumps Right side: Pumps blood to the lungs for blood to the lungs for oxygenoxygen

Left side: Sends Left side: Sends oxygenated blood to oxygenated blood to the bodythe body

Valves: Flaps of tissue Valves: Flaps of tissue located at the located at the entrances and exits for entrances and exits for the heart chambersthe heart chambers

Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction) Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction) p. 517p. 517

The event in which blood The event in which blood vessels that feed the vessels that feed the heart muscle become heart muscle become blocked and the heart blocked and the heart does not receive oxygen. does not receive oxygen. It could be caused by a It could be caused by a blood clot, preventing blood clot, preventing blood and oxygen from blood and oxygen from reaching the heart.reaching the heart.– This year 1,100,000 people This year 1,100,000 people

will suffer from a heart will suffer from a heart attack, and over 40% will attack, and over 40% will die (AHA)die (AHA)

Blood Vessels (p.209-210)Blood Vessels (p.209-210)

Arteries: Carry blood Arteries: Carry blood awayaway from the heart, from the heart, largest blood vessels largest blood vessels with thick muscular with thick muscular walls. walls.

Veins- Carry blood Veins- Carry blood towardtoward the heart the heart

Capillaries- Connect Capillaries- Connect the arteries to the the arteries to the veinsveins

Blood ClotsBlood Clots

ThrombusThrombus: A stationary clot in the blood : A stationary clot in the blood

EmbolusEmbolus: A traveling blood clot: A traveling blood clot

AneurysmAneurysm: The ballooning out of an artery : The ballooning out of an artery at a point where it has become weakat a point where it has become weak

HemorrhageHemorrhage: The breaking of an artery : The breaking of an artery wall at a point where it has grown weak.wall at a point where it has grown weak.

Atherosclerosis (P. 516)Atherosclerosis (P. 516)A disease in which A disease in which plaque collects on artery plaque collects on artery walls. It worsens walls. It worsens hypertension and makes hypertension and makes blood clots likely. It can blood clots likely. It can cause blockage of cause blockage of arteries that feed critical arteries that feed critical organs, such as the heart organs, such as the heart and brain.and brain.

ArteriosclerosisArteriosclerosis: Tends to : Tends to occur naturally as people occur naturally as people age. This is the hardening age. This is the hardening and thickening of the and thickening of the arteries.arteries.

Other Types of Heart DiseaseOther Types of Heart Disease

ArrhythmiaArrhythmia: A heart condition when the heart : A heart condition when the heart may beat very fast or very slow for no may beat very fast or very slow for no apparent reason. People who do not improve apparent reason. People who do not improve with the help of drugs can receive a with the help of drugs can receive a pacemaker.pacemaker.

CongenitalCongenital: “Born With”: “Born With”

PacemakerPacemaker: a device that is implanted in the : a device that is implanted in the heart to stimulate normal heart contractions.heart to stimulate normal heart contractions.

MurmurMurmur: A heart sound that reflects damaged : A heart sound that reflects damaged or abnormal heart valves.or abnormal heart valves.

Rheumatic FeverRheumatic Fever

Occurs chiefly in children and teens and Occurs chiefly in children and teens and includes inflammation of the heart valves. includes inflammation of the heart valves.

SymptomsSymptoms: Painful, swollen joints, and : Painful, swollen joints, and skin rashes.skin rashes.

PreventionPrevention: Getting prompt treatment for : Getting prompt treatment for strep throat.strep throat.

Blood Pressure (P. 519)Blood Pressure (P. 519)The force of blood against The force of blood against the artery walls.the artery walls.HypertensionHypertension: High blood : High blood pressure, “Silent Killer”. pressure, “Silent Killer”. HereditaryHereditarySystolicSystolic: Contraction, This : Contraction, This is the upper valueis the upper valueDiastolicDiastolic: Relaxation, This : Relaxation, This is the lower valueis the lower valueIdeal pressure is 120/80 or Ideal pressure is 120/80 or belowbelow140/90 (High BP)140/90 (High BP)

Blood PressureBlood Pressure

Pre-hypertensionPre-hypertension: A blood pressure that places : A blood pressure that places people at higher risk for heart disease and people at higher risk for heart disease and stroke. Range of 120-139/ 80-89. stroke. Range of 120-139/ 80-89.

Stage IStage I: High blood pressure between 140-159/ : High blood pressure between 140-159/ 90-9990-99

Stage IIStage II: High blood pressure over 160 / 100: High blood pressure over 160 / 100

SphygmomanometerSphygmomanometer: Used to measure BP: Used to measure BP

AntihypertensiveAntihypertensive: A drug that lowers : A drug that lowers hypertension or high blood pressurehypertension or high blood pressure

CholesterolCholesterol

A form of fat circulating in the blood that A form of fat circulating in the blood that can accumulate on the inner walls of can accumulate on the inner walls of arteriesarteriesHigh Cholesterol: 200-239 borderline, High Cholesterol: 200-239 borderline, Above 240 HighAbove 240 HighBelow 200 milligrams per deciliter is Below 200 milligrams per deciliter is desirable desirable Two Types:Two Types:

High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)

HDLHDL

Good CholesterolGood Cholesterol

Takes fat out of the bodyTakes fat out of the body

HDL levels should be above 45mg/dlHDL levels should be above 45mg/dl

Carry cholesterol to the liver for Carry cholesterol to the liver for breakdown and excretionbreakdown and excretion

The higher the level in the blood, the lower The higher the level in the blood, the lower the risk of developing heart diseasethe risk of developing heart disease

LDLLDL

Bad CholesterolBad Cholesterol

Builds up on artery Builds up on artery wallswalls

LDL levels should be LDL levels should be below 130 mg/dlbelow 130 mg/dl

Helps lead to Helps lead to atherosclerosisatherosclerosis

Diagnosis & TreatmentDiagnosis & TreatmentP. 520P. 520

Electro-Cardiogram: Electrodes record activity of Electro-Cardiogram: Electrodes record activity of the heartthe heart

Cardiac Catheterization: Catheter is inserted into Cardiac Catheterization: Catheter is inserted into heart, see if there are blockages in blood heart, see if there are blockages in blood vessels in the heartvessels in the heart

Stress Test: Heart action is monitored during bouts Stress Test: Heart action is monitored during bouts of increasingly difficult exercisesof increasingly difficult exercises

Echocardiogram: Stress test that visualizes heart Echocardiogram: Stress test that visualizes heart walls and pumping action when heart is stressedwalls and pumping action when heart is stressed

Diagnosis & Treatment Cont.Diagnosis & Treatment Cont.

Nuclear Stress Test: Radioactive Nuclear Stress Test: Radioactive substance injected, show pictures of heart substance injected, show pictures of heart musclemuscleAngioplasty: Balloon inflated in arteries to Angioplasty: Balloon inflated in arteries to compress plaque on artery wall, can compress plaque on artery wall, can reduce risk of heart attackreduce risk of heart attackStent: Placed in heart artery to open wall Stent: Placed in heart artery to open wall of artery and keep expanded so blood flow of artery and keep expanded so blood flow is strongis strong

Stroke P. 516Stroke P. 516

A condition caused by a blocked or broken A condition caused by a blocked or broken blood vessel in the brain, basically shutting blood vessel in the brain, basically shutting off all blood flow to the brain. off all blood flow to the brain. Brain cells die within minutes.Brain cells die within minutes.Causes: Thrombus, Embolus, Causes: Thrombus, Embolus, Hemorrhage, Aneurysm, Compression Hemorrhage, Aneurysm, Compression from a tumorfrom a tumorOne of most common causes is due to a One of most common causes is due to a blood clot in an artery in the brain.blood clot in an artery in the brain.

Symptoms of a StrokeSymptoms of a Stroke

Sudden weakness, Sudden weakness,

numbness, tinglingnumbness, tingling

Loss of speechLoss of speech

Dizziness, unsteadinessDizziness, unsteadiness

Dimness, loss of visionDimness, loss of vision

ParalysisParalysis

Disability or DeathDisability or Death

In a major stroke, part of the brain will die In a major stroke, part of the brain will die causing mental and physical damage and loss of causing mental and physical damage and loss of functioningfunctioning

Cancer P. 531Cancer P. 531

An uncontrolled An uncontrolled growth of abnormal growth of abnormal cells which spreads cells which spreads into surrounding into surrounding tissue and other body tissue and other body parts. parts.

Lymphomas: Cancers Lymphomas: Cancers of the immune of the immune system.system.

Tumor (P. 531)Tumor (P. 531)

An abnormal mass of tissue that can live An abnormal mass of tissue that can live and reproduce itself, but performs no and reproduce itself, but performs no service to the body. service to the body.

BenignBenign: A tumor that is : A tumor that is notnot cancerous and cancerous and does not spread to other parts of the body. does not spread to other parts of the body. Rarely life threatening.Rarely life threatening.

MalignantMalignant: A tumor that is cancerous and : A tumor that is cancerous and may spread to other parts of the body.may spread to other parts of the body.

Stages of Cancer P. 531Stages of Cancer P. 531

The cells can break away from a The cells can break away from a malignant tumor and then enter the blood malignant tumor and then enter the blood stream. This can lead to the formation of stream. This can lead to the formation of tumors in other parts of the body.tumors in other parts of the body.

Metastasis: The spread of cancer.Metastasis: The spread of cancer.

““In Situ”: The cancer is not spreading; it is In Situ”: The cancer is not spreading; it is in its original location.in its original location.

How Cancer DevelopsHow Cancer Develops1.1. Exposure to carcinogen or Exposure to carcinogen or

initiatorinitiator

2.2. Initiator enters cellsInitiator enters cells

3.3. Cells’ genetic material Cells’ genetic material changeschanges

4.4. Promoter may be present Promoter may be present (speeds up development)(speeds up development)

5.5. Multiplication of cellsMultiplication of cells

6.6. Tumors developTumors develop

7.7. Malignant tumor grows and Malignant tumor grows and spreads to surrounding tissuespreads to surrounding tissue

8.8. Metastasis occursMetastasis occurs

Cancer Warning SignsCancer Warning Signs(P. 534)(P. 534)

C- C- CChange in bowel or bladder habitshange in bowel or bladder habitsA- A- AA sore that does not heal sore that does not healU- U- UUnusual bleeding or dischargenusual bleeding or dischargeT- T- TThickening or lump in a breast or hickening or lump in a breast or

elsewhereelsewhereI- I- IIndigestion or difficulty swallowingndigestion or difficulty swallowingO- O- OObvious change in a wart or molebvious change in a wart or moleN- N- NNagging cough or hoarsenessagging cough or hoarseness

Most Common Cancer Most Common Cancer (P. 535): Skin Cancer(P. 535): Skin Cancer

Due to overexposure to the sun for many years. Due to overexposure to the sun for many years. This is most easily detected because it is plainly This is most easily detected because it is plainly visible. visible. Basal Cell CarcinomaBasal Cell Carcinoma: The most common form : The most common form of skin cancer. It develops on sun-exposed of skin cancer. It develops on sun-exposed areas of the body in the form of a small, round, areas of the body in the form of a small, round, raised red spot. It is almost always cured if it is raised red spot. It is almost always cured if it is discovered early.discovered early.Squamous Cell CarcinomaSquamous Cell Carcinoma: 2: 2ndnd Most common. Most common.Malignant MelanomaMalignant Melanoma: The most dangerous of : The most dangerous of skin cancers. It appears as a mole that changes skin cancers. It appears as a mole that changes its appearance and attacks other body parts. its appearance and attacks other body parts.

Reducing Your Risk of Cancer (P. Reducing Your Risk of Cancer (P. 534)534)

Self Exams & Doctor TestsSelf Exams & Doctor TestsTobacco Free LifestyleTobacco Free LifestyleUV RadiationUV RadiationDietary Guidelines Dietary Guidelines (fiber, variety, antioxidants)(fiber, variety, antioxidants)Desirable WeightDesirable WeightAvoid AlcoholAvoid AlcoholAvoid Exposure to Dangerous Chemicals, Avoid Exposure to Dangerous Chemicals, Airborne Fibers, and Air PollutionAirborne Fibers, and Air PollutionAvoid STD’sAvoid STD’sKnow family Cancer HistoryKnow family Cancer History

StatisticsStatistics

According to the U.S. Center for Cancer According to the U.S. Center for Cancer Statistics: the leading cancer found in Statistics: the leading cancer found in males, regardless of race, is prostate males, regardless of race, is prostate cancer. The leader cancer found in cancer. The leader cancer found in females is breast cancer (also lung and females is breast cancer (also lung and uterus).uterus).

Treatment Approaches Treatment Approaches (P. 536)(P. 536)

Surgery- most commonSurgery- most commonRadiation Therapy- uses Radiation Therapy- uses radiation radiation to kill or damage cancer to kill or damage cancer cells cells Chemotherapy- drugs that Chemotherapy- drugs that kill kill cancercancerImmunotherapy-immune Immunotherapy-immune system stimulated to fight system stimulated to fight cancercancer