3/21/16

life

inherited

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhHOjC4oxh8&feature=youtu.be What Evolution– Stated Clearly 9 min

time

hypothesis change time

short acquired

longer

offspring

NOT missed mark

English Charles Darwin Galapagos

finches

inherited

NOT longer

survived food

reproduce

survived long offspring

Video 15 min Darwin and Galapagos Interactive Finch

Website

DNA mistake mutation

variations different

different

helpful effect

harmful

no variation

helpful DNA evolution

evolution WINS

https://ww

w.youtube

.com/watc

h?v=Dlhp

vcgK_28&

feature=y

outu.be&li

st=PLInN

VsmlBUl

QT_peuW

ctrmGMiL

ngK-6fb How does new Genetic Information Evolve– Stated Clearly 7 min

traits survive

reproduce offspring

more evolution 5

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SCjhI86grU&feature=youtu.be What is Natural Selection – Stated Clearly 9 min

C 3

E 4

A 2 B 5

1 D

• http://sciencenetlinks.com/media/filer/2011

/10/07/evolution.swf

best

reproduce

become extinct

inherited

favorable

survive

reproduce

inherited

DNA

more

best suited environment survive

reproduce variations offspring

Natural Selection

variations

species

offspring

offspring survive

helpful survive

reproduce

helpful more species

variations species

variations mutation

offspring green

brown

offspring

EARTH

survive

support die die disease

starvation eaten reproduce

helpful survive reproduce

better surviving

camouflage

survive

brown green

longer beaks, thicker fur, bigger ears

helpful more species

future brown changed

mutation fit

suited fittest

Natural variations

better survive reproduce helpful

biggest fastest strongest suited

brown long

survive reproduce offspring

enough

• http://news.yahoo.com/photos/tree-climbing-goats-

1316026287-slideshow/#crsl=/photos/tree-climbing-

goats-1316026287-slideshow/1-photo-

1316024946.html

Tree-climbing goats In Morocco, the native Tamri goats are so enticed by the berries of Argan trees that they have become adept at climbing the branches to reach their food. Even stranger still, the goats' droppings contain seed kernels which local farmers then grind into an oil that is used in cooking and cosmetics

Diga del Cingino dam in Italy

beetles

eating helpful

variation

storm inherited

DNA reproduce

offspring reproduce

evolve more bad taste

polar bear

Polar bear helpful inherited variation survive reproduce

inherited variation helpful

white helpful

inherited offspring

organisms

new helpful

C

D E

D B

Humerus ulna

radius carpals

phalanges

The human and horse have similar bone structures.

The whale and a bat share a common ancestor.

humerus ulna

radius carpals

phalanges

humerus ulna

radius carpals

phalanges

proven theories evidence

theory agreed

organism

found evolved

evidence

age location

Law Superposition law why

scientists agreed

older

E

C

humans A fossils

before

fossils

function form

evidence

origin

cells cell membrane

DNA related

form

body

function homologous structures

common

Homologous Video (6 min)

bones limbs

structures common

Humerus ulna radius

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIEoO5KdPvg&feature=youtu.behttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIEoO5KdPvg&feature=youtu.be What is Evidence of Evolution– Stated Clearly 11 min

evolution fossils Law Superposition evolved

Trilobite

Fern

related structures

form function

common

The whale and lizard are most closely related.

The whale and lizard have homologous bones.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIEoO5KdPvg&feature=youtu.b Does the Theory of Evolution Really Matter– Stated Clearly 1 min

Helpful Websites:

“Who Wants to Live a Million Years?” http://science.discovery.com/games-and-interactives/charles-darwin-game.htm

Resource Page for Evolution and Natural Selection http://evolution.berkeley.edu

The Evolution Experience! http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/evolution/what-is-evolution/natural-

selection-game/the-evolution-experience.html

Natural Selection simulation!

http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/natural-selection

Life #5 Graveyard

How closely are you related to…

Another Human? ____%

All humans have the same genes, but some of these genes contain differences that make each person unique.

100

How closely are you related to…

A chimpanzee? ____%

Chimpanzees are the closest living species to humans.

98

How closely are you related to…

A mouse? ____%

All mammals are quite similar genetically.

92

How closely are you related to…

• A fruit fly? ____%

Studies of fruit flies have shown how shared genes govern the growth and structure of both insects and mammals.

44

How closely are you related to…

• Yeast? ____%

Yeasts are single-celled organisms, but they have many housekeeping genes that are the same as the genes in humans, such as those that enable energy to be derived from the breakdown of sugars.

26

How closely are you related to…

A weed? ___%

Plants have many metabolic differences from humans. For example, they use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide gas to sugars. But they also have similarities in their housekeeping genes.

18

The speed of Evolution Scientists do not agree on how _______ evolution occurs. Some scientists believe that it occurs ______, perhaps over tens or hundreds of millions of years. Some scientists believe that it can occur more _______ perhaps over tens of years.

quickly

slowly

quickly

An adaptation is a feature that is common in a population because it provides some __________ function. Adaptations are well _________ to their function and are produced by ________ _________.

Let’s look at these 5 Principles using Beetles as an example.

improved fitted

natural selection

Some Examples of adaptations are:

• Camouflage

• Webbed feet

• Longer beaks

• Thicker fur

• Big Ears

• Many of the things that _______ us most in nature are thought to be ___________.

impress

adaptations

Evolution takes ____.

.

time

occurs as one generation produces the next. It involves passing on ______ material.

Biological evolution is the change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation.

This happens through processes like _______ and _____________.

genetic

mutation natural selection

– a change in a ____ sequence.

This usually occurs because of _____

in replication of DNA. Mutation is the

ultimate source of genetic variation.

These variations of the _______

traits can make an individual different

from other members of its species.

DNA

errors

inherited

Mutation

can be ________, ______ or have no effect at all.

beneficial harmful

Mutation

What is the genetic mutation

"Originally, we all had brown eyes", said Professor Eiberg from the

Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. "But a genetic

mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in

the creation of a "switch", which literally "turned off" the ability to

produce brown eyes". The OCA2 gene codes for the so-called P

protein, which is involved in the production of melanin, the pigment

that gives colour to our hair, eyes and skin. The "switch", which is

located in the gene adjacent to OCA2 does not, however, turn off the

gene entirely, but rather limits its action to reducing the production of

melanin in the iris - effectively "diluting" brown eyes to blue. The

switch's effect on OCA2 is very specific therefore. If the OCA2 gene

had been completely destroyed or turned off, human beings would be

without melanin in their hair, eyes or skin colour - a condition known

as albinism.

Examples:

Mutation

ScienceDaily (July 7, 1997) — Scientists at

the Carnegie Institution and the University of

California, Berkeley, have discovered a

mutation in plants that makes the tap root

accumulate large amounts of oils, proteins,

and starch. The discovery could lead to

genetically engineered plants that store

commercially useful substances in an

enlarged root. The finding could also make

possible the creation of more nutritious root

crops with a better balance of oil, protein,

and starch. (Most root crops in Third World

countries, such as cassava and taro, contain

only starch.) The mutation was found in the

experimental plant Arabidopsis thaliana.

Once the gene containing the mutation has

been cloned, it should be possible to track

down the analogous gene in other plants,

such as turnips, radishes, and sweet potato.

For example, a specific 32 base pair

deletion in human CCR5 (CCR5-Δ32)

confers HIV resistance to homozygotes

and delays AIDS onset in

heterozygotes.[9] The CCR5 mutation is

more common in those of European

descent. One theory for the etiology of the

relatively high frequency of CCR5-Δ32 in

the European population is that it

conferred resistance to the bubonic plague

in mid-14th century Europe. People who

had this mutation were able to survive

infection; thus, its frequency in the

population increased.[10] It could also

explain why this mutation is not found in

Africa where the bubonic plague never

reached

Examples:

Mutation If this non-disjunction occurs in chromosome 21 of a

human egg cell, a condition called Down's syndrome

occurs. This is because their cells possess 47

chromosomes as opposed to the normal

chromosome compliment in humans of 46.

Mutation

– a process in which some

individuals have inherited traits that

improve _______ or ____________.

This allows their offspring which inherit

that trait a better chance of ________.

Natural Selection

survival reproduction

survival

Natural Selection

_______ selection is a process in

which humans _____ a specific

feature in organisms to create better

offspring. This brings about

evolutionary change in the species.

Artificial

Artificial Selection

select

Examples:

Artificial Selection

_______ theory of evolution

by natural selection

is relatively simple.

Darwin’s

b (the different _____) For example, some beetles are ____ and some are _____ .

alleles

green brown

b

(some have more __________) offspring

eaten

survive reproduce

b (passing of _____ to offspring) The surviving brown beetles have _____ baby beetles.

traits

brown

b

The more ________ trait (brown coloration)

allows the beetle to have more offspring.

This trait becomes more _______ in the

population. If this process continues,

eventually, all individuals in

the _________ will be brown.

favorable

common

population

If you have ______, ________

_________, and ______, you will

have evolution by natural

selection.

It is as simple as that.

variation differential

heredity reproduction

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/11/2/real/e_s_4.html

Natural Selection is dependent on the environment

The environment that organisms live in is

always changing. Organisms can react to

these changes is 3 ways: ____, ____,

and/or ___ (M.A.D).

Organisms with the traits best suited for

their environment are more likely to

_____ and ________.

adapt move

survive reproduce

die

to a new area is a part of _______. When individuals move to a new area it can cause evolution of a _______.

These individuals may have different

____ than the population already living in the area. If the individuals moving into the area have a favorable trait they can _______ this trait by mating with the existing population.

traits

evolution

species

introduce

The favorable _____ is genetically

passed on to their offspring through their ____. DNA

trait

is part of the evolutionary process. Adaptations occur gradually and begin as small genetic variations in an _______ organisms.

Adaptations are _______ physical features or behaviors that enable an organism to _____ in its environment.

inherited

survive

individual

An adaptation that you may be familiar with is _________, this is the ability to ____ in with your environment. Organisms make these adaptations for ________ or to become better ______.

Examples of species that camouflage with their environments are ____, ______, _____ and _____.

camouflage blend

protection hunters

fish lizards tigers moths

Peppered Moths

Evolution by natural selection

is sometimes known as

“______ of the _____”.

Survival fittest

Evolution by natural selection The “ ” organisms can:

1) _____ to changes in their environment

Example: Galapagos turtles have developed a notch in their carapaces to reach taller vegetation.

Adapt

Evolution by natural selection The “ ” organisms can:

2) Produce more offspring than can ______

Examples: Mosquitoes (200-300 every third night) Fish (hundreds of eggs) Geese (ten) Humans (one)

survive

Evolution by natural selection The “ ” organisms can:

3) Have genetic ________ within each species

Example: The different alleles

variations

Evolution by natural selection All of these give the individuals a better

chance to ______, ________ and pass on their genetic _____.

A better way of expression this is

“survival of the fit ______”.

survive reproduce traits

enough

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://starliquid.com/shop/images/large/brine-large.gif&imgrefurl=http://starliquid.com/shop/index.php?main_page=index&manufacturers_id=5&usg=__Eu29RfvRK6gjygvTDeLJQPNqjsU=&h=283&w=300&sz=19&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=T1QwzvAbjmQA5M:&tbnh=109&tbnw=116&prev=/images?q=brine+shrimp&gbv=2&hl=en&sa=G&um=1

Evidence Just like some of the other ______

that we have examined, the theory of evolution by natural selection has to have _______.

theories

evidence

Homologous Structures