LifeLife StoryStory

Francisco J. Barba RegidorFrancisco J. Barba Regidor20132013

Many different organisms ocupy our planet. Those differences are ranging both in shape, size and biological characteristics. Some of them are adapted to aquatic conditions, but some others are arranged to terrestrial environments. There are which prefer cold weather, but there are many others prefering hot climates.But, all of these living beings we are seeing today did not exist from the begining of the times.In the past, many different organisms with respect to the actuals were living in the Earth and we can know them throughout the fossils.

In the picture, e.g., a sample with thefossiliferous remainders (fossils) of Trilobites from the Paleozoic of Eastern

Canada.

http://mdbourrie.googlepages.com/7ae1.jpg/7ae1-full.jpg

FOSSILS: REMAINS OF LIVING BEINGS FOSSILS: REMAINS OF LIVING BEINGS FROM THE PASTFROM THE PAST

What’s a fossilWhat’s a fossil• A fossil is an organic trace buried by natural processes

and subsequently permanently preserved. The term “organic trace” is referred to skeletal material, impressions of organisms, excremental material, tracks, trails or borings. Human artifts are not regarded as fossils.

• Un fósil es un resto orgánico que ha sido enterrado por procesos naturales y posteriormente preservado permanentemente. El término “resto orgánico” se refiere a material esquelético, impresiones de organismos, pistas, huellas o perforaciones. Las obras humanas no son consideradas como fósiles.

From: Whitten & Brooks (1977). The Penguin Dictionary of Geology. Penguin Books Ltd.

INSECTS ON AMBER:

http://bp3.blogger.com/_vUKAvFJkvXY/Rc_11GJyvvI/AAAAAAAAAA4/-PoSpSK2w4c/s1600-h/amb-37.jpg

ORGANIC REMAINDERS OF FOSSIL FISH:

http://bp3.blogger.com/_vUKAvFJkvXY/Rc_19GJyvwI/AAAAAAAAABA/dUMP76-peYs/s1600-h/GreenRiver+Fish.jpg

TRACKS OF DINOSAURS: http://es.encarta.msn.com/media_201619532_961545275_-1_1/Huellas_f%C3%B3siles_de_dinosaurios_en_Tierra_de

_Cameros.html

Different types Different types of Fossilsof Fossils

FossilizationFossilizationFossilization is the natural process producing fossils, and it consists on the alteration of the remains of an organism, impres-sions or activities by physical, biological or chemical changes, retaining the original material in some form.La fosilización es el proceso natural que produce fósiles y consiste en la alteración de los restos, de las impresiones o de las actividades de un organismo por cambios físicos, biológicos o químicos, conservándose de alguna manera el material original.

http://www.dkimages.com/discover/Home/Science/Earth-

Sciences/Palaeontology/Fossils/Formation/Ammonites/Sequence-2/Sequence-2-

1.html

FossilizationFossilization: : thethe processprocess

http://www.dinosaur-farm.co.uk/pages/fossils/formation.html

Put in orden the dinosaur’s fossilization sequence.

1 2

3 4 5

The meaning of fossilsThe meaning of fossilsFossils represent:• Evidences of living beings existing in the past times.

• They show the characteristicis of these living beings (shape, size, food, environment, etc.).

• Which were their habitats.

• Which were their behaviour.

Reconstruction of Anomalocaris:http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/palaeofiles/lagerstatten/Burgess/Anomalocarishunts.jpg

Claws of Anomalocaris:http://www.mala.bc.ca/~earles/burgess/part-1020.jpg

Geologic time spiralGeologic time spiral

Geologic times and its magnitudeGeologic times and its magnitude

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Extinction_intensity.svg

The history of life on Earth shows a series of catastrophic events (peaks) and moments of

expansion of new forms of life (valleys).

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http://www.bioinquiry.vt.edu/bioinquiry/Cheetah/cheetahpaid/cheetahhtmls/georecord.html

Over geological time, it appears that there has been a continuing trend toward diversification of living things, though, it can be seen at least four episodes of large disappearance of life forms (mass extinctions): see arrows… showing how the greatest extinction of life forms 270 million years ago, at the end of Paleozoic times!

http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/extinctions-nemesis.html

In fact, as it was compiled by D. Raup and J. Sepkoski of the Chicago University, extinctions of life happened on a succession of peaks having taken place at regular intervals of 26 to 30 million years (see arrows).

http://universe-review.ca/I10-38-evolution.jpg

Evolutionary radiation over geologic time

TheThe environmentsenvironments in in thetheoldestoldest times times forfor lifelife

• Bacteria were probably the first forms of life (3.800 m.y.).

• To produce organic matter and energy they should have lived in an environment rich in carbon dioxide and low oxygen.

• The activity of these primitive organisms would increase the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere decreasing progressively carbon dioxide.

• At this time, other forms of life were appearing successively essentially green algae (cyanobacteria) and various invertebrates.

Evolution of living beingsLife in the oldest Precambrian

Flagellated

Green algae

Diatoms

http://universe-review.ca/I10-77-Ediacara.jpg

Smithsonian Natural history Museum Edicara Diorama:

http://www.dinosaurcollector.150m.com/edicara.htm

Life in the Precambrian of Australia: a landscape with Dickinsonia sp. (right,

fossil)

Ogygopsis:http://www.mala.bc.ca/~earles/burgess/ogygopsis5.jpg

Olenoides and Ogygopsis:http://www.mala.bc.ca/~earles/burgess/olenoides-

ogygopsis5.jpg

Fossil fauna from Burgess Shale (1)

Fossil fauna from Burgess Shale (2)Claws of Anomalocaris:http://www.mala.bc.ca/~earles/burgess/part-1020.jpg

Anomalocaris reconstruction :http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/palaeofiles/lagerstatten/Burge

ss/Anomalocarishunts.jpg

Anomalocaris briggsi, endemic to the Emu Bay Shale. http://members.tripod.com/~Cambrian/Anomalocaris

Vauxia (one of the numerous corals living on the floor of the Burgess Shale seas):http://www.mala.bc.ca/~earles/burgess/vauxia.jpg

Burgess shale landscape recontruction in the late Neoproterozoic period (ca. 800-542 Ma). From: http://www-eaps.mit.edu/geobiology/research/neoprot.html

NeoproterozoicNeoproterozoic: : wherewhere waswas thethe

IberianIberianPeninsulaPeninsula..?..?

Biota of the Burgess Shale: Sponges Vanuxia (1), Choia (2), Pirania (3); brachiopods Nisusia (4);polychaetes Burgessochaeta (5); priapulid worms Ottia (6), Louisella (7); trilobites Olenoides (8); otherarthropods Sidneyia (9), Leanchoilia (10), Marella (11), Canadaspis (12), Molaria (13), Burgessia (14),Yohoia (15), Waptia (16), Aysheaia (17); molluscs Scenella (18); echinoderms Echmatocrinus (19);chordates Pikaia (20); along with Haplophrentis (21), Opabina (22), lophophorate Dinomischus (23),proto-annelid Wiwaxia (24), and anomalocarid Laggania cambria (25). From The Fossils of the BurgessShales, by Briggs, Erwin and Collier, 1994).

From http://www.palaeos.com/Paleozoic/Cambrian/Amgan.htm

TheThe PaleozoicPaleozoic: a new Era…: a new Era…• There is great diversity in invertebrates.• Vertebrates begin their hatching with the

appearance of the fish in the middle of the Age.• The amphibians appear on Earth from fish with

lungs when the Age is already well advanced.• Terrestrial plants begin their appearance while

the fish are being developed.• Late Paleozoic reptiles begin to develop (first

dinosaurs).• It seems that life ... is no turning back.• Nevertheless, at the end of Paleozoic occurs most

biological crisis of the planet's history, with the disappearance of 96% of marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species.

Trilobites (1) live among many species that are not normally preserved. A typical Cambrian outcrop might produce only trilobites, brachiopods (2), mollusks (3), and crinoids (4). That is a tiny fraction of the full Cambrian biota, better represented by the roster of the Burgess Shale Cambrian Konservat-Lagerstatten. That community includes sponges Vauxia (5), Hazelia (6), and Eifellia (7); brachipods Nisusia (2); priapulid worms Ottoia (8); trilobites Olenoides (1); other arthropods such as Sidneyia (9), Leanchoilia (10), Marella (11), Canadaspis (12), Helmetia(13), Burgessia (14), Tegopelte (15), Naraoia (16), Waptia (17), Sanctacaris (18), and Odaraia (19); lobopods Hallucigenia (20) and Aysheaia (21); mollusks Scenella (3); echinoderms Echmatocrinus (4); and chordates Pikaia(22); among other oddities, including Haplophrentis (23), Opabinia (24), Dinomischus (25), Wiwaxia (26), Amiskwia (27), and Anomalocaris (28). ©2002 by S.M. Gon III (composition & linework) & John Whorrall. http://users.path.ox.ac.uk/~wjames/Evolution/evolution4_files/frame.htm#slide0006.htm

http://universe-review.ca/I10-28-Ordovician.jpg

Marine landscape at the Ordovician (Lower Paleozoic)

http://www.metahistory.org/Overview.php

Extinction at the end of the Ordovician

http://universe-review.ca/I10-29-Silurian.jpg

Marine landscape at the Silurian Times (Middle Paleozoic)

http://universe-review.ca/I10-30-fish.jpg

Marine landscape at the Devonian (Middle Paleozoic)

ImportantImportant changeschanges in in thetheatmosphereatmosphere……

• Oxygen is most abundant and this means that the ultraviolet rays will be filtered into the atmosphere, allowing the colonization of terrestrial environments by organisms (plants and animals).

• Terrestrial ecosystems appear...

http://www.ecuadorciencia.org/blog.asp?id=5327

Carboniferous terrestrial landscapes: large fern forests, large insects and vertebrates.

http://dustdevil.deviantart.com/art/Carboniferous-lands...

http://geologimania.blogspot.com/ http://home.c2i.net/earth/paleogeo/sen_karbon_detalj1.html

SigillariaCalamites

Lepidodendron

PermianPermian landscapelandscape: : terrestrial terrestrial vertebrates, to the powervertebrates, to the power!!

http://www.ebrisa.com/portalc/

http://universe-review.ca/I10-32-Permian.jpg

Permian terrestrial landscape : in continuity with the past.

Paleozoic fossils-guide

TRILOBITES

GRAPTOLITES

LIVING BEINGS EVOLUTION

PALEOZOIC FOSSILS

PLANTS (with spores)

Mosses and ferns

NOT CHORDATA

Corals,

Moluscs

Arthropods

CHORDATA

Armoured fish

SIGILLARIA (tronco)

CALCEOLA

Braquiópodos

SPIRIFER

TEREBRATULA

TRILOBITE

Amphibian

LIVING BEINGS EVOLUTION

The big Paleozoic changes in Life

http://www.biologyjunction.com/vertebrate_notes.htm

http://www.vi.cl/foro/topic/6988-capitulos-de-biologia-cuestiones-resueltas/page__st__220

The emergence of invertebrates and the appearance of the first terrestrial vascular plants in the Devonian and

early vertebrates (fish) in the middle of the age and evolution of these towards the amphibians and reptiles are some

of the most significant evolutionary aspects.

GeographyGeography in in thethe earlyearly CarboniferousCarboniferous

http://www.scotese.com/newpage4.htm

Iberian Peninsula

GeographyGeography late late CarboniferousCarboniferous

http://www.scotese.com/late.htm

Iberian Peninsula

In In thethe PermianPermian, , onlyonly oneone continentcontinent……

http://www.scotese.com/newpage5.htm

Iberian Peninsula

At the end of the Permian: At the end of the Permian: PangeaPangea ("all the earth")("all the earth")

MesozoicMesozoic oror SecondarySecondary EraEraIberian Peninsula

http://www.scotese.com/newpage8.htm

TriassicTriassiclandscapelandscape

http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo

Something more than mere changes in the geography of continents and oceans on the planet occur: besides breaking Pangea, living beings also contribute to change the face of the earth: gymnosperms begin to replace the ferns and among vertebrates, reptiles (dinosaurs) expand all ecosystems dominated by land, seas and air. occupy all ecosystems dominating the land, the seas and the air.

http://science.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NGS/Shared/StaticFiles/Science/Images/Content/triassic-dinosaurs-22937967-jupiter-xl.jpg

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lora

http://universe-review.ca/I10-33-Triassic2.jpg

The first selection of dinosaurs

JurassicJurassic landscapelandscape::seas and seas and landslands

http://arquitecturadefpaisaje.blogspot.com/2009/04/el-jurasico-es-el-sistema-o-periodo.html

http://rutasporasturiasconpeques.blogspot.com/2009/03/costa-de-los-dinosaurios.html

Giant animals dominated the Earth in this period of the Mesozoic Era and would continue to do it throughout the next period, the Cretaceous: about 180 million years, if we count from the beginning of the Triassic…!

JurassicJurassic PaleogeographyPaleogeography (1(1))

http://www.scotese.com/jurassic.htm

Iberian Peninsula

JurassicJurassic PaleogeographyPaleogeography (2(2))

http://www.scotese.com/late1.htm

Iberian Peninsula

http://universe-review.ca/R10-08-Cretaceous.htmhttp://universe-review.ca/R10-19-animals.htm#Vendian

Jurassic (left)

and Cretaceous (right) life

CretaceousCretaceous PaleogeographyPaleogeographyIberian Peninsula

So were the continents when the dinosaurs went extinct... well, almost all dinosaurs

http://www.scotese.com/cretaceo.htm

FÓSILES DEL MESOZOICO

PLANTS ( with flowerss)

Gymnosperms (Conifera)(unprotected seed)

NOT CHORDATA

Echinoderma,

Molusks

CHORDATA

Crinoidea

Ammonoidea

Belemnite

LIVING BEINGS EVOLUTION

MESOZOIC FOSSIL REPTILES

COTILOSAURIOS.

Más antiguos. Tipo cocodrilos

ICTIOSAURIOS. Con aletas. Carnívoros

PTEROSAURIOS. Con alas. Carnívoros. Precursores de las aves

DINOSAURIOS. Terrestres. Con grandes patas. Gran éxito evolutivo

Saurópodos. Diplodocus

Terápodos. Tyranosaurus

Estegosaurios. Estegosaurus

Ornitópodos. Triceratops

LIVING BEINGS EVOLUTION

HERBIVOROUS DINOSAUR

FLYING PTEROSAUR

CARNIVOROUS DINOSAUR

STEGOSAUR

TRICERATOPS

http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/jskiles/fliers/all_flier_prose/asteroid_toon/asteroid_toon.html

http://www.uprh.edu/exegesis/33/bruckman.html

The beginning of the Tertiary is marked by The beginning of the Tertiary is marked by a great cataclysma great cataclysm

A great cataclysm occurs in Yucatan (now Gulf of Mexico) in the late Cretaceous. Then a stretch of sea separated North from South America. Still had a long way to join the two

continents by the Isthmus of Panama. But the positions of all the continents were looking very much like the present. And mammals began to be a representative life

forms in the biosphere: its emergence and dispersal began.

http:/

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Towards the end of the Tertiary (14 My Towards the end of the Tertiary (14 My ago), the world seems recognizable ago), the world seems recognizable

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http://universe-review.ca/R10-09-Tertiary.htm

Tertiary fauna: Where are the dinosaurs?

TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY FOSSILS

PLANTS (with flowers)

Angyosperms(protected seed)

NOT CHORDATA

Nummulites

Echinoderms

Arthropods

CORDATA

Birds

Mammals

Humanremains

ArqueopterixMamut

Australopithecus

Nummulites

Echinoderms

LIVING BEINGS EVOLUTION

The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate mode for the last 30 million yearsmode for the last 30 million years

… and the last expansion of the polar ice sheets took place about 18,000 years ago.

http:/

/www

.scote

se.co

m/la

stice

.htm

http://www.awi.de/typo3temp/pics/374fcd2373.jpg

Major phylogenetic groups affected at each extinction pulse:1. Ordovician (440 mya). Extinction of deep-shelf benthic faunas including trilobites, graptolites, and conodonts. 2. Devonian (365 mya). Decimation of coral reefs, brachiopods, and calcareous foraminifera. 3. Permian (250 mya). Estimated 96% extinctions at species level in the marine realm, and for the first time, drastic reduction in the number of terrestrial tetrapod families. 4. Triassic (210 mya). Extinctions wiped out 23% of both marine and non-marine animal families, including sponges, gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods, brachiopods, insects, and vertebrates. 5. Cretaceous (65 mya). The extinction of all non-avian dinosaurs, plus substantial to complete losses among such diverse groups as ammonites, nannoplankton, rudists, and certain marine reptiles. The end-Pleistocene extinction event does not qualify as a mass extinction. It is better classified as a taxon-specific event, affecting primarily the Class Mammalia (although birds and, to a lesser extent, reptiles were also affected). Nor was it global, although later in the Quaternary many other regions were affected by dramatic losses of a similar sort.

http://www.amnh.org/science/biodiversity/extinction/Intro/OngoingProcess.html

K–T boundary along Interstate 25 near Raton Pass, Colorado. The iridium-rich ash (the boundary) is indicated by the red arrow. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Tertiary_extinction_event

Badlands near Drumheller, Alberta where erosion has exposed the K–T boundary. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Tertiary_extinction_event

http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1541892/posts

HUMAN EVOLUTION

Australopithecus 2 m.y.

Homo ergaster 1 m.y.

800.000 y.

1,5 m.y.Homo habilis

Homo antecessor

Homo erectus

500.000 Y.

Homo neanderthalensis

Homo sapiens

50.000 y.

30.000 y.

(Free hands)

(Tools)

(physical constitution)

(fire)

Cranialcapacity

Improved quality of life : > More varied, nutritious and hygienic diet.

> Greater resistance to disease

> Best defense conditions (weather, predators,...)

> More leisure time

HUMAN EVOLUTION

MORE FUNCTIONS

GREATER BRAIN CAPACITY

LARGER POPULATIONS: HIGH BIRTH RATES AND LOWER MORTALITY

GREATER CHANCE OF GENETIC CHANGES AND EVOLUTION

HUMAN EVOLUTION

For 5 millionyears

Australopithecus afarensis(“Lucy”)

Homo habilis

Homo ergaster

Homo erectus

Homo neanderthalensis

Australopithecus

Homo habilis

Homo ergaster

Homo erectus

Homo neanderthalensis

Homo sapiens

Human evolution through the skulls.

6TH. 6TH. LESSONLESSON: : LIFELIFE STORYSTORYFinal slide