life span development theories of development – ch. 2 heredity and environment – ch. 3 june 10,...

Life Span DevelopmentLife Span Development

Theories of Development – Ch. 2Theories of Development – Ch. 2Heredity and Environment – Ch. 3Heredity and Environment – Ch. 3

June 10, 2004June 10, 2004Class #2Class #2

Chapter 2: Theories of Chapter 2: Theories of Development Development

Questions Central to TheoriesQuestions Central to Theories Do early experiences of breast-feeding or bonding or abuse Do early experiences of breast-feeding or bonding or abuse

linger into adulthood, even if they seem to be forgotten?linger into adulthood, even if they seem to be forgotten? How important are specific school experiences in human How important are specific school experiences in human

intelligence?intelligence? Can a person develop moral values without being taught them?Can a person develop moral values without being taught them? Does culture elicit behavior, e.g., is violent crime more common Does culture elicit behavior, e.g., is violent crime more common

in one place than another; for example, in China or Canada?in one place than another; for example, in China or Canada? If your parents or grandparents schizophrenia, or alcoholism, will you If your parents or grandparents schizophrenia, or alcoholism, will you

develop them suffer from depression,?develop them suffer from depression,?

Of all questions—Why or Why not? When and Of all questions—Why or Why not? When and How?, So What?How?, So What?

Developmental theoryDevelopmental theory——systematic statement of systematic statement of principles and generalizations principles and generalizations that provides a coherent that provides a coherent framework for studying framework for studying developmentdevelopment

What Theories Do What Theories Do

What Theories Do… What Theories Do…

TheoriesTheories form basis for hypotheses that can be form basis for hypotheses that can be

tested by research studies tested by research studies formulating right question is more formulating right question is more

difficult that finding right answersdifficult that finding right answers generate discoveriesgenerate discoveries offer insight and guidance by offer insight and guidance by

providing coherent viewproviding coherent view

Types of TheoriesTypes of Theories Different TypesDifferent Types

grand theoriesgrand theories—comprehensive, traditional theories—comprehensive, traditional theories originated in psychologyoriginated in psychology

minitheoriesminitheories—theories that focus on specific area of —theories that focus on specific area of developmentdevelopment

originated more in sociology through study of social originated more in sociology through study of social groups and family structuresgroups and family structures

emergent theoriesemergent theories—new, comprehensive groupings of —new, comprehensive groupings of minitheories minitheories

multidisciplinary approach includes historic events multidisciplinary approach includes historic events and genetic discoveriesand genetic discoveries

Grand TheoriesGrand Theories

Grand TheoriesGrand Theories—powerful framework —powerful framework for interpreting and understanding for interpreting and understanding change and development that applies change and development that applies to all individuals in all contexts, to all individuals in all contexts, across all contentsacross all contents

Psychoanalytic theory Psychoanalytic theory interprets human development interprets human development in terms of motives and drivesin terms of motives and drives

Psychoanalytic TheoryPsychoanalytic Theory

Behaviorism is built on laws of Behaviorism is built on laws of behavior and processes by which behavior and processes by which behavior is learnedbehavior is learned focus: ways we learn specific focus: ways we learn specific

behaviors that can be described, behaviors that can be described, analyzed, and predicted with analyzed, and predicted with scientific accuracyscientific accuracy

BehaviorismBehaviorism

ConditioningConditioning—any process in which behavior is —any process in which behavior is learnedlearned

Classical conditioningClassical conditioning—Ivan Pavlov—Ivan Pavlov process by which a neutral stimulus become process by which a neutral stimulus become

associated with a meaningful stimulusassociated with a meaningful stimulus stimulus and response (respondent stimulus and response (respondent

conditioning)conditioning) Operant conditioningOperant conditioning—B. F. Skinner—B. F. Skinner

process by which a response is gradually learned process by which a response is gradually learned via reinforcement or punishmentvia reinforcement or punishment

also called instrumental conditioningalso called instrumental conditioning

Laws of BehaviorLaws of Behavior

Social LearningSocial Learning Extension of learning theory that includes Extension of learning theory that includes

modeling which involves people observing modeling which involves people observing behavior and patterning their own after itbehavior and patterning their own after it

ModelingModeling process in which people observe, then copy process in which people observe, then copy

behaviorbehavior Alfred Bandura—most likely to occur if model is Alfred Bandura—most likely to occur if model is

admired or observer is inexperiencedadmired or observer is inexperienced self-efficacy motivates people to change self-efficacy motivates people to change

themselves and their contextsthemselves and their contexts

Focuses on the structure and Focuses on the structure and development of thought processes, development of thought processes, which shape perceptions, which shape perceptions, attitudes, and actions.attitudes, and actions. Example: Jean Piaget’s 4 Stages Example: Jean Piaget’s 4 Stages

Cognitive TheoryCognitive Theory

Emergent theories arise from Emergent theories arise from several accumulated minitheories several accumulated minitheories and may be the new systematic and may be the new systematic and comprehensive theories of the and comprehensive theories of the futurefuture

Emergent TheoriesEmergent Theories

Sociocultural TheorySociocultural Theory

Seeks to explain growth of Seeks to explain growth of individual knowledge, individual knowledge, development, and competencies in development, and competencies in terms of guidance, support, and terms of guidance, support, and structure supplied by the societystructure supplied by the society human development is the result of human development is the result of

dynamic interaction of the developing dynamic interaction of the developing persons and their surrounding culturepersons and their surrounding culture

Guided participationGuided participation—tutor —tutor engages learner in joint activities, engages learner in joint activities, providing instruction and direct providing instruction and direct involvement in learninginvolvement in learning

Apprenticeship in thinkingApprenticeship in thinking—mentor —mentor provides instruction and support provides instruction and support needed by noviceneeded by novice


Zone of proximal developmentZone of proximal development—range of —range of skills learner can perform with assistance skills learner can perform with assistance but not independentlybut not independently learner is drawn into learning by learner is drawn into learning by

teacherteacher Cultural variations: Basic principles are Cultural variations: Basic principles are

universal, but skills, challenges, and universal, but skills, challenges, and opportunities vary from culture to opportunities vary from culture to culture, depending on the values and culture, depending on the values and structures of the culture’s societystructures of the culture’s society


Epigenetic TheoryEpigenetic Theory Emphasizes the interaction between genes and Emphasizes the interaction between genes and

the environment—the newest developmental the environment—the newest developmental theory theory stresses that we have powerful instincts and stresses that we have powerful instincts and

abilities that arise from our biological abilities that arise from our biological heritage. Timing and pace of certain heritage. Timing and pace of certain developmental changes are genetically developmental changes are genetically guidedguided

performism—performism—everything is set in advance by everything is set in advance by genes and then is gradually manifested in the genes and then is gradually manifested in the course of maturationcourse of maturation

What Theories Can What Theories Can ContributeContribute

Psychoanalytic theory has made us aware of Psychoanalytic theory has made us aware of importance of early childhood experiencesimportance of early childhood experiences

Behaviorism has shown effect of immediate Behaviorism has shown effect of immediate environment on learningenvironment on learning

Cognitive theory helps us understand how intellectual Cognitive theory helps us understand how intellectual process and thinking affect actions process and thinking affect actions

Sociocultural theory has reminded us that Sociocultural theory has reminded us that development is embedded in a rich and multifaceted development is embedded in a rich and multifaceted contextcontext

Epigenetic theory emphasizes interactions between Epigenetic theory emphasizes interactions between inherited forces and immediate contextsinherited forces and immediate contexts

Eclectic PerspectiveEclectic Perspective

This is the approach taken by most This is the approach taken by most developmentalists in which they developmentalists in which they apply aspects of each of the various apply aspects of each of the various theories rather than staying with just theories rather than staying with just oneone

The Nature-Nurture The Nature-Nurture ControversyControversy

Is it heredity or environment thatIs it heredity or environment that shapes us?shapes us? How much is a result of any given How much is a result of any given

characteristics, behavior or pattern characteristics, behavior or pattern of development is a result of genes of development is a result of genes and how much is a result of experiencesand how much is a result of experiences

Policy and practice: nature/nurture theories Policy and practice: nature/nurture theories are implicit in many publicare implicit in many public policies policies

AD/HD and homosexuality—How and AD/HD and homosexuality—How and to what extent are nature and to what extent are nature and nurture involved in each case?nurture involved in each case?

Evidence from AD/HD research that Evidence from AD/HD research that it can come from eitherit can come from either

Theoretical Perspectives on Theoretical Perspectives on Hyperactivity and Hyperactivity and

HomosexualityHomosexuality


HomosexualityHomosexuality Earlier assumptions about homosexuality: more Earlier assumptions about homosexuality: more

nurture than nature. As hypotheses tested, nurture than nature. As hypotheses tested, nurture was revealed as less crucialnurture was revealed as less crucial sexual orientation may be a matter of naturesexual orientation may be a matter of nature sexual expression may be a matter of cultural sexual expression may be a matter of cultural

attitude (nurture) but not sexual orientationattitude (nurture) but not sexual orientation evidence supporting nature as main factor evidence supporting nature as main factor

(e.g., affect of genetic linkage, prenatal (e.g., affect of genetic linkage, prenatal hormones)hormones)


HomosexualityHomosexuality

Ideology often adds to complexity Ideology often adds to complexity and polarization of opinions on and polarization of opinions on many subjects when nature and many subjects when nature and nurture are considerednurture are considered

Important to separate assumptions Important to separate assumptions from factsfrom facts done via research and testing of done via research and testing of

hypotheseshypotheses

Why is someone gay or Why is someone gay or straight?straight?

Psychologists really don’t fully Psychologists really don’t fully understand the causes of sexual understand the causes of sexual orientationorientation Lets look at some biological Lets look at some biological

explanations…explanations… Concordance rates: MZ > DZConcordance rates: MZ > DZ A homosexual gene?A homosexual gene? LeVay (1991): INAH3LeVay (1991): INAH3

Concordance ratesConcordance rates

Eysenck (1964)Eysenck (1964) Reported a higher incidence of homosexuality among Reported a higher incidence of homosexuality among

men whose men whose MZ MZ twin was gay than among men whose twin was gay than among men whose DZ DZ twin was gaytwin was gay

Bailey and Pallard (1991)Bailey and Pallard (1991) Twin studyTwin study Homosexual men Homosexual men Co-twin was more than twice as likely to be homosexual Co-twin was more than twice as likely to be homosexual

if the twins were if the twins were MZMZ Bailey, Pallard, Neale, & Agyei (1993)Bailey, Pallard, Neale, & Agyei (1993)

Replicated earlier study using homosexual womenReplicated earlier study using homosexual women Same resultsSame results

A homosexual gene?A homosexual gene?

Hamer et al. (1993)Hamer et al. (1993) Examined families of homosexual menExamined families of homosexual men Found significantly more gay relatives Found significantly more gay relatives

on mother’s side of familyon mother’s side of family Maternal uncles and sons of maternal Maternal uncles and sons of maternal

aunts (male cousins)aunts (male cousins) Might their be a homosexual gene on the X Might their be a homosexual gene on the X

chromosome?chromosome?

Hamer et al. (1993)Hamer et al. (1993)

They continued the investigation and They continued the investigation and found that most of the homosexual found that most of the homosexual men had a region in the X men had a region in the X chromosome that was similar chromosome that was similar suggesting a genetic basis…suggesting a genetic basis… But not for all suggesting another reasonBut not for all suggesting another reason

Important implication to all this: Important implication to all this: It may be possible for non-homosexual It may be possible for non-homosexual

women to pass on this genewomen to pass on this gene

LeVay (1991)LeVay (1991)

Examined hypothalamic tissue from: Examined hypothalamic tissue from: 19 gay men, all of whom died of AIDS19 gay men, all of whom died of AIDS 16 heterosexual men, six of whom had 16 heterosexual men, six of whom had

died of AIDSdied of AIDS 6 women of unknown sexual orientation6 women of unknown sexual orientation


Found neuroanatomic differences Found neuroanatomic differences between homosexual and between homosexual and heterosexual men…heterosexual men… INAH3 was two to three times larger in INAH3 was two to three times larger in

heterosexual men than in gay menheterosexual men than in gay men


As the first suggestion that there was As the first suggestion that there was a neuroanatomic difference between a neuroanatomic difference between gay and heterosexual men, LeVay's gay and heterosexual men, LeVay's finding garnered a great deal of finding garnered a great deal of public attention, and a great deal of public attention, and a great deal of controversy about both its scientific controversy about both its scientific and its social implicationsand its social implications

Other reasons???Other reasons???

Investigators have assessed every Investigators have assessed every possible psychological cause of possible psychological cause of sexual orientation that you could sexual orientation that you could think of…think of… The findings when looking at the The findings when looking at the

backgrounds of those that are backgrounds of those that are heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual are? are?

Chapter 3: Chapter 3: Heredity and Environment Heredity and Environment

What is a gene made out What is a gene made out of?of?

Genes are made from Genes are made from chromosomes. People have chromosomes. People have 23 pairs of chromosomes.23 pairs of chromosomes.

DNADNA consists of a double consists of a double helix, whose parallel strands helix, whose parallel strands consist of both pairs held consist of both pairs held together by hydrogen bonds.together by hydrogen bonds.

Each chromosome in the Each chromosome in the DNA contains instructions for DNA contains instructions for stringing together amino stringing together amino acids. acids.

These instructions are used These instructions are used in different combinations in different combinations with the chemicals adenine with the chemicals adenine (A), thiamine (T), guanine (A), thiamine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C).(G) and cytosine (C).

ConceptionConception

Once theOnce the sperm penetrates sperm penetrates the egg, the two nuclei the egg, the two nuclei fuse to become one, with fuse to become one, with 23 chromosomes from the 23 chromosomes from the father and 23 chromosome father and 23 chromosome from the mother. from the mother.

A A zygote zygote is the single cell is the single cell formed from the fusing of formed from the fusing of the sperm and ovum.the sperm and ovum.

After four days there are After four days there are about 100 cells and it is about 100 cells and it is now called a blastocyst.now called a blastocyst.

The organism’s genetic The organism’s genetic inheritance is set for life inheritance is set for life once the chromosomes once the chromosomes pair up.pair up.

Fertilized egg with two pronuclei

Within 72 hours it’s divided into 8 cells

Is it a boy or a girl?Is it a boy or a girl?

In the 23In the 23rdrd pair of pair of chromosomes chromosomes women are XX and women are XX and men are XYmen are XY

Every ovum that Every ovum that the woman the woman produces is XX produces is XX

Men will produce Men will produce half Y sperm and half Y sperm and half X sperm half X sperm because his 23because his 23rdrd pair contain bothpair contain both

Different factors can Different factors can determine the sex of determine the sex of the embryo such as the embryo such as when:when:

1.1. A man carries a gene A man carries a gene that causes his X or Y that causes his X or Y gene to be immobile.gene to be immobile.

2.2. The alkaline or acidity The alkaline or acidity levels of a woman’s levels of a woman’s uterus can help either uterus can help either the X or Y gene.the X or Y gene.

3.3. Stress can cause an Stress can cause an XY embryo to be XY embryo to be expelled.expelled.

Let’s split!Let’s split! A zygote may split in the early A zygote may split in the early

stages of development, which stages of development, which creates separate identical creates separate identical zygoteszygotes

Monozygotic twins Monozygotic twins are are identical because they identical because they originate from the same originate from the same zygotezygote

Dizygotic twins Dizygotic twins are formed are formed when two separate ova are when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate fertilized by two separate sperm. They share half their sperm. They share half their genes, similar to siblings.genes, similar to siblings.

Factors that can increase the Factors that can increase the chances of twins are:chances of twins are:

1.1. A woman’s ageA woman’s age2.2. A woman’s ethnic groupA woman’s ethnic group3.3. Medical interventionMedical intervention4.4. A family history of having A family history of having

twinstwins Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen

What else do genes What else do genes do?do?

Once the zygote reaches Once the zygote reaches it’s eight-cell stage, cells it’s eight-cell stage, cells begin to specialize to begin to specialize to become different parts of become different parts of the body.the body.

Genes code protein so that Genes code protein so that they can give instructions they can give instructions to other genes to shut on to other genes to shut on and off at different stages and off at different stages of life. For instance, to of life. For instance, to absorb nourishment, to absorb nourishment, to multiply and to die.multiply and to die.

Phenotype Phenotype is a person’s is a person’s actual appearance and actual appearance and behavior, which are the behavior, which are the results of both genetic and results of both genetic and environmental influencesenvironmental influences

How do gene’s interact?How do gene’s interact?

Additive genes Additive genes interact interact additively so that there are additively so that there are fairly equal contributions from fairly equal contributions from all the genes involved. They all the genes involved. They affect traits such as skin color affect traits such as skin color and height.and height.

A A dominant gene dominant gene is the is the member of an interacting pair member of an interacting pair of alleles whose influence is of alleles whose influence is more evident in the more evident in the phenotype.phenotype.

A A recessive gene recessive gene is the is the member of an interacting pair member of an interacting pair of alleles whose influence is of alleles whose influence is less evident in the phenotypeless evident in the phenotype

X-linked genesX-linked genes are genes are genes located on the X located on the X chromosome. chromosome.

Genotype vs. Genotype vs. PhenotypePhenotype

Genotype Genotype is an is an organism’s entire organism’s entire genetic inheritance, or genetic inheritance, or genetic potential. For genetic potential. For instance, you might instance, you might have inherited the have inherited the genes that could lead genes that could lead you to become a great you to become a great mathematician. mathematician. Another example is Another example is that you may have that you may have inherited blue eyes.inherited blue eyes.

Phenotype Phenotype is a person’s is a person’s actual appearance and actual appearance and behavior, which are the behavior, which are the result of both genetic result of both genetic and environmental and environmental influences. For instance, influences. For instance, you might have the you might have the genes to become a great genes to become a great mathematician, but mathematician, but without the right without the right environment, your talent environment, your talent may never be may never be recognized.recognized.

What is behavior What is behavior genetics?genetics?

Behavior genetics Behavior genetics is is the study of the the study of the genetic origins of genetic origins of psychological psychological characteristics, such characteristics, such as personality as personality patterns, patterns, psychological psychological disorders and disorders and intellectual abilities.intellectual abilities.

Sadness is one personality trait that is studied in behavior genetics.

Alzheimer’s DiseaseAlzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s is only Alzheimer’s is only purely genetic when it purely genetic when it occurs before the age occurs before the age of 50of 50

European Americans European Americans are at the highest risk are at the highest risk of Alzheimer’s as of Alzheimer’s as they’re more likely to they’re more likely to carry the genecarry the gene

The ApoE4 gene The ApoE4 gene carry’s Alzheimer’scarry’s Alzheimer’s

At age 85 the risk of At age 85 the risk of senility levels offsenility levels off

Non-genetic Non-genetic influences, such as influences, such as lifestyle, play a big lifestyle, play a big role in Alzheimer’srole in Alzheimer’s

By being physically By being physically active and mentally active and mentally alert, you reduce the alert, you reduce the risk of developing risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease Alzheimer’s disease

SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

Approximately 1 percent Approximately 1 percent of the population is of the population is diagnosed with diagnosed with schizophrenia.schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia is a genetic Schizophrenia is a genetic trait that is that also trait that is that also appears to be strongly appears to be strongly influenced by the influenced by the environment.environment.

Physical elements, such Physical elements, such as injury to the head, can as injury to the head, can also bring on also bring on schizophrenia.schizophrenia.

“Roses are red, violets are blue, I’m a schizophrenic and so am I.”

Bill Murray, What About Bob?

AlcoholismAlcoholism

Inherited biochemistry makes some people highly Inherited biochemistry makes some people highly susceptible to alcohol addictionsusceptible to alcohol addiction addictive pull can be overpowering, or weak, or addictive pull can be overpowering, or weak, or

something in the middlesomething in the middle may explain ethnic variationsmay explain ethnic variations

AlcoholismAlcoholism

Not simply a biochemical reaction—it is Not simply a biochemical reaction—it is psychological and physical, and psychological and physical, and biological; thus alcoholism is biological; thus alcoholism is polygenetic, with alcoholics inheriting a polygenetic, with alcoholics inheriting a combination of biochemistry-affecting combination of biochemistry-affecting and temperament-affecting genesand temperament-affecting genes

Culture counts too (whether alcohol is Culture counts too (whether alcohol is present in environment)present in environment)

Here we notice disruptions of normal Here we notice disruptions of normal developmentdevelopment origins of genetic and chromosomal origins of genetic and chromosomal

abnormalitiesabnormalities misinformation and prejudice add to misinformation and prejudice add to

problems of people with these problems of people with these abnormalitiesabnormalities

Chromosomal and Genetic Chromosomal and Genetic AbnormalitiesAbnormalities

Genetic and Chromosomal Genetic and Chromosomal AbnormalitiesAbnormalities

A chromosomal abnormality A chromosomal abnormality occurs when there or more occurs when there or more or less than 23 or less than 23 chromosomes in a gametechromosomes in a gamete

Genetic abnormalities arise Genetic abnormalities arise when proteins do not code when proteins do not code properlyproperly

Most abnormal zygotes Most abnormal zygotes simply never begin to simply never begin to develop. The majority of the develop. The majority of the rest are not carried to term rest are not carried to term as they are spontaneously as they are spontaneously aborted (miscarried).aborted (miscarried).

Muscular Dystrophy Association Summer Camp Brandon, Florida

Down SyndromeDown Syndrome

The most common extra The most common extra chromosome condition is chromosome condition is Down syndrome.Down syndrome.

It affects people in varying It affects people in varying degrees degrees

Young children with Down Young children with Down syndrome are likely to syndrome are likely to have a nice dispositionhave a nice disposition

At age 30, people with At age 30, people with Down syndrome begin to Down syndrome begin to age rapidlyage rapidly

Life expectancy rate is lowLife expectancy rate is lowSome people with down syndrome are quite capable of doing things themselves, like this woman who does her own grocery shopping.

Genetic Abnormalities:Genetic Abnormalities: Huntington’s DiseaseHuntington’s Disease

Most dominant disorders Most dominant disorders are not disabling, however are not disabling, however Huntington’s disease is Huntington’s disease is one of the few that is.one of the few that is.

It doesn’t appear until a It doesn’t appear until a person is between 35 and person is between 35 and 45. By that time the 45. By that time the person may have children, person may have children, who have a 50/50 chance who have a 50/50 chance of inheriting itof inheriting it

Testing can be done to see Testing can be done to see if a person carries the if a person carries the genegene

There is no cure for There is no cure for Huntington’s diseaseHuntington’s disease

The first signs of The first signs of Huntington’s disease are Huntington’s disease are clumsiness, forgetfulness clumsiness, forgetfulness and involuntary movementsand involuntary movements

As the disease progresses, As the disease progresses, the ability to think and the ability to think and control movements control movements becomes harder and harderbecomes harder and harder

Eventually, the individual is Eventually, the individual is unable to do anythingunable to do anything

Genetic Abnormalities:Genetic Abnormalities: Tourette SyndromeTourette Syndrome

Tourette syndrome is a Tourette syndrome is a dominant disorder that dominant disorder that can cause uncontrollable can cause uncontrollable tics and outburst.tics and outburst.

It is 3 to 4 times more It is 3 to 4 times more likely to occur in boyslikely to occur in boys

30% of people with 30% of people with Tourette syndrome have Tourette syndrome have uncontrollable tics and uncontrollable tics and outburstsoutbursts

The other 70% have just The other 70% have just an occasional twitch and an occasional twitch and other slight problemsother slight problems

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was thought to have had Tourette Syndrome.

Genetic Counseling and Genetic Counseling and TestingTesting

Genetic counseling is a Genetic counseling is a process of consultation and process of consultation and testing that enables testing that enables individuals to learn about individuals to learn about their genetic heritage, their genetic heritage, including conditions that including conditions that might harm any children might harm any children they may have. they may have.

People who should have People who should have genetic counseling are genetic counseling are those with:those with:

1.1. Close relatives with a Close relatives with a severe genetic conditionsevere genetic condition

2.2. Histories of miscarriagesHistories of miscarriages3.3. Women over age 35 and Women over age 35 and

men over age 40men over age 404.4. Couples from the same Couples from the same

ethnic group or close ethnic group or close relativerelative

Some people prefer not to be Some people prefer not to be genetically tested if it might genetically tested if it might reveal an incurable genetic reveal an incurable genetic disorder, but they are more disorder, but they are more likely to consider it when they likely to consider it when they are deciding whether or not are deciding whether or not to have children.to have children.

Genetic counselors are often Genetic counselors are often able to give couples odds on able to give couples odds on whether or not their children whether or not their children could inherit their genetic could inherit their genetic disordersdisorders

Scientists and genetic Scientists and genetic counselors advice high risk counselors advice high risk couples to use prenatal couples to use prenatal testing to determine any testing to determine any health problems the baby health problems the baby may havemay have

ConclusionConclusion

Which plays a Which plays a bigger role in bigger role in human human development, development, heredity or heredity or environment?environment?

Is Kate Hudson’s ability as an actor influenced by her environment or genes? Do you think her environment or her genes influenced her career choice?

life span development theories of development – ch. 2 heredity and environment – ch. 3 june 10,...

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