life science
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Life Science. Search “ book biology quick review ”. Classifying the Diversity of Life. There are three domains of living things:. Cell Theory. the cell is the smallest unit of life; all cells arise from pre-existing cells. Idealized Animal Cell. Idealized Plant Cell. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Life Science
Search “book biology quick review”
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Classifying the Diversity of Life• There are three domains of living things:
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Cell Theory
• the cell is the smallest unit of life; all cells arise from pre-existing cells
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Idealized Animal Cell
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Idealized Plant Cell
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Reproduction and Heredity
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Some Terminology• Same alleles = homozygous• Different alleles = heterozygous
Homologous Chromosome Pair
Sister Chromatids
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Dominant and Recessive• In the heterozygous condition, one allele gets
expressed and the other one doesn’t.
• The allele that is expressed is said to be dominant.
• The one that is not expressed is recessive.
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Homozygous and Heterozygous• Homozygous dominant = AA
= dominant trait expressed
• Heterozygous = Aa= dominant trait expressed
• Homozygous recessive = aa= recessive trait expressed
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Genotype and Phenotype• Genotype is the set of alleles an individual has for a
character.
• Phenotype is the trait that is expressed.
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• Brown eyes is dominant to blue in humans. A man with brown eyes (whose father had blue eyes) marries a woman with blue eyes. Predict the genotype and phenotype frequencies of their offspring.
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Acquired vs Inherited Traits• Inherited – passed via DNA in sperm/egg from
parents; e.g. eye color
• Acquired – not inherited; e.g. a learned behavior; strengthening muscles; tattoo
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Evolution
When the monster came, Lola, like the
peppered moth, remained motionless
and undetected. Harold, of course was
immediately devoured.
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• Morphological adaptation – physical features
• Physiological adaptation – chemical reactions
• Behavioral adaptation - behaviors
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Genetic VariationOverproduction of OffspringDifferential ReproductionChange in frequency of traits
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• Evolution accounts for both the unity (things in common) and diversity (lots of different types) of life
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Organisms and Their Environment
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Behavior• Learned vs innate behaviors (instinct)
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Energy flow and chemical cycling
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Physical Science
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Atomic Structure
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• Matter is anything made of atoms
• States: solid, liquid, gas
• Matter cannot be created or destroyed
• Chemical reaction: Bonds broken, atoms rearranged
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Chemical Reactions• Chemical reactions - the breaking and making
of bonds; atoms are rearranged (not created, destroyed, or changed into different elements)
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Work
• Work = force x distance
• Energy is the “capacity to do work”
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Heat vs Temperature• Heat is the total energy of molecular motion in a
substance while temperature is a measure of the average energy of molecular motion in a substance.
• Heat energy depends on the speed of the particles, the number of particles (the size or mass), and the type of particles in an object.
• Temperature does not depend on the size or type of object. For example, the temperature of a small cup of water might be the same as the temperature of a large tub of water, but the tub of water has more heat because it has more water and thus more total thermal energy.
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• Convection – movement of warmed matter
• Conduction – transfer of energy from particle to particle
• Radiation – electromagnetic waves transport energy through space
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velocity acceleration
Acceleration requires force to be applied
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Others
• Momentum = mass x velocity
• Work = force x distance
• Gravitation force = mass x gravity
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Newton
• Newton 1 – body remains at rest or motion unless acted on by force
• Newton 2 – Force = mass x acceleration; objects with greater mass require more force to move them
• Newton 3 – every action is countered by an equal and opposite reaction
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Simple machine changes the direction or magnitude of force
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• Electric current is a flow of electric charge through a medium. This flowing electric charge is typically carried by moving electrons in a conductor such as wire.
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magnetic fields are produced by the motion of electrical charges
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A circuit is an unbroken loop of conductive material that allows electrons to flow through continuously without beginning or end.If a circuit is "broken," that means its conductive elements no longer form a complete path, and continuous electron flow cannot occur in it.
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Diff wavelength (frequency), different “color” – different amplitude, different intensity
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Doppler effect – change in frequency of a wave for someone moving relative to the source of the wave – higher pitch as move toward, lower pitch as move away
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Diff wavelength (frequency), different “color” – different amplitude, different intensity
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THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
STEP 1Make
observations.
STEP 2Formulate ahypothesis.
STEP 3Devise
a testableprediction.
STEP 4Conducta critical
experiment.
STEP 5Draw
conclusionsand makerevisions.
The scientific method rarely proceeds in a straight line. Conclusions, for example, often lead to new observations and refined hypotheses.
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Controlled Experiment• Control – compare groups with only one
difference – the variable you are interested in testing (manipulating) – all other variables are held constant (controlled)
• Replication – multiple subjects in each test group
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Analysis and Communication• Statistics
• Date in graphs and tables
• Present results to colleagues and the public
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Safety• Goggles and other safety equipment• Disposal and clean up of spills• No eating or drinking in science lab• Etc…• Proper use and care of living organisms
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Metric System• Mass – gram• Volume – liter• Length – meter
• Milli – 1000th
• Centi – 100th
• Kilo - 1000
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People• Newton – laws of motion; gravity• Mendel – genetics• Pasteur – airborne disease• Darwin – evolution• Einstein – relativity• Bernoulli – energy in fluids and air