life in water

LIFE IN WATER

Prepared by: Mrs. Kathleen Biay-Cabacba

1Saturday, April 15, 2023

LIFE IN WATER 2 Concepts

1.Hydrologic cycle or water cycle2.Biology of aquatic environment in relation to light, temperature, water movements and chemical factors like salinity and oxygen


LIFE IN WATER71% - water 97% - ocean2% polar ice caps and glaciersLess 1% fresh water : lakes, rivers and ground water


LIFE IN WATERReservoirs – place where water is stored for some period of time e.g. Lakes, rivers, oceans, ice, organisms


LIFE IN WATERTurn over time - time required for the entire volume of a particular reservoir to be renewed


LIFE IN WATERRenewal time:Water in the atmosphere – every 9 nine daysRiver – 12 to 20 days


LIFE IN WATERRenewal time: Lake – days to centuries depending on depth, area and rate of drainageOcean – 3,100 years 7Saturday, April 15, 2023

Water never leaves the Earth. It is constantly being cycled through the atmosphere, ocean, and land. This process, known as the water cycle, is driven by energy from the sun. The water cycle is crucial to the existence of life on our planet.


The Water Cycle


During part of the water cycle, the sun heats up liquid water and changes it to a gas by the process of

evaporation. Water that evaporates from Earth’s oceans, lakes, rivers, and moist soil rises up into the

atmosphere.


The process of evaporation from plants is called The process of evaporation from plants is called transpirationtranspiration. . (In other words, it’s like plants (In other words, it’s like plants sweating.)sweating.)


As water (in the form of gas) rises higher in the atmosphere, it starts to cool and become a liquid again. This process is called

condensation. When a large amount of water vapor condenses, it results in the formation of clouds.


When the water in the clouds gets too heavy, the water falls back to the earth. This is called

precipitation.


When rain falls on the land, some of the water is absorbed into the ground forming pockets of water called groundwater. Most groundwater eventually

returns to the ocean. Other precipitation runs directly into streams or rivers. Water that collects in rivers,

streams, and oceans is called runoff.


REFERENCE:

http://perso.orange.fr/prof.danglais/animations/watercycle/watercycle.htm

Slides by Christine Ward


Aquatic Ecosystem


OceanAll is blue – blue water meets the blue sky

Who could ever live in the deepest part of the ocean?

Is life possible?


Ocean – angler fish


OceanGeography:

Largest continuous environment on earth 360million km2 of earth’s surface 3 major ocean basins:

Pacific - largest and deepest Atlantic Indian


Major ocean Total area Extension Major seas Average depth

Trench

Pacific Nearly 180M km2

From Antartic to Artic sea

Gulf of Caifornia, Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, Sea of Japan, China Sea, Tasman Sea, Coral Sea

Over 4,000 meters

Marianas western Pacific Ocean - over 10,000 m deep enough to engulf Mt. Everest with 2 km to spare

Atlantic Over 106M km2

Nearly from pole to pole

Mediterranean, Black Sea, North Sea, Baltic Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea

Over 3,900 meters

Indian Under 75M km2

Mostly confined to southern hemisphere

Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, Red Sea

Over, 3,900 meters


Ocean


OceanStructure: Zones of the Ocean

The well-lit upper layer of the ocean is known as the photic zone.

Algae and other producers can grow only in this thin surface layer.


OceanBelow the photic zone is the aphotic zone, which is permanently dark. Chemosynthetic autotrophs are the only producers that can survive in the aphotic zone.


Marine Life Zones

Distance from Shore

• The intertidal zone is the strip of land where the land and ocean meet and overlap, or the zone between high and low tides.

• The neritic zone is the marine-life zone that extends from the low-tide line out to the shelf break.(continental shelf); 200 m deep

• The oceanic zone is the marine-life zone beyond the continental shelf.


Ocean Water Depth

• The pelagic zone is open zone of any depth. Animals in this zone swim or float freely.

• The benthic zone is the marine-life zone that includes any sea-bottom surface regardless of its distance from shore.

• The abyssal zone is a subdivision of the benthic zone characterized by extremely high pressures, low temperatures, low oxygen, few nutrients, and no sunlight.


OceanLand

Inter

tidal

zone Coastal

ocean

Open oceanBenthic

zone

Continentalshelf

Continental slope

and continental rise

Abyssalplain

Oceantrench

200 m1,000 m

4,000 m

6,000 m

10,000 m

Photic zone

Aphotic

zone


Ocean


Ocean- organisms


Ocean• Plankton include all organisms—algae, animals,

and bacteria—that drift with ocean currents.

• Phytoplankton are algal plankton, which are the most important community of primary producers in the ocean.

• Zooplankton are animal plankton.


OceanPlankton


OceanZooplankton


OceanPhytoplankton


Ocean Temperature Variation

The ocean’s surface water temperature varies with the amount of solar radiation received, which is primarily a function of latitude.

Temperature Variation with Depth

• The thermocline is the layer of ocean water between about 300 meters and 1000 meters where there is a rapid change of temperature with depth.

• The thermal stratification separates warm water above from the cold water below in tropical ocean


Ocean Temperature Variation

Temperature Variation with Depth

• Temperate oceans stratified only during summer; thermocline breaks down as water cools during fall and winter

• High latitudes, stratification is only weakly, if ever developed.

• oceanic temperatures much stable than terrestrial temperatures

• 1.50C – Antartic; 270C near equator; 70C to 90C above 400 degrees N latitude


Ocean


Ocean – never still• wind transports nutrients, oxygen, heat and organism s

across the globe

Surface water Current – fertilizes surface water, stimulates photosynthesis, promotes gene flow

Gyres – wind-driven surface current sweep across the open ocean to create great circulation system that move to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere

Transport warm water from equator to the poles, moderating climates at middle and high latitudes


Ocean


Ocean – never still• deep water currents produced as cooled, high density water

sinks at the Antarctic and Arctic then moves along the ocean floor

• Upwelling – winds blow surface water offshore, allowing colder water to rise to the surface (west coast of the continents and around Antarctica)


OceanSalinity

Salinity is the total amount of solid material dissolved in water.

Because the proportion of dissolved substances in seawater is such a small number, oceanographers typically express salinity in parts per thousands.

Most of the salt in seawater is sodium chloride, common table salt.


Ocean


OceanOxygen

A liter of sea water contains a maximum of about 9ml oxygen


Ocean


Life in Marine Shallow water1. Kelp Forest

forest, but it is not a forest of trees. It is made of seaweed called giant kelp.

needs sunlight in order to grow. It also needs a hard surface to grow on

grows in cool coastal waters (temperate oceans, 100 – 200 C) where sunlight can go down to a rocky sea floor; beyond intertidal zone


Life in Shallow Marine WaterKelp Forest

holdfast is a part that attaches the kelp to the ocean floor. The blade is the leaflike part that takes in sunlight to make food. The stipe is the part that connects the holdfast to the blade. 47Saturday, April 15, 2023

Life in shallow waterKelp Forest

Grow up to 18 inches per day; can grow over 40 m; provides food and shelter; experience seasonal

changes 48Saturday, April 15, 2023

Life in shallow water2. Coral Reef

Coral reefs – diverse underwater ecosystems in tropical coastal water which is held together by calcium carbonate structures secreted by corals. Coral reefs are built by colonies of tiny animals found in marine waters that contain few nutrients. Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, which in turn consist of polyps that cluster in groups. 49Saturday, April 15, 2023

Life in shallow waterCoral Reef – 3 Types by Charles Darwin

Fringing reef – hugs the shore of an islandBarrier reef – between open sea open lagoonAtoll reef – consist of coral islets that have built up from a submerged oceanic island and ring a lagoon


Life in shallow water2. Coral Reef


Ecosystem Light Temperature

Water movement

Salinity Oxygen Danger it faces

Kelp Forest Needs light to support photosynthesis

Temperate shoresFall below 100C in winter and rise to 200C in summer

Oceanic currents – deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products

Tolerant to reduced salinity and fresh water runoff; grows well in temperate oceans

Well oxygenated water

Food additives and fertilizer (grows rapidly)

Coral Reefs Needs light to support photosynthesis

Warm waterMinimum Not less than 180 to

200C; ave. 230 to 250C; above 290C lethal

Oceanic currents – deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products

Grows in fairly stable salinity; below 27% is lethal

Well oxygenated water

Acanthaster planci predator (sea star) eats coral; attack and kill other corals; dynamite fishing and poison; ornaments (don’t grow rapidly)


Ocean – Alcanthaster planci


Low Tide and High Tide


Intertidal zonation - structure


Low tides and High tides


Intertidal zone

Light (both)

Temperature

Water movements


Low tide Water turbulence reduces light intensity

Always changingHigh latitude – cool to freezing; low latitude – excess of 400 C

Depends on moon and sun gravitational pull

VariesRapid evaporation increases salinity; high latitude and tropic during rainy – reduced salinity

No limits – exposed to air; well oxygenated due to waves

Trampling feet, probing hands; oil spills, exploitation for food; research and education

High tide Exposed to full intensity of the sun

Always changing

Depends on moon and sun gravitational pull

varies


Low tides and high tides


EstuariesEstuaries are wetlands formed where rivers meet the sea. mixture of fresh and salt water, affected by the ocean tides.


Salt Marshes

Salt marshes are temperate-zone estuaries dominated by salt-tolerant grasses above the low-tide line, and by sea grasses under water. Salt marshes occur in estuaries along seacoasts in the temperate zone.


Salt Marshes


Mangrove Forest

Mangrove swamps are coastal wetlands that occur in bays and estuaries across tropical regions, including southern Florida and Hawaii.dominant plants are salt-tolerant trees.


Estuaries

Light Temperature Water movements

Salinity

Oxygen Danger it faces

Salt Marshes

exposed to highly variable light conditions; sunlight at low tide and very little light at high tide

highly variable; low tide, water temperature varies with air temperature;change with each high and low tide;seawater and river water

Ocean tides and river flow drive

fluctuate widely

highly variable;Decomposed organic matter depletes dissolved oxygen to very low levels,

Buildings, pollution; discharge of waste

Mangrove Forest

same desert, tropical coasts, minimum annual about 20 . can heat ℃40 .℃

high tides – saltwater currents move up the estuaries ; Low tides – saltwater moves seaward

lower than that of seawater

high rates of photosynthesis can increase dissolved oxygen concentration


Rivers – Okavango, Boswana

natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, a lake, a sea, or another river. 64Saturday, April 15, 2023

Streams

natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, small narrow river


River and Stream

FIGURE 3.30 The three dimensions of stream structure.


Light Temperature

Water movements


Rivers and streams

how far light penetrates into the water; how much light shines on the surface ; vary considerably in water clarity

high altitudes and high latitudes, may drop to a minimum of 0 ;℃

desert rivers seldom exceed 30 . ℃

continuous movement of water

often very low;

Desert rivers generally have the highest salinities

richest in cold

channelized, poisoned, filled with sewage, dammed, filled with nonnative fish species, and completely dried.


River and Streams

FIGURE 3.33 Salinities of tropical, temperate, and arid land rivers (data from Gibbs 1970).


Organisms in River and Streams


Lakes

FIGURE3.35 Lake Baikal. Siberia, Russia.

Basins in the landscape that collect water


Lake Structure

FIGURE 3.37 Lake structure


Light Temperatures

Water movements


Lakes color ranges from the deep blue to yellow, brown, or red; highly productive and phytoplankton deep green (reduce light penetration)

thermally stratified ;warm season – warmer on the surface and below thermocline;Temperate – summer, lowland tropical – year-round

Wind-driven mixing of the water column; winds drive Spring/fall – j mix temperate lakes from top to bottom; (stratification breaks)

extremely dilute waters of some alpine lakes to the salt brines of desert lakes.

low biological production (oligothrophic) – well oxygenated

Eutrophic depleted;

Dumping sites for waste; buildings


Lakes

FIGURE 3.38 Seasonal changes in temperature in a temperate lake (data from Wetzel 1975).


Lakes - organisms

FIGURE 3.39 Oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes 74Saturday, April 15, 2023

Life in Water

THAN K YOU SO MUCH LORD FOR THE BEAUTIFUL CREATION 75Saturday, April 15, 2023

References:

http://web.calstatela.edu/faculty/eviau/edit557/oceans/norma/oklpfst.htmhttp://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/kelp.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef

http://www.eram.k12.ny.us/education/components/docmgr/default.php?sectiondetailid=28978&fileitem=2291&catfilter=627

https://www.google.com.ph/?gws_rd=ssl#q=biologyjunction.com

Molles, Manuel C, Ecology 4th edition, 2008


life in water

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