life cycle sustainability seminar presentation · 2013. 12. 23. · seminar presentation:...

U.S. Department of

Energy, Argonne

National Laboratory, IL

10/14/2013

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment Framework

for Onshore and Offshore Wind Turbines

by

Dr. Murat Kucukvar

Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering

University of Central Florida, Orlando

Seminar Presentation:

Presentation Outline

Introduction Part 1 • Sustainability and Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)

• LCA Models and Future

• Importance of Supply Chain

Methodology Part 2 • Triple Bottom Line LCA (TBL-LCA) Model

• TBL Sustainability Metrics

• Some Examples

Case Study: Wind Turbines Part 3 • Onshore and Offshore Wind Turbines

• TBL Results

• Future Research

•“The creation of products that use processes that are non-polluting, conserve energy and natural resources, and are economically sound and safe for employees, communities and consumers” (Dept. of Commerce, 2012)

Sustainability

•A well-known and widely used approach to assessing the potential environmental impacts and resources used throughout a product’s life cycle, including raw material acquisition, production, distribution, use, and end-of-life phases (Finnveden et al., 2009)

Life Cycle Assessment

Sustainability and Life Cycle Assessment

Part 1: Introduction

Why LCA?

Comprehensive system boundary (direct + indirect impacts)

Cradle to Grave Analysis

Consider Different Life Cycle Phases


LCA Future: LCSA

The figure was taken from “Guinee, Jeroen B., et al. (2010). Life Cycle Assessment: Past, Present, and Future. Env Sci Technol, 45(1): 90-96.”


LCA Tools

TBL-LCA*

(UCF)

ECO-LCA

EIO-LCA

(CMU)

P-LCA

(U.S. EPA)


*Kucukvar, M., & Tatari, O. (2013). Towards a triple bottom-line sustainability assessment of the US construction industry. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 1-15.

Why Hybrid Analysis in LCA? Process + Input-Output

Comprehensive System

Boundary

Direct and Indirect Impacts

Consider Inter-sectoral

Relationship

Social and Economic Impacts


Importance of the Supply Chain

𝐌 𝐍𝐭𝐡𝐋𝐚𝐲𝐞𝐫

Layer 4

𝑬 𝐒 𝑴 𝑬 𝑺 𝑴 𝑬 𝑺

𝑴 𝑬 𝑺 𝑴 𝑬 𝑺 𝑴 𝑬 𝑺

Layer 3 𝑴 𝑬 𝑺 𝑴 𝑬 𝑺 𝑴 𝑬 𝑺

Layer 2 𝑀 E 𝑆

Layer 1 Electric Power Generation

Transportation Fuels

… … …

M: Material

E: Energy

S: Service

Part 2: Methodology

Triple Bottom Line LCA (TBL-LCA)

Power Generation and Supply

All Other Sectors

Iron and Steel Mills

Petro-Chemical Manuf.

Automobile Manufacturing

input economicUnit

output talenvironmenUnit Input $

• Carbon Footprint • Energy Use • Water Footprint • Profit • Income • Tax

Public Datasets

Economic Input-Output

Matrix

Part 2: Methodology

Data Sources

BEA

• Make and Use Tables

• Income, Tax, and profit

BLS

EIA

• Electricity Price

• GHG Emissions

GFN • Ecological

Land Footprint

Part 2: Methodology

TBL Data Domain

• Employment • Injury Rates

TBL

Sustainability

Indicators

TBL-LCA Indicators

Part 2: Methodology

Environmental

• Carbon Footprint

• Water Footprint

• Energy Footprint

• Hazardous Waste Footprint

• Land Footprint

Economic

• Gross Domestic Product

• Import

• Profit

Social

• Employment

• Income

• Tax

• Injuries

• Fatalities

TBL

Sustainability

Indicators

Construction- Energy Footprint

Part 2: TBL-LCA Examples

0 5 10

NR-CHCS

NR-MS

NR-OTR

R-PSMFS

R-OTR

NR-MR

R-MR

Energy Footprint Multiplier (TJ)

Layer 1 (Direct) Layer 2 Layer 3 and higher

0.E+00 1.E+06 2.E+06 3.E+06 4.E+06

NR-CHCS

NR-MS

NR-OTR

R-PSMFS

R-OTR

NR-MR

R-MR

Total Energy Footprint (TJ)

Layer 1 (Direct) Layer 2 Layer 3 and higher

Electricity Power Cement

Manufacturing Truck Transportation Iron and Steel Mills

Construction: Scope-based Carbon Footprint Analysis


0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

NR-CHCS

NR-MS

NR-OTR

R-PSMFS

R-OTR

NR-MR

R-MR

Carbon Footprint Multiplier (t CO2-eqv)

Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3

0.0E+00 5.0E+07 1.0E+08 1.5E+08 2.0E+08

NR-CHCS

NR-MS

NR-OTR

R-PSMFS

R-OTR

NR-MR

R-MR

Total Carbon Footprint (t CO2-eqv)

Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3

Electricity Power Iron and Steel Cement Manufacturing Oil and Gas Extraction

Electric Power Generation


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Import

All Other 421 Sectors

Turbine and turbine generatorset units manufacturing

Coal mining

Petroleum refineries

Electric power generation,transmission, and distribution

Oil and gas extraction

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Carbon Footprint

All other 421 Sectors

Rail transportation

Pipeline transportation

Oil and gas extraction

Coal mining

Electric powergeneration, transmission,and distribution

a) b)

Wind Turbines

•V80-2.0 MW (113,000 MWh)

•V90-3.0 MW (158,000 MWh)

Onshore

•V80-2.0 MW (162,000 MWh)

•V90-3.0 MW (280,000 MWh)

Offshore

Vestas Wind Systems A/S

Wind Power Systems and LCA

Part 3: LCA of Wind Energy

System Boundary


Resource Inputs


Materials Sectors NAICS Codes

Manufacturing of the Wind Turbine and related Components

Steel & Stainless Steel Iron and steel mills 331110

Cast Iron Iron ore mining 212210

Glass Fiber Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware Manufacturing 327212

Epoxy Plastics material and resin manufacturing 325211

Copper Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying 331420

Oil Petroleum Lubricating Oil and Grease Manufacturing 324191

Aluminum Alumina refining and primary aluminum production 33131A

Polyester Plastics material and resin manufacturing 325211

Construction and Erection

Crushed Stone Stone mining and quarrying 212310

Aggregate and Sand Sand, gravel, clay, and refractory mining 212320

Geotextile(HDPE) Plastics material and resin manufacturing 325211

Concrete Ready-mix concrete manufacturing 327320

Iron Iron ore mining 212210

Steel Iron and steel mills 331110



Polibutadiene Synthetic rubber manufacturing 325212

PVC Plastics material and resin manufacturing 325211

Lead Copper, nickel, lead, and zinc mining 212230

PEX Plastics material and resin manufacturing 325211

Operation and Maintenance Services

Diesel Petroleum refineries 324110


glass fibers Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware Manufacturing 327212

Epoxy resin Plastics material and resin manufacturing 325211

Stainless Steel Iron and steel mills 331110

Cast Iron Iron ore mining 212210




Transport All Materials are involved Petroleum refineries 324110

Resource Inputs Part 3: LCA of Wind Energy

TBL Indicators Socio-Economic

• Profit

• Import

• Income

• Tax

Environmental

• Carbon footprint

• Energy use

• Water withdrawal

• Hazardous waste

Sustainability Indicators: Socio-economic & Environmental


Environmental Impacts

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

V80 -Onshore V90-Onshore V80-Offshore V90-Offshore

Wat

er

Wit

hd

raw

al (

gal/

kWh

) Manufacturing Construction Operation Transport

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1


Haz

ard

ou

s W

aste

(kg

/kW

h)

Manufacturing Construction Operation Transport


0

10

20

30

40


Ene

rgy

(kJ

/kW

h)

Manufacturing Construction Operation Transport

Energy Footprint


Contribution of Materials

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

GHG

Energy

Water Withdrawal

GHG

Energy

Water Withdrawal

GHG

Energy

Water Withdrawal

GHG

Energy

Water WithdrawalV

80

-O

nsh

ore

V9

0 -

On

sho

reV

80

-O

ffsh

ore

V9

0-

Off

sho

re Steel & Stainless Steel

Glass Fiber

Epoxy

Copper

Cast Iron

Oil

Aliminuim

Polyster

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

GHG

Energy

Water Withdrawal

GHG

Energy

Water Withdrawal

GHG

Energy

Water Withdrawal

GHG

Energy

Water Withdrawal

V8

0 -

On

sho

reV

90

-O

nsh

ore

V8

0-

Off

sho

reV

90

-O

ffsh

ore

Percentage Contribution (%)

Concrete

Lead

Coper

Aggregate and Sand

Crushed Stone

Steel

Aliminuim

Geotextile(HDPE)

Iron

Polibutadiene

PVC

PEX


Materials Extractions and Processing

Construction

Socio-Economic Impacts




0

1

2

3

4

5

Profit Import Income Tax

Ce

nts

/KW

h

Onshore V80-2.0MW Onshore V90-3.0MWOffshore V80-2.0MW Offshore V90-3.0MW

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Business Profit

Import

Income

Government Tax

Employment

Business Profit

Import

Income

Government Tax

Employment

Business Profit

Import

Income

Government Tax

Employment

Business Profit

Import

Income

Government Tax

EmploymentV

80-2

.0M

WV

90-3

.0M

WV

80-2

.0M

WV

90-3

.0M

W

On

sho

reO

ffsh

ore

Manufacturing Construction Transportation Use



Conclusions

The total environmental impacts of V80-2.0MW wind turbines are higher than V90-3.0MW wind turbines.

Construction phase leads in income and employment, causing more than 55 % of impacts.

Manufacturing phase has the largest impact in business profit in all wind turbines, as more than 90% of the business profit of wind turbines is related to manufacturing phase.


Conclusions

Manufacturing phase is responsible for the most of the supply chain related imports and more than 95% of the imports in the wind turbines’ life cycle is contributed by this phase

Although V90-3.0MW consumes more resources than V80-2.0MW wind turbine, it represents fewer impacts per kWh electricity, both in socio-economic and environmental indicators.


Pros and Cons of the TBL-LCA

Pros and Cons

+

-

Aggregation problem Uncertainty Regional differences Requires extensive data Needs constant update

Comprehensive system boundary

Easy and quicker computation Quantifying externalities High comparability across the

world

Regional Input-Output Models

Hybrid Model (P-

LCA+ TBL-LCA)

Electric Power Production

Electric Vehicles

Transportation

Fuels

Future Research for Energy Systems Assessment

Future Research

References

More details about this research can be found in the following articles: Kucukvar, M., & Tatari, O. (2013). “Towards a sustainability assessment of

the U.S. construction industry.” The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Springerlink, 18 (5), 958-972.

Kucukvar, M., Noori, M., Egilmez, G., & Tatari, O. (2013) “Stochastic sustainability decision modeling for pavements: triple-bottom-line approach.” International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Springerlink. (Forthcoming)

Kucukvar, M., Egilmez, G., & Tatari, O. (2013). “Benchmarking the sustainability performance of the U.S. manufacturing sectors: a supply chain-linked eco-efficiency analysis.” International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier (Forthcoming).

Noori, M., Kucukvar, M., & Tatari, O. (2013). “A macro-level decision analysis of wind power as a solution for sustainable energy in the United States.” International Journal of Sustainable Energy, Taylor & Francis. (Forthcoming)

References

Thank You

Questions?

Murat Kucukvar, PhD

E-mail: [email protected]

Discussion

life cycle sustainability seminar presentation · 2013. 12. 23. · seminar presentation:...

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