life cycle environmental aspects of landfills and waste-to-energy
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Life Cycle Environmental Aspects ofLife Cycle Environmental Aspects of
Landfills and WasteLandfills and Waste--toto--Energy SystemsEnergy SystemsMeeting of the Committee on Geological and
Geotechnical Engineering
Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,National Research Council
February 1, 2007
Keith WeitzRTI International
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ObjectivesObjectives
Background on life cycle concept
Landfill discussion
Waste-to-energy discussion
Summary of life cycle tradeoffs
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What is Life Cycle Assessment?What is Life Cycle Assessment?
A systems analysis, not
isolated operations.
Considers upstream anddownstream burdens.
Multi-media and multi-pollutant.
Main components:
Goals and Scoping
Inventory Analysis
Impact Assessment
Interpretation
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Life Cycle for Solid Waste ManagementLife Cycle for Solid Waste Management
Collection RecyclingandComposting
WTE
MaterialsRecycling
AshLandfill
MSWLandfill
CompostProduct
Use
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Life Cycle Inventory ModuleLife Cycle Inventory Module
Waste Management
Activity/Operation
Energy Materials
Solid
Waste
AirEmissions
Products
Energy
Water
Pollution ResidualWaste
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LandfillsLandfills
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Old Landfill DesignOld Landfill Design Managed DumpsManaged Dumps
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Modern Landfill DesignModern Landfill Design HighlyHighly
Engineered SitesEngineered Sites
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US Federal MSW Landfill StandardsUS Federal MSW Landfill Standards
Location restrictions.
Composite liners requirements.
Leachate collection and removal system requirements.
Operating practices.
Groundwater monitoring requirementsrequires testing.
Closure and postclosure care requirements.
Corrective action provisions for control and clean up landfill
releases to achieve groundwater protection standards. Financial assurance for environmental protection during
closure and post-closure care.
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Landfill Gas Collection andLandfill Gas Collection and
Management:Management: FlareFlare or Energy Recoveryor Energy Recovery
Landfill Gas Collection System
Flare
EnergyRecovery
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WasteWaste--toto--EnergyEnergy
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WasteWaste--toto--EnergyEnergy SystemsSystems
Thermal Systems:
Mass Burn
Controlled-Air, Modular-Municipal
Gasification
Pyrolysis
Non-Thermal Systems: Anaerobic digestion
Hydrolysis
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Mass Burn TechnologyMass Burn Technology
Well proven technology for MSW.
Minimum waste preparation.
Higher capital cost.
Complete burnout residues.
Reduce waste volume by 75-80%.
Metals can be recovered. Ash can be reused or landfilled.
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Mass Burn WTE Plant: Water and AirMass Burn WTE Plant: Water and AirPollution Control SystemsPollution Control Systems
Waste
water
Baghouse
Modern Mass Burn WTE Plant
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Life Cycle Comparison of LandfillLife Cycle Comparison of Landfilland WTE Optionsand WTE Options
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Net Total Energy Consumption forNet Total Energy Consumption forWTE and Landfill OptionsWTE and Landfill Options
Per 1,800,000 tons of waste and assuming equal 20 mile haul distance.
-30,000,000
-25,000,000
-20,000,000
-15,000,000
-10,000,000
-5,000,000
0
5,000,000
Landfill - Vent Landfill - Flare Landfill - Energy WTE
A
nnualEnergyConsumption(MBTU
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Net Total Life Cycle Carbon EmissionsNet Total Life Cycle Carbon Emissionsfor WTE and Landfill Optionsfor WTE and Landfill Options
Per 1,800,000 tons of waste and assuming equal 20 mile haul distance.
-200,000
-100,000
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
Landfill - Vent Landfill - Flare Landfill - Energy WTEAnnualCarbonEm
issions(MTCE
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Net Total Life Cycle Criteria EmissionsNet Total Life Cycle Criteria Emissionsfor WTE and Landfill Optionsfor WTE and Landfill Options
Per 1,800,000 tons of waste and assuming equal 20 mile haul distance.
-10,000,000
-9,000,000
-8,000,000
-7,000,000
-6,000,000
-5,000,000
-4,000,000
-3,000,000-2,000,000
-1,000,000
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
Landfill - Vent Landfill - Flare Landfill - Energy WTE
Pound
sPM
SOxNOx
CO
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Summary of Life Cycle TradeoffsSummary of Life Cycle Tradeoffs
Both are well established and tested, accept
unprocessed waste, have pollution controlrequirements.
Landfill typically cheaper
WTE more efficient at recovering energy
WTE avoids landfill methane
WTE can include metals recovery
WTE produces ash that must be managed
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Thank YouThank You
Keith A. Weitz
RTI International
3040 Cornwallis RoadRTP, NC 27709
Ph: 919-541-6973
Fax: 919-541-7155
Email: [email protected]