life cycle energy analysis of water use system in ara ...iwa-jnc.jp/jigyou/seminar_file/e03.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
Life cycle energy analysis of water use system
in Ara river watershed
Hiroaki FURUMAI
Professor, Research Center for
Water Environment Technology
University of Tokyo
IWA Workshop on Water and Energy & Water LossTokyo, 8 April 2014
IWA Workshop on Water and Energy & Water Loss, Tokyo, 8 April 2014
Content
Energy usage by water sectors in Japan
- Water supply and Sewerage systems
Water resource and water supply in Tokyo
- Water intake from Ara-river
Life cycle assessment for water use system
- Inventory analysis
- Life cycle energy consumption
2
IWA Workshop on Water and Energy & Water Loss, Tokyo, 8 April 20143
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
H8 H10 H12 H14 H16 H18 H20 H22
Total power usage in Japan
Average power usage per unit
En
erg
y u
sag
e (
Bil
lio
n k
Wh
/Y
ear)
En
erg
y u
sag
e p
er u
nit
vo
lum
e (
kW
h/
m3)
Energy usage in sewerage system in Japan
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010Japan Fiscal year
0.499kWh/m3
in 2005
0.492kWh/m3
in 2010
7.2 Billion kWh/m3 in 20108.0
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
7.5
Sewerage works statistics下水道統計
IWA Workshop on Water and Energy & Water Loss, Tokyo, 8 April 20144
Items of energy usage insewerage system in Japan
Pumping in Treatment plant
14%
Wastewater Treatment
48%SludgeTreatment
21%
Pumping station
10%Others in Treatment plant
7%
Sewerage works statistics下水道統計
IWA Workshop on Water and Energy & Water Loss, Tokyo, 8 April 20145
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,0001,000,00010,000,000
標準法等 焼却あり
標準法等 焼却なし
高度処理
OD法等
Treated volume (m3/day)
Energ
y u
sage p
er
unit v
olu
me
(Cru
de o
il e
quiv
ale
nt-
KL/1
03x m
3)
CASP with sludge incineration
CASP without sludge incineration
Advanced treatment
Oxidation ditch and others
Energy usage by different treatment processes
1kL = 10767kWh
Sewerage works statistics下水道統計
IWA Workshop on Water and Energy & Water Loss, Tokyo, 8 April 20146
65
67
69
71
73
75
77
79
81
83
85
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
H8
H9
H10
H11
H12
H13
H14
H15
H16
H17
H18
H19
H20
H21
電力
使用
量 (
億kW
h)
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.50
0.51
0.52
電力
使用
原単
位 (
kWh/m
3)
電力使用量 原単位
Energy usage in water supply system in Japan
En
erg
y u
sag
e p
er u
nit
vo
lum
e (
kW
h/
m3)
0.52
0.50
0.51
0.49
.0.47
0.48
0.46
0.45
En
erg
y u
sag
e (
Bil
lio
n k
Wh
/Y
ear) 8.5
7.3
7.1
8.1
7.9
7.7
7.5
8.3
6.7
6.5
6.9
Unit power usage
Total power usage
Japan Fiscal year
1990 1995 2000 2005 2009
Water supply statistics水道統計
IWA Workshop on Water and Energy & Water Loss, Tokyo, 8 April 20147
現在給水人口 (万人)
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.01.1
~0.5
0.5
~1
1~
2
2~
3
3~
5
5~
10
10~
25
25~
50
50~
100
100~
電力
原単
位(kW
h/m3
)
Energy usage by differentpopulation size utilities
En
erg
y u
sag
e p
er u
nit
vo
lum
e (
kW
h/
m3)
Population size for water supply
Water supply statistics水道統計
( x 104 )
IWA Workshop on Water and Energy & Water Loss, Tokyo, 8 April 20148
Items of energy usage in water supply system in Japan
Water transmission and distribution etc.
94.4%
Water treatment 5.6%
Intake and conveyanceDistribution
Transmission
Treatment plant
Pump motor output
Water supply statistics水道統計
IWA Workshop on Water and Energy & Water Loss, Tokyo, 8 April 20149
Water resource and water supply in Tokyo
80%
20%
<1%
Tone-Ara river system
Tama river system
Sagami river system
Ara river
Tone river
Tama river
Sagami river
IWA Workshop on Water and Energy & Water Loss, Tokyo, 8 April 2014
Ara River
Irrigation from Osato
Irrigation from Kushibiki
Saitama Pre.
Tokyo M.G.
Tone River
Saitama municipal water
Tokyo Municipal water
Water intake in Ara river
10
Water supply area
4400 km2
Population in the area
16 million
121 Water purification plants (2.38 x109 m3/year)
Water pipe : 54564 km
56 Sewage treatment plants(2.83 x109 m3/year)
Sewer pipe : 46224 km
IWA Workshop on Water and Energy & Water Loss, Tokyo, 8 April 201411
Life Cycle Assessment
Disposal
Recyclin
g
Use
Manufacture
Raw Material Mining
Energ
y S
upply
Product
System Boundary
Resource
Resource
Air Emission
Water Emission
Solid Waste
Goal & scope definition
LC inventory analysis
LC impact assessment
LC in
terp
reta
tion
Raw material extraction Landfilling
LCA consists of 4 phases:
Goal & Scope Definition: Define the functional unit and system boundaries
LCI Analysis: Account for all materials and energy of the product/service system over the whole life-cycle.
Whole life-cycle
IWA Workshop on Water and Energy & Water Loss, Tokyo, 8 April 201412
Life Cycle Assessment:
Inventory Analysis
Dis
posal
Manufa
ctu
reU
se
Raw
Mate
rial
Min
ing
per unit process per functional unit
Input Output
CO2
Waste
Energy
Input Output
Energy
CO2
Input Output
Raw M
CO2
Waste
Input Output
Product
Input Output
Material
CO2
Waste
Energy
Input Output
Energy
CO2
Input Output
Raw M
CO2
Waste
R
Coal
Energy Consumption
… MJ
TotalUM D
Life-Cycle Stage
Input
Crude Oil
Natural Gas
Iron Ore
…
… kg
… L
… m3
… kg
…
Outp
ut
Solid Waste
BOD
…
… kg
… kg
… kg
… kg
…
CO2
CH4
Energy Energy
Product
Material
Waste
Waste Waste
Material
Material
Product
IWA Workshop on Water and Energy & Water Loss, Tokyo, 8 April 201413
1.4 MJ1.10MJ/MJ
1.0 MJ6.31MJ/kWh
48.2 MJ51.3MJ/kg
…MJ/g … MJ
1.230 MJ
PP Resin 1.000 kg
Naphtha 0.940 kg
0.950 g
SOx
Solid Waste
0.225 g
Life Cycle Assessment:
Inventory Analysis Example
Electricity
CO2
0.11 kWh
Diesel Oil
NOx
…1.002 kg
0.913 g
Air
Em
issio
n…
Input Output
0.159 kWh
Polypropylene (PP) Resin Production
Energy
Total … MJ
IWA Workshop on Water and Energy & Water Loss, Tokyo, 8 April 201414
System Boundary of
Water Use System
Ground water
Conveyance
DistributionTransmission
Secondary effluent
Sewage collection
Water Treatment
PlantDistribution
Facility
Reclamationplant
WastewaterTreatment
Plant
Municipal Water Demand
Surfacewater
DomesticWater Demand
Reclaimed water use
Water supply and useRainwater use
Ground water use
IWA Workshop on Water and Energy & Water Loss, Tokyo, 8 April 201415
Water Use System in Ara-river watershed:
LC Energy Consumption
0
2.0 x 109
4.0 x 109
6.0 x 109
8.0 x 109
1.0 x 1010
1.2 x 1010
1.4 x 1010
1.6 x 1010
1.8 x 1010
Watersupply
Wastewatertreatment
Energ
y C
onsum
ption [
MJ/
yr]
Demolition
Pumping to users
Treatment and plant operation
Construction:
Facilities
Construction:
Pipes
Sludgetreatment
Note: Not only electric energy but also chemicals and fuels
Conversion factor6.3 MJ/kWh (LCE)cf 3.6 MJ/kW (Calorie basis)
Water supply: 2.38 x109 m3/year
7.90 x 109
2.82 x 109 13.4 x 109
1.88 x 109
1.17 x 109
5.19 x 109 6.29 x 109
0.53kWh/m3
0.89kWh/m3
0.19kWh/m3
0.42kWh/m3
National average= ap 0.49 kWh/m3
15
IWA Workshop on Water and Energy & Water Loss, Tokyo, 8 April 201416
Raw Sewage
Secondary
Effluent
Sea-Level (0m)
Drinking Water
Clean water at altitude 100 m
Groundwater -100 m
River good quality
River poor quality
Seawater
-1
-2
-3
0
+0.5
(kWh/m3)
Water
Resource
Reclaimed
Water
Energy Index for Water Quality
+0.27Potential energy
Courtesy to Prof. Ohgaki
Water Supply
Water UseWastewater
Treatment
Water
Reclamation
Water
Purification
Water flow direction
Requir
ed e
nerg
y for
puri
fication
IWA Workshop on Water and Energy & Water Loss, Tokyo, 8 April 201417
Thank you for your attention
WWTP
DWTP
Enhanced
Infiltration
Water
Recycling
Society
Rainwater
Use
Reclaimed
Water Use
Groundwater
Recharge and Use
Wise use of self-owned water
resources in urban area
Conservation of
Water Environment
Watershed-based Sustainable Urban Water Use
Hiroaki FURUMAI [email protected]