Life Chapter Life Chapter 1212

Part 1Part 1

Phyla Phyla

Porifera & Porifera & CnidariaCnidaria

Kingdom: AnimaliaKingdom: Animalia AKA: Kingdom – AKA: Kingdom – MetazoaMetazoa

Multicellular eukaryotic Multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophsheterotrophs

Doesn’t contain the Prokaryotes Doesn’t contain the Prokaryotes (bacteria & blue-green algae), (bacteria & blue-green algae), protists, Fungi or Plantsprotists, Fungi or Plants

Cells lack a rigid cell wallCells lack a rigid cell wall Most (except sponges) ingest food Most (except sponges) ingest food

& digest it in an internal cavity& digest it in an internal cavity Most (except sponges) are Most (except sponges) are

composed of cells organized into composed of cells organized into tissues & organstissues & organs

2 main Groups2 main Groups InvertebratesInvertebrates – those w/out a backbone – those w/out a backbone VertebratesVertebrates – those w/ a backbone – those w/ a backbone

Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism

Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology Symmetry – a body pattern of similaritySymmetry – a body pattern of similarity 1. 1. Spherical SymmetrySpherical Symmetry: Example- Volvox; animal can be bisected : Example- Volvox; animal can be bisected

thru any plane that passes thru the thru any plane that passes thru the center point center point of the critter. Most of the critter. Most primitive of symmetrical typesprimitive of symmetrical types

2. 2. Radial SymmetryRadial Symmetry: Example – sea anemone, starfish, sea urchins : Example – sea anemone, starfish, sea urchins jellyfish; animal can be bisected w/ equal halves when plane cuts thru a jellyfish; animal can be bisected w/ equal halves when plane cuts thru a central linecentral line. 2nd most primitive symmetry. 2nd most primitive symmetry

3. 3. Bilateral SymmetryBilateral Symmetry: Examples- Planarians, vertebrates; only one : Examples- Planarians, vertebrates; only one plane will bisect the critter into two relatively equal halves. Plane must plane will bisect the critter into two relatively equal halves. Plane must go thru a go thru a central plane central plane for symmetry to occur. Most advancedfor symmetry to occur. Most advanced

Anatomical positionsAnatomical positions 1. Dorsal / Ventral1. Dorsal / Ventral 2. Anterior / posterior2. Anterior / posterior 3. Lateral / Medial3. Lateral / Medial 4. Proximal / Distal4. Proximal / Distal 5. Right / Left5. Right / Left 6. Cranial / Caudal6. Cranial / Caudal

Seven Essential Life Seven Essential Life FunctionsFunctions

1. 1. FeedingFeeding – a way used to gather food– a way used to gather food

2. 2. RespirationRespiration – a way need to obtain oxygen from – a way need to obtain oxygen from environment and remove carbon dioxide from the organismenvironment and remove carbon dioxide from the organism

3. 3. Internal transport Internal transport – (circulation) need to move – (circulation) need to move nutrients and wastes to all cells of the organismnutrients and wastes to all cells of the organism

4. 4. ExcretionExcretion – need a way to remove the nitrogenous cellular – need a way to remove the nitrogenous cellular wastes productswastes products

5. 5. RespondRespond to the environment to the environment – – Nervous System Nervous System - a way to - a way to sense & gather information from the environmentsense & gather information from the environment

6. 6. ReproductionReproduction – a way to generate off spring– a way to generate off spring

7. 7. MovementMovement – most are able to move from place to place or – most are able to move from place to place or at least move their surrounding to or through them.at least move their surrounding to or through them.

Body Cavity : CoelumBody Cavity : Coelum Prononced “seal –um”Prononced “seal –um” The space between an animals outer covering The space between an animals outer covering

(epidermis or ectoderm) and the lining of the gut or (epidermis or ectoderm) and the lining of the gut or digestive tract (endoderm)digestive tract (endoderm)

Animals divided into 3 typesAnimals divided into 3 types Acoelomate: Acoelomate: “no coelum” include the flatworms

& Cnidarians - most primative PseudocoelomatePseudocoelomate: : “false coelum” – roundworms Coelomate: Coelomate: “true coelum” present – annelids, all

vertebrates and most bilaterally symmetrical animals

Body Cavity : CoelumBody Cavity : Coelum

AcoelomateAcoelomate

PseudocoelomPseudocoelomateate

CoelomCoelomateate

Phylum Porifera - Phylum Porifera - SpongesSponges Invertebrate, Invertebrate, Most have Radial Symmetry some w/ no Most have Radial Symmetry some w/ no

symmetry,symmetry, Most primitive of invertebratesMost primitive of invertebrates All are aquatic, most are marineAll are aquatic, most are marine No specialized tissue or organs, essential life functions performed at No specialized tissue or organs, essential life functions performed at

the cell levelthe cell level Filter feeders that sift microscopic particles from the waterFilter feeders that sift microscopic particles from the water Structure and FunctionStructure and Function

Porifera - AnatomyPorifera - Anatomy 1. 1. Central CavityCentral Cavity: Area enclosed by the body wall of the sponge: Area enclosed by the body wall of the sponge 2. 2. OsculumOsculum: Large dorsal hole where water leaves the sponge ‘s central cavity: Large dorsal hole where water leaves the sponge ‘s central cavity 3. 3. PorocytesPorocytes AKA: AKA:Pore cellsPore cells: Specialized cells in the body wall through which water : Specialized cells in the body wall through which water

entersenters 4. 4. PoresPores: : one of thousands of openings in the body wall allowing water to enter the one of thousands of openings in the body wall allowing water to enter the

central cavitycentral cavity 5. 5. Epidermal cellsEpidermal cells: : outer cell layer on the surface of the spongeouter cell layer on the surface of the sponge 6. 6. SpiculeSpicule: Structural “skeletal” support usually made of silica or calcium: Structural “skeletal” support usually made of silica or calcium 7. 7. AmebocyteAmebocyte: specialized cells that manufacture the spicules: specialized cells that manufacture the spicules 8. 8. ChoanocyteChoanocyte AKA: AKA: Collar cellsCollar cells: : cells facing the inside w/ flagella that create water cells facing the inside w/ flagella that create water

current and traps foodcurrent and traps food

Porifera-Form and Porifera-Form and FunctionFunction FeedingFeeding: : filter feeders that sift particles of food from the water that passes into the filter feeders that sift particles of food from the water that passes into the

central cavity. The food is trapped by the collar cells.central cavity. The food is trapped by the collar cells. Internal Transport Internal Transport ( the system that carries nutrients & wastes through the body): ( the system that carries nutrients & wastes through the body):

The water being pulled through the sponge acts as the transport system.The water being pulled through the sponge acts as the transport system. ExcretionExcretion – – Cellular wastes are also carried away by the water movement and Cellular wastes are also carried away by the water movement and

leaves through the osculumleaves through the osculum RespirationRespiration – – Again, the water passing past the sponge cells allow for OAgain, the water passing past the sponge cells allow for O22 and CO and CO22 to to

be absorbed and discharged respectively.be absorbed and discharged respectively. ReproductionReproduction::

a. Sexual w/ egg and sperm:a. Sexual w/ egg and sperm: i. i. HermaphroditicHermaphroditic – – produces both male & female gametes produces both male & female gametes ii. Eggs produced and held in central cavity.ii. Eggs produced and held in central cavity. iii. Sperm produced by different sponge and pass thru the pores to fertilize.iii. Sperm produced by different sponge and pass thru the pores to fertilize. iv. Larvae passed into water current and become planktoniv. Larvae passed into water current and become plankton

b. Asexual formingb. Asexual forming i. i. GemmulesGemmules: clumps of amebocytes covered by spicules endure poor : clumps of amebocytes covered by spicules endure poor

environmental conditionsenvironmental conditions ii. ii. BuddingBudding: small new growth breaking off creating genetically : small new growth breaking off creating genetically identical offspringidentical offspring

Phylum Cnidaria:Phylum Cnidaria: AKA AKA CoelenterateCoelenterate: Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone & : Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone &

coralscorals A. Aquatic, Invertebrate, Soft bodied critters w/ sting A. Aquatic, Invertebrate, Soft bodied critters w/ sting

cells (cells (nematocystsnematocysts) on tentacles surrounding a mouth) on tentacles surrounding a mouth B. Acoelomate w/ Radial symmetryB. Acoelomate w/ Radial symmetry C. First example of specialized cells and tissueC. First example of specialized cells and tissue D. All are aquaticD. All are aquatic

Cnidaria – Body ShapesCnidaria – Body Shapes 1. 1. PolypPolyp: Hydra, sea anemones and corals – : Hydra, sea anemones and corals –

sessilesessile “flower-like”(sedentary, doesn’t move “flower-like”(sedentary, doesn’t move around much)around much)

2. 2. MedusaMedusa: jellyfish, Man-of-War, free swimming, : jellyfish, Man-of-War, free swimming, planktonic, motile bell-shapedplanktonic, motile bell-shaped

Cnidaria: Structure and Cnidaria: Structure and FunctionFunction TentacleTentacle: finger-like projections that contain the nematocysts and bring prey : finger-like projections that contain the nematocysts and bring prey

item to the mouthitem to the mouth MouthMouth: opening into which prey items enter gastrovascular cavity and since : opening into which prey items enter gastrovascular cavity and since

there is no anus, waste products leave through this opening also.there is no anus, waste products leave through this opening also. Gastrovascular CavityGastrovascular Cavity: GVC “stomach”: prey items digested here: GVC “stomach”: prey items digested here Body wall w/ three layers:Body wall w/ three layers:

a. a. EctodermEctoderm: Epidermis: Epidermis b. b. MesogleaMesoglea: mesoderm - middle jelly-like : mesoderm - middle jelly-like acellularacellular layer layer c. c. EndodermEndoderm: Gastroderm: secretes digestive enzymes into the gastrovascular cavity: Gastroderm: secretes digestive enzymes into the gastrovascular cavity

Basal diskBasal disk: Sticky base that attaches to the substrate and holds the polyp in : Sticky base that attaches to the substrate and holds the polyp in placeplace

NematocystNematocyst – specialized stinging – specialized stinging cellcell

Specialized stinging structures located on Specialized stinging structures located on the tentacles. Dart-like structures that are the tentacles. Dart-like structures that are triggered by touch and inject poison to kill triggered by touch and inject poison to kill prey itemsprey items

Cnidaria - PhysiologyCnidaria - Physiology DigestionDigestion: : incomplete digestive incomplete digestive system- only one in and out orificesystem- only one in and out orifice Internal TransportInternal Transport: : no specialized tissue, organism thin enough for diffusion to no specialized tissue, organism thin enough for diffusion to

move substances between the GVC and the rest of the organismmove substances between the GVC and the rest of the organism ExcretionExcretion: : no specialized tissue, organism thin enough for diffusion to be enoughno specialized tissue, organism thin enough for diffusion to be enough RespirationRespiration: : no specialized tissue organism thin enough for diffusion to be no specialized tissue organism thin enough for diffusion to be

enoughenough Nervous SystemNervous System: : Primitive network of nerves, no true “Brain” or central Primitive network of nerves, no true “Brain” or central

nervous systemnervous system

Sea Anemone vs. Crab

Sea Anemone vs. a Finger

GVC

Cnidaria - ReproductionCnidaria - Reproduction 1. Asexual: reproduces by 1. Asexual: reproduces by buddingbudding, producing a , producing a

genetically identical individualgenetically identical individual 2. Sexual:2. Sexual:

a. Hermaphroditica. Hermaphroditic b. Sperm produced in testisb. Sperm produced in testis c. Eggs produced in ovariesc. Eggs produced in ovaries d. Fertilized eggs are d. Fertilized eggs are zygotes zygotes and and

are released into the water are released into the water

becoming planktonicbecoming planktonic

Bud

The End !!The End !!

The Worms are in part The Worms are in part 2!!2!!