libya in antiquity ii
TRANSCRIPT
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Libya in Antiquity
The Buildings of Roman Lepcis
Magna© Richard Cawley 2004
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Part One:
The Growth of Lepcis Magna
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Questions
• What do you know
about Libya in
general?
• Arab Country in NorthAfrica
• Near Sahara Desert
• Capital City: Tripoli• Colonel Qadhafi
• Former Italian colony
• What do you know
about Ancient Libya?
• Many wealthy cities
• Part of Carthaginian
territory
• Became a Roman
province• Conquered by Arabs in
late seventh century
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Session Aim
• To offer an introduction to the
early history and major buildingsof Roman Lepcis
End
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Session Objectives
By the end of this session, you should be able to…
• Understand, in broad outline, some of the key
features of Lepcis’ early history • Recognise some of the factors behind the
city’s early rise to prominence
• Identify the main buildings of early RomanLepcis Magna
End
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Finding Lepcis
Lepcis
Magna
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Early Lepcis
• Largest city in Ancient Libya• Founded mid-seventh century BCE by settlers
from modern Lebanon
• Earliest surviving archaeological remainsfound under the Old Forum
• Neapolis (‘New City’) on harbour island
• Two main languages: the native Libyan andPunic (a Semitic language, closely related toHebrew and Arabic)
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Agriculture
Lepcis is ‘…equal to any country in the world for cereal
crops and is nothing like the rest of Libya. The soil here
is black and springs of water abound so that there is nofear of drought and heavy rains – for it rains in that part
of Libya – do no harm when they soak the ground. The
returns of the harvest come up to the Babylonian
measures…the Cinyps region yields three hundred fold’ (Herodotus, 4.198)
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Trade & the Economy
• Agriculture enhanced by irrigation
• Grain surplus
• Terminus of trans-Saharan trade route• Local source of timber
• The olive trade
Coin of D. Clodius Albinus (193-197),
showing the Punic deity Baal Ammon, with
an ear of corn and wild animal
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Early Roman Lepcis
• Became an ‘ally’ of Rome in 112BCE
• Fought for Pompey in Civil War against Julius
Caesar
• Fined 3,000,000 litres of olive oil per year by
Caesar
• Absorbed into the province of Africa
Coin of Pertinax (193), displaying the
legend SAECVLO FRVGIFERO (‘The
Age of Plenty’).
Most of Rome’s corn came from North
Africa
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Question Time
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• Questions
• In which modern countryis Lepcis?
• During which century wasLepcis most probablyfounded?
• Name Lepcis’ twolanguages
• What was the city’s mostimportant source ofrevenue?
• Answers
• Libya
• The mid-seventh centuryBCE
• Libyan & Punic
• The olive
Do you know the answers?
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Part Two:
The Buildings of Roman Lepcis
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The Market of Annobal Tapapius
Rufus
• Built in 8BCE, byAnnobal TapapiusRufus
• Constructed in Tholos Style
• Situated in the citycentre, along the ViaTrionfale (TriumphalWay)
• Built in imitation of a
new marketplace inRome itself (the Macellum)
• Controlled by the citymagistrates – the Sufes (‘Judge’)
The Market of Annobal Tapapius
Rufus
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The Market Today
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Question Time
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Do you know the answers?
• Questions
• What was the name of the
person responsible for
building the market at
Lepcis?
• Upon which building was
the market modelled?
• Who controlled the market
at Lepcis?
• When was the market
constructed?
• Answers
• Annobal Tapapius Rufus
• The Macellum at Rome
• The Sufes (or ‘Judge’)
• 8 BCE
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The Tapapii Theatre
• Largest amphitheatre in theregion
• Constructed in 1-2 CE
• Staged plays
• Meeting place for the citycouncil
• Gathering place for religiousfestivals
• Built by Annobal Tapapius
Rufus• Restored during 2nd Century
CE by one Rusonianus*
The Tapapii Theatre
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Question Time
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Do you know the answers?
• Questions
• What was sepcial about theamphitheatre at Lepcis?
• Who built the Theatre?• Apart from entertainment,
what purposes did theTheatre serve?
• Who restored it?
• When was it restored?
• Answers
• It was the largest in theregion
• Annobal Tapapius Rufus• A meeting place for the city
council and a centre forreligious festivals
• Rusonianus
• During the second centuryCE
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The Imperial Baths of Hadrian
• Built by order of the emperor Hadrian in 137CE
• Constructed on alluvial soil reclaimed from the sea
• Monumental in scale
• Modelled on newly-built Imperial Baths at Rome
Plan of Hadrian’s
Baths
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The Imperial Baths: Decorative Art
• Marble Statue pair
• Emperor Hadrian’s drowned
lover Antinoos
• Statue 1:
• Copy of Apollo of Delphi
• Statue 2:
• Diadumenos the Athlete• Idealised portraits of
youthful, male beauty
Statue Statue 2
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The Baths Today
Picture 1: the East
Tepidarium Chamber
Picture 2: the Frigidarium
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Assignment
• Take 3 minutes to complete
the short multiple-choiceexercise
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Concluding Remarks:
The Subsequent History of Lepcis• Strong native traditions combined with the high
culture of Imperial Rome
• In 197 CE, Septimius Severus, a native of Lepcis
became undisputed ruler of the Roman world – leading to an era of unrivalled power
• Septimius massively expanded the city
• However, subsequent economic decline led to the city being almost completely deserted by the coming of
the Arabs in the later seventh century
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Conclusion
• Session Aim
• Session Objectives
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© Richard Cawley 2004