libro polochic elaboración y gestión 1er. sem
TRANSCRIPT
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=;>³ Emih`ffarmtb - Grupb [bfbih`i[r`oar saoastra - @GAU
Afmebrmi`ùj y
Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs
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>³ Emih`ffarmtb - Grupb [bfbih`i[r`oar saoastra - @GAU
=;Afmebrmi`ùj y
Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs
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Afmebrmi`ùj yGast`ùj na [rbyaitbs[r`oar saoastra
Uasarvmnbs tbnbs fbs naraihbs. ]uanm r`gurbsmoajta prbh`e`nm fm raprbnuii`ùj tbtmf b pmri`mfna asta omtar`mf anuimt`vb, pbr iumfqu`ar oan`b b prbian`o`ajtb, s`j fm mutbr`zmi`ùj naf @jst`tutbGumtaomftaib na Anuimi`ùj Umn`bdùj`im, @GAU. Yagój mrtïiufb >5 na fm Ibjst`tui`ùj [bfït`im naGumtaomfm qua sa radara m fm mutbrïm.
© @jst`tutb Gumtaomftaib na Anuimi`ùj Umn`bdùj`im, @GAU.As ujm berm prbnui`nm pbr af Napmrtmoajtb na Uanmii`ùj y N`saýb, pmrm af
@jst`tutb Gumtaomftaib na Anuimi`ùj Umn`bdùj`im, @GAU.
== mvaj`nm =8->1, I`unmn Juavm, zbjm 5I`unmn na Gumtaomfm.
[EX3 5>=5 4444Dmx3 5>=5 47;>
Ibrrab afaitrùj`ib3 `garK`gar.anu.gt[íg`jm wae3 www.`gar.anu.gt
An`i`ùj 5;=1@oprasb aj @GAU tmffaras grídibs
Iùn`gb3 ====;9>1;=
@YEJ 07800504=>989
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Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ Ïjn`ia
Ïjn`ia
¡E`ajvaj`nm y e`ajvaj`nb! ...................................................................................... =
Yaomjm =........................................................................................................................................... =1
@j`i`mjnb uj prbyaitb3 Af n`mgjùst`ib y af n`mgjùst`ibpmrt`i`pmt`vb .................................................................................................................................... =1
¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... =4
Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs .............................................................................................................. =7
Af n`mgjùst`ib pmrt`i`pmt`vb .................................................................................................. =7
^`pbs na prbyaitb .................................................................................................................... 55
Uasuoaj .................................................................................................................................................... 5>
Mutbibjtrbf ............................................................................................................................................. 54
Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ 58
Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca ......................................................................................................................... 58
Yaomjm 5........................................................................................................................................... 50
Uaibp`fmi`ùj na `jdbromi`ùj pmrm af n`mgjùst`ib ............................. 50
¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... 9;
Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs .............................................................................................................. 9=
Uaibp`fmi`ùj na fm `jdbromi`ùj .......................................................................................... 9=
Harrmo`ajtms pmrm raibp`fmr `jdbromi`ùj....................................................................... 9>
Uasuoaj .................................................................................................................................................... 98
Mutbibjtrbf ............................................................................................................................................. 90
Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ >;
Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca ......................................................................................................................... >;
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@GAU ∕ [bfbih`i
Yaomjm 9........................................................................................................................................... >=
[r`br`zmi`ùj na fms jaias`nmnas y ebsquacbs b obnafbs nadbromtb na prbyaitbs ......................................................................................................... >=
¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... >5
Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs .............................................................................................................. >9
[r`br`zmi`ùj na jaias`nmnas ................................................................................................ >9
Ebsquacbs b obnafbs na dbromtb na prbyaitbs ......................................................... >>
Af ime`fnab y fm nadajsm na imusms .................................................................................... >1
Gfbsmr`b ...................................................................................................................................................... >7
Uasuoaj .................................................................................................................................................... >7
Mutbibjtrbf ............................................................................................................................................. >8
Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ 15
Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca ......................................................................................................................... 15
Yaomjm > ........................................................................................................................................... 19
Af prbpùs`tb b oatm na uj prbyaitb .................................................................. 19
¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... 1>
Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs .............................................................................................................. 11
[rbpùs`tb b oatm na uj prbyaitb ..................................................................................... 11
Gfbsmr`b ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Uasuoaj .................................................................................................................................................... 18
Mutbibjtrbf ............................................................................................................................................. 4;
Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ 44
Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca ......................................................................................................................... 44
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Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ Ïjn`ia
Yaomjm 1........................................................................................................................................... 47
Mpf`imi`ùj na fm oatbnbfbgïm na trmemcb pmrm fm gast`ùj naprbyaitbs ........................................................................................................................................... 47
¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... 48
Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs .............................................................................................................. 40
Ir`tar`bs pmrm safaii`bjmr ujm oatbnbfbgïm.................................................................. 40
Dmsas na fm oatbnbfbgïm na trmemcb ................................................................................. 75
Gfbsmr`b ...................................................................................................................................................... 7>
Uasuoaj .................................................................................................................................................... 71
Mutbibjtrbf ............................................................................................................................................. 74
Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ 85
Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca ......................................................................................................................... 85
Yaomjm 4........................................................................................................................................... 89
Dmsas naf prbyaitb3 pfmj`d`imi`ùj, acaiui`ùj, puastm ajomrihm, sagu`o`ajtb, obj`tbrab y avmfumi`ùj ................................... 89
¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... 8>
Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs .............................................................................................................. 81
Naj`i`ùj na fms atmpms naf prbyaitb .............................................................................. 81
Gfbsmr`b ...................................................................................................................................................... 88
Uasuoaj .................................................................................................................................................... 80
Mutbibjtrbf ............................................................................................................................................. 0;
Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ 05
Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca ......................................................................................................................... 05
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@GAU ∕ [bfbih`i
Yaomjm 7........................................................................................................................................... 09
@najt`d`imi`ùj naf raiursb huomjb ..................................................................... 09
¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... 0>
Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs .............................................................................................................. 01
Af aqu`pb qua ffavm m imeb af prbyaitb ....................................................................................=;0
Gfbsmr`b ..................................................................................................................................................... 00
Uasuoaj .................................................................................................................................................... =;;
Mutbibjtrbf ............................................................................................................................................. =;=
Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ =;4
Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca ......................................................................................................................... =;4
Yaomjm 8........................................................................................................................................... =;7
Uapmsb na fm saomjm = m fm 7 ................................................................................. =;7
Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs ..............................................................................................................=;0
[rbyaitb .......................................................................................................................................=;0
Uaibp`fmi`ùj na fm `jdbromi`ùj ..........................................................................................==>
[r`br`zmr jaias`nmnas ..............................................................................................................==7
[rbpùs`tb .....................................................................................................................................=5;
Oatbnbfbgïm ..............................................................................................................................=5>
Dmsas b atmpms ...........................................................................................................................=54
Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca ......................................................................................................................... =>=
Yaomjm 0........................................................................................................................................... =>9
Msuo`r af prbyaitb ................................................................................................................. =>9
¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... =>>
Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs ..............................................................................................................=>1
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Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ Ïjn`ia
Af aqu`pb ibjbia y msuoa af prbyaitb ....................................................................................=>1
Ybi`mf`zmi`ùj ̀ jtarjm na fms n`darajtas dmsas naf prbyaitb ...............................................=>1
Nataro`jmi`ùj ̀ jtarjm na fm v`me`f`nmn naf prbyaitb..........................................................=>7
Gfbsmr`b ..................................................................................................................................................... =>0
Uasuoaj .................................................................................................................................................... =1;
Mutbibjtrbf ............................................................................................................................................. =1=
Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ =1>
Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca ......................................................................................................................... =1>
Yaomjm =; ....................................................................................................................................... =11
T`me`f`nmn naf prbyaitb a `najt`d`imi`ùj na fms duajtas nad`jmji`mo`ajtb ............................................................................................................................. =11
¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... =14
Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs ..............................................................................................................=17
Tmfbrmi`ùj na fm v`me`f`nmn na uj prbyaitb ...................................................................=17
@najt`imi`ùj na fms duajtas na jmji`mo`ajtb ..........................................................=17
Atmpms naf jmji`mo`ajtb.....................................................................................................=18
Gfbsmr`b ..................................................................................................................................................... =10
Uasuoaj .................................................................................................................................................... =10
Mutbibjtrbf ............................................................................................................................................. =4;
Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ =4>
Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca ......................................................................................................................... =4>
Yaomjm == ....................................................................................................................................... =41
Na prbefaom m becat`vb na sbfui`ùj ................................................................. =41
¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... =44
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@GAU ∕ [bfbih`i
Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs ..............................................................................................................=47
Becat`vb gajarmf .......................................................................................................................=47
Becat`vb aspaiïib ..................................................................................................................=47
Gfbsmr`b ..................................................................................................................................................... =7=
Uasuoaj .................................................................................................................................................... =7=
Mutbibjtrbf ............................................................................................................................................. =75
Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ =7>
Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca ......................................................................................................................... =7>
Yaomjm =5 ....................................................................................................................................... =71
Ast`omi`ùj naf mfimjia, astruiturmi`ùj y aspai`d`imi`bjasna fm pfmj`d`imi`ùj ................................................................................................................... =71
¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... =74
Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs ..............................................................................................................=77
Ast`omi`ùj naf mfimjia ...........................................................................................................=77
Gfbsmr`b ...................................................................................................................................................... =78
Uasuoaj .................................................................................................................................................... =70
Mutbibjtrbf ............................................................................................................................................. =8;
Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ =8>
Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca ......................................................................................................................... =8>
Yaomjm =9 ....................................................................................................................................... =71I`ifb na v`nm na uj prbyaitb ..................................................................................... =71
¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... =74
Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs ..............................................................................................................=87
I`ifb na v`nm na uj prbyaitb...............................................................................................=87
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Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ Ïjn`ia
Gfbsmr`b ...................................................................................................................................................... =0=
Uasuoaj .................................................................................................................................................... =05
Mutbibjtrbf ............................................................................................................................................. =09
Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ =04
Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca ......................................................................................................................... =04
Yaomjm => ....................................................................................................................................... =07
Irbjbgrmom pmrm fm ramf`zmi`ùj na uj prbyaitb ................................. =07
¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... =08
Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs ..............................................................................................................=00
Nasmrrbffb na uj irbjbgrmom na mit`v`nmnas ...............................................................=00
Gfbsmr`b ......................................................................................................................................................5;9
Uasuoaj ....................................................................................................................................................5;>
Mutbibjtrbf .............................................................................................................................................5;>
Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ 5;8
Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca .........................................................................................................................5;8
Yaomjm =1 ....................................................................................................................................... 5;0
Yagu`o`ajtb y obj`tbrab ............................................................................................... 5;0¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... 5=;
Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs ..............................................................................................................5==
Yagu`o`ajtb y obj`tbrab .....................................................................................................5==Gfbsmr`b ......................................................................................................................................................5=1
Uasuoaj ....................................................................................................................................................5=4
Mutbibjtrbf .............................................................................................................................................5=7
Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ 55;
Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca .........................................................................................................................55;
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@GAU ∕ [bfbih`i
Yaomjm =4 ....................................................................................................................................... 55=
Afmebrmi`ùj naf `jdbroa gajarmf y sbi`mf`zmi`ùj narasuftmnbs ......................................................................................................................................... 55=
¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... 555
Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs ..............................................................................................................559
Afmebrmi`ùj naf `jdbroa gajarmf b jmf ..........................................................................559
Uasuoaj ....................................................................................................................................................558
Mutbibjtrbf .............................................................................................................................................550
Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ 595
Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca .........................................................................................................................595
Yaomjm =7 ....................................................................................................................................... 599
Uapmsb na fm saomjm 8 m fm =4 ............................................................................. 599
Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs ..............................................................................................................591
Msuo`r af prbyaitb ..................................................................................................................591
Tmfbrmi`ùj na fm v`me`f`nmn naf prbyaitb a `najt`imi`ùj na fms duajtas najmji`mo`ajtb ..........................................................................................................................590
Na prbefaom m becat`vb na sbfui`ùj ................................................................................5>5
Ast`omi`ùj naf mfimjia, astruiturmi`ùj y aspai`imi`bjas na fmpfmj`d`imi`ùj..............................................................................................................................5>4
I`ifb na v`nm na uj prbyaitb...............................................................................................5>0
Irbjbgrmom pmrm fm ramf`zmi`ùj naf prbyaitb ...............................................................519
Yagu`o`ajtb y obj`tbrab .....................................................................................................511
Afmebrmi`ùj naf `jdbroa gajarmf b jmf ..........................................................................518
Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca ......................................................................................................................... 549
Ifmvas..................................................................................................................................................... 541
E`ef`bgrmdïm ....................................................................................................................................... 587
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Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ ¡E`ajvaj`nm y e`ajvaj`nb!
¡E`ajvaj`nm y e`ajvaj`nb!
Af iursb na Fajgum y F`tarmturm naf grupb [bfbih`i (iumrtb emih`ffarmtb) fa prapmrm pmrmnasajvbfvarsa na oacbr omjarm aj sus astun`bs s`gu`ajtas. ^ajaobs tra`jtm y iumtrbsaomjms pbr nafmjta pmrm ibopmrt`r y nasmrrbffmr fms ibopataji`ms omrimnms pbr af
Iurrïiufb Jmi`bjmf Emsa (IJE) y qua raspbjnaj m astm ibopataji`m supar`br3
[arb mjtas na ajtrmr mf natmffa na fms ibopataji`ms pmrm asta iursb, aihaobs ujm o`rmnmm fm pbrtmnm naf f`erb. ¡@j`i`aobs!
Fm `omgaj na fm pbrtmnm sa msaoacm m juastrb pfmjatm, fm ^`arrm. Juastrb prbpùs`tb asqua asta f`erb fa prbvam na tbnms fms harrmo`ajtms, pmrm qua ustan sa s`ajtm pmrta na astaoujnb qua sa hm nmnb aj ffmomr oujnb gfbemf, qua imnm nïm as oís iarimjb grmi`ms m`jtarjat.
Asta paquaýb uj`varsb `jifuya `oígajas qua hmiajmfus`ùj m fms ibopataji`ms. Ybj ̀ jv`tmi`bjas m trmemcmribj juastrms harrmo`ajtms na ibouj`imi`ùj.
Aj fm pmrta iajtrmf mpmraia uj f`erb me`ar-tb y ujm pfuom qua raprasajtmj fm f`tarm-turm, af mrta na fm pmfmerm. Aj asta iursb,jbs miarimraobs m fbs mutbras y sus bermsna n`st`jtms àpbims y fugmras.
Btrm `omgaj n`st`jt`vm as fm naf grupb naparsbjms< ibj affb quaraobs rasmftmr fm`opbrtmji`m na fm parsbjm, naf grupb y nafm ibouj`nmn pbrqua v`v`obs aj sbi`anmny jaias`tmobs ibouj`imrjbs.
Nasmrrbffa fm hme`f`nmn pmrm mrguoajtmr, axprasmr a `jtarpratmrpajsmo`ajtbs, sajt`o`ajtbs y haihbs, aj su ibouj`imi`ùj brmfy asir`tm, qua fa dmi`f`tmj rafmi`bjmrsa mnaiumnmoajta ibj fmsnaoís parsbjms.
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@GAU ∕ [bfbih`i
²Iùob mfimjzmrí asm ibopataji`m ibouj`imt`vm2
Jbs ajdbimraobs aj sa`s ibopataji`ms aspaiïims. [mrm smear s` fms hm mfimjzmjnb, af Iurrïiufb
Jmi`bjmf Emsa prbpbja `jn`imnbras na fbgrb. Astbs `jn`imnbras b ir`tar`bs sbj ibob uj taroùoatrb
qua o`na su nasaopaýb aj imnm ibopataji`m. @raobs mvmjzmjnb pmsb m pmsb. Tmym cíjnbsaquà saii`bjas naf f`erb hmiaj pbs`efa qua ustan nasmrrbffa imnm ibopataji`m qua prasajtmobs mibjt`jumi`ùj.
Ibopataji`m =
= 5 9 > 1 4 7 8 0 =; == =5 =9 => =1 =4 =7
Natar-o`jm fbsprbefa-oms pbroan`bnatàij`ims
y prbia-n`o`aj-tbs ana-iumnbspmrm afastun`b.
¡[mrm
iboajzmr!
x x
Af oujnbna fbsprbyaitbs
x x x
Mutbibjtrbf x x x
Nasmrrbffbna juavms hme`f`nmnas
x x x
Jmvaguaaj ̀ jtarjat
x x x x
w
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Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ ¡E`ajvaj`nm y e`ajvaj`nb!
Ibopataji`m 5
= 5 9 > 1 4 7 8 0 =; == =5 =9 => =1 =4 =7
Qt`f`zmfbs ibj-iaptbseís`ibsna fmdbrou-fmi`ùjnaprbyai-tbs pmrmfm sbfu-i`ùj naprbe-faomsaj quasa aj-iuajtrm`joarsb.
¡[mrmiboajzmr!
x
Af oujnbna fbsprbyaitbs
x
Mutbibjtrbf
Nasmrrbffbna juavms hme`f`nmnas
Jmvaguaaj ̀ jtarjat x
w
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@GAU ∕ [bfbih`i
Ibopataji`m 9
= 5 9 > 1 4 7 8 0 =; == =5 =9 => =1 =4 =7
Aopfamobnmf`-nmnas ytàij`imsna fmpfmj`-imi`ùjibob`j`i`b
na fmgast`ùjnaprbyai-tbs ajfm aca-iui`ùjnafprbyai-tb.
¡[mrmiboajzmr!
x x x x
Af oujnbna fbsprbyaitbs
x x x x x
Mutbibjtrbf x x x x x
Nasmrrbffbna juavms hme`f`nmnas
x x x x
Jmvagua
aj ̀ jtarjat
x x
w
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Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ ¡E`ajvaj`nm y e`ajvaj`nb!
Ibj su asduarzb, pbnrí ibjqu`stmr astms ibopataji`ms m trmvàs na tras t`pbs na ibjtaj`nbs3
Naifmrmt`vbs3 Fbs ibjtaj`nbs naifmrmt`vbs fa mpbrtmríj af ibjbi`o`ajtb na fbs n`st`jtbsmspaitbs taùr`ibs y ibjiaptumfas prbp`bs naf íram na ibouj`imi`ùj y fajgumca.
[rbian`oajtmfas3 Ibob `jn`im su jboera, fbs ibjtaj`nbs prbian`o`ajtmfas sa nasmrrbffmríjm emsa na acari`i`bs, prbian`o`ajtbs b mjíf`s`s na taxtbs aj fbs iumfas puanm naobstrmr afnbo`j`b y fm puastm aj príit`im na fbs ibjbi`o`ajtbs naifmrmt`vbs.
Mit`tun`jmfas3 Fbs ibjtaj`nbs mit`tun`jmfas sbj tbnb mquaffb qua t`aja qua var ibj su mit`tunmjta af astun`b y mjta fm v`nm, aj gajarmf. Aj af f`erb ajibjtrmrí mit`v`nmnas y radfax`bjas pmrmmprajnar m ibjv`v`r ibj fbs naoís.
Ibopataji`m >
= 5 9 > 1 4 7 8 0 =; == =5 =9 => =1 =4 =7
Aopfamobnmf`-nmnas ytàij`imsna fmpfmj`-imi`ùjibob`j`i`b
na fmgast`ùjnaprbyai-tbs ajfm aca-iui`ùjnafprbyai-tb.
¡[mrmiboajzmr! x x x x x x x x x x
Af oujnbna fbsprbyaitbs
x x x x x x x x x x
Mutbibjtrbf x x x x x x x x x x
Nasmrrbffbna juavms hme`f`nmnas
x x x x x x x x x x
Jmvagua
aj ̀ jtarjat
x x x
w
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Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ ¡E`ajvaj`nm y e`ajvaj`nb!
¡[mrm iboajzmr!
Astm saii`ùj fa myunmrí m `jtrbnui`rsa aj af taom pr`ji`pmf na fmsaomjm, ratbomjnb fbs ibjiaptbs astun`mnbs aj fm saomjm mjtar`br y
rafmi`bjíjnbfbs ibj fbs ibjiaptbs juavbs. Jb bfv`na faar astm saii`ùjpuas fa myunmrí m iboprajnar oacbr fbs ibjtaj`nbs na fm saomjm.
=4 @GAU ∕ [bfbih`i
¡[mrm iboajzmr!
[mrm nmr `j`i`b mf dmsi`jmjta oujnb na fbs prb yaitbs aj af qua ajtrmríj pbr
oan`b naf iursb Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rb yaitbs, famobs fm s`gu`ajta
h`stbr`m3
Fbs astun`mjtas na Emih`ffarmtb naf @jst`tutb O`guaf Íjgaf Mstur`ms, s`tumnb aj
uj ouj`i`p`b naf br`ajta na Gumtaomfm, ibj varsmrbj ibj sus prbdasbras sbera
fbs prbefaoms qua astmem ajdrajtmjnb fm gajta aj af imopb.
Qjb na fbs prbefaoms qua oís fas ffmoù fm mtaji`ùj dua fm saquïm qua hm
mdaitmnb fm rag`ùj aj fbs óft`obs oasas, fb qua hm imusmnb nmýbs aj sus
iuft`vbs, pr`ji`pmfoajta af omïz.
Fbs astun`mjtas t`ajaj pajsmnb `j`i`mr uj prb yaitb qua m yuna m omjtajar af
sustajtb na omïz aj su ibouj`nmn, pr`ji`pmfoajta aj àpbim na saquïm.
Fbs prbdasbras fbs daf`i`tmrbj pbr su `j`i`mt`vm y fasraibrnmrbj qua naeaj tajar
aj iuajtm qua fm gast`ùj na prb yaitbs as ujm n`si`pf`jm y pbr affb jb sa puana
`oprb v`smr.
^bnbs fbs astun`mjtas quarïmj nmr sus bp`j`bjas sbera af prb yaitb qua
nasamemj ffa vmr m imeb. M fbs prbdasbras fas pmrai`ù ou y e`aj qua bp`jmrmj,
parb fas p`n`arbj qua mjtas nadj`armj quàas uj prb yaitb.
Hueb ouihbs mpbrtas na fbs astun`mjtas y djmfoajta smimrbj ujm nadj`i`ùj
ibj fms `nams na tbnbs3
P, ²quà as fm gast`ùj na prb yaitbs2, pragujtmrbj fbs prbdasbras. Ibjifu yarbj
aj nadj`rfm ibob uj prbiasb qua guï m af nasmr rbffb na fbs pr b y ait bs y qua
r aqu`ara pfmj`imi`ùj, r aibfaii`ùj na `jdbromi`ùj, n`jmo`z mi`ùj , brgmj`z mi`ùj
na fms d br tmfaz ms na imnm ujb na fbs qua v mj m pmr t ̀i ̀pmr y mno`j`strmi`ùj na fbs
raiursbs ibj qua sa iuajt m.
Fbs prbdasbras raiboajnmrbj m fbs astun`mjtas omjtajar s`aopra uj euaj
moe`ajta ajtra fbs pmrt`i`pmjtas naf prb yaitb,ibj sbf`nmr`nmn y raspatb
`jtarparsbjmfas.
Qj prb yaitb as ujm mii`ùj n`saýmnm pmrm fbgrmr ujb b vmr`bs prbpùs`tbs
b oatms. Hm y prb yaitbs sbi`mfas, ibob af qua qu`araj aoprajnar fbs
astun`mjtas. Astbs prb yaitbs eusimj rasbf var mfgój prbefaom qua astí
mdaitmjnb m uj grupb sbi`mf b m ujm ibouj`nmn. Fbs prb yaitbs t`ajaj uj
pr`ji`p`b y uj djmf nadj`nb aj af t`aopb y tmoe`àj aj fbs raiursbs qua sa
nast`jaj pmrm ffa vmrfb m imeb.
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∕
Mutbibjtrbf
Mit`v`nmn =. Naouastra fb mprajn`nb.
Af prbefaom as fm beas`nmn y fm emcm mit`v`nmn dïs`im na fbs j`ýbs oajbras m =5 mýbs. Qstan t`aja fm raspbjsme`f`nmn na nasmrrbffmr uj prbyaitb qua myuna m astbs j`ýbs aj su ibouj`nmn.
[mrm hmiar af n`mgjùst`ib, nai`na raiurr`r m fms tras asiuafms qua mt`ajnaj j`ýbs na asm anmn aj su ibouj`nmn. Mffï hmrí uj n`mgjùst`ib pmrt`i`pmt`vb.
²]uà pmsbs sagu`rïm pmrm ffavmrfb m imeb2
²M qu`àjas `jv`tmrïm m pmrt`i`pmr aj fm `jvast`gmi`ùj2
²]uà astrmtag`ms usmrïm pmrm qua fm ibouj`nmn sa `jtarasmrm aj su prbyaitb2
=
= .
54 @GAU ∕ [bfbih`i
Mit ̀v`nmn 5. [`ajsa y mpf`qua fb qua mprajn`ù.
m) M ibjt`jumi`ùj sa fa prasajtm uj prbefaom. [mrm afmebrmr uj n`mgjùst`ib, naea pfmjtamr be cat`vbspmrm af parsbjmf axtarjb qua vm m ffavmr m imeb af prbyaitb y be cat`vbs pmrm fm ibouj`nmn.
=. [rbefaom3
@jiraoajtb na nasaihbs jb e`bnagrmnmefas= aj fms imffas na fm ibouj`nmn.
5.= Becat`vb naf parsbjmf axtarjb3
5.5 Becat`vb na fbs o`aoerbs na fm ibouj`nmn3
= e`bnagrmnmefas3 Ibopuastb quïo`ib qua puana sar nagrmnmnb pbr mii`ùj e`bfùg`im.
Mit`v`nmn 9. Nasmrrbffa juavms hme`f`nmnas.
Fam fm s`gu`ajta h`stbr`m y naspuàs raspbjnm fms pragujtms qua sa fa pfmjtamj.
Mhbrm, raspbjnm3
Fbs hme`tmjtas na fm ibouj`nmn qu`araj hmiar uj n`mgjùst`ib pmrt`i`pmt`vb y fa p`naj myunm m ustan.
²]uà nae`arm ̀ najt`dimr asta n`mgjùst`ib2
Nasna pr`ji`p`bs naf s`gfb X@X, fbs hme`tmjtas na fm ibouj`nmn Af Ymftb tajïmj uj ebsqua iboujmf,
as nai`r qua jb arm prbp`anmn na j`jgujb na fbs hme`tmjtas parb arm na tbnbs. Af ebsqua iboujmf
prbpbri`bjmem faým y btrbs `jsuobs m fm ibouj`nmn. Af iuft`vb na fm faým y af mprbvaihmo`ajtb naf
ebsqua astmemj ragufmnbs pbr fms mutbr`nmnas fbimfas. Ms`o`sob, hmeïm ragufmi`bjas pmrm af iu`nmnb naf
ebsqua, qua arm raspbjsme`f`nmn na tbnbs fbs hme`tmjtas na mquaffm ibouj`nmn.
Af imsb naf ebsqua iboujmf na Af Ymftb jb arm ój`ib. Ouihms ibouj`nmnas tajïmj prbp`anmnas
iboujmfas, sbera tbnb ebsquas.
[msmnbs fbs mýbs, n`darajtas gbe`arjbs duarbj rat`rmjnb na fms ibouj`nmnas astms prbp`anmnas
iboujmfas, ym sam pbrqua fms nast`jmrbj m btrms duji`bjas b pbrqua fms vajn`arbj m pmrt`iufmras.
Fm ibouj`nmn na Af Ymftb ibjsarvù su ebsqua iboujmf hmstm hmia pbibs mýbs. Y`j aoemrgb, ffagù af
oboajtb aj qua fb parn`ù, pbrqua af gbe`arjb nast`jù pmrta m fm ibjstruii`ùj na ujms `jstmfmi`bjas
póef`ims, mer`ù ujm imrratarm qua mtrmvasù fb qua hmeïm s`nb ebsqua y tmoe`àj suemstù pmrta m pmrt`iufmras
`jtarasmnbs aj iboprmr t`arrm.
Fbs pbefmnbras na Af Ymftb ajdrajtmj hby ujm s`tumi`ùj n`dïi`f, pbrqua mf parnar af ebsqua iboujmf ym jb
puanaj betajar fbs ̀opbrtmjtas ̀jsuobs qua fas prbvaïm. Mjta astm prbefaoít`im, eusimj gajarmr uj
prbyaitb qua mf`v`a fm s`tumi`ùj aj fm qua sa ajiuajtrmj.
Aj su iufturm, iuajtmj ibj prbian`o`ajtbs trmn`i`bjmfas pmrm mebrnmr s`tumi`bjas prbefaoít`ims qua
mdaitmj m fm ibouj`nmn, parb iraaj qua jb duji`bjmríj pmrm af imsb qua ajdrajtmj. ]u`s`armj axpfbrmr
pbs`efas bpi`bjas, pmrm fb iumf jaias`tmj astmr `jdbromnbs na fms pbfït`ims guearjmoajtmfas y ibjtmr
ibj juavbs ibjbi`o`ajtbs tàij`ibs y astrmtag`ms.
0Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ ¡E`ajvaj`nm y e`ajvaj`nb!
Mutbibjtrbf
Af mutbibjtrbf as su mutbavmfumi`ùj. Fa myunmrí m smear quà mprajn`ù, iùob fb mprajn`ù yquà naea oacbrmr. Fms mit`v`nmnas tbimj fbs taoms astun`mnbs y pbr ibjs`gu`ajta fbs fbgrbsna fm saomjm. Af mutbibjtrbf t`aja tras oboajtbs na acari`tmi`ùj.
Mit`v`nmn =3 As uj pr`oar oboajtb.Uasbfvarí acari`i`bs qua avmfómjfm iboprajs`ùj naf taom na fmsaomjm.
Mit`v`nmn 53 Qj sagujnb oboajtbas pbjar aj príit`im fb mprajn`nby mpf`imr sus ibjbi`o`ajtbs ajs`tumi`bjas juavms.
Mit`v`nmn 93 Af tariar oboajtbibjs`sta aj prmit`imr fmsnastrazms mprajn`nms mjta tmramsramfas ibob `jvast`gmr, trmemcmraj aqu`pb, ati.
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@GAU ∕ [bfbih`i
Jmvagua aj fm ran
@jtarjat as uj raiursb qua ym jb puana quanmr duarm na fm v`nm na uj astun`mjta. Astmsaii`ùj fa sug`ara n`raii`bjas na `jtarjat pmrm mopf`mr fbs taoms. [mrm ujm `jvast`gmi`ùjprbvaihbsm3
• Uad`àrmsa s`aopra m fms `jst`tui`bjas ibjbi`nms3 uj`vars`nmnas,
o`j`star`bs na anuimi`ùj, brgmj`sobs oujn`mfas, ati.
• Fam a `jtajta `jtarpratmr fm `jdbromi`ùj. Jb sa f`o`ta m ibp`mr y pagmr aftaxtb.
• @jn`qua s`aopra fm duajta na ibjsuftm
qua ut`f`zù.
• r̂mta na v`s`tmr `jtarjat, mf oajbs,
ujm vaz pbr saomjm.
Gfbsmr`b
Af gfbsmr`b prasajtm fms pmfmerms juavms quamprajn`ù. Fa s`gua uj acari`i`b pmrm qua ibjbzimaf s`gj`imnb na btrms pmfmerms. Uamfïiafb ibj
ouihm mtaji`ùj. As ujm omjarm na mopf`mr suvbimeufmr`b.
∕ f
` ` ` ` f ` f
` f ` ` ``
` ` `
` ` ` f f
`
` ` f `
f f ` `
f f ` f f
` f ` f f ̀ f ` f `
f ` ` f ` f
` f `
f ` f ` ` ` `
` - ` ` ` f
` ` f ` f ` ` ` f f
Gfbsmr`b
Eusqua af s`gj`imnb na fms s`gu`ajtas pmfmerms3
mjtaianajta3
oatm3
prbpùs`tb3
becat`vb3
n`oajs`ùj3
j`vaf3
[mrm mopf`mr sus ibjbi`o`ajtbs sbera iùob ramf`zmr n`mgjùst`ibs, puana v`s`tmr af
s`gu`ajta s`t`b3
http3//ybutu.ea/sbUXEG4b^tb
Y` qu`ara betajar oís ̀ jdbromi`ùj sbera t`pbs na prbyaitbs, puana ibjsuftmr fm
s`gu`ajta píg`jm aj fm wae3
http3//www.t`pbsna.brg/ibt`n`mjbs/98-t`pbs-na-prbyaitbs/#`xzz9U4OUsJM9
Jmvagua aj fm ran...
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Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ ¡E`ajvaj`nm y e`ajvaj`nb!
Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca
Ibj ujm f`stm na ibtacb
Naspuàs na hmiar ujm tmram, as euajb raax`bjmrsbera juastrb nasaopaýb. [mrm asb, mf jmf na fm
saomjm, ajibjtrmrí asta iumnrb aj af qua puanavar`imr s` mfimjzù fbs fbgrbs.
^ùoasa su t`aopb pmrm raspbjnar, as sumutbmprajn`zmca.
54 @GAU ∕ [bfbih`i
Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca
Omrqua ibj uj ihaqua fm ims`ffm qua oacbr `jn`qua su rajn`o`ajtb. fbgrmnbaj
prbiasbjb
fbgrmnb
Nasir`eb quà as af `jdbroa gajarmf na uj prbyaitb.
Ibjbzib quà afaoajtbs fb `jtagrmj.
Uaibjbzib fm `opbrtmji`m na fm sbi`mf`zmi`ùj na fbs rasuftmnbsnaf prbyaitb.
Nasir`eb qu`àjas pmrt`i`pmj aj fm sbi`mf`zmi`ùj.
@najt`ib fbs afaoajtbs qua naea ffavmr fm sbi`mf`zmi`ùj na fbsrasuftmnbs na uj prbyaitb.
N a s p u à s n a a s t u n ` m r . . .
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@GAU ∕ [bfbih`i
F`erb, ifmsa rmn`mf y iïriufb na astun`b
¡Yu aqu`pb na trmemcb!
Af f`erb, ibj sar ujm euajm harrmo`ajtm, jb fb as tbnb. [mrm qua ustan mfimjia af j`vaf naibopataji`m nasamnb, juastrb s`staom pbja m su n`spbs`i`ùj3 af f`erb, fm ifmsa rmn`mf y fm
`jv`tmi`ùj m pmrt`i`pmr aj uj iïriufb na astun`b.
• Fm ifmsa rmn`mf t`aja ibob duji`ùj pr`ji`pmfaxpf`imr y dmi`f`tmr fm iboprajs`ùj na fbs taoms
trmtmnbs aj af f`erb.
[uana asiuihmr fm ifmsa rmn`mf aj ujm ao`sbrmna su fbimf`nmn, nasimrgmrfms aj juastrm pí-g`jm www.`gar.anu.gt b mnqu`r`rfms aj IN aj fmibbrn`jmi`ùj rag`bjmf.
• Af iïriufb na astun`b as af fugmrpmrm ibopmrt`r y mprajnar cujtbs.
Mprbvaiha astbs raiursbs y mpùyasa aj parsbjms na su ibouj`nmn pmrm rasbfvar sus nunms.
• Af f`erb iuopfa iumtrb duji`bjas3
m. âxtb, aj af qua ajiuajtrm fm `jdbromi`ùj y afnasmrrbffb na fbs ibjtaj`nbs m astun`mr.
e. [`zmrrùj, pmrm qua nurmjta fm ifmsa rmn`mfsuermya `nams `opbrtmjtas b ramf`ia n`st`jtmsmit`v`nmnas.
i. Iumnarjb na trmemcb, ibj acari`i`bs pmrm prmi-t`imr fb mprajn`nb.
n. Harrmo`ajtm na mutbavmfumi`ùj, iumjnb ra-suafva su mutbibjtrbf imnm saomjm.
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Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ ¡E`ajvaj`nm y e`ajvaj`nb!
Juastrm oatbnbfbgïm pmsb m pmsb
[mrm dmi`f`tmr su mprajn`zmca y mprbvaihmr oís y oacbr af astun`b imnm saomjm, s`gm astbspmsbs. ¡Jb sa smfta j`jgujb!
Fam af ibjtaj`nb na fm saomjm
Faar af ibjtaj`nb jbs paro`ta tajar ujm `nam gajarmf naf taom3 quà sm-eaobs, ibj quà fb rafmi`bjmobs, ati. Asta pr`oar ibjtmitb tmoe`àj jbshmrí imar aj fm iuajtm naf asduarzb m ramf`zmr pmrm mprajnar fb juavb y jbspbjnrí ‖aj bjnm‟ pmrm fm ifmsa rmn`mf.
=
Asiuiha fm ifmsa rmn`mfIbj fbs 1 sajt`nbs
Fm ifmsa rmn`mf as juastrm omastrm. Na mhï qua af prbgrmom sa ffmoa "AfOmastrb aj Imsm". Fms omastrms y omastrbs fbiutbras axpf`imj af ibjtaj`-nb, prbpbjaj acari`i`bs y btrbs acaopfbs pmrm mopf`mr af taom.
5
Naspuàs na fm ifmsa rmn`mf, su trmemcb parsbjmf Astun`b y mutbibjtrbf
D`jmf`zmnm fm ifmsa rmn`mf as af oboajtb na su trmemcb parsbjmf. N`str`euymsu t`aopb3 as oacbr uj pbib imnm nïm, qua tbnb fm vïsparm.
9
Ibjsufta sus nunmsQj astun`mjta `jtaf`gajta smea iuíjnb pan`r myunm
Ibjsufta fbs taoms qua jb fa hmj quanmnb ifmrbs aj btrbs f`erbs, aj ̀ jtar-jat, ibj dmo`f`mras b mo`gbs. Yagurb qua ajibjtrmrí parsbjms n`spuastmsm myunmrfa.
>
[mrt`i`pa aj uj iïriufb na astun`b
Mprajnar cujtbs[ùjgmsa na miuarnb ibj btrbs astun`mjtas y brgmj`iaj uj iïriufb na astu-n`b. Ybf`i`taj fm myunm na mfgujm parsbjm vbfujtmr`m na fm ibouj`nmn. Asbfas myunmrí m rasbfvar nunms y radbrzmr fb mprajn`nb. Mnaoís, tajnríj fmbpbrtuj`nmn na `jtarimoe`mr mprajn`zmcas, `nams y sajt`o`ajtbs.
Uaiuarna qua s`aopra puana miun`r m su tutbr ms`gjmnb.
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@GAU ∕ [bfbih`i
²Iùob mprbvaihmr oacbr su astun`b2
• Eusqua uj fugmr iùobnb y ibj euajm `fuo`jmi`ùj. As `opbrtmjta qua sa
mfaca naf ru`nb y na fms n`strmii`bjas.
• Af`cm uj hbrmr`b pmrm trmemcmr y astun`mr. Fm ibjstmji`m y fm n`si`pf`jm sbj
sus oacbras ibopmýarms na astun`b.
• Fam ibj mtaji`ùj fms `jstruii`bjas na fbs acari`i`bs mjtas na rasbfvarfbs.
• Ibjsufta sus nunms ibj btrms parsbjms na su ibouj`nmn qua puanmj
myunmrfa.
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Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ Yaomjm =
=
@j`i`mjnb uj [rbyaitb3Af n`mgjùst`ib y af n`mgjùst`ib pmrt`i`pmt`vb
²]uà ajibjtrmrí astm saomjm2 [rbyaitbs y gast`ùj na prbyaitbs
N`mgjùst`ib ibob harrmo`ajtm eís`im
N`mgjùst`ib pmrt`i`pmt`vb
Fbs prbyaitbs y su gast`ùj
[fmjtamo`ajtb na becat`vbs naf n`mgjùst`ib
[msbs y dmitbras naf n`mgjùst`ib pmrt`i`pmt`vb
^`pbs na prbyaitb
Astm saomjm fbgrmrí3
@najt`imr quà as uj prbyaitb.
Ibjbiar quà as gast`ùj na prbyaitbs. Ibjbiar fb qua as af n`mgjùst`ib y af n`mgjùst`ib pmrt`i`pmt`vb.
Nasir`e`r fbs pmsbs y dmitbras naf n`mgjùst`ib pmrt`i`pmt`vb.
Uaibjbiar n`darajtas t`pbs na prbyaitbs.
[bjar aj príit`im fb mprajn`nb.
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@GAU ∕ [bfbih`i
¡[mrm iboajzmr!
[mrm nmr `j`i`b mf dmsi`jmjta oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs aj af qua ajtrmríj pbroan`b naf iursb Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs, famobs fm s`gu`ajtah`stbr`m3
Fbs astun`mjtas na Emih`ffarmtb naf @jst`tutb O`guaf Íjgaf Mstur`ms, s`tumnb ajuj ouj`i`p`b naf br`ajta na Gumtaomfm, ibjvarsmrbj ibj sus prbdasbras sberafbs prbefaoms qua astmem ajdrajtmjnb fm gajta aj af imopb.
Qjb na fbs prbefaoms qua oís fas ffmoù fm mtaji`ùj dua fm saquïm qua hmmdaitmnb fm rag`ùj aj fbs óft`obs oasas, fb qua hm imusmnb nmýbs aj susiuft`vbs, pr`ji`pmfoajta af omïz.
Fbs astun`mjtas t`ajaj pajsmnb `j`i`mr uj prbyaitb qua myuna m omjtajar af
sustajtb na omïz aj su ibouj`nmn, pr`ji`pmfoajta aj àpbim na saquïm.Fbs prbdasbras fbs daf`i`tmrbj pbr su ̀ j`i`mt`vm y fas raibrnmrbj qua naeaj tajaraj iuajtm qua fm afmebrmi`ùj y gast`ùj na prbyaitbs as ujm n`si`pf`jm y pbr affbjb sa puana ̀ oprbv`smr.
^bnbs fbs astun`mjtas quarïmj nmr sus bp`j`bjas sbera af prbyaitb quanasamemj ffavmr m imeb. M fbs prbdasbras fas pmrai`ù ouy e`aj qua bp`jmrmj,parb fas p`n`arbj qua mjtas naj`armj quà as uj prbyaitb.
Hueb ouihbs mpbrtas na fbs astun`mjtas y jmfoajta smimrbj ujm naj`i`ùj
ibj fms `nams na tbnbs3
P, ²quà as fm gast`ùj na prbyaitbs2, pragujtmrbj fbs prbdasbras. Ibjifuyarbj
aj naj`rfm ibob uj prbiasb qua guïm af nasmrrbffb na fbs prbyaitbs y quaraqu`ara pfmj`imi`ùj, raibfaii`ùj na `jdbromi`ùj, n`jmo`zmi`ùj, brgmj`zmi`ùjna fms dbrtmfazms na imnm ujb na fbs qua vmj m pmrt`i`pmr y mno`j`strmi`ùj na fbsraiursbs ibj qua sa iuajtm.
Fbs prbdasbras raiboajnmrbj m fbs astun`mjtas omjtajar s`aopra uj euajmoe`ajta ajtra fbs pmrt`i`pmjtas naf prbyaitb, ibj sbf`nmr`nmn y raspatb`jtarparsbjmfas.
Qj prbyaitb as ujm mii`ùj n`saýmnm pmrm fbgrmr ujb b vmr`bs prbpùs`tbsb oatms. Hmy prbyaitbs sbi`mfas, ibob af qua qu`araj aoprajnar fbsastun`mjtas. Astbs prbyaitbs eusimj rasbfvar mfgój prbefaom qua astímdaitmjnb m uj grupb sbi`mf b m ujm ibouj`nmn. Fbs prbyaitbs t`ajaj ujpr`ji`p`b y uj jmf naj`nb aj af t`aopb y tmoe`àj aj fbs raiursbs qua sanast`jaj pmrm ffavmrfb m imeb.
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Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ Yaomjm =
²[br nùjna iboajzmobs2, pragujtmrbj fbs astun`mjtas. Fbs prbdasbras fasmibjsacmrbj qua ibob pujtb na pmrt`nm pbnïmj eusimr ibjsacb ibj parsbjmsaxpar`oajtmnms aj af taom pmrm qua fas myunmrmj m pfmjtamr af prbyaitb.
Mf o`sob t`aopb, fas `jn`imrbj qua hmy ujm pr`oarm atmpm qua sa naeaiuopf`r3 ramf`zmr uj n`mgjùst`ib.
Fas axpf`imrbj qua uj n`mgjùst`ib as fm mit`v`nmn qua jbs nm ujm pr`oarmv`s`ùj na fm s`tumi`ùj, pbr oan`b na `jdbromi`ùj qua vm m paro`t`r `jtarpratmrfm ramf`nmn qua quaraobs oacbrmr b trmjsdbromr.
[mrm tajar ujm `nam oís ifmrm, af n`mgjùst`ib as uj astun`b prav`b m tbnmpfmj`imi`ùj b prbyaitb, qua ibjs`sta aj af pfmjtamo`ajtb na becat`vbsnaf n`mgjùst`ib, fm raibp`fmi`ùj na `jdbromi`ùj, su brnajmo`ajtb, su
`jtarpratmi`ùj, af pfmjtamo`ajtb na h`pùtas`s b raspuastms pbs`efas mfprbefaom, ibjifus`bjas y fm sbi`mf`zmi`ùj naf n`mgjùst`ib. As nai`r, qua mfjmf naeaj ibopmrt`rfb ibj fbs pmrt`i`pmjtas a `jtarasmnbs.
Fbs ajimrgmnbs naf prbyaitb puanaj sar parsbjms na fm fbimf`nmn, parbtmoe`àj puanaj sar mgajtas axtarjbs, qua sbj parsbjms na duarm na fmibouj`nmn. Y`j aoemrgb, uj n`mgjùst`ib ramf`zmnb sbfb pbr mgajtas axtarjbss`j fm pmrt`i`pmi`ùj na fm ibouj`nmn puana jb tbomr aj iuajtm iuast`bjas`opbrtmjtas y pbnrïm tajar fm n`iuftmn na qua fm ibouj`nmn jb ibopmrtm af
pfmj na mii`ùj qua rasufta naf n`mgjùst`ib. Na mhï qua fm pmrt`i`pmi`ùj na fmibouj`nmn aj af n`mgjùst`ib sam fb oís mprbp`mnb y aimz aj ouihïs`obs
imsbs.
Af n`mgjùst`ib pmrt`i`pmt`vbHmy uj t`pb na n`mgjùst`ib qua puana sar na ouihm ut`f`nmn pmrm fbsastun`mjtas y tmoe`àj s`aopra qua ffavaobs m imeb prbyaitbs sbi`mfas. Ya trmtmnaf n`mgjùst`ib pmrt`i`pmt`vb, af iumf as uj oàtbnb pmrm nataro`jmr, nasnaaf pujtb na v`stm na fbs o`aoerbs na fm ibouj`nmn, iùob vaj fm s`tumi`ùjy quà mit`v`nmnas sbj jaiasmr`ms y puanaj mpbymrjbs pmrm nmr raspuastm mfprbefaom qua hm surg`nb. Mpf`imnb m s`tumi`bjas aj af imopb, sa najbo`jm
n`mgjùst`ib rurmf pmrt`i`pmt`vb.[mrm ffavmrfb m imeb, fbs o`aoerbs na fm ibouj`nmn pmrt`i`pmj mit`vmoajtaaj af n`mgjùs`t`ib3 myunmnbs pbr fbs ajimrgmnbs naf prbyaitb, `najt`imj
fms ibjn`i`bjas qua sbj jaiasmr`ms pmrm fm ramf`zmi`ùj ax`tbsm na fmsmit`v`nmnas, raibfaitmj `jdbromi`ùj pmrm nataro`jmr s` fm ibouj`nmn raójaastms ibjn`i`bjas b s` puana iramrfms, y pmrt`i`pmj tmoe`àj aj fm eósquanmna sbfui`bjas, fms iumfas saríj prbnuitb na fms mii`bjas qua sa ffavaj m imeb.
Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs
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@GAU ∕ [bfbih`i
Fb pbs`t`vb na asta t`pb na n`mgjùst`ibs as qua fm ̀ jdbromi`ùj qua sa ibjs`guaiuajtm ibj fms parspait`vms na fms parsbjms qua astíj v`v`ajnb uj prbefaomy qu`araj rasbfvarfb. [aro`ta `najt`imr y carmrqu`zmr fbs nmtbs jaiasmr`bs pmrm
ibjstru`r uj prbyaitb qua iuajtm ibj fm mprbemi`ùj na fbs vai`jbs y ibj afqua vmj m `najt`imrsa na ujm omjarm prav`s`efa, msï ibob m pmrt`i`pmr aj su
nasmrrbffb.
Aj uj n`mgjùst`ib pmrt`i`pmt`vb jb sa pmrta na iarb, oís e`aj sa mprbvaihm tbnmfm ̀ jdbromi`ùj n`spbj`efa y nasna af pujtb na v`stm na fbs vai`jbs, qu`ajas sbjfbs qua ibjbiaj oacbr su ibouj`nmn.
Ajtra fms vajtmcms qua bdraia, pbnaobs oaji`bjmr3
[aro`ta af mjíf`s`s oacbr `jdbromnb na fbs prbefaoms.
Uavmfbr`zm m fbs o`aoerbs na fm ibouj`nmn.
Grmi`ms m àf pbnaobs ibjbiar prbefaoms aspaiïibs y ibjiratbs.
Iram ibji`aji`m aj fm ibouj`nmn y fbgrm qua sa brgmj`ia.
[aro`ta fm pmrt`i`pmi`ùj na fbs vai`jbs aj fm sbfui`ùj na fbs prbefaomsqua fbs mdaitmj.
[uana fbgrmr af iboprbo`sb na fm ibouj`nmn y sus `jst`tui`bjas.
Acaopfb
[rbefaoít`im na fm ibouj`nmn3 Nmýb qua imusm fm saquïm m fbs iuft`vbs na omïz y qua gajarm asimsaznaf grmjb.
Fbs mgajtas axtarjbs ajimrgmnbs naf prbyaitb3 Msasbras naf O`j`star`b na Mgr`iufturm y Gmjmnarïm-OMGM.
²]uà hmiaj astbs mgajtas2 Msasbrmj m parsbjms y ibouj`nmnas sbera af usb na sus raiursbs hïnr`ibs,mgrbpaiumr`bs y na gmjmnarïm n`spbj`efas pmrm hmiar drajta mf prbefaom.
Mii`bjas qua sa prbpbjaj3
²Iùob pmrt`i`pmrïm fm ibouj`nmn2 Aj fm ibouj`nmn hmy n`spbj`e`f`nmn na parsbjms qua sa nan`imj
m trmemcmr fm t`arrm y na btrms qua t`ajaj af tarrajb n`spbj`efa pmrm ramf`zmr mit`v`nmnas na iuft`vb.Fm ibouj`nmn pmrt`i`pmrí, ajtbjias, pbrqua prbpbri`bjm `jdbromi`ùj, prbpbja, ramii`bjm m fmsprbpuastms na fbs mgajtas axtarjbs, bp`jm, y mpbrtm su axpar`aji`m pmrm qua af prbyaitb tajgm àx`tb.
²Ya nmj fms ibjn`i`bjas b hmy qua iramrfms2 Fms ibjn`i`bjas ax`staj, msï ibob fm omjb na bermimf`imnm, s`j aoemrgb as jaiasmr`b, pbr acaopfb, iramr uj s`staom na raibfaii`ùj na mgum.
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Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ Yaomjm =
[fmjtamo`ajtb na becat`vbs naf n`mgjùst`ib
Qj becat`vb ibjs`sta aj ̀ najt`imr mspaitbs na fm ramf`nmn qua sa nasam ibjbiar
y fm `jdbromi`ùj qua sa t`aja qua raibp`fmr.
Af becat`vb naea iuopf`r ibj fms s`gu`ajtas imrmitarïst`ims3
• Naea sar oan`efa, fb qua s`gj`im qua sa puanm oan`r juoàr`imoajta.
• Naea sar mfimjzmefa fb qua s`gj`im qua jb as uj `opbs`efa, qua sï sapuana mfimjzmr.
• Naea sar ramf`zmefa, fb qua s`gj`im qua sa puana ramf`zmr b ffavmr m imeb.
• Naea sar aspaiïib, fb qua s`gj`im qua astí ibjiajtrmnb aj mfgb, quajb as gajarmf.
• Naea sar sbstaj`efa, fb qua s`gj`im qua t`aja fmrgm v`nm, qua fb qua sa
ibjs`gm ibj af prbyaitb jb sarí ujm sbfui`ùj sbfb pmrm uj oboajtb, s`jbqua puana omjtajarsa pbr uj t`aopb.
[mrm qua quanaj oís ifmrms astms imrmitarïst`ims, vamobs iùob pfmjtamrïmj ujbecat`vb pmrm su n`mgjùst`ib fbs astun`mjtas na fm h`stbr`m qua mimemobs nafaar3
3Becat`vb
@jiraoajtmr aj uj 1% fm prbnuii`ùj na omïz aj fm rag`ùj pmrmaf mýb 5;=1, pmrm ibjtmr ibj uj omybr suo`j`strb nurmjta af mýb5;=4.
• Qjm imrmitarïst`im oan`efa pbnrïm sar3 Ibfbimr ujm i`drm oatmnaf `jiraoajtb, aj asta imsb af 1%.
• Qjm imrmitarïst`im mfimjzmefa pbnrïm sar3 Nataro`jmr s` af suafbas dàrt`f.
• Qjm imrmitarïst`im ramf`zmefa pbnrïm sar3 Ya ramf`zmrí aj fbs tras
pr`oarbs oasas naf mýb 5;=1.
• Qjm imrmitarïst`im aspaiïim pbnrïm sar3 Tm n`r`g`nb m uj
moe`ajta aspaiïib, aj asta imsb fm rag`ùj.
• Qjm imrmitarïst`im sbstaj`efa pbnrïm sar3 Af becat`vb pravà ujastun`b qua prbouavm af suo`j`strb pmrm af s`gu`ajta mýb(5;=4) y na mffï aj mnafmjta.
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@GAU ∕ [bfbih`i
²]uà pmsbs sagu`r pmrm ramf`zmr uj n`mgjùst`ib pmrt`i`pmt`vb2
m Dbromr af aqu`pb huomjb qua vm m ajimrgmrsa naf n`mgjùst`ib.
m Ibjvbimr m tbnm fm ibouj`nmn pmrm qua pmrt`i`pa.
m Dbromr grupbs na trmemcb.
m Yafaii`bjmr ibj quà `jstruoajtbs sa ffavmrí m imeb fm `jvast`gmi`ùj(ajiuastms, ajtrav`stms, atiàtarm).
m Eusimr fms `jdbromi`ùj n`spbj`efa (astmnïst`ims ramf`zmnms aj astun`bsprav`bs, atiàtarm).
m Hmiar ujm ‖dbtbgrmdïm‟ na fm ibouj`nmn< as nai`r, ujm nasir`pi`ùjibopfatm na fm o`som.
m @najt`imr fbs prbefaoms.
m @najt`imr fms pbtaji`mf`nmnas na fm ibouj`nmn.
m Ifms`imr fm ̀ jdbromi`ùj raibfaitmnm. Mjmf`zmrfm y ranmitmr fbs rapbrtas b
`jdbroa jmf naf n`mgjùst`ib.
Ibob pmrm tbnb prbyaitb, mf jmf sa tajnrí qua `jdbromr m fm ibouj`nmn
sbera fb `jvast`gmnb y fms ibjifus`bjas m fms qua sa hm ffagmnb. As fb qua saffmom sbi`mf`zmi`ùj.
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Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ Yaomjm =
Nasna fuagb, ouihms vaias as `opbrtmjta fm pmrt`i`pmi`ùj na mgajtas axtarjbs m fm ibouj`nmn, pbrqua astbs puanaj mpbrtmr oís `jdbromi`ùj, sbjoís becat`vbs y puanaj sar fbs dmi`f`tmnbras na fbs prbiasbs na n`sius`ùj yraax`ùj, msï ibob myunmr pmrm qua sa puanm ffagmr m ibjsajsbs. Fbs mgajtas
axtarjbs mpbymj tmoe`àj ibj oatbnbfbgïms mnaiumnms.
Mfgb ouy `jtarasmjta as qua o`ajtrms fm ibouj`nmn vm trmemcmjnbpmrt`i`pmt`vmoajta aj af n`mgjùst`ib, iboprajna oacbr su s`tumi`ùj, ̀ najt`imfbs bestíiufbs qua `op`naj su nasmrrbffb y vm, tmoe`àj, `najt`imjnb iuífas
sbj fms pr`br`nmnas.
Astb paro`ta m fm o`som ibouj`nmn pfmj`imr ibfait`vmoajta mquaffms
mit`v`nmnas qua fa myunmríj m rasbfvar sus prbefaoms.
Acari`i`b =
b̂omjnb aj iuajtm qua af n`mgjùst`ib ibouj`tmr`b t`aja ibob j betajar `jdbromi`ùj pbr pmrta
na fbs o`aoerbs na fm ibouj`nmn sbera fbs prbefaoms, jaias`nmnas, raiursbs, bpbrtuj`nmnas ypbtaji`mf`nmnas ibj qua iuajtmj, raspbjnm fms s`gu`ajtas pragujtms3
=. ²Iuífas sarïmj nbs prbefaoms qua mdaitaj m fbs hme`tmjtas na ujm fbimf`nmn nataro`jnm2
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
5. Y` sa trmtmrm na mfgój prbefaom qua mdaita m su ibouj`nmn, ²ibj quà raiursbs iraa qua iuajtmpmrm ffavmr m imeb uj n`mgjùst`ib ibouj`tmr`b2
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
9. ²]uà pbtaji`mf`nmnas t`aja su ibouj`nmn pmrm rasbfvar asa prbefaom2
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
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@GAU ∕ [bfbih`i
^`pbs na prbyaitb
Uaibrnaobs qua uj prbyaitb as ujm raspuastm qua surga ibob sbfui`ùj drajtam uj nataro`jmnb prbefaom b jaias`nmn.
Qj prbyaitb as uj asduarzb taopbrmf qua sa ffavm m imeb pmrm nmr raspuastm m
uj prbefaom, iramr b prbobvar uj prbnuitb b uj sarv`i`b, atiàtarm.
[rbyaitbs parsbjmfas b na v`nm
Ouihms vaias aj fm v`nm jbs sajt`obs jaias`tmnbs na mfgój imoe`b b namprbvaihmr mfgujm bpbrtuj`nmn, ajtbjias rapajsmobs af sajt`nb na juastrmax`staji`m, fm rmzùj pbr fm iumf v`v`obs y jbs hmiaobs btrms pragujtms qua sbjdujnmoajtmfas aj juastrm v`nm.
Mfgujbs acaopfbs3
=. ²Fa gustmrïm grmnumrsa na Emih`ffarmtb2 Y` asa as su prbyaitb,¡mnafmjta! [fmj`qua tbnb fbs natmffas y pbjgm sus ajargïms aj affbpmrm fbgrmrfb. ^ajnrí qua asdbrzmrsa y hmiar tbnb fb pbs`efa aj asmn`raii`ùj.
5. ²P s` iram su prbp`m aoprasm2 As btrb prbyaitb qua fa ax`g`rít`aopb y pfmj`imi`ùj. ̂ ajnrí qua eusimr bpbrtuj`nmnas na jagbi`b
y pravar iùob betajnrí af imp`tmf pmrm iboajzmr. ^moe`àj tajnríqua `jdbromrsa mjtas na `jvart`r sbera axpar`aji`ms s`o`fmras m fmaoprasm qua qu`ara iramr y fms pbs`e`f`nmnas na iboatar arrbras btajar àx`tb.
9. ²]uà fa pmraia uj v`mca2 [uana sar uj eaffb prbyaitb parsbjmf,qua fa nmrí fm bpbrtuj`nmn na ibjbiar juavbs fugmras. Jb s`aoprajaias`tmrí n`spbjar na ouihb n`jarb. [uana pfmj`imr af trmyaitb y
tajar axpar`aji`ms ouy ajr`quaianbrms.
>. ²Jaias`tm oacbrmr sus rafmi`bjas ibj mo`gbs y dmo`f`mras2 Ajbims`bjas fbs omfbs ajtajn`nbs puanaj nmýmr fms rafmi`bjas yprbvbimr qua sa mfaca na parsbjms m fms qua qu`ara y ast`om. Y` fahm biurr`nb, mjmf`ia fbs obt`vbs y trmta na nmr af pr`oar pmsb pmrm
raibopbjar fm rafmi`ùj.
Iumfqu`ar ibsm qua qu`arm hmiar aj fm v`nm qua fa trm`gm eajai`bs asp`r`tumfas
b omtar`mfas mf fbgrmrfb, puana sar uj prbyaitb parsbjmf b na v`nm. Fbgrmrfb vmm hmiar qua sa s`ajtm smt`sdaihb, mnaoís na rajbvmr af nasab na v`v`r y sagu`rmnafmjta.
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Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ Yaomjm =
Mnaoís na fbs prbyaitbs parsbjmfas b na v`nm, hmy na ouihbs btrbs t`pbs.Tamobs mfgujbs3
• [rbyaitb prbnuit`vb3 eusim gajarmr rajtme`f`nmn aibjùo`im y betajar
gmjmji`ms. Fbs prbobtbras na astbs prbyaitbs suafaj sar aoprasms bparsbjms `jtarasmnms aj mfimjzmr eajai`bs aibjùo`ibs.
• [rbyaitb póef`ib b sbi`mf3 eusim mfimjzmr uj `opmitb sbera fm imf`nmnna v`nm na fm pbefmi`ùj. Fbs eajai`bs mfimjzmnbs jb s`aopra sa vmj m
axprasmr aj n`jarb. Fbs prbobtbras na astbs prbyaitbs sbj, pbr acaopfb,fms ouj`i`pmf`nmnas, mfgój O`j`star`b, fbs brgmj`sobs ouft`fmtarmfas,fms BJG (brgmj`zmi`ùj jb guearjmoajtmf), aoprasms -aj sus pbfït`imsna raspbjsme`f`nmn sbi`mf- a `jst`tui`bjas ibj vbimi`ùj sbi`mf.
• [rbyaitb ibouj`tmr`b3 as uj ibjcujtb na mit`v`nmnas br`ajtmnms m iramruj sarv`i`b b ibjsagu`r uj rasuftmnb qua smt`sdmgm fms jaias`nmnas oís
urgajtas na ujm ibouj`nmn. Astí br`ajtmnb dujnmoajtmfoajta pbr qu`ajasdbromj pmrta na fm ibouj`nmn, puastb qua sbj qu`ajas ibjbiaj fm s`tumi`ùjramf na fm zbjm.
[r`ji`pmfas imrmitarïst`ims na fbs prbyaitbs
^bnbs fbs t`pbs na prbyaitb t`ajaj aj iboój ujm sar`a na imrmitarïst`ims3
• Iuajtmj ibj uj prbpùs`tb b oatm.
•
Ya rasuoaj aj becat`vbs.• Ya naeaj mcustmr m uj pfmzb na t`aopb f`o`tmnb.
• Iuajtmj ibj, mf oajbs, ujm dmsa na pfmj`imi`ùj, ujm na acaiui`ùj y ujm
na ajtragm.
• Ya br`ajtmj m ibjsagu`r rasuftmnbs.
• @jvbfuirmj m parsbjms, qua mitómj na miuarnb ibj pmpafas b rbfas y
raspbjsme`f`nmnas.
• Ya vaj mdaitmnbs pbr fm `jiart`nuoera.
• ^`ajaj qua sucatmrsa m uj sagu`o`ajtb y obj`tbr`zmi`ùj pmrm gmrmjt`zmr
af rasuftmnb asparmnb.
• Imnm ujb as n`darajta, `jifusb fbs na s`o`fmras imrmitarïst`ims.
Fb `opbrtmjtaas ajibjtrmr ujprbyaitb ibj afqua sa s`ajtm mgustb. Iumjnbfb ajiuajtra,oírquasa uj
prbpùs`tb boatm y prbiurafbgrmrfb.
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@GAU ∕ [bfbih`i
Uasuoaj
Qj prbyaitb as ujm mii`ùj n`saýmnm pmrm fbgrmr ujb b vmr`bs prbpùs`tbs boatms.
Aj af imsb na fbs prbyaitbs sbi`mfas, sa eusim rasbfvar mfgój prbefaom quaastí mdaitmjnb m uj grupb sbi`mf b m ujm ibouj`nmn.
Fbs prbyaitbs t`ajaj uj pr`ji`p`b y uj jmf naj`nb aj af t`aopb y tmoe`àj
aj fbs ibstbs qua sa nast`jaj pmrm ffavmrfb m imeb.
Fm gast`ùj qua guïm fbs prbyaitbs nasmrrbffm fbs prbiasbs na pfmj`imi`ùj,raibfaii`ùj na `jdbromi`ùj, n`jmo`zmi`ùj, brgmj`zmi`ùj, nataro`jmi`ùj nafms dbrtmfazms na imnm ujb na fbs qua vmj m pmrt`i`pmr y mno`j`strmi`ùj na fbsraiursbs ibj qua sa iuajtm.
Af tàro`jb n`mgjùst`ib sa raara m fm mit`v`nmn qua jbs paro`ta `jtarpratmr
fm ramf`nmn qua quaraobs oacbrmr b trmjsdbromr pbr oan`b na ujm pr`oarmnasir`pi`ùj na fm o`som.
Gajarmfoajta, af n`mgjùst`ib aop`azm iumjnb sa t`aja qua astun`mr ujmprbefaoít`im najtrb na ujm ibouj`nmn, fm iumf raqu`ara rasbfvarsa oan`mjtamii`bjas príit`ims.
Af n`mgjùst`ib pmrt`i`pmt`vb as uj oàtbnb pmrm nataro`jmr, nasna af pujtb nav`stm na fbs o`aoerbs na fm ibouj`nmn, ibj quà `jdbromi`ùj iuajtmj y quàmit`v`nmnas sbj jaiasmr`ms y puanaj mpbymr pmrm rasbfvar fm prbefaoít`imqua hm surg`nb.
^`aja ibob becat`vb `najt`imr mspaitbs na fm ramf`nmn qua sa nasam ibjbiar
y fm `jdbromi`ùj qua sa raibp`fm.
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Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ Yaomjm =
[mrm ffavmr m imeb uj n`mgjùst`ib
pmrt`i`pmt`vb, naeaj sagu`rsa
fbs s`gu`ajtas pmsbs3 Dbromraf aqu`pb huomjb qua vm majimrgmrsa naf n`mgjùst`ib,ibjvbimr m tbnm fm ibouj`nmnpmrm qua pmrt`i`pa, dbromrgrupbs na trmemcb, safaii`bjmribj quà `jstruoajtbs saffavmrí m imeb fm `jvast`gmi`ùj (ajiuastms, ajtrav`stms, atiàtarm), eusimr fm`jdbromi`ùj n`spbj`efa (astmnïst`ims ramf`zmnms aj astun`bs prav`bs, atiàtarm)<hmiar ujm nasir`pi`ùj ibopfatm na fm ibouj`nmn, `najt`imr fbs prbefaoms
y fms pbtaji`mf`nmnas na fm ibouj`nmn, ifms`imr fm `jdbromi`ùj raibfaitmnm.Mjmf`zmrfm y ranmitmr fbs rapbrtas b `jdbroa jmf naf n`mgjùst`ib.
Hmy ouihbs t`pbs na prbyaitb, ajtra affbs fbs prbyaitbs parsbjmfas b na v`nm<fbs prbyaitbs prbnuit`vbs, fbs prbyaitbs póef`ibs, fbs prbyaitbs sbi`mfas.
^bnbs fbs t`pbs na prbyaitbs t`ajaj aj iboój ujm sar`a na imrmitarïst`ims3
• Iuajtmj ibj uj prbpùs`tb b oatm.
• Ya rasuoaj aj oatms y becat`vbs.
• Ya naeaj na mcustmr m uj pfmzb na t`aopb f`o`tmnb.
• Iuajtmj ibj, mf oajbs, ujm dmsa na pfmj`imi`ùj, ujm na acaiui`ùj y
ujm na ajtragm.
• Ya br`ajtmj m ibjsagu`r rasuftmnbs.
• @jvbfuirmj m parsbjms, qua mitómj na miuarnb ibj pmpafas b rbfas yraspbjsme`f`nmnas.
• Ya vaj mdaitmnbs pbr fm `jiart`nuoera.
• ^`ajaj qua sucatmrsa m uj sagu`o`ajtb y obj`tbr`zmi`ùj pmrm gmrmjt`zmrqua af rasuftmnb as af asparmnb.
• Imnm ujb as n`darajta, `jifusb fbs na s`o`fmras imrmitarïst`ims.
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@GAU ∕ [bfbih`i
Mutbibjtrbf
Mit`v`nmn =. Naouastra fb mprajn`nb.
Af prbefaom as fm beas`nmn y fm emcm mit`v`nmn dïs`im na fbs j`ýbs oajbras m =5 mýbs. Qstan t`aja fm
raspbjsme`f`nmn na nasmrrbffmr uj prbyaitb qua myuna m astbs j`ýbs aj su ibouj`nmn.[mrm hmiar af n`mgjùst`ib, nai`na raiurr`r m fms tras asiuafms qua mt`ajnaj j`ýbs na asm anmn aj suibouj`nmn. Mffï hmrí uj n`mgjùst`ib pmrt`i`pmt`vb.
²]uà pmsbs sagu`rïm pmrm ffavmrfb m imeb2
²M qu`àjas `jv`tmrïm m pmrt`i`pmr aj fm `jvast`gmi`ùj2
²]uà astrmtag`ms usmrïm pmrm qua fm ibouj`nmn sa `jtarasmrm aj su prbyaitb2
Mit`v`nmn 5. [`ajsa y mpf`qua fb qua mprajn`ù.m) M ibjt`jumi`ùj sa fa prasajtm uj prbefaom. [mrm afmebrmr uj n`mgjùst`ib, naea pfmjtamr becat`vbs
pmrm af parsbjmf axtarjb qua vm m ffavmr m imeb af prbyaitb y becat`vbs pmrm fm ibouj`nmn.
=. [rbefaom3
@jiraoajtb na nasaihbs jb e`bnagrmnmefas= aj fms imffas na fm ibouj`nmn.
5.= Becat`vb naf parsbjmf axtarjb3
5.5 Becat`vb na fbs o`aoerbs na fm ibouj`nmn3
= e`bnagrmnmefas3 Ibopuastb quïo`ib qua puana sar nagrmnmnb pbr mii`ùj e`bfùg`im.
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Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ Yaomjm =
Mit`v`nmn 9. Nasmrrbffa juavms hme`f`nmnas.
Fam fm s`gu`ajta h`stbr`m y naspuàs raspbjnm fms pragujtms qua sa fa pfmjtamj.
Mhbrm, raspbjnm3
Fbs hme`tmjtas na fm ibouj`nmn qu`araj hmiar uj n`mgjùst`ib pmrt`i`pmt`vb y fa p`naj myunm m ustan.
²]uà nae`arm `najt`imr asta n`mgjùst`ib2
[fmjtàasa uj prbyaitb parsbjmf b na v`nm. Asir`em quà n`mjùst`ib raquar`rïm.
Nasna pr`ji`p`bs naf s`gfb X@X, fbs hme`tmjtas na fm ibouj`nmn Af Ymftb tajïmj uj ebsqua iboujmf,as nai`r qua jb arm prbp`anmn na j`jgujb na fbs hme`tmjtas parb arm na tbnbs. Af ebsqua iboujmfprbpbri`bjmem faým y btrbs `jsuobs m fm ibouj`nmn. Af iuft`vb na fm faým y af mprbvaihmo`ajtb nafebsqua astmemj ragufmnbs pbr fms mutbr`nmnas fbimfas. Ms`o`sob, hmeïm ragufmi`bjas pmrm af iu`nmnb nafebsqua, qua arm raspbjsme`f`nmn na tbnbs fbs hme`tmjtas na mquaffm ibouj`nmn.
Af imsb naf ebsqua iboujmf na Af Ymftb jb arm ój`ib. Ouihms ibouj`nmnas tajïmj prbp`anmnasiboujmfas, sbera tbnb ebsquas.
[msmnbs fbs mýbs, n`darajtas gbe`arjbs duarbj rat`rmjnb na fms ibouj`nmnas astms prbp`anmnasiboujmfas, ym sam pbrqua fms nast`jmrbj m btrms duji`bjas b pbrqua fms vajn`arbj m pmrt`iufmras.
Fm ibouj`nmn na Af Ymftb ibjsarvù su ebsqua iboujmf hmstm hmia pbibs mýbs. Y`j aoemrgb, ffagù afoboajtb aj qua fb parn`ù, pbrqua af gbe`arjb nast`jù pmrta m fm ibjstruii`ùj na ujms `jstmfmi`bjaspóef`ims, mer`ù ujm imrratarm qua mtrmvasù fb qua hmeïm s`nb ebsqua y tmoe`àj suemstù pmrta m pmrt`iufmras`jtarasmnbs aj iboprmr t`arrm.
Fbs pbefmnbras na Af Ymftb ajdrajtmj hby ujm s`tumi`ùj n`dïi`f, pbrqua mf parnar af ebsqua iboujmf ym jbpuanaj betajar fbs `opbrtmjtas `jsuobs qua fas prbvaïm. Mjta astm prbefaoít`im, eusimj gajarmr ujprbyaitb qua mf`v`a fm s`tumi`ùj aj fm qua sa ajiuajtrmj.
Aj su iufturm, iuajtmj ibj prbian`o`ajtbs trmn`i`bjmfas pmrm mebrnmr s`tumi`bjas prbefaoít`ims quamdaitmj m fm ibouj`nmn, parb iraaj qua jb duji`bjmríj pmrm af imsb qua ajdrajtmj. ]u`s`armj axpfbrmrpbs`efas bpi`bjas, pmrm fb iumf jaias`tmj astmr `jdbromnbs na fms pbfït`ims guearjmoajtmfas y ibjtmr
ibj juavbs ibjbi`o`ajtbs tàij`ibs y astrmtag`ms.
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@GAU ∕ [bfbih`i
Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca
Omrqua ibj uj ihaqua fm ims`ffm qua oacbr `jn`qua su rajn`o`ajtb. fbgrmnbaj
prbiasbjb
fbgrmnb
N a s p u à s n a a s t u n ` m r . . .
@najib quà as uj prbyaitb.
Ibjbzib quà as uj n`mgjùsib.
Ibjbzib quà as uj n`mgjùsib pmri`pmvb.
[uanb pfmjtamr fbs becavbs naf n`mgjùsib pmri`pmvb.
@najib n`darajtas pbs na prbyaitb.
[mrm mopf`mr sus ibjbi`o`ajtbs sbera iùob ramf`zmr n`mgjùst`ibs, eusqua aj ujjmvagmnbr (Gbbgfa, pbr acaopfb) af taom3 n`mgjùst`ibs pmrm prbyaitbs.
Y` qu`ara betajar oís `jdbromi`ùj sbera t`pbs na prbyaitbs, puana eusimr aj sujmvagmnbr af taom3 t`pbs na prbyaitbs.
Jmvagua aj fm ran...
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Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ Yaomjm 5
5
Uaibp`fmi`ùj na `jdbromi`ùjpmrm af n`mgjùst`ib
²]uà ajibjtrmrí astm saomjm2
Mjíf`s`s s`tumi`bjmf na fm ibouj`nmn
Iùob raibp`fmr `jdbromi`ùj pmrm ramf`zmr af n`mgjùst`ib
Nmtbs pr`omr`bs y saiujnmr`bs
Fm ajtrav`stm y af iuast`bjmr`b
Af Mjíf`s`s DBNM
Astm saomjm fbgrmrí3
Iùob raibp`fmr fm `jdbromi`ùj pmrm af n`mgjùst`ib.
N`daraji`mr fbs nmtbs pr`omr`bs na fbs nmtbs saiujnmr`bs. Fm ajtrav`stm y af iuast`bjmr`b.
Mpf`imr af mjíf`s`s DBNM ibob harrmo`ajtm pmrm fm `jvast`gmi`ùj.
w
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@GAU ∕ [bfbih`i
¡[mrm iboajzmr!
²Na quà omjarm pbnrïm ̀ j`i`mr uj n`mgjùst`ib na o` ibouj`nmn2, sa pragujtmem
Cbsà Ubnrïguaz, uj fïnar ibouj`tmr`b qua trmtm na nasmrrbffmr uj prbyaitb pmrmrasbfvar af prbefaom naf mjmfdmeat`sob qua mdaitm m ouihbs na sus vai`jbs.
Cbsà naea smear qua as `opbrtmjta iboajzmr ibjbi`ajnb fm s`tumi`ùj `jtarjm,fb qua ̀ jifu`rí taoms ibob jóoarb na hme`tmjtas, sarv`i`bs eís`ibs n`spbj`efas(anuimi`ùj, smfun, mgum, fuz, tafàdbjb, mfimjtmr`ffmnb, raibfaii`ùj na emsurm,ajtra btrbs), j`vaf na nasjutr`i`ùj, r`asgb na fm pbefmi`ùj m ajdaroanmnas, ybtrm `jdbromi`ùj qua puanm astmr `ji`n`ajnb aj fm s`tumi`ùj b af prbefaom.
Ibjbiar na dbrom n`raitm fm ibouj`nmn y su pbefmi`ùj, av`naji`mr susjaias`nmnas, ibob fm dmftm na j`vaf anuimt`vb, hmiaj qua fbs raspbjsmefas
naf prbyaitb tajgmj uj pujtb na pmrt`nm pmrm ramf`zmr uj n`mgjùst`ib quapbstar`broajta fas sarv`rí pmrm ffavmr m imeb fb qua sa hmj prbpuastb.
Aj af imsb na Cbsà Ubnrïguaz, fm `jdbromi`ùj sbera fbs hme`tmjtas na suibouj`nmn fa myunmrí m n`saýmr y acaiutmr uj prbyaitb qua varnmnarmoajtaibjtr`euym m oacbrmr fm imf`nmn na v`nm na fbs ibouj`tmr`bs m trmvàs na fmanuimi`ùj.
Af n`mgjùst`ib na su ibouj`nmn qua ffavmrí m imeb vm m myunmrfa m `najt`imr
fms imusms na fm s`tumi`ùj qua sa v`va, msï ibob fms pbtaji`mf`nmnas qua t`aja fmibouj`nmn pmrm suparmr fm prbefaoít`im.
Cbsà qu`ara qua fbs vai`jbs pmrt`i`paj, pbr fb qua af n`mgjùst`ib quaramf`ia mpbrtmrí `jdbromi`ùj na pr`oarm omjb qua Cbsà tajnrí qua trmemcmrbecat`vmoajta, s`j imf`imr jagmt`vmoajta j` raihmzmr fms bp`j`bjas b
`jdbromi`ùj qua fa naj.
Cbsà tajnrí qua ̀jdbromrsa tmoe`àj na iuífas sbj y iùob sa usmj fbs pr`ji`pmfas`jstruoajtbs y harrmo`ajtms, príit`ims y usbs pmrm ramf`zmr uj n`mgjùst`ib nasu ibouj`nmn.
Ms`o`sob, Cbsà astun`mrí prbyaitbs s`o`fmras pmrm imsbs ibob af qua hmajibjtrmnb aj su ibouj`nmn. Astb fa br`ajtmrí m v`sumf`zmr prbefaoms quasurgaj aj af prbiasb, msï ibob sbfui`bjas.
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Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ Yaomjm 5
Jb bfv`naobs qua aj fm afmebrmi`ùj y gast`ùj na prbyaitbs mpf`imobsibjbi`o`ajtbs, hme`f`nmnas, harrmo`ajtms y tàij`ims pmrm ffavmr m imeb fmsmii`bjas qua jbs paro`t`ríj mfimjzmr fms oatms y becat`vbs qua jbs haobs
trmzmnb.Astm saomjm vmobs m ibjt`jumr mprajn`ajnb iùob ffavmr m imeb af n`mgjùst`ib,pmrm fb iumf ibjbiaraobs `jstruoajtbs y harrmo`ajtms pmrm raibp`fmr fm`jdbromi`ùj.
Uaibp`fmi`ùj na fm `jdbromi`ùj
As `opbrtmjta raspbjnar m fms s`gu`ajtas `jtarrbgmjtas3
²]u`àj jbs prbpbri`bjm fm `jdbromi`ùj2
²]uà `jstruoajtbs b harrmo`ajtms sa ut`f`zmríj pmrm raibp`fmr fm`jdbromi`ùj2
Yagój fm duajta, fm `jdbromi`ùj puana mpbrtmrjbs nmtbs saiujnmr`bs b nmtbspr`omr`bs.
Nmtbs saiujnmr`bs3 Ybj nmtbs qua ym ax`staj y qua sa betuv`arbj ibj ujbecat`vb n`darajta mf na fm `jvast`gmi`ùj. As `opbrtmjta qua fm duajta samibjmefa y mitumf`zmnm.
Acaopfb
Nmtbs pr`omr`bs3 Ybj nmtbs qua sa bet`ajaj aspaiïimoajta pmrm af becat`vbna fm `jvast`gmi`ùj. Jb hmj s`nb `jvast`gmnbs y sa astíj raibfaitmjnb pmrm fm`jvast`gmi`ùj.
Ibob quaraobs fm pmrt`i`pmi`ùj na fm pbefmi`ùj, astm mpbrtmrí tmoe`àj`jdbromi`ùj sbera fm s`tumi`ùj.
Na miuarnb ibj af @T Iajsb Jmi`bjmf Mgrbpaiumr`b 5;=9, af 45.9% naf íram saoermnm m j`vafjmi`bjmf sa ajiuajtrm ibjiajtrmnm aj 7 napmrtmoajtbs3 [atàj (=8.>%). Mftm Tarmpmz (=9.=%),]u`ihà (8.=%), Huahuatajmjgb (7.1%), Cut`mpm (4.4%), Ymj Omribs (>.7%) a @zmemf (>%).
Jùtasa qua af Iajsb Jmi`bjmf Mgrbpaiumr`b prbv`aja na uj iajsb pbefmi`bjmf, qua as ujm duajtabi`mf, pbr fb qua sa ibjs`narm uj nmtb saiujnmr`b ibjmefa.
Uagfm gajarmf3
^bnm raibp`fmi`ùj
na ̀ jdbromi`ùjnaea iboajzmribj fm eósquanmna nmtbssaiujnmr`bs. Ybfbiumjnb astbsjb ax`staj b samgbtmj, sa naeaprbianar m eusimrnmtbs pr`omr`bs.
Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs
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@GAU ∕ [bfbih`i
Acaopfb
@jstruoajtbs pmrm raibp`fmr `jdbromi`ùj
Y` quaraobs hmiar ujm `jvast`gmi`ùj qua jbs prbpbri`bjanmtbs pr`omr`bs, pbnaobs usmr mfgujm na fms tàij`ims pmrmraimemr `jdbromi`ùj. Fms oís usmnms sbj fms s`gu`ajtas3
m Fm ajtrav`stm3 As ujm ibjvarsmi`ùj n`r`g`nm pbr ujajtrav`stmnbr, emsmnm aj pragujtms b mromi`bjas
sbera fms qua af ajtrav`stmnb raspbjna b nm su bp`j`ùj.
[br acaopfb, aj af imsb na fbs astun`mjtas na fm rag`ùjbr`ajta na Gumtaomfm ibj af prbefaom na fm saquïm,affbs jaias`tmj msasbrïm sbera af taom, pmrm fb iumf asraiboajnmefa qua ajtrav`staj m mfgujms parsbjms ibjaxpar`aji`m.
m Fm ajiuastm3 Ibjs`sta aj pragujtms m uj grmj jóoarbna parsbjms ut`f`zmjnb uj iuas-t`bjmr`b n`saýmnbprav`moajta.
Aj af iuast`bjmr`b na ujm ajiuastm sa puanaj pfmjtamr nbst`pbs na pragujtms3 m) pragujtms iarrmnms y e) pragujtmsme`artms.
[br acaopfb, btrbs nmtbs pr`omr`bs aj af imsb na fm saquïm qua hm nacmnb s`jomïz m fm pbefmi`ùj aj af br`ajta na Gumtaomfm, sarïmj fbs qua sa betajgmjmf ramf`zmr ujm ajtrav`stm m parsbjmf naf OMGM (O`j`star`b na Mgr`iufturm,Gmjmnarïm y Mf`oajtmi`ùj), pmrm ibjbiar su bp`j`ùj raspaitb m fm dart`f`nmn nafm t`arrm nbjna sa qu`ara iuft`vmr.
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Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ Yaomjm 5
Qt`f`zmraobs ibob acaopfb ujm `jvast`gmi`ùj qua puana ffavmrsa m imeb sberauj rastmurmjta y fbs sarv`i`bs qua prastm3
M. Acaopfb na t`pbs na pragujtms iarrmnms
Acaopfb
Duajta3 Mnmptmi`ùj naf f`erb Omrlat`jg @@, [amrsbj An`tbr`mf.
N`ibtùo`ims
Fm pragujtm aja nbs
pbs`efas raspuastms.
[mrm sbf`i`tmr ibo`nm,
²uf`zm sarv`i`b m
nbo`i`f`b2
Yï RRR JbRRR
Afaii`ùj oófpfa
Fm pragujtm aja
tras b oís raspuastms
pbs`efas.
²Ibj qu`àj ms`sta mfrastmurmjta2Ybfb RRR Dmo`f`m RRR
Mo`gbs/ms RRR
Jbv`b (m) RRR Aspbsb (m) RR
Btrb RRR
Asimfm na F`lart
Qjm mromi`ùj ibj
fm qua af ajiuastmnb
`jn`im su grmnb
na miuarnb b
nasmiuarnb.
Gajarmfoajta fbs
rastmurmjtas na ibo`nm
ríp`nm ajaj euaj sarv`i`b
m nbo`i`f`b.
^btmfoajta na miuarnb RR
Na miuarnb RRR
J` na miuarnb, j` aj
nasmiuarnb RRR
Aj nasmiuarnb RRR
^btmfoajta aj nasmiuarnb
RRR
Asimfm na
imf`imi`ùj
Fm asimfm paro`ta
imf`imr n`darajtas
mtr`eutbs nasna
pàs`ob hmstm
axiafajta.
Fm imf`nmn na fbs mf`oajtbs
aj af rastmurmjta as3
Axiafajta RRR
Euajm RRR
Uagufmr RRR
Omfm RRR
[às`om RRR
Naj`i`ùj
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@GAU ∕ [bfbih`i
M. Acaopfb na t`pbs na pragujtms me`artms
Naj`i`ùj Acaopfb
Jb astruiturmnms
Af ajiuastmnb puana
raspbjnar imnm
pragujtm aj jóoarb
`f`o`tmnb na dbroms.
²Iuíf as su bp`j`ùj nafrastmurmjta2
Ibopfatmr drmsas
Ya prasajtmj drmsas
`jibopfatms y sa p`na
mf ajiuastmnb qua fms
ibopfata.
Iumjnb af`cb uj rastmurmjta
na ibo`nm ríp`nm, fb qua
oís `juya aj o` nai`s`ùj as
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
Duajta3 Mnmptmi`ùj naf f`erb Omrlat`jg @@, [amrsbj An`tbr`mf.
Harrmo`ajtms pmrm raibp`fmr `jdbromi`ùj Hmy ouihïs`oms harrmo`ajtms pmrm fm gast`ùj na prbyaitbs y pmrm ramf`zmrmnaiumnmoajta uj n`mgjùst`ib. Y`j aoemrgb, jb sa trmtm na safaii`bjmr fmqua oís jbs gustm b mtrma, s`jb na `najt`imr iuíf as fm qua oacbr sa mnmptm m
juastrms jaias`nmnas< as nai`r, iuíf vm m myunmrjbs oacbr m ibjsagu`r fms oatmsy becat`vbs naf prbyaitb, iuíf sa mnmptm m juastrb prbyaitb.
Qjm harrmo`ajtm ouy ót`f pmrm ibjbiar fm ibouj`nmn, ̀ jst`tui`ùj, brgmj`zmi`ùj,atiàtarm pmrm fm iumf pajsmobs nasmrrbffmr uj prbyaitb as af Mjíf`s`s DBNM
Af DBNM jbs paro`ta hmiar uj iumnrb na fm s`tumi`ùj mitumf qua jaias`tmobsibjbiar pmrm ffavmr m imeb mnaiumnmoajta juastrb prbyaitb. [uana mpf`imrsa,pbr acaopfb, m uj grupb sbi`mf, m uj vai`jnmr`b, ujm ibouj`nmn, ujmbrgmj`zmi`ùj b ujm aoprasm, atiàtarm.
Grmi`ms m asta mjíf`s`s pbnaobs ibjsagu`r uj n`mgjùst`ib, af iumf, m su vaz, jbsnmrí ̀ jdbromi`ùj pmrm tbomr nai`s`bjas qua raspbjnmj m fms oatms y becat`vbsnaf prbyaitb.
Ibj af mjíf`s`s DBNM as ibob s` tboírmobs ujm dbtbgrmdïm na ujm s`tumi`ùj.Hmy qua tbomr aj iuajtm qua af ratrmtb qua jbs nm as pmrt`iufmr na uj oboajtb
nmnb. Fms nai`s`bjas qua tboaobs saríj mpf`imefas m asa oboajtb y jb m btrb.
DBNM sbj s`gfms qua s`gj`imj fbs ibjiaptbs s`gu`ajtas3 D, dbrtmfazms< B,
bpbrtuj`nmnas< N, nae`f`nmnas y M, moajmzms. Mjmf`zmjnb astbs iumtrbibjiaptbs, pbnaobs ibjbiar fms imrmitarïst`ims na juastrb becatb na astun`b,y af ajtbrjb b afaoajtbs qua sa ajiuajtrmj mfrananbr na àf.
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Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ Yaomjm 5
Af DBNM paro`ta `najt`imr, pbr acaopfb, s` ujm parsbjm qua mpf`im pmrm
uj puastb na trmemcb, t`aja dbrtmfazms, ibob af ibjbi`o`ajtb y omjacb naprbgrmoms na iboputmi`ùj.
[mrm uj grupb sbi`mf, ujm aoprasm u brgmj`zmi`ùj, ujm dbrtmfazm pbnrïm saribjtmr ibj parsbjms obt`vmnms, ym qua astm s`tumi`ùj pbnrïm gajarmr uj oacbrrajn`o`ajtb.
Fms nae`f`nmnas sbj prbefaoms prasajtas qua naeaj sar af`o`jmnbs.
[br acaopfb, s` ujm parsbjm mpf`im pmrm uj puastb na trmemcb, ujm nae`f`nmnsarïm qua jb hmefa `jgfàs (s` nbo`jmr asta `n`bom as uj raqu`s`tb).
[mrm ujm aoprasm u brgmj`zmi`ùj, ujm nae`f`nmn pbnrïm sar fm dmftm naiboprbo`sb na fbs aopfamnbs.
Af DBNM paro`ta mjmf`zmr tmoe`àj fm s`tumi`ùj axtarjm, qua sa raara m dmitbras
qua sa ajiuajtrmj duarm naf ibjtrbf na juastrb becatb na astun`b parb qua famdaitmj.
Fbs afaoajtbs qua ibjst`tuyaj fm s`tumi`ùj axtarjm sbj fms bpbrtuj`nmnas y fms moajmzms.
Fms bpbrtuj`nmnas sbj dmitbras naf moe`ajta axtarjb qua sa puanajmprbvaihmr pmrm fbgrmr fms oatms y becat`vbs.
Qj acaopfb na bpbrtuj`nmn pmrm ujm parsbjm sarïm ujm eaim qua hm gmjmnbpmrm astun`mr aj af axtrmjcarb.
[mrm ujm aoprasm, ujm brgmj`zmi`ùj b uj grupb sbi`mf, ujm bpbrtuj`nmn sarïm
ibjtmr ibj af mpbyb na btrms aoprasms b na brgmj`zmi`bjas.Fms moajmzms sbj mspaitbs naf moe`ajta axtarjb qua puanaj ibjst`tu`r ujpaf`grb pmrm af fbgrb na fbs becat`vbs< as nai`r, mspaitbs qua puanaj drajmr astafbgrb.
Qj acaopfb na moajmzm pmrm ujm parsbjm sarïm qua mf mpf`imr pmrm uj puastbna trmemcb, sa prasajta btrm parsbjm ibj oacbr prapmrmi`ùj mimnào`im qua affmpmrm mpf`imr mf o`sob puastb.
[mrm uj grupb sbi`mf, ujm aoprasm u brgmj`zmi`ùj, ujm moajmzm sarïm afimoe`b na fms ibjn`i`bjas na v`nm m imusm na uj dajùoajb jmturmf, ibob uj
tarraobtb b ujm tbroajtm.
[mrm mifmrmr uj pbib oís fm mpf`imi`ùj naf mjíf`s`s DBNM, m ibjt`jumi`ùj saprasajtm uj mjíf`s`s ibj astm harrmo`ajtm pmrm af imsb na Gumtaomfm ibobpmïs.
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8/20/2019 Libro Polochic Elaboración y Gestión 1er. Sem
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@GAU ∕ [bfbih`i
Nasna fuagb, ffavmr m imeb af DBNM na uj pmïs rasuftm na ouihms omjarmsibopf`imnb. Astb sa naea, ajtra btrbs dmitbras, mf pujtb na v`stm na fbs mjmf`stmsqua puanaj raspbjnar m ujm u btrm ibrr`ajta ̀ nabfùg`im, fb iumf sa va raacmnb
aj fm `jtarpratmi`ùj na fm ramf`nmn.
Mój ibj astms ibopf`imi`bjas, as `jtarasmjta ibjbiar iùob sa ramf`zm ujDBNM na pmïs. Famobs af s`gu`ajta taxtb y vamobs iùob pbnrïm prasajtmrsa afDBNM na Gumtaomfm.
Mjíf`s`s DBNM pmrm Gumtaomfm
b̂omnb na http3//www.nagumta.ibo/mrtomj/puef`sh/gast`bjRoarim/AfRmjRf`s`sRDBNMR>45.shtof
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8/20/2019 Libro Polochic Elaboración y Gestión 1er. Sem
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Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ Yaomjm 5
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8/20/2019 Libro Polochic Elaboración y Gestión 1er. Sem
50/30298
@GAU ∕ [bfbih`i
Uasuoaj
Ya raqu`ara pfmjtamr fbs becat`vbs a `najt`imr quà `jdbromi`ùj sa jaias`tm y
iùob vmobs m betajarfm. Y` fm `jdbromi`ùj ym ax`sta, sa fa ibjbia ibob nmtb
saiujnmr`b y s` jb ax`sta y sa qu`ara betajar pmrm af imsb pmrt`iufmr na fm`jvast`gmi`ùj, sa fa ibjbia ibob nmtb pr`omr`b.
[mrm ibjsagu`r astbs nmtbs, pbnaobs usmr mfgujm na fms tàij`ims pmrm raimemr`jdbromi`ùj. Fms oís usmnms sbj fm ajtrav`stm y fm ajiuastm. Fbs iuast`bjmr`bspuanaj `jifu`r pragujtms iarrmnms y pragujtms me`artms
Fm gast`ùj na prbyaitbs mpf`im ibjbi`o`ajtbs,