Library of Congress Lesson 5

Whole-Word Contractions for: child, shall, this, which, out, still

Part-Word Contractions for: ch, sh, th, wh, ou, st

Ordinal Numbers

Whole and Part-word Contractions In General

Whole-word meaningPart-word meaning/ when connected to other letters child

shall this which out still

ch sh th wh ou st

LOC 5.1

The contractions which will be introduced in this module are used as whole-words.

child * shall % this ?

which : out \ still /LOC 5.2

Module 18

When do we utilize these contractions?

Whole-word meaning Part–word meaning

When they stand alone.

or When they are

preceded or followed by a hyphen in a compound word.

or When they are

followed by an apostrophe.

They stand only for the letters they represent.

When to use/not using with apostrophe

When to use with an Apostrophe

When not to use with an Apostrophe

child’s

still’s

this”ll

which”ll

LOC 5.2a

LOC 5.2b

Hyphenated compound words

These whole-word contractions are joined to

other words by the hyphen to form hyphenated compound words, whether such words are written on one line or

divided between lines.

still-life

/-LIFE

out-and-

out lie

\-&-

\ LIE

Examples: child-of

the-dawn

*-(-

!-DAWN

LOC 5.2b

Hyphenated compound words

LOC 5.2c

As proper names

These signs are used to represent proper names:

(Still), Morris (and) Associates

,/1 ,MORRIS & ,ASSOCIATES

Module 19The contractions which will be introduced in this module are used as part-word contractions.

Part-word contractions for:

ch * wh : sh % ou \ th ? st /

LOC 5.3

Part-word contractions

LOC 5.3

Part-word contractions

In general, these signs are used as part-word

contractions whenever the letters they represent occur within a word, even if they

overlap a minor syllable division as we learned in

Lesson 4, 4.5b(2).

The sign for ch is used in:

Chicago

scratch The sign for sh is used

in:

shoe

hush The sign for th is used

in:

thorn

filth

Examples: The sign for wh is used

in:

what

whale The sign for ou is used

in:

coupon

proud

fourLOC 5.3

Part-word contractions

If these contractions are joined to other letters they take on their part-word meaning and lose their whole-word status. This applies even if the word is divided between lines.grandchild GR&*ILD

outside \TSIDE

grand- GR&-child *ILD

out- \T-side SIDE

LOC 5.3

Part-word contractions

LOC 5.3a

The contractions can not be used where part of the letters fall into a prefix and the rest fall into a base or root word.1. Can you use the sign for ou in

prounion?

2. Can you use the sign for sh in mishap or mishandle?

3. Can you use the sign for st in mistake or mistrust?

Prefixes

Answers: We cannot use these contractions because of syllable division. (The asterisk represents the syllable division.)

1. pro ٭ union 2. mis ٭ hap mis ٭ han ٭ dle3. mis ٭ take mis ٭ trust

LOC 5.3aPrefixe

s

LOC 5.3b

Solid (Unhyphenated) compound words

Should you use the part-word contractions in the following words:

sh in dachshund wh in rawhide

th in porthole st in crosstrees

NO!

WHY?

They are not used where they fall partly into one component of a solid compound word and partly into another.

sh in dachshund wh in rawhide

th in porthole st in crosstrees

LOC 5.3cContraction preference

As we learned earlier if we have a choice between two contractions, which one do we use?

Answer: The one that uses the least amount of space is usually preferred.

Examples: Use the the contraction not the th contraction in the following words.

Theory

Mathematics

Theology

LOC 5.3dPart-word contraction

sh

Should the sh contraction be used to mean an admonition to silence?

NO!

WHY?

Because sh bears its whole-word meaning shall when standing alone.

Is the contraction sh used when additional letters are added such as: Shhhh!

Answer: Yes!

LOC 5.3dPart-word contraction

sh

LOC 5.3ePart-word contraction

st.

When in print the words Street and Saint are abbreviated St.

(with a period) they should be

abbreviated in braille and the contraction st is

used.

When in print the words Street and Saint are abbreviated

St (without a period), the letters,

not the contractions, are used because the

contraction standing along would be read as

Still.

LOC 5.3ePart-word contraction

st.

When in print the words

Street and Saint are not abbreviated and are

spelled out fully, follow print copy.

LOC 5.3ePart-word contraction

st.

LOC 5.4With Slashes{VII.28.e(6)

(b)}

Do not use the whole-word contractions for: child, shall, this, which, out and still when they are in contact with a slash.

However, you may use the part-word contractions for ch, sh, th, wh, ou, and st when they are in direct contact with a slash.

LOC 5.5Ordinal

Numbers{VII.29} [diff.]

The contractions for st and th

should be

used when writing

ordinal numbers such as:

1st or 1st #A/

4th or 4th #D?

Occasionally they are represented by adding only the letter d to the number.

In such cases the letter n or r should be inserted.

2d should be brailled as 2nd3d should be brailled as 3rd

LOC 5.5Ordinal

Numbers{VII.29} [diff.]

The contraction for the letters st

or whole word still

Dot formation 34

St has the whole-word meaning still regardless of it definition:

Lie still, still-life, liquor still

Postillion: po(st)illion is written as indicated

Instilled: (in)(st)ill(ed) is written as indicated

Contraction st yields to syllabication when a word must be divided at the end of a line:

cry(st)al is divided crys-tal, between the s and t.

st/still

The contraction for st is not used when the first syllable is the prefix mis and second syllable is a word (or part of a word) which retains its original meaning: mis٭ trial

In the word mis ٭ tru(st) note that the st is contracted in the last syllable.

st is not used in compound words such as: cross ٭ t(ow)n.

st may be used to represent proper nouns as: Hotel (St)illwat(er)

st/still

Should the contraction st be used when it is followed by a period in the abbreviations for Saint and Street, such as:

Wall (St). (St). Luke

YES!WHY?Because the context will make it clear to the reader that the contraction does not have its usual whole-word meaning.

When transcribing, copy ink print exactly.

st/still

Whole-word contractions and

Part-word contractionsLesson 5

Review

The contraction for st is used with numbers:

21st is written: number sign 21(st).

There is no space between the 21 and st contraction, as shown below.

#BA/

st/still

We are going to study six part-word contractions. Four of these contractions end with a letter h.

Later we will study another contraction that ends in h. The gh

contraction which fits into the pattern.ch, sh, th, wh

(ch) is formed by dot 1 – the letter a plus dot 6

(gh) is formed by dots 12 – the letter b plus dot 6

(sh) is formed by dots 14 – the letter c plus dot 6

(th) is formed by dots 145 – the letter d plus dot 6

(wh) is formed by dots 15 – the letter e plus dot 6

Braille Pattern

The contraction for the letters ou

or whole word out

Dot formation 1256

The contraction for the letters ou have the whole-word meaning out.

When the letters out are part of a word, the contraction for ou and the letter t must be used.Words such as b(ou)t and (ou)tside are written as indicated.

ou/out

Remember: If a word containing a whole word which has its own contraction must be divided at the end of a line, you write the parts as you would the whole.

(ou)t- (with)- live (ou)t \T- )- LIVE \T

ou/out

Reminder: In dialect the whole-word contractions may not be used and therefore d’y(ou) (meaning do you), must be written as indicated.

ou/out

The contraction for the letters wh

or whole word which

Dot formation 156

The contraction for the letters wh have the whole-word meaning which.

When the letters wh are part of a word such as (wh)ale and (wh)atever they are written as indicated.

wh/which

Should you use the wh in the word rawhide?

NO!

WHY?

Because rawhide is a compound word (two root words written as one).

raw/hide

wh/which

The contraction for the letters th

or whole word this

Dot formation 1456

The contraction for the letters th have the whole-word meaning this.

When the letters th are part of a word such as (th)i(st)le and (th)orn they are written as indicated.

th/this

Should the contractions for th be used in words like:

shorthand

foothills

portholes

NO!

WHY?

They are compound words (two root words written as one).

(sh)ort/h(and)

foot/hills

port/holes

th/this

Remember: The the contraction the takes precedence.

nor(th) nor(the)rnba(th) ba(the)d

Correct syllabication must always be upheld. When brotherly must be divided at the end of a line:

bro(the)r-ly bro(th)-(er)ly BRO!R- BRO?- LY ]LY

th/this

The contraction th is used with numbers.

56th is written: number sign 56(th).

Remember: There is no space between the 56 and th sign, as shown below.

#EF?

th/this

The contraction for the letters sh

or whole word shall

Dot formation 146

The contraction for the letters sh have the whole-word meaning shall.

When the letters sh are part of a word such as (sh)oe and hu(sh) they are written as indicated.

sh/shall

Should the sh contraction be used in words such as:

mishandle

mishap

NO!

WHY?

It would result in the pronunciation to be incorrect and the prefix is followed by a word or part of a word in its own right.

mis/h(and)le

mis/hap

sh/shall

Sh meaning hush or to be quite

MUST BE WRITTEN OUT!!!

sh/shall

The contraction for the letters ch

or whole word child

Dot formation 16

The contraction for the letters ch have the whole-word meaning child.

When the letters ch are part of a word such as (Ch)icago, scrat(ch), and (ch)ildhood they are written as indicated.

ch/child

Reminder: childhood is written as indicated and if it must be divided at the end of a line it is divided: (ch)ild-hood *ILD- HOOD

ch/child

Thank you for your time.

Study hard and learn the LOC rules.

THE END

Library of Congress Lesson 5