Li-Ion Battery with Wide (-42°C to +71°C) Operational Temperature Range

Michael Tomcsi, Mikito Nagata, and Hisashi Tsukamoto

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Key Business Metrics:

  In-house battery electronics design capability   5year/$40M United States Military contract to establish 30 year

supply of materials and cells for satellite and military applications   Strong Li ion battery IP Position with over 60 chemistry, cell and

battery patents issued and numerous patents pending   Operations contained within 52,000 sq ft production facility in Los

Angeles, CA, with an option to expand to 200,000 sq ft of contiguous manufacturing space

  Certifications include ISO 9001:2000, AS9100B, and ISO 13485:2003

  Diversified across medical, military, vehicle and aerospace markets, 104 employees. More than 60,000 cells produced annually

  Quallion is fiscally sound with cash reserves and profitable. Quallion is not reliant on the external credit markets for expanding production

  Unique knowledge of Li ion chemistry as technology is rooted in Material science

  Active large Li ion battery programs include: USG Title III, Aircraft Retrofit, NASA Orion program (new space shuttle), Blackhawk Helicopter Retrofit, APUs for HMMWV, UAVs, Launcher Vehicle Batteries, Satellite Systems, USAF X-51 Scramjet

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Company Milestones

1998 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Company established in Southern California, USA

Developed 7 new cell designs (4 implantable grade); shipped 30,000 production units; plant reached 6,000 unit per month volume

Entered Aerospace/Defense market with OGA and CECOM Contracts Initiated Development of Primary Chemistries

Registered under ISO 9001 &13485; Zero-VoltTM technology patented (recertified in December 2004)

Zero-Volt™ technology patented

SaFE-LYTE™ technology patented

Title III Award; Registered AS9100

Frost & Sullivan Award for Lithium Ion Power Sources

Boeing Technology Supplier Award

Batteries Are Critical Priority for the US Military

  “The three overarching needs (of the US military) are in advanced power sources, command control computer and intelligence and ‘signature management.”*

*Source. Chandler, Richard, Head of Directorate Advanced Technologies in Special Ops. Magnuson, Stew. “Special Ops Technologist Have Unique Wish List.” Editorial. National Defense, April 2008, page 27.

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SOA COTS Cell

1C rate

COTS cell solution is an inexpensive solution, but it has limitation- “Low Temperature Capability”.

Limitation of COTS cells

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

Discharge capacity / Ah

Volta

ge /

V

-40oC -20oC

0oC 30oC

Charge : 1C, 4.2V CCCV C/20 cutoff at RTDischarge : 30 C to 0.5 V at Different temperature

18650 30C Discharge

30C rate discharge curves at various temperature 18650- 1200 mAh NMC chemistry cell

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0

2.4

2.8

3.2

3.6

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Discharge capacity / Ah

Volta

ge /

V

-40oC -20oC

0oC 30oC

Charge : 1C, 4.2V CCCV C/20 cutoff at RTDischarge : 30 C to 0.5 V at Different temperature

30C Discharge26650 - 2300 mAh LFP chemistry cell

•  Almost no capacity was delivered below -20 °C

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Quallion 18650 HP

  Electrical Characteristics –  Nominal Capacity = 900 mAh –  Operating Range = -40°C to +71°C –  Chemistry = NCA/MCMB

  Physical Characteristics –  Diameter = 18.1 mm –  Height = 65.4 mm –  Volume = 66.7 cc –  Weight = 39 g

  Heritage Materials –  Active materials are the same as Quallion

SATELLITE cells –  USG T3 program enables Quallion to

produce Cathode NCA and Anode MCMB in-house by 2012

At -40°C, 30C rate discharge capable

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Discharge Rate Data of Quallion HP Cell

2.50

2.75

3.00

3.25

3.50

3.75

4.00

4.25

0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900Discharge capacity / Ah

Volta

ge /

V

0.2A 0.5A1A 2A5A 10A15A 20A25A 30A

Charge : 1.0A, 4.1V CCCV C/20 mA cutoff at RTDischarge : 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30A to 2.7 V at RT

Discharge of Q18650 HP

Room Temperature

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Discharge Temperature data of Quallion HP Cell at 30C Rate

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30C Discharge Data Comparison

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40Temperature (degC)

Cap

acity

Ret

entio

n (%

)

26650-SOA (Olivine System)

18650-SOA (NMC System)

Quallion 18650

Discharge at 30CA down to 0.5V

Quallion 18650 HP

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Post-Storage Capacity Check

1.75

2.25

2.75

3.25

3.75

4.25

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Percentage of Room Temperature Capacity / %

Volta

ge /

V

26650 (Olivine System)--Initial

26650 (Olivine System)--Post-Storage

18650 (NMC System)--Initial

18650 (NMC System)--Post-Storage

Quallion BTE-HP--Initial

Quallion BTE-HP-Post-Storage

18650 & 26650Charge : 0.5 CmA, 100% SOC CCCV C/20 mA cutoff at RTDischarge : 0.5 CmA to 100% DOD at RTQuallion BTE-HPCharge : 1.0 CmA, 100% SOC CCCV C/20 mA cutoff at RTDischarge : 1.0 CmA to 100% DOD at RT

Storage Conditions

26650-- +50°/1 Month

18650-- +50°/2 Month

Quallion HP cell-- +60°/1 Month

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Storage of Quallion HP Cell at +71°C/2 Weeks

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

110%

Initial Capcity Capacity Remaining Post-Storage Capacity

Dis

char

ge C

apac

ity (A

h)

Quallion BTE-HP

Quallion BTE-HP

Capacity Recovery After Storage

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Cycle Life of Quallion HP Cell at +71°C

Quallion HP

Test condition : Charge: C/20 to 4.2V, C/100 cutoff at 71 deg C Discharge: C/4 to 2.7V at 71 deg C

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5C Discharge Rate Cycling at Room Temperature

OCV, IR, Capacity Check at 400 Cycles

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000Cycle number

Perc

enta

ge /

%

EC/EMC (30:70)

A-1

Charge : 1.0 CmA, 4.1V CCCV C/20 mA cutoff at RTDischarge : 5.0 CmA to 2.7 V at RT

300 mAh Prismatic Cells

SEM x2000 Magnification

Run23-16 Q-nano-MCMB Typical Q-MCMB

Osaka Gas (Lot#6162-S70614)

Further Enhancement Possible by using Quallion Original nano-MCMB

Quallion is installing cathode precursor, cathode and anode material production capability to support Aerospace community needs

SEM x10000 Magnification

Nano-Size (Run23-16) Typical Quallion MCMB

Osaka Gas (Lot#6162-S70614)

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Application for Quallion Wide Temperature Chemistry

(Silent watch)

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Quallion Wide Temperature Primary Battery with

966 Wh/L Capability

Cell type Li/CFx AA

Nominal Voltage 3V

Nominal Capacity 2.5Ah Standard Discharge

Current 2.5mA

Weight 16g

Electrolyte Quallion Low Temperature electrolyte

Quallion LLC Confidential SBIR Data Rights Reserved—Agreement No. N081-098-1328

NOTE: D (D34.2 xH61.5mm) size Li/CFx cell with 15Ah has 798 wh/L energy density. The 2.5Ah AA (D14x H50.5mm) size Li/CFx has 20% larger energy density than 15Ah D size Li/CFx.

AA size Li/CFx with 966 wh/L

AA size Li/CFx with 966 wh/L

Comparison of -40C capability

Comparison of -70C capability

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0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75

Capacity (Ah)

Vol

tage

(V)

60°CRT-40°C-70°C

Temperature: 60°CDischarge rate: C/20

Quallion Primary Battery : C/20 discharge

Temperature (°C) Capacity (Ah) Capacity (% of 2.5Ah) 60 2.58 103 25 2.64 105 -40 2.22 89 -70 0.92 38

Quallion LLC Confidential SBIR Data Rights Reserved—Agreement No. N081-098-1328

Li/CFx AA-size 966 wh/L Primary battery Technology

One of applications for wide temperature technology SINCGARS to JTRS Radio Transition

  SINCGARS (over 250,000 units produced)   ASIP   Falcon   MBITR   ATCS

  HMS (Handheld & Manpack Systems)   GMR (Ground Mobile Radios)   AMF (Airborne Maritime )

Li/SO2 BA-5590 95% market saturation against primary and rechargeable solutions

Reduced envelope, lighter weight with same mission profile Quallion Li/CFx Half-5590

JTRS Program: Produce a family of interoperable, affordable software defined radios to provide, secure, wireless, networking capabilities for Joint services.

LEG

AC

Y SY

STEM

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Quallion Battery Solution

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