Leyland cypress

The Leyland cypress, Cupressus leylandii (syn. Cu-pressocyparis leylandii, Callitropsis leylandii, Cupro-cyparis leylandii or Hesperotropsis leylandii), often re-ferred to simply as leylandii, is a fast-growing coniferousevergreen tree much used in horticulture, primarily forhedges and screens. Even on sites of relatively poor cul-ture, plants have been known to grow to heights of 15me-tres (49 ft) in 16 years.[2] Their rapid, thick growth meansthey are sometimes used to enforce privacy, but such usecan result in disputes with neighbours whose own prop-erty becomes overshadowed.[3]

1 Taxonomic status of Nootka cy-press

The taxonomic status of Nootka cypress is disputed; inthe past, it was widely regarded as belonging in the genusChamaecyparis, and in 2002 it was classified in a newgenus Xanthocyparis. In 2004, Little et al. transferredit to Callitropsis.[4] Little (2006) proposed another alter-native by transferring all the North American species ofCupressus, including the Monterey cypress, to Callitrop-sis.[5] In any of these classifications, the hybrids becomevery unusual in being intergeneric hybrids, the only onesever reported among the gymnosperms. In fact, the veryexistence of these hybrids, and their ease of formation, isa further strong pointer (in addition to genetic and mor-phological evidence) for the treatment of Nootka cypressin Cupressus. In 2010, Mao et al. performed a more de-tailed molecular analysis and placed Nootka cypress toCupressus.[6][7] It may be added that attempts to crossNootka cypress with other Chamaecyparis species havebeen universally unsuccessful. Where Nootka cypress istreated in Chamaecyparis, the name of the hybrid be-comes Cupressocyparis leylandii, and where treated inXanthocyparis, the hybrid becomes Cuprocyparis ley-landii.[8]

Two other similar hybrids have also been raised, bothinvolving Nootka cypress with other Cupressus species:

Cupressus arizonica var. glabra Cupressusnootkatensis (Cupressus notabilis)

Cupressus lusitanica Cupressus nootkatensis(Cupressus ovensii)

2 Adaptation

Leyland cypress is light-demanding but is tolerant of highlevels of pollution and salt spray. A hardy, fast-growingnatural hybrid, it thrives on a variety of soils and sites arecommonly planted in gardens to provide a quick bound-ary or shelter hedge, because of their rapid growth. Al-though widely used for screening, it has not been plantedmuch for forestry purposes. In both forms of the hybrid,Leyland cypress combines the hardiness of the Nootkaor Alaska cypress with the fast growth of the Montereycypress.[9]

The tallest Leyland cypress presently documented isabout 40 metres (130 ft) tall and still growing.[10] How-ever, because their roots are relatively shallow, large ley-landii tend to topple over. The shallow root structurealso means that it is poorly adapted to areas with hotsummers, such as the southern half of the United States.In these areas it is prone to develop cypress canker dis-ease, which is caused by the fungus Seiridium cardinale.Canker causes extensive dieback and ultimately kills thetree. In California's Central Valley, they rarely live morethan ten years before succumbing, and not much longer insouthern states like Alabama. In these areas, the canker-resistant Arizona cypress is much more successful. InNorthern areas where heavy snows occur, this plant isalso susceptible to broken branches and uprooting in wet,heavy snow. The tree has also been introduced in Kenyaon parts of Mount Kenya.The sap can cause skin irritation in susceptibleindividuals.[11]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinophytahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen_treehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaecyparishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthocyparishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnospermhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressus_arizonicahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressus_lusitanicahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_(barrier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cankerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiridium_cardinalehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabamahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_cypresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kenya

2 4 COMMERCIALISATION

3 History

Parent species of the Leyland cypress

Monterey cypress, Cupressus macrocarpa

Nootka cypress, Hesperocyparis nootkatensis

In 1845, the Leighton Hall, Powys estate was purchasedby the Liverpool banker Christopher Leyland. In 1847,he gave it to his nephew John Naylor (18131889).[12]Naylor commissioned Edward Kemp to lay out the gar-dens, which included redwoods, monkey puzzle trees andtwo North American species of conifers in close proxim-ity to each other Monterey cypress and Nootka cypress.The two parent species would not likely cross in the wildas their natural ranges are more than 400 miles (640 km)apart, but in 1888 the hybrid cross occurred when the fe-male flowers or cones of Nootka cypress were fertilisedby pollen from Monterey cypress.[9]

John Naylors eldest son Christopher John (18491926)inherited Leighton Hall from his father in 1889. Christo-pher was a sea captain by trade. In 1891 he inheritedthe Leyland Entailed Estates established under the will ofhis great-great-uncle, which passed to him following thedeath of his uncle Thomas Leyland. On receiving the in-heritance Christopher changed his surname to Leyland,and moved to Haggerston Castle, Northumberland.[13]

He further developed the hybrid at his new home, andhence named the first clone variant 'Haggerston Grey'.His younger brother John (18561906) resultantly inher-ited Leighton Hall, and when in 1911 the reverse hy-brid of the cones of the Monterey cypress were fertilisedwith pollen from the Nootka, that hybrid was baptised'Leighton Green.'[9]

The hybrid has since arisen on nearly 20 separate oc-casions, always by open pollination, showing the twospecies are readily compatible and closely related. Asa hybrid, although fertility of certain Leyland cypressforms were recently reported[14][15], most Leyland cy-press were thought to be sterile, and nearly all the treeswe now see have resulted from cuttings originating fromthose few plants.[9] There are over forty forms of Ley-land cypress,Cupressocyparis leylandii zipcodezoo Ac-cessed 9 March 2009 and as well as 'HaggerstonGrey' and 'Leighton Green', other well-known forms in-clude 'Stapehill', which was discovered in 1940 in agarden in Ferndown, Dorset by M. Barthelemy[16] and'Castlewellan', which originated from a single mutant treein the Castlewellan estate arboretum in Northern Ireland.This form, widely propagated from the 1970s, was se-lected by the park director, John Keown, and was namedCupressus macrocarpa 'Keownii', 1963.[17]

Other forms include 'Douglas Gold', 'Drabb', 'EmeraldIsle', 'Ferndown', 'Golconda', 'Golden Sun', 'Gold Rider','Grecar', 'Green Spire', 'Grelive', Haggerston 3, Hagger-ston 4, Haggerston 5, Haggerston 6, 'Harlequin', 'Her-culea', 'Hyde Hall', 'Irish Mint', 'Jubilee', 'Medownia','Michellii', 'Moncal', 'Naylors Blue', 'New Ornament','Olives Green', 'Robinsons Gold', 'Rostrevor', 'SilverDust', 'Variegata', 'Ventose' and 'Winter Sun'.[18]

4 Commercialisation

Leylandii used as windbreak

In 1925, a firm of commercial nurserymen specialising inconifers were looking for a breed which was fast-growing,and could be deployed in hard to grow windy and salty

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressus_macrocarpahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperocyparis_nootkatensishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leighton_Hall,_Powyshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Kemphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_cypresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nootka_cypresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haggerston_Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberlandhttp://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/C/Cupressocyparis_leylandii/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlewellanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboretumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursery_(horticulture)

3

areas such as Cornwall. Eventually they found the sixoriginal trees developed by Leyland, and began propagat-ing the species.[19] In 1953, a freak tornado blew downone of the original trees at Haggerston (the other origi-nal five trees still survive), on which the research divisionof the Forestry Commission started developing additionalhybrids. Commercial nurseries spotted the plants poten-tial, and for many years it was the biggest-selling item inevery garden centre in Great Britain, making up to 10%of their total sales.[10]

It continues to be a popular plant for cultivation in parksand gardens. The cultivar 'Gold Rider'[20] has gained theRoyal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit,though the original hybrid has now lost its AGM status.[21]

5 Legal aspects

The plants rapid growth (up to ametre per year) and greatpotential height often over 20 metres (66 ft) tall, some-times as high as 35metres (115 ft) can become a seriousproblem. In 2005 in the United Kingdom, an estimated17,000 people were at loggerheads over high hedges,which led to violence and in at least one case murder,when in 2001, retired Environment Agency officer Llan-dis Burdon, 57, was shot dead after an alleged disputeover a leylandii hedge in Talybont-on-Usk, Powys.[10]

Part VIII of the United Kingdoms Anti-Social BehaviourAct 2003, introduced in 2005, gave a way for peo-ple affected by high hedges (usually, but not necessar-ily, of leylandii) to ask their local authority to investi-gate complaints about the hedges, and gave the author-ities in England and Wales power to have the hedges re-duced in height.[22] In May 2008, UK resident Chris-tine Wright won a 24-year legal battle to have her neigh-bours leylandii trees cut down for blocking sunlight to hergarden.[23]

6 References

[1] Mark A. Garland & Gerry Moore (2012)."Hesperotropsis, a new nothogenus for intergenericcrosses between Hesperocyparis and Callitropsis (Cupres-saceae), and a review of the complicated nomenclaturalhistory of the Leyland cypress. Taxon 61 (3): 667670.

[2] John Hillier & Allen J. Coombes, ed. (2007). The HillierManual of Trees & Shrubs. David and Charles. p. 436.ISBN 9780715326640.

[3] Plymouth neighbours row over 35ft trees. BBC News.September 7, 2010. Retrieved November 30, 2013.

[4] Damon P. Little, Andrea E. Schwarzbach, Robert P.Adams & Chang-Fu Hsieh (2004). The circum-scription and phylogenetic relationships of Callitropsis

and the newly described genus Xanthocyparis (Cupres-saceae)". American Journal of Botany 91 (11): 18721881. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.11.1872. PMID 21652334.

[5] Damon P. Little (2006). Evolution and circumscrip-tion of the true cypresses (Cupressaceae: Cupressus)".Systematic Botany 31 (3): 461480. doi:10.1043/05-33.1.JSTOR 25064176.

[6] Kangshan Mao, Gang Hao, Jianquan Liu, Robert P.Adams & Richard I. Milne (2010). Diversifica-tion and biogeography of Juniperus (Cupressaceae):variable diversification rates and multiple interconti-nental dispersals. New Phytologist 188 (1): 254272. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03351.x. PMID20561210.

[7] Christopher J. Earle (ed.). "Cupressus Linnaeus 1753, p.1002. The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved November30, 2013.

[8] Robert R. Mill & Aljas Farjon (2006). Proposal to con-serve the name Xanthocyparis against Callitropsis Oerst.(Cupressaceae)". Taxon 55 (1): 229231. JSTOR25065550.

[9] Leyland cypress Cupressocyparis leylandii". RoyalForestry Society. Archived from the original on February15, 2011. Retrieved November 30, 2008.

[10] Rhodri Clark (January 26, 2008). Mother of all treesthat sets neighbours at war revealed to have its accidentalroots in Wales. Western Mail. Retrieved November 30,2008.

[11] Dietrich Frohne & Hans Jrgen Pfnder (2005). Poi-sonous plants: a handbook for doctors, pharmacists, tox-icologists, biologists and veterinarians (2nd ed.). TimberPress. p. 155. ISBN 9780881927504.

[12] Leighton Hall - A History. Mid Wales. BBC. March25, 2008. Archived from the original on October 6, 2010.Retrieved November 29, 2008.

[13] Ian Whitehead (June 13, 2013). ""Turbinia at speed but whos on the conning tower?". Tyne &Wear Archives& Museums. Retrieved June 19, 2013. This examinesCharles Leylands connections with the sea and Northum-berland.

[14] Armitage, James (2011). The fertility of leyland cy-press. Plantsman (Lond., 10: 254256. Retrieved Feb11, 2015.

[15] Yixuan, Kou; Huiying, Shang; Kangshan, Mao; Zhonghu,Li; Keith, Rushforth; Robert, Adams (2014). Nuclearand Cytoplasmic DNA Sequence Data Further Illuminatethe Genetic Composition of Leyland Cypresses. Journalof the American Society for Horticultural Science 139 (5):558-566. Retrieved Feb 11, 2015.

[16] x Cuppressocyparis leylandii 'Naylors Blue'" uah.eduAccessed 9 March 2009

[17] Gerd Krssmann (1995). Manual of Cultivated Conifers.Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 101. ISBN9780881920079.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry_Commissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Social_Behaviour_Act_2003https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Social_Behaviour_Act_2003http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2012/00000061/00000003/art00015http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2012/00000061/00000003/art00015http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2012/00000061/00000003/art00015http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2012/00000061/00000003/art00015https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon_(journal)http://books.google.com/books?id=v9FaNAifPLEC&pg=PA436&dq=%2522leighton+hall%2522+powyshttp://books.google.com/books?id=v9FaNAifPLEC&pg=PA436&dq=%2522leighton+hall%2522+powyshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780715326640http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-11211538https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Newshttp://www.amjbot.org/cgi/reprint/91/11/1872http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/reprint/91/11/1872http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/reprint/91/11/1872http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/reprint/91/11/1872https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Botanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.3732%252Fajb.91.11.1872https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21652334https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_Botanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1043%252F05-33.1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTORhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/25064176https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Phytologisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1111%252Fj.1469-8137.2010.03351.xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20561210http://www.conifers.org/cu/Cupressus.phphttp://www.conifers.org/cu/Cupressus.phphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon_(journal)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTORhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/25065550https://web.archive.org/web/20110215115929/http://www.rfs.org.uk/learning/leyland-cypresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Forestry_Societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Forestry_Societyhttp://www.rfs.org.uk/learning/leyland-cypresshttp://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2008/01/26/mother-of-all-trees-that-sets-neighbours-at-war-revealed-to-have-its-accidental-roots-in-wales-91466-20397188/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2008/01/26/mother-of-all-trees-that-sets-neighbours-at-war-revealed-to-have-its-accidental-roots-in-wales-91466-20397188/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2008/01/26/mother-of-all-trees-that-sets-neighbours-at-war-revealed-to-have-its-accidental-roots-in-wales-91466-20397188/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Mail_(Wales)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Presshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Presshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881927504https://web.archive.org/web/20111006062409/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/mid/sites/welshpool/pages/leightonhall.shtmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBChttp://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/mid/sites/welshpool/pages/leightonhall.shtmlhttp://www.twmuseums.org.uk/engage/blog/turbinia-at-speed-but-whos-on-the-conning-tower-2/http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/engage/blog/turbinia-at-speed-but-whos-on-the-conning-tower-2/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyne_&_Wear_Archives_&_Museumshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyne_&_Wear_Archives_&_Museumshttps://www.rhs.org.uk/about-the-rhs/publications/magazines/The-Plantsman/2011-issues/december/The-fertility-of-Leyland-cypresshttps://www.rhs.org.uk/about-the-rhs/publications/magazines/The-Plantsman/2011-issues/december/The-fertility-of-Leyland-cypresshttp://www.juniperus.org/uploads/2/2/6/3/22639912/337_-_2014_j_am_hort_sci_leyland_cypress_dna_seq_data_w_mao.pdfhttp://www.juniperus.org/uploads/2/2/6/3/22639912/337_-_2014_j_am_hort_sci_leyland_cypress_dna_seq_data_w_mao.pdfhttp://www.juniperus.org/uploads/2/2/6/3/22639912/337_-_2014_j_am_hort_sci_leyland_cypress_dna_seq_data_w_mao.pdfhttp://www.uah.edu/admin/Fac/grounds/NAYLORS.HTMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Presshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881920079

4 7 EXTERNAL LINKS

[18] Cupressocyparis leylandii zipcodezoo Accessed 9March 2009

[19] TRACING GREEN GIANT BACK TO CASTLEROOTS. Northern Echo. 2000-07-21. Retrieved 2008-11-30.

[20] RHS Plant Selector - Cuprocyparis leylandii 'GoldRider'". Retrieved 9 June 2013.

[21] RHS Plant Selector - Cuprocyparis leylandii". Retrieved9 June 2013.

[22] Jonathan Duffy (May 31, 2005). Fir extinguisher. BBCNews. Retrieved September 25, 2006.

[23] Richard Savill (May 17, 2008). Leylandii dispute ends inlight relief. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved December30, 2009.

7 External links Media related to Cupressus leylandii atWikimedia

Commons

http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/C/Cupressocyparis_leylandii/http://archive.thenorthernecho.co.uk/2000/7/21/195758.htmlhttp://archive.thenorthernecho.co.uk/2000/7/21/195758.htmlhttp://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=4642http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=4642http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/searchbynameresults?nm=Cuprocyparis%2520leylandiihttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4595727.stmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Newshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Newshttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1969894/Leylandii-dispute-ends-in-light-relief.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1969894/Leylandii-dispute-ends-in-light-relief.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraphhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cupressus%2520%C3%97%2520leylandii

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8 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1 Text Leyland cypress Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyland%20cypress?oldid=646655093 Contributors: Ellywa, Bogdangiusca, Imc,

Lumos3, Seglea, Naddy, MPF, Keith Edkins, DanielCD, Redlentil, Cavrdg, Alansohn, Stemonitis, Rjwilmsi, Eoghanacht, Strobilomyces,Eubot, Gdrbot, YurikBot, RussBot, Gaius Cornelius, Mike1024, SmackBot, Chris the speller, SB Johnny, Esculapio, ChrisCork, Digigalos,AndrewHowse, Cydebot, Trident13, Kronos, Ericoides, Krasanen, VoABot II, Allied45, Steven J. Anderson, Logan, SieBot, Mygerardro-mance, Cngoulimis, Howard Alexander, MalcolmGould, Leafykins, Addbot, LaaknorBot, SpBot, Peridon, Yobot, Fraggle81, AnomieBOT,Gleeep, Wowjm, ArthurBot, SassoBot, PeterEastern, Mwarjone, RedBot, Lotje, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, Look2See1, Wikipelli, ZroBot,RaptureBot, Bgirardot, ClueBot NG, CitationCleanerBot, Anbu121, Realt0n12, Darorcilmir, TWAMWIR and Anonymous: 38

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License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Original Photographr, Mark James Miller Original artist: Amadscientist File:Cupressus_nootkatensis_1334.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Cupressus_nootkatensis_

1334.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Walter Siegmund (talk) File:Leylandii_-_geograph.org.uk_-_146076.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Leylandii_-_

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