Lexical Borrowing

Lectures 4

(The Process & the Product)

“The Process & the Product”

Loanwords

Loanshifts

Native creation

Haugen (1953)

What “Loanwords”The morphemic composition of the

loan derives from the external source language

“Pure” loanwords:Total morphemic importation of single or compound words; Varying degrees of phonemic substitution

“Loanblends”:Combination of native and imported morphemes.Imported stem + native affixNative stem + imported affix Imported stem + native stem

What “Loanshifts”the transfer of part of the foreign model and the reproduction of the

rest (importation of a foreign morpheme combined with

Substitution of a native one).

“Semantic loans”:Shifts in the semantics of a native word under influence from a foreign word

“Loan Translation”:Combination of native morphemes in imitation of foreign pattern

What “Native Creations”Innovations based on native

patterns, or creative extensions of a foreign pattern, which have no

counterparts in the source language

“Hybrid creations”:

Blends of native and foreign

morphemes to express new

concepts

The Integration of Loanwords

Phonology

Morphology

Lexical borrowings tend to be adapted in terms of the phonology and morphology of' the recipient language, and become essentially

indistinguishable from native items.

“Phonological Integration”

The pronunciation of source language is adapted into the phonological system of recipient language.

For instance, English loanwords in Japanese tend to be adapted to Japanese pronunciation as well as its preferred CV syllable structure.

epenthesis (e.g., baseball > besuboru), cluster simplification (sweater > seta), and syllabification of glides (quiz > kuizu).

“Phonological Adaptation in Bahasa”

(1) by adapting the spelling and the pronunciation; e.g., kamera, mikrofon, sistem.

(2) by adapting the spelling and without adapting the pronunciation; e.g., desain, fail, sains.

(3) without adapting the spelling but with adapting the pronunciation; e.g., bias, nasal.

(4) without adapting the spelling and the pronunciation; e.g., internet, orbit, status-quo.

“Morphological Adaptation”

The morpheme of the source language is adapted into the recipient language or the way round.

Borrowed words are treated like native stems of equivalent categorial status, and take the bound morphology and other properties appropriate to the class they are assigned to.

“Examples”

French borrowings Into Dutch; French nouns which refer to males (agent "agent," facteur "postman," etc.) receive masculine gender, while nouns referring to females (danseuse "female dancer," madame "madam") are assigned feminine gender (Treffers -Daller 1994: 130).

French nouns borrowed into Brussel Dutch, which tend to keep their original gender (either masculine or feminine).

“English--Bahasa”

Fauzi (2009) remarks the morphology adaptation is in the form of suffix –nya such as treatment-nya (its treatment), dress-nya (her dress), whereas in verbs there are some varied Bahasa bound morphemes such as di-, me(m)(n)(ng)-, and ber, e.g., dicharge (be charged), mem-backup (to back-up), mereset (to re-set), menghighlight (to highlight), mendeliver (to deliver), ber-track (to have track) etc.

“Creative process of adaptation”

The integration of loan items into the morphological structure of the recipient language can also involve creative processes of adaptation.

Borrowed items are manipulated so that they conform to the structural and semantic rules of the recipient language.

“Example: Japanese” In Japanese, English loans are treated as

uninflected nouns or stems which can be converted to other classes by the addition of suffixes or a helping verb (Loveday 1996: 118).

Borrowed nouns may be converted into adjectives (or adjectival nouns) by attaching the suffix -na (e.g., romanchikku-na "romantic") or into adverbs via affixation of -ni (e.g., romanchikku-ni "romantically").

Borrowed nouns may also be converted for use as verbs by adding the dummy verb suru "do, make," for example sain suru "sign," enjoi suru "enjoy," etc. These strategies conform fully to Japanese patterns of derivation.

“Example: Bahasa”

English nouns or stems can be converted to other classes by the addition of suffixes or a helping verb (Fauzi, 2009; cf. Loveday 1996).

nouns may be converted into verbs by attaching the suffix me(ng)- (e.g., meng-highlight “to highlight“– meng-cover “to cover”), etc.

Adjectives may be converted into adverbs by attaching the word sekali following the adjective (e.g., tired sekali “very tired“ – cute sekali “very cute” ), etc.

“Muysken’s term of adaptation”

Muysken (2000) termed this kind of adaptation as

‘relexification’ where a process of grammatical

restructuring between two languages including affixes

from one language and lexical roots from the other

language.

The model in Relexification

Relexificati

on

lexical

restructuri

ng

AffixesL1

Roots

L2

“Impact of lexical borrowing

on morphology” The borrowings from French had some

impact on English morphology, particularly on derivational processes.

For instance, the adjective-forming suffix -able, introduced along with loans like equatable, legible, portable, etc., was soon extended to native stems to yield words like speakable, knowable, etc., and has become very productive.

In Bahasa, suffix –isasi derived from Dutch –atie and English –ation was extended to lexicalize papanisasi, semenisasi, hutanisasi, etc.

Conclusion

Lexical borrowings lead to innovations in the lexicon of the recipient language.

Lexical borrowings are integrated in varying degrees into the phonology, morphology, and syntax of the borrowing language.

Lexical borrowing must be seen as just one aspect of a creative process. This process not only adds to the lexicon, but also enriches its potential for further expansion.

Thank you