leveraging examples in e-learning ( chapter 11) ken koedinger 1
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Leveraging Examples in e-Learning(Chapter 11)
Ken Koedinger
1
![Page 2: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chapter 11 Objectives
Identify types of worked examples Design a faded worked example Extending worked examples
Add self-explanation questions Apply multimedia principles Use variation & comparison to design for far
transfer learning
www.Clarktraining.com
![Page 3: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Agenda
What Are Worked Examples?
Fading Principle
Self-Explanations Principle
Multimedia Principle
Transfer Principle
![Page 4: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• A step-by-step demonstration of how to perform a task or solve a problem
What is a worked example?
![Page 5: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Problem: From a ballot box containing 3 red balls and 2 white balls, two balls are randomly drawn. The chosen balls are not put back into the ballot box. What is the probability that the red ball is drawn first and a white ball is second?
Total number of balls: 5Number of red balls: 3Probability of red ball first 3/5 = .6
Total number of ballsafter first draw: 4(2 red and 2 white balls)
Probability of a white ball second: 2/4 = .5
Probability that a red ball is drawnfirst and a white ball is second: 3/5 x ½ = 3/10 = .3Answer:The probability that a red ball is drawn first and white ball is second is 3/10 or .3.
FirstSolutionStep
SecondSolutionStep
ThirdSolutionStep
Next
![Page 6: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Dr. Chi: I have a lot of overweight patients in my practice, can you just highlight the contra-indications?Alicia: The key ones are pregnant or nursing mothers, any liver disease, and patients with a history of depression although your Lestratin drug sheet lists others. Are many of your overweight and obese patients already taking weight-reducing drugs?
Audio
A modeling worked example: Interpersonal
![Page 7: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
To estimate a solution, I work from the inside of the equation out. First I estimate the square root of 423 which will be a bit over 20. Then I multiply 20 by 2 to equal 40. Third I divide by …….
A modeling worked example: Expert gives a think aloud
![Page 8: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Evidence for worked examples
Outcomes WE/Practice Pairs All Practice
Training Time (sec) 32.0 185.5
Training Errors 0 2.73Test Time 43.6 78.1Test Errors .18 .36
- Sweller & Cooper, 1985
![Page 9: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
What is the rationale for worked examples?
9
![Page 10: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
AgendaWhat Are Worked Examples?
Fading Principle
Self-Explanations Principle
Multimedia Principle
Transfer Principle
![Page 11: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Worked examples & expertise reversalLe
arni
ng O
utco
me
EXPERT
NOVICE
WORKED EXAMPLES NO WORKED EXAMPLES
![Page 12: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
WorkedExample
CompletionExample 1
CompletionExample 2
Assigned Problem
Step 1Step 2Step 3
Step 1Step 2Step 3
= Worked in Lesson
= Worked by the Learner
Step 1Step 2Step 3
Step 1Step 2Step 3
Fading of worked examples
![Page 13: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Problem: The bulb of Mrs. Dark’s dining room table is defective. Mrs. Darkhad 6 spare bulbs on hand. However, 3 of them are also defective. What is the probability that Mrs. Dark first replaces the original defective bulb with another defective bulb before then replacing it with a functioning one?
Total number of spare bulbs: 6Number of defective spare bulbs: 3Probability of a defective bulb first 3/6=1/2 = .5
Total number of spare bulbsAfter a first replacement trial: 5(2 defective and 3 functioning spares)
Probability of a functioning bulb second: 3/5 = .6
Probability of first replacing the original Please enterdefective dining room bulb with a defective ? The numericalbulb first and then replacing it with a answer below:functioning one:
FirstSolutionStep
SecondSolutionStep
ThirdSolutionStep
Next
![Page 14: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Agenda
What Are Worked Examples?
Fading Principle
Self-Explanations Principle
Multimedia Principle
Transfer Principle
![Page 15: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Problem: From a ballot box containing 3 red balls and 2 white balls, two balls are randomly drawn. The chosen balls are not put back into the ballot box. What is the probability that a red ball is drawn first and a white ball is second?
Total number of balls: 5Number of red balls: 3Probability of a defective bulb first 3/5= .6
FirstSolutionStep
Next
Please enter the letter of the rule/principleused in this step:
Probability Rules/Principles:
a) Probability of an eventb) Principle of complementarityc) Multiplication Principled) Addition Principle
Self-explanation question
![Page 16: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Self-explanation question: modeled example
![Page 17: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
20
40
60
80
100
SD
From Experiment 2, Near Transfer learning, Atkinson et al (2003)
No QuestionsPro
port
ion
Cor
rect
With Questions
Better learning with SE questions added
![Page 18: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Self-Explanation in Geometry Cognitive Tutor
![Page 19: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Agenda
What Are Worked Examples?
Fading Principle
Self-Explanations Principle
Multimedia Principle
Transfer Principle
![Page 20: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
TopicHow to make information meaningful to students
LearnersStudent teachers average age 27 years
Time50 minutes - Moreno, Ortegano-Layne, 2008
Examples in text, video and animation
![Page 21: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Which led to better learning?
Example in Video
Example in animation
Example in Text
![Page 22: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
2
4
5
6
Test
Sco
re0-
10
3
1
7
SDS
D
SD = significantdifference
No Example Text Video Animation EXAMPLE FORMAT
Based on data from Moreno & Ortegano-Layne, 2008
8
Interpret the results
![Page 23: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
1. Select a time of day
1. Select a timeof day
2. Locate the two dots directly above the time
3. Subtract the lowertemperature from the higher temperature
To Find Temperature Differences On Different Days
Adapted from Leahy, Chandler, & Sweller, 2003
Modality-contiguity in worked examples
![Page 24: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• Be sure to use content familiar to your learners in worked examples
Use a familiar context or pretraining
Goal is to teach instructional designers how to write a learning objective:
Given bathroom tools, the learner will brush theirteeth to result in fewer than 3 spots with the reddye test.
![Page 25: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Agenda
What Are Worked Examples?
Fading Principle
Self-Explanations Principle
Multimedia Principle
Transfer Principle
![Page 26: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Slide 26
Perform goals: Near Vs Far transfer
Near Far
To build procedural skillsRoutine tasks
To build strategic skillsProblem-solving tasks
![Page 27: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Varied context worked examples
![Page 28: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
SD
From Experiment 3, Quilici and Mayer (1996)
SD = significantdifference
Test
Sco
res
Different Context
Same Context
Varied context worked examples
![Page 29: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Gentner, Lowewenstein and Thompson, 2003
Comparison Examples Lesson
Separate Examples Lesson
ShippingExample Travel
Example
Shipping Example
+Travel
Example
Active Comparison of Examples Lesson
ShippingExample
Shipping Example
+Travel
Examplewith questions
Power of comparison of examples
![Page 30: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
20
40
60
80
100
SD
Active Comparison
Comparison
Adapted from Gentner, Loewenstein, and Thompson (2003)
Pro
port
ions
of P
airs
For
min
g S
afeG
uard
Con
trac
ts
Separate Cases
No Training
SD = significantdifference
Interpret results
![Page 31: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
If time, can discuss other related work
• Worked examples experiments in cognitive tutors– Less time, with equal or better learning
• Geometry self-explanation result– Takes longer per problem but better transfer– Contrast: self-explanation for English articles
• Result?
• Battleship Numberline example – designing based on knowledge components
31
![Page 32: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Extras
32
![Page 33: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Slide 33
The fortress and tumor problems
![Page 34: Leveraging Examples in e-Learning ( Chapter 11) Ken Koedinger 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/5697c01c1a28abf838ccffc5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Slide 34
SolutionsFortress story Hint % who
solved tumor prob.
Not Given None 10%
Given None 30%
Given Given 75%