levelling the playing field - world anti-doping agency · levelling the playing field...

Levelling thePlaying Field

Newly-revised, a firmer and more practical World Anti-Doping Code promises to strengthen

the fight against doping and bring all athletes one step closer to fairer competition.

play trueISSUE 3 - 2008 AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING AGENCY

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play trueAN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING AGENCY

CONTACT:

THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING AGENCYE-MAIL: [email protected]: www.wada-ama.org

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EDITORWADA COMMUNICATIONS DEPARTMENT

CONTRIBUTORSFRÉDÉRIC DONZÉ JENNIFER SCLATERELIZABETH HUNTER STACY SPLETZER-JEGEN

TRANSLATIONSFRÉDÉRIC DONZÉ, JENNIFER SCLATER

PHOTOSADAMASEUROPEAN COMMISSIONFRÉDÉRIC DONZÉDOMINIC FUIZZOTTOGETTY IMAGESROSSPORTSTACY SPLETZER-JEGEN

DESIGN AND LAYOUTANTHONY PHILBIN COMMUNICATIONS, MONTREAL

The information published in the Play True magazine wascorrect at time of printing. The opinions expressed arethose of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflectthe opinions of WADA.

Reproduction of articles of the Play True magazine isencouraged. For permission, please send your writtenrequest to the WADA Communications Department [email protected]. Play True magazine must becredited in any reproduction.

Editorial: John Fahey

WADA’s President highlights recentevents and ongoing activities reflectingthe success of the harmonized fightagainst doping under the WorldAnti-Doping Code and the need forcontinued vigilance as programsmove forward.

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Editorial: David Howman

WADA's Director General outlinesthe steps that have brought us tothe eve of publication of WADA'sfirst Code Compliance Report, andreviews the motivation and needbehind this mandated responsibility.

Cover Story :Levelling the Playing Field

A review of the changes to the Code and WADA'sInternational Standards on the heels of theextensive consultative process undertaken byWADA to further enhance global anti-doping tools,regulations and approaches.

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Levelling the Playing Field:Related Articles Pg

Code Timeline .�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�5 & 6International Standards Update .�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�9Compliance Preview .�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�14

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contents

Gene Doping: Expert Interviews

Dr. Thomas Murray...........................23Dr. Mark Frankel...............................24

Athlete Profile: Frank Fredericks

A great champion and role model to athletesfrom his home continent of Africa and acrossthe globe, Frank Fredericks providesseasoned advice for young competitors andunderlines the need for a zero-toleranceapproach to doping in sport.

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UNESCO Convention

Unanimously adopted at the 2005 UNESCO GeneralConference and coming into force in February2007, the International Convention against Dopingin Sport has now been ratified by more than half ofUNESCO’s 193 Member States—the fastest pacethus far for any UNESCO Convention.

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WADA Updates & Calendar Pg

WADA President Meets with Top Officials .�32An Olympic Champion's Gift to WADA .�.�.�.�32RADO Developments .�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�32New WADA Corporate Video .�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�33ADAMS Update .�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�33WADA Event Calendar .�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�33

Gene Doping Symposium

A review of the program and achievementsof the recent Saint Petersburg Symposium,where 60 specialist participants from 16countries discussed topics relating to genetransfer therapies and additional issues.

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Partner Profile: Anti-Doping Agency of Malaysia

Deeply committed to the fight against dopingin sport, Malaysia establishes a NationalAnti-Doping Agency and launches its AthleteOutreach Program at its National Games.

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Beijing 2008

WADA's most recent presence at Olympicand Paralympic Games was a tremendoussuccess for the Agency and athletes alike.A look at WADA's Beijing activities and avisual summary of the Athlete OutreachProgram at these events.

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Play True Generation

WADA launches its Play True GenerationProgram at the 2008 Commonwealth YouthGames, engaging a new generation ofathletes, coaches and support personnel.

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This issue of Play True provides around-up of the enhanced anti-dopingrules that are to come into force onJanuary 1, 2009, under the revisedWorld Anti-Doping Code and itsrelated International Standards. Therevision of the rules is a major achieve-ment for the global anti-dopingcommunity and marks a new phasein getting tough on doping.

We have come a long way since theCode’s beginnings. In fact, it wasjust over four years ago, on the eveof the Athens Games, that allOlympic sports federations hadadopted the Code. At that moment

in time, the Code was agreed to andadopted, but it still remained to beseen how it would be implemented,and what the ultimate outcomewould be for sport.

We can now look back over the pastfour years with a certain degree ofsatisfaction. The spate of dopingcases and investigations in the lead-up to the Beijing Olympic Gamesare just one indication that theworldwide fight against doping insport has made a giant leap forward.It is also an indication that the Codeis a fair and effective means forrooting out doping.

As a result of the Code, for whichWADA is the mandated custodianand monitor, progress in several keyareas has been made.

More sports have started developingno notice out-of-competition testingprograms, as required under theCode, and which are clearly themost effective of testing strategies.

Governments have become moreand more involved on many differentlevels, including supporting robustnational testing programs. Many ofthe positive doping cases uncoveredin the lead-up to the Beijing Games

are the result of nations stepping uptheir testing efforts to ensure that theathletes they sent to the Olympicswere clean.

Testing tactics themselves havebecome smarter, more targeted withthe experience of the past four years.Yes, one might boast that increasingthe numbers of in-competition testsmeans that more athletes can betested and therefore raises thelikelihood of catching cheats. Itcertainly acts as a compellingdeterrent and is a message of strongcommitment for event organizers.But the real progress lies in using

intelligence in targeting the tests outof competition.

We continue to close the gap onrogue science. It is a constant race,but by partnering with the pharma-ceutical industry we are now able todetect some drugs even prior to theircoming to market. Just one exampleis that of CERA, the EPO drugdeveloped by Roche. Our ability todetect CERA during the Tour deFrance, a drug perceived by somedoping athletes to be undetectable,was the result of a four-yearcollaboration with Roche to ensurethat we had a detection method tofind abusers at the ready as soon asthe drug became available for goodand proper medical care.

WADA’s introduction of the strategyinvolving investigations and cooperationwith law enforcement has helped toput the squeeze on the manufactureand trafficking of illegal dopingsubstances. We are now finalizingour partnership with Interpol andlook forward to joint initiatives.

And there has been a great deal ofeducation of athletes and officialsabout their responsibilities under theCode, so that now there really is noexcuse for doping.

The Code has provided the frame-work for these advances to occur.No doubt, without the Code, sportwould be in an abysmal state today.And now, we are poised to take thenext step by implementing theimprovements we have agreed uponto ensure that the coming yearsresult in even greater success atcombating doping and protectingclean and safe competition.

An Ongoing Mission

The spate of doping cases and investigations inthe lead-up to the Beijing Olympic Games arejust one indication that the worldwide fightagainst doping in sport has made a giant leapforward. It is also an indication that the Code isa fair and effective means for rooting out doping.

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The Hon. John Fahey, A.C., WADA President

David Howman, WADA Director General

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Stressing ComplianceAs custodian of the World Anti-DopingCode, two of WADA’s over-archingpriorities relate to maintaining theintegrity of the Code and ensuringthe proper evolution of the Code.

We maintain the integrity of the Codethrough assisting and monitoringstakeholders’ compliance, and weensure the proper evolution of theCode through the extensive andthorough consultation and review of the Code and its associated Inter-national Standards on a periodic basis.

Our work in these two areas ensuresa worldwide harmonization of anti-doping programs which givesathletes confidence in the integrity of the anti-doping system and thefairness of competition. The keyobjective in such harmony is for allathletes to benefit from strong andfair anti-doping policies andprotections, that are the same for all,no matter the sport, the nationality or the country where tested.

On the compliance side, for sometime now we have also been activelypreparing for the initial compliancereport which will be submitted toWADA’s Foundation Board inNovember, as required by CodeArticle 23.4. (This report will addresscompliance with the 2003 Code; thefirst compliance report for the 2009revised Code will occur in 2010.)

In all that we do, it is our hope andaim that, by working together withour stakeholders, we will be able tohelp everyone achieve Codecompliance, and that everyone isdeclared compliant in November.

The process we initiated for compliancereporting (outlined within these pages)

was designed to be easy for stake-holders and involved a user-friendlyonline self-reporting mechanism. Atthe same time, WADA’s standardsand compliance staff have beenactively assisting stakeholders whohave wanted further assistance withtheir reporting, in addition toproviding guidance on addressingcompliance shortfalls.

I would like to point out that underthis compliance project, both Inter-national Sports Federations andNational Anti-Doping Organizationsare covered.

What this means is that both sport andgovernment are subject to compliancemonitoring through WADA’s Codecompliance report, because within

countries that have National Anti-DopingOrganizations (NADOs), the primaryresource of funding of the NADO isusually the national government.

Compliance is also being addressedthrough the Regional Anti-DopingOrganization (RADO) project initiatedby WADA several years ago, againengaging government finances but in addition gaining support fromNational Olympic Committees.

The RADO program fosters theestablishment of RADOs in areas ofthe world where resources are limited,

and therefore a joining of resourcesamong countries maximizes theirimpact in combating doping. Underthis model, a number of countriesband together to create a RADOresponsible for testing and educationin the region. Since WADA launchedthis program in 2005, more than120 new countries have beenengaged in anti-doping programs.

These programs are established atthe outset with Code-compliant rulesand are guided to maintain Codecompliance in their practices.

The compliance report is a criticalelement in worldwide anti-doping. It is a report card of sorts on how theanti-doping and sport community are doing. This is the first time it will

have been issued, so there willcertainly be room for improvement.However, we are confident that theclass is working towards achievinghigh marks on behalf of clean andsafe sport worldwide, and by thetime our second report is due in2010 there can be no excuses fornot achieving them.

In all that we do, it is our hope and aim that, byworking together with our stakeholders, we will beable to help everyone achieve Code compliance, andthat everyone is declared compliant in November.

The revised World Anti-Doping Code (2009 Code) and its International Standards will mark an importantnew phase in the fight against doping in sport.Revisions to the Code and the International Standardsare the culmination of a two-year consultation process,and promise to provide global anti-doping stakeholderswith more tailored and effective tools in their ongoingefforts to confront the dopers who undermine the spirit of sport.

The Code is the core document that provides theframework for harmonized anti-doping policies, rulesand regulations within sport organizations and amongpublic authorities. Since it came into force on January1, 2004, the Code has proven to be a very powerfuland effective tool in the harmonization of anti-dopingefforts worldwide. This has been demonstrated by theoverwhelming support of governments and sports inadopting the Code, in addition to the growing body ofjurisprudence from the Court of Arbitration for Sport(CAS) in supporting the Code’s tenets.

A Constructive Harmonization

The adoption of the original Code (2003 Code) led toseveral significant advances in the global fight againstdoping in sport, including the formalization of certain rulesas well as the clarification of stakeholder responsibilities.

This brought about harmonization to a system where pre-viously rules had varied, and in some cases did not exist.

Consequently, for the first time, universal criteria were setfor considering whether a substance or method may bebanned from use. Furthermore, the Code formalized theacceptance of the principle of strict liability for anti-dopingrule violations involving the presence of a prohibitedsubstance. The Code also formalized and allowed forthe acceptance of a statute of limitations stipulating thatall actions for an anti-doping rule violation must beinitiated within eight years from the date in which theviolation occurred.

Additionally, the Code set normative sanctions whileoffering flexibility to lessen or enhance bans based oncircumstances of a case. It also allowed for thesanctioning of “non-analytical” rule violations, meaningthat a sanction can be applied in cases where there isevidence that an anti-doping rule violation occurred butwhere there is no positive doping control test, such aswitnessing activity or a law enforcement agencyuncovering information. The Code lists the followingpossible violations that are not linked to the use of aprohibited substance or to its presence in a sample:using or attempting to use a prohibited substance ormethod; refusing, or failing without compellingjustification, to submit to sample collection after

Revisions to World Anti-Doping Code and related International Standardscome into force on January 1, 2009. More firm and practical, theseamended rules promise to strengthen the fight against doping in sport foryears to come and further consolidate the growing movement amongestablished and emerging athletes to ensure fairer competition for all.

Also in this section:

Code Timeline................................................................5 & 6International Standards Update ..........................................9Compliance Preview ..........................................................14

Ensuring aLevel Playing Field


notification, or otherwise evading sample collection;violating applicable requirements regarding athleteavailability for out-of-competition testing, includingfailure to provide whereabouts information and missedtests which are declared based on reasonable rules;tampering, or attempting to tamper, with any part ofcontrol; possession of prohibited substances andmethods; and trafficking in any prohibited substance orprohibited method.

The Code also provided WADA with the right to appealto CAS on rulings by anti-doping organizations operatingunder the Code—a right that WADA regularly exercisesin order to ensure that sanctions for anti-doping ruleviolations are in accordance with the Code.

A Living Document

The Code was always intended to serve as a livingdocument, evolving to meet the needs of an effectiveanti-doping program. To this end, and with the goal ofenhancing anti-doping programs, WADA initiated aconsultation process in 2006 for the practical reviewand fine-tuning of the Code’s provisions. Throughoutthe revision process, WADA encouraged commentsand suggestions that would benefit the global communityof athletes, from both its stakeholders and all thosewho want clean and fair sport.

After an open and transparent consultation processthat included three phases and the publication ofseveral preliminary drafts, the revised Code wasunanimously adopted by WADA’s Foundation Boardand endorsed by the 1,500 delegates present onNovember 17, 2007, the final day of the Third WorldConference on Doping in Sport, hosted in Madrid (Spain).

Although the key principles and elements of the 2003Code will remain in place, several important changesare reflected in the 2009 Code. Two general themes, >>

Levelling the Playing Field


namely firmness and fairness, have emerged fromthese changes, both targeted at strengthening the fightagainst doping in sport.

WADA’s stakeholders are required to implement therevisions to the Code by January 1, 2009.

Major changes

Greater FlexibilityRevisions to the Code introduce a greater flexibility inthe application of sanctions in general. While thisflexibility provides for enhanced sanctions, reducedsanctions are possible in particular where the athletecan establish that the substance involved was notintended to enhance performance (Article 10.5).

Increased SanctionsThe revised Code provides for an increase of sanctionsin doping cases involving aggravating circumstances.These circumstances can include, but are not limitedto, being part of a large doping scheme, an athletehaving used multiple prohibited substances or aprohibited substance on multiple occasions, or anathlete engaging in deceptive or obstructing conduct toavoid the detection or adjudication of an anti-dopingrule violation (Article 10.6). Aggravating circumstancesalso include situations in which a normal individualwould be likely to benefit from the performance-

enhancing effects of the anti-doping rule violation(s)beyond the otherwise applicable period of ineligibility.

While the original Code allowed for a four-year ban fora first serious anti-doping rule violation only in cases oftrafficking or administration of a prohibited substanceor method, the revised Code thus broadens thespectrum of anti-doping rule violations that can lead to a four-year ban for a first serious doping offence.

It further clarifies the range of sanctions that can beapplied in the case of a second infraction, based onthe type of violation, as outlined in Article 10.7.

Specified SubstancesGiven the mentioned flexibility, the definition of“specified substances” will change when the revisedCode comes into force (Articles 4.2.2 and 10.4).

While all prohibited methods, the classes of anabolicagents and hormones, as well as stimulants, hormoneantagonists and modulators so identified in the 2009Prohibited List maintain their status, the remainder ofprohibited substances will now be considered asspecified substances for the purpose of more flexiblesanctions. This means that where athletes can clearlyestablish how a specified substance entered their bodyor came into their possession, and that such substancewas not intended to enhance sport performance, the

The Code: A Journey through the Years

Adoption of the World Anti-Doping Code during the

Second World Conferenceon Doping in Sport

The Code and the International Standards

come into force

Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

2003 2004

Adoption of the revised Code during the Third World Conference on

Doping in Sport

Code Compliance Report


2007 2008

sanction may be reduced as low as a reprimand andno period of ineligibility.

At the same time, the use of non-specified substancesshould be more likely to result in a standard two-yearban for a first anti-doping rule violation, or to a ban ofup to four years in cases of aggravating circumstancesunder the revised Code.

Specified substances, as defined in the revised Code,are not necessarily less serious agents for purposes ofdoping than other prohibited substances. For that reason,an athlete who does not meet the reduction criteriacould receive up to a four-year period of ineligibility incase of aggravating circumstances. However, there is a greater likelihood that specified substances, asopposed to non-specified substances, could besusceptible to a credible, non-doping explanation.

Greater HarmonizationChanges to the Code bring greater harmonization inareas where stakeholders had initially wanted flexibilityand were given such latitude in the original Code.

For example, while the 2003 Code left it up to theanti-doping organization to determine the number ofmissed tests that should lead to an anti-doping ruleviolation, this rule was harmonized and mademandatory as part of the Code review. The 2009 Code


now provides that any combination of three missedtests and/or failures by an athlete to provide accuratewhereabouts information within an 18-month periodshall constitute an anti-doping rule violation (Article2.4). (See the section on the International Standardfor Testing, pages 10-11.)

There is also greater harmonization in the applicationof sanctions for this type of infraction. While theoriginal Code allowed for sanctions ranging from threemonths to two years, the revised Code sets the periodof ineligibility at a minimum of one year to a maximumof two years, based on the athlete’s degree of fault(Article 10.3.3). The goal in reducing the amount offlexibility in this area is to reinforce consistency whileallowing the panels judging the cases to take intoaccount all the circumstances of the individual cases.

Incentives to Come ForwardIncentives to come forward have also been strengthened.The potential extent of the suspension of an ineligibilityperiod (one-half of the otherwise applicable ineligibilityperiod in the current Code) was enhanced to three-quarters of the otherwise applicable ineligibility periodin the revised Code, for substantial assistance to ananti-doping organization, criminal authority orprofessional disciplinary body which results in the anti-doping organization discovering or establishing ananti-doping rule violation by another person or which

WADA launches the revision of the Code and

the International Standards


2005 2006

Second Code Compliance Report

The revised Code and International Standards come

into force


2009 2010

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results in a criminal or disciplinary body discovering acriminal offence or the breach of professional rules byanother person (Article 10.5.3).

In addition, where an athlete or other personvoluntarily admits the commission of an anti-dopingrule violation prior to receiving notice of a samplecollection that could establish an anti-doping ruleviolation, or in circumstances where no anti-dopingorganization is aware that an anti-doping rule violationmight have been committed, the period of ineligibilitymay be reduced, but not below one-half of the periodof ineligibility otherwise applicable (Article 10.5.4).

Accelerated Management of Doping CasesCalls for the acceleration in the processing andmanagement of doping cases have been addressed inthe revised Code. As a result, revisions to the InternationalStandard for Laboratories reduce the period of timebetween the analysis of the A sample and the B sampleto seven working days. (See the section on theInternational Standard for Laboratories, page 12.) The2009 Code also introduces a mandatory provisional

The revised Code makes it mandatoryfor all signatories, based on their meansand scope of responsibility, to implementanti-doping education programs.

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suspension following an A sample adverse analyticalfinding for a prohibited substance other than aspecified substance. Anti-doping organizations candecide to impose a provisional suspension following an adverse analytical finding for a specified substanceor other anti-doping rule violation (Article 7.5).

Atypical FindingsAs provided for in the Prohibited List and the revisedInternational Standard for Laboratories, the amendedCode introduces the concept of “atypical findings”(Article 7.3). Laboratories are directed to report thepresence of a prohibited substance, which may also beproduced endogenously, as an atypical finding, whichis subject to further investigation. Upon receipt of an Asample atypical finding where a review by the anti-doping organization responsible for the resultsmanagement does not reveal an applicable therapeuticuse exemption or that a departure is the cause for theatypical finding, the anti-doping organization willconduct the required investigation. Upon completion of the investigation, the athlete and other anti-dopingorganizations (including WADA) will be notifiedwhether or not the atypical finding will be broughtforward as an adverse analytical finding.

WADA’s Right of AppealThe revised Code also clarifies WADA’s right to appealdirectly to CAS any case in which an anti-dopingorganization fails to render a decision with respect towhether an anti-doping rule violation was committedwithin a reasonable deadline, as if the anti-dopingorganization had rendered a decision finding no anti-doping rule violation (Article 13.3).

Financial SanctionsThe 2009 Code does not preclude anti-dopingorganizations from providing, in their own rules, forfinancial sanctions against cheaters, in addition to theperiod of ineligibility or other sanction imposed(10.12). This being said, no financial sanction shalljustify a reduction in a period of ineligibility or other

sanction normally outlined in the Code. Furthermore,as a condition of regaining eligibility after being foundto have committed an anti-doping rule violation, theathlete must first repay all prize money forfeited.

Right to Comment on Erroneous InformationWhereas the original Code did not authorize anti-doping organizations and WADA accreditedlaboratories to comment publicly on a case, except fordescribing the process and science in a general way,the amended Code allows them to react to publiccomments attributed to an athlete, athleterepresentatives or to other concerned individuals(Article 14.2.5). This new clause allows anti-dopingorganizations and WADA accredited laboratories tocorrect erroneous or false information being circulatedin the public domain concerning a pending case.

Mandatory Education ProgramsThe 2009 Code makes it mandatory for all signatories,based on their means and scope of responsibility, toimplement anti-doping education programs (Article 18.1).

UNESCO ConventionThe revised Code stipulates that, in accordance withthe UNESCO International Convention against Dopingin Sport, the International Olympic Committee will onlyaccept bids for the Olympic Games from countrieswhere the government has ratified, accepted, approvedor acceded to the UNESCO Convention and where theNational Olympic Committee (NOC), NationalParalympic Committee (NPC) and National Anti-Doping Organization (NADO) are in compliance withthe Code (Article 20.1.8).

Starting on January 1, 2010, International Federationsand Major Games Organizers will do everything possibleto only award World Championships or major gamesto countries where the government has ratified, accepted,approved or acceded to the UNESCO Convention andwhere the NOC, NPC and NADO are in compliancewith the Code (Articles 20.3.10 and 20.6.6).

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International Standards:

Key ChangesConcurrent to the Code review process started in 2006, WADA launched aprocess for updating the International Standards, which first came intoforce in 2004 along with the Code. The purpose of the Standards is toharmonize different technical aspects in the fight against doping, includingtesting, the List of Prohibited Substances and Methods (revised annually),laboratory activities, and Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs). WADA also created a new International Standard (theInternational Standard for the Protection of Privacy andPersonal Information) in order to ensure that anti-dopingorganizations protect personal information provided byathletes and their support personnel as part of the anti-doping process in an appropriate fashion.

The International Standards are mandatory for Codesignatories. The revised or new Standards will comeinto force at the same time as the revised Code (2009Code) on January 1, 2009.

International Standard for Testing

The International Standard for Testing (IST) providesstructure and guidance for the planning of effectivetesting, and the maintenance of the integrity andidentity of samples, from athlete notification to thedelivery of samples to the laboratory for analysis.

The revision of the IST was done over four phases ofconsultation, with the final version being approved byWADA’s Executive Committee on May 10, 2008.


The solution found in the revised IST requires athleteswho are included in an ADO’s RTP to: (1) providewhereabouts, and be subject to testing 24 hours a day,seven days a week, 365 days a year; (2) provideresidential, training and competition information, as wellas an overview of regular activities, and plans for travel;(3) submit quarterly whereabouts information, andregular updates; and (4) specify one hour each day(between 6 a.m. and 11 p.m.) during which they canbe located at a specified location for testing. This doesnot limit the time in which an athlete may be tested; heor she may still be tested at any time, 24 hours a day.But, to mitigate the difficulty in accounting for one’swhereabouts 24 hours a day one quarter in advance,the athlete’s exposure to the risk of a missed test islimited to the 60-minute time-slot each day.

As well, the potential for declaring filing failures underArticle 2.4 (Whereabouts information), Articles 2.3(Evading sample collection) and 2.5 (Tampering withany part of the doping control, including providingfraudulent information to an ADO) of the revised Codecan be used to pursue athletes seeking to evade thesystem outside the 60-minute time-slot.

Registered Testing PoolOnly those athletes identified in their ADO’s RTP aresubject to whereabouts provisions set out in the revisedIST. Provisions regarding whereabouts responsibilitiesand missed test accountability identified in the IST applyonly to those athletes who are at highest risk for out-of-competition doping. International Federations (IFs) areafforded discretion as to who should be subject to theseprovisions based on a risk assessment they have madein their sport. National Anti-Doping Organizations

The revised IST (2009 IST) includes new clausesaddressing establishing a registered testing pool (RTP)and the management of athlete whereaboutsinformation, which is essential to no-notice out-of-competition testing. The 2009 Code and the 2009 ISTinclude greater harmonization in areas wherestakeholders had initially indicated a desire for flexibility,which was in fact part of the initial Code.

The IST review process identified a pressing need tocreate a standard set of whereabouts requirements,applicable to all sports, and setting out definitively: (1)what whereabouts information must be filed; (2) whatconstitutes a missed test; and (3) when and how Anti-Doping Organizations (ADOs) should recognize missedtests declared under the rules of other ADOs. Provisionswere made for these requirements in the 2009 Codeand therefore reflected in the 2009 IST, outlining: (1)how many filing failures/missed tests, committed overwhat period, would constitute an anti-doping ruleviolation under Article 2.4; and (2) what sanctionsshould be applied for such violations. (See the sectionon Greater Harmonization, page 6.)

Whereabouts Information and Missed TestsThe feedback received from stakeholders on the ISTregarding whereabouts matters ranged from: (1)requiring athletes to provide whereabouts and beavailable for testing 24 hours a day, seven days a week(so that an athlete could in theory be held liable for amissed test if he or she could not be found at any time);to (2) specifying particular times of the day for testingduring which, if the athlete is not available, the ADOmay declare a missed test.

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(NADOs) are afforded discretion to create a RTP that willsupport an effective out-of-competition testing program at the national level.

Mutual Recognition Under the amended IST, Code signatories must informWADA and other relevant ADOs of missed tests andwhereabouts failures they have declared againstathletes, preferably through ADAMS (the Anti-DopingAdministration & Management System developed byWADA). The other ADOs with jurisdiction over theathlete must recognize those decisions. If they fail to do so, WADA can intervene by way of appeal.

Team SportsA number of team sports suggested that there areinherent differences between team sports and individualsports that would allow a modified whereaboutsrequirement for team sports.

In order to recognize these characteristics, the 2009 IST has now included a special section (11.5) whichconfirms that: (1) RTPs in team sports can be definedby reference to teams (so that it is some or all of theplayers on a particular team or teams who are in theRTP); (2) much of the whereabouts information filed forplayers on those teams will be collective “team activity”information; and (3) it is therefore likely that those filingswill be made by team officials on a collective basisrather than by players on an individual basis.

However, to maintain equal treatment for all athletes,players in team sports are not exempt from the standardwhereabouts requirements set out above. As is the casefor an athlete in an individual sport, an athlete in a teamsport will be notified of a missed test if he or she is notwhere the team official said he or she would be duringthe 60-minute time-slot. The liability ultimately resideswith the athlete and therefore will not be excused of hisor her responsibilities by blaming the team for filinginaccurate information about his or her whereabouts.

Volume of Urine RequiredWhile the original IST required that at least 75 mL ofurine be collected for each doping control sample(pouring 50 mL in the A sample bottle, and 25 mL inthe B sample bottle), the minimum volume requiredbecame 90 mL in the revised IST (pouring 60 mL in the A sample bottle, and 30 mL in the B sample bottle).

The increase in volume required specifically responds torequests made by laboratories to ensure that enoughurine is available to analyze for the growing number ofprohibited substances and where longitudinal follow-uprequires a greater volume.

Prohibited List

WADA’s List of Prohibited Substances and Methods(List) specifies which substances and methods arebanned in- and out-of-competition, as well as anaddendum providing for the banning of alcohol andbeta-blockers in specific sports. The List is revised, and updated on an annual basis by WADA, following an extensive consultation process, and is approved by the WADA Executive Committee during its September meeting.

The 2009 List was approved by the Executive Committeeon September 20, 2008, and published a few dayslater. It will come into force on January 1, 2009. The2009 List offers a number of changes compared to the2008 List, including modifications in relation to specifiedsubstances in order to align the 2009 List with the moreflexible sanctions set forth in the revised Code.

As a result, while all prohibited methods, the classes ofanabolic agents and hormones, as well as stimulantsand hormone antagonists and modulators so identifiedon the 2009 Prohibited List maintain their status, theremainder of prohibited substances will now be consideredas specified substances for the purpose of more flexiblesanctions. This means that where athletes can clearlyestablish how a specified substance entered their bodyor came into their possession, and that such substancewas not intended to enhance sport performance, thesanction may be reduced as low as a reprimand and noperiod of ineligibility. At the same time, the use of non-specified substances will be more likely to result in astandard two-year ban for a first anti-doping ruleviolation, or to a ban of up to four years in cases ofaggravating circumstances under the revised Code.

In order to determine which stimulants (prohibited in-competition only) should be classified as specified ornon-specified in the 2009 List, the international expertsserving on WADA’s scientific committees carefullyconsidered various parameters, including : (1) the potentialof these stimulants to enhance performance in sport; (2) their risk to health; (3) their general use in medicinalproducts; (4) their legitimate market availability; (5) theirillicit use; (6) their legal/controlled status in variouscountries; (7) their history and potential of abuse insport; (8) their potential of addiction; (9) the likelihoodof approval for therapeutic use; (10) their pharmacology,and other scientific elements; as well as (11) thelikelihood of a non-doping explanation.

As a result of this process and of the broad consultationtraditionally carried out as part of the annual preparationof the List, stimulants identified as non-specified



conform to international standards for quality, ensure thenecessary levels of technical competence and professionalethics to guarantee the integrity of the samples, thevalidity of the procedures and their analytical results.

International Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemptions

The main purpose of the International Standard forTherapeutic Use Exemptions (ISTUE) is to ensure thatthe process of granting Therapeutic Use Exemptions(TUEs) is harmonized across sports and countries.

Athletes, like all others, may have illnesses or conditionsthat require the use of particular medications. If therequired medication includes a substance that happensto fall under the WADA Prohibited List, then a TUE may give that athlete the authorization to take theneeded medication.

The ISTUE states that all IFs and NADOs must have aprocess in place whereby athletes with documentedmedical conditions can request a TUE, and have suchrequest appropriately dealt with by a panel of independentphysicians. IFs and NADOs are responsible for grantingor declining such applications.

The ISTUE underwent several phases of consultation,with the final revised version approved by the ExecutiveCommittee at its September 2008 meeting in order toharmonize its provisions with the revised Code and the2009 Prohibited List.

Generally speaking, feedback received indicated that theprinciples and the philosophy of the TUE procedure arewell accepted and considered useful. The revisions onlyconcern the Abbreviated TUE process (as opposed tothe Standard TUE), primarily due to the administrativeworkload it generates for ADOs. The revised ISTUE(2009 ISTUE) addresses these concerns by eliminatingthe concept of the Abbreviated TUE.

Asthma (inhaled Beta-2 agonists and inhaledGlucocorticosteroids)The revised ISTUE, which takes into considerationstakeholder feedback and current medical perspectives,such as the International Olympic Committee Consensuson Asthma issued in February 2008 (calling for strictcontrol of use of these drugs by athletes), is based onthe premise that, for the process to be manageablewhile at the same time deterrent enough for elite athletes,different requirements can be requested of athletesdepending on their level of competition (international ornational). All athletes needing to use inhaled Beta-2agonists and inhaled Glucorticosteroids for asthma

substances in the 2009 List (and therefore subject to a two-year sanction in the absence of aggravating orattenuating circumstances) include for exampleamphetamine, cocaine, bromantan and modafinil.

Other noteworthy changes to the 2009 List compared tothe 2008 List include the removal of alpha reductaseinhibitors, a class of masking agents which used to bebanned in- and out-of-competition. These substanceshave been rendered ineffective as masking agents ofsteroids through close consideration of steroid profiles byWADA accredited anti-doping laboratories.

As part of the development by WADA of the AthletePassport concept—the objective of which is to monitoran athlete’s biological parameters over time in order todetect abnormal variations that could indicate potentialdoping—and following research and advances in anti-doping science, WADA accredited laboratories are nowable and required to systematically and closely considersteroid profiles in urine as part of the doping controlprocess, which allows them to circumvent the maskingagent properties of alpha reductase inhibitors.

International Standard for Laboratories

The purpose of the International Standard forLaboratories (ISL) is to ensure the production of validtest results and evidentiary data and to achieve uniformand harmonized results and reporting from WADAaccredited laboratories.

The ISL underwent a revision process with a newversion coming into force on January 1, 2008. Changesincluded the requirement that the B sample analysistake place no later than seven working days afterreporting the A sample results in order to expedite theresults management procedure. In addition, the qualityof the laboratories’ routine analyses is now taken intoaccount in the annual reaccreditation proceduremanaged by WADA, thereby enhancing the evaluationprocess carried out throughout the year by WADA.

A new version of the Standard (2009 ISL) wasapproved by the Executive Committee during itsSeptember 20, 2008 meeting and will come into forceon January 1, 2009. This revised Standard includesseveral technical amendments which serve toharmonize the ISL with provisions of the 2009 Code.

A notable change from previous versions of the ISL tothe 2009 ISL is the abandonment of the clause thatrequired different analysts to perform the A and Bsample confirmation. WADA’s experts considered thatthe current WADA accreditation requirements, which >>



must have a medical file and must declare use of thesesubstances in ADAMS and on the doping control form.

For international-level athletes:• Athletes who are part of an international registered

testing pool (IRTP) need an approved Standard TUE for asthma prior to using the substance.

• For athletes who are not part of an IRTP but are taking part in an international event, it is at the discretion of the IF either to deliver a TUE prior to the event or to provide a retroactive TUE in case of an adverse analytical finding (AAF). The granting of a retroactive TUE must comply with the criteria set forth in the revised ISTUE, particularly with regards to the athlete having an existing and current medical file.

For national-level athletes:• It is at the discretion of the NADO either to approve

the TUE or to provide a retroactive TUE in case of an AAF.

In either case, all athletes may request a TUE if theywish to do so.

Non-Inhaled, Non-Systemic Glucocorticosteroids (GCS)In the case of non-inhaled, non-systemic GCS, theathlete must provide a minimum declaration thatincludes the diagnosis, the substance taken, and contactinformation of the medical doctor who administered thetreatment. It is at the discretion of the ADO to ask formore than this minimum declaration. For topical use ofGCS, neither a TUE nor a declaration is requested.

International Standard for the Protection of Privacy and Personal Information

The 2009 Code calls for an additional InternationalStandard: the International Standard for the Protection of Privacy and Personal Information (ISPPPI).

When performing obligations under the Code, ADOsmay collect, store, process, or disclose personalinformation relating to athletes and third parties. Thepurpose of the ISPPPI is to ensure that all relevantparties involved in anti-doping in sport apply minimumsuitable privacy protection in relation to the collectionand use of personal data, such as information relating to whereabouts, doping control, and TUEs.

WADA led an extensive consultation process amonglegal experts, international organizations and thecommissions on privacy protection from differentcountries in the development of this Standard.

The 2009 World Anti-Doping Code and its revisedInternational Standards can be consulted underthe “2009 Code Implementation” section ofWADA's Web site: www.wada-ama.org.

The ISPPPI, approved by the Executive Committee onSeptember 20, 2008, formalizes ADO obligations tocomply with applicable data protection and privacy lawswith respect to their handling of such information. It alsoserves to ensure that athletes and non-athletes are fullyinformed of, and where necessary, agree to the handlingof their personal information in connection with anti-doping activities arising under the Code.

2009 Code and International Standards on WADA Web site



As custodian of the World Anti-DopingCode, two of WADA’s over-archingpriorities relate to maintaining theintegrity of the Code and ensuring itsproper evolution.

The integrity of the Code is maintainedby assisting with and monitoringstakeholders’ compliance. WADAensures that the Code evolves byengaging in extensive consultationand thorough review of the Code and its associated InternationalStandards on a periodic basis.

The key objective in such harmony is for all athletes to benefit from rulesthat allow a more effective fightagainst doping, and that are thesame for all, no matter the sport, the nationality or the country wheretested, all while rigorously respectingathletes’ rights.

While WADA is assisting stakeholdersto ensure they implement the revisionsto the Code by January 1, 2009,WADA has also been activelypreparing for the initial compliancereport which will be submitted to theAgency’s Foundation Board inNovember of this year, as required by Code Article 23.4. (This reportwill address compliance with the2003 Code. The first compliancereport for the 2009 revised Code will occur in 2010.)

One has to remember that theInternational Olympic Committee(IOC) amended its Charter followingthe approval of the Code in 2003 sothat adoption and implementation ofthe Code by the Olympic Movementis mandatory and that the IOC hasthe power of excluding non-compliantsports from the Olympic program.

The Athens Games were the first underthe Code—with all Olympic sportshaving accepted it prior to thoseGames. Since then, WADA has beenworking with its stakeholders to ensurethat the Code is implemented into theirrules and that they are enforcing theserules in accordance with it.

WADA initiated thereporting process twoyears ago by developingan online reporting toolfor stakeholders toprovide their complianceinformation. WADAprovided its ExecutiveCommittee and FoundationBoard with several interimreports, starting inSeptember 2006.

A first official report willbe considered by theWADA Foundation Boardat its meeting in November2008. The Code statesthat stakeholders whohave jurisdiction to imposesanctions on those whoare deemed non-compliant,such as the IOC, may doso. The Code also statesthat the imposition ofsanctions by such rulingbodies (not WADA) fornon-compliance may beappealed to the Court ofArbitration for Sport.

The Code belongs to WADA stakeholders and the Agency’srole is to assist them in respecting it.

WADA has therefore drafted Model Rules to facilitate theimplementation of the Code by its stakeholders. TheAgency also reviews signatory anti-doping rules to ensurethat they are Code compliant and, where this is not thecase, offers assistance to remedy the situation. Anotherstrategy implemented by WADA to assist stakeholders isthe Agency’s work in helping to establish Code-compliantanti-doping organizations through Regional Anti-DopingOrganizations (RADOs) around the globe.

It is the Agency’s aim that, by working directly with itsstakeholders in these and other ways, WADA is able to helpeveryone achieve compliance with the 2003 Code and thateveryone is declared compliant in November 2008.

The Code Belongs to Stakeholders

Compliance ReportProcess and Implications

Code Compliance:

First Official Reportin November

WADA at the 2008 Summer Games

play true - issue 3 - 2008 16


The IOC was responsible for dopingcontrols at the Olympic Games, andworked with the OrganizingCommittee (BOCOG) to conducttesting at Olympic venues. However,members of WADA's managementworked with the IOC to help carryout an intensive pre-Games testingprogram. Under the WADA-managedout-of-competition testing program,athletes were also tested during theperiod of the Olympic Games outsideof Olympic venues, for example incases where athletes stayed outsideof the official Olympic sites or whoarrived at the Games late or left early. WADA also worked in directcollaboration with the IPC to ensure

that an effective pre-Games testingprogram was conducted for theParalympic Games.

To help enhance athlete and publicconfidence in anti-doping activities,WADA’s Independent Observer (IO)teams randomly monitored allphases of the doping control andresults management processes of the Olympic and Paralympic Games.Individuals serving on WADA IOteams are experts in fields pertinentto anti-doping and are recruited fromaround the globe. Reports from theOlympic and Paralympic Games,which include a summary of IOobservations and recommendations,

are available on WADA’s Web site(www.wada-ama.org).

Interacting with athletes during theOlympic and Paralympic Games isanother essential activity in the fightagainst doping in sport. WADA’sAthlete Outreach Program waspresent at the Athlete’s Village duringboth Games. Several thousandathletes and their entourage visitedWADA’s Outreach Center, situatednext to the athletes’ dining hall, toplay WADA’s Anti-Doping Quiz. Thisinteractive and unique computergame, available in 19 languages,allows participants to test their anti-doping knowledge. WADA had an

As with previous Games, WADA played an active role during the BeijingOlympic and Paralympic Games. While the International Olympic Committee(IOC) and International Paralympic Committee (IPC) shouldered the anti-doping duties during their respective Games, WADA programs in Beijingincluded participating in the pre-Games testing team and operatingIndependent Observer and Athlete Outreach Programs.

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international and diverse team of anti-doping experts on hand to speak withathletes and answer any questions theyhad about the dangers andconsequences of doping.

During the Beijing Games, participantswho scored at least nine-out-of-ten onthe Quiz were awarded a symbolic gift,which added to the popularity of theprogram. The Asian-inspired, black and green Play True hat and Lenovosponsored USB key, containing anti-doping information, quickly becamepopular in the Athlete’s Village.

During the Games, WADA’s ExecutiveTeam met with many of the Agency’sstakeholders. In particular, WADA’sPresident, the Hon. John Fahey,addressed the Session of the IOC and,together with WADA’s Director GeneralDavid Howman, spoke to the Common-wealth Sports Ministers meeting.

Finally, as was the case during the2006 Winter Paralympic Games inTurin, the IPC used ADAMS—the Anti-Doping Administration andManagement System developed byWADA—to manage all testing activitiesprior to and during the BeijingParalympic Games. (See the article onADAMS, page 33.) While WADA andother anti-doping organizations usedADAMS to coordinate whereaboutsinformation and to facilitate out-of-competition testing prior to the OlympicGames, those responsible for testingduring the Paralympic Games usedADAMS to coordinate all pre- andduring-Games testing activities as wellas for on-site results management. TheWADA accredited laboratory in Beijingalso used ADAMS to report test resultsduring the Paralympic Games.

For more informationconcerning WADA’s roleat the Beijing Games,please consult Issue 2 - 2008 of Play True,available on WADA’sWeb site.


Gene doping represents a threat to the integrity of sport and thehealth of athletes. As the international organization responsible forpromoting, coordinating and monitoring the global fight against dopingin sport in all its forms, WADA is devoting significant resources andattention to identifying ways to detect and deter gene doping.

WADA held its Third Gene DopingSymposium on June 10 and 11,2008,in Saint Petersburg, with the supportof the Russian sport authorities.

The Saint Petersburg Symposium,which followed those held in Banbury,United States, in 2002 and inStockholm, Sweden, in 2005,gathered more than 60 participantsfrom 16 countries and includedexperts in gene transfer, scientistsfrom the field of anti-doping,representatives from sports andpublic authorities, and ethicists.

This follow-up meeting allowed foran update on advances in genetransfer therapies and in thedevelopment of detection methodsfor its potential misuse in sport.Furthermore, participants discussedthe boundaries between therapy andenhancement from technical andethical perspectives, as well as lawenforcement issues and legalframeworks relating to gene doping.

In particular, participants called for a greater awareness of andstrengthened action against the


Gene Doping: WADA Measures Progress atSaint Petersburg Symposium


potential abuse of gene transfer insport. They also called for a greaterinteraction among the sportcommunity, professional scientificorganizations, licensing agencies andclinical research oversight bodies,resulting in an increasing awarenessof the potential illicit use of genetransfer techniques for enhancementpurposes, as well as the developmentof appropriate sanction mechanismsfor illegal or unethical application ofgene transfer in sport.

"Most experts do not think that genetransfer is being misused by athletesyet, but we know that there is agrowing level of interest in the sportsworld in the potential for genedoping, and that scientists workingon potential genetic cures for musclediseases or blood disorders are beingapproached by sports figures toinquire about the use of genes toenhance performance in sport," saidWADA’s Vice President Prof. ArneLjungqvist. "We need to make sure

that athletes know the dangersassociated with these technologies,and, for those who may choose toignore them and cheat, that they willbe caught."

Participants agreed on a number of key conclusions andrecommendations:

Dangers Associated with Gene Transfer

Gene therapy is a reality, albeit animperfect one. The tools of genetransfer have proven to be effective ina number of clinical studies, includingthe treatment of, among other diseases,severe combined immunodeficiencydiseases (SCID), several forms ofcancer, genetic forms of retinaldegeneration and blindness. Never-theless, serious conceptual andtechnical problems continue to producesevere and unanticipated setbacks,including death and the induction ofleukemia in some patients.

WADA’s Research Program

The vigorous research programinstituted and funded by WADA hasled to significant progress towards abetter understanding of the geneticand physiological effects of doping aswell as identifying scientificallyrigorous methods for more effectivedetection of pharmacological andgene-based doping. Scientificprogress made through WADAsupported research projects, whichwere summarized at the conference,suggests that new detection methodsare likely to emerge and will help toprevent tainting sport by gene doping.

The WADA research program shouldcontinue to stimulate efforts in thedevelopment of detection methodsfor gene doping from both academicand private institutions. WADA willalso continue to interact withacademic and private sectors, andprofessional scientific and medicalorganizations to monitor developments


The Saint Petersburg Symposium, which followed those held in Banbury, United States, in 2002 and in Stockholm, Sweden, in 2005, gathered more than 60 participants from 16 countriesand included experts in gene transfer, scientists from the field of anti-doping, representatives from sports and public authorities, and ethicists.

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in genetic enhancement technologiesin order to serve as a catalyst for publicand scientific awareness, and publicdiscussion of the potential benefitsand dangers of gene-based doping.

Broader Societal Issues

Many forms of medicinal andsurgical techniques used for theenhancement of normal humantraits are an accepted and growingpractice for physical and moodmodification. The financial andpersonal rewards associated withimproved performance indicate thatsport will be one of the areas inwhich gene-based enhancement islikely to first arise. The world of sporttherefore serves as a very effectivesetting in which to examine broadsocietal issues of personal enhance-ment and the unclear boundarybetween treatment and enhancement.

Legal and Ethical Safeguards

In addition to its traditional activitieswith governments, WADA is activelydeveloping relationships withinternational police and anti-crimeorganizations to ensure that national

and international laws penalizeuncontrolled or illegal possession,commercialization and trafficking of prohibited substances andmethods, including reagents forgenetic manipulation. In mostcountries, and consistent with theHelsinki Declaration, all geneticmanipulations in human subjectsand patients require extensiveregulation and oversight atinstitutional, local and nationallevels. Illicit application of genetransfer technology in sport isunlikely to comply with suchstandards. It is therefore importantthat procedures are identified inorder to develop legal and ethicalsafeguards to deter and to countersuch uses of genetic technology.

WADA is committed to the safe use of genetic technology and that allactivities comply with internationalethical standards of human experi-mentation. The Agency will thereforeintensify its interactions with govern-mental authorities, law enforcement,policy agencies and licensingauthorities to ensure that any departurefrom the accepted oversight andapproval procedures constitutes

professional misconduct and thatsuitable sanctions are devised.

Commercialization of Genetic Science

The commercialization of andworldwide market for geneticscience are affecting theaccessibility of materials andmethods of potential use in geneticdoping by sport figures. In order toidentify the emergence of futuredoping agents or methods, WADAshould facilitate interactions withpublic and commercial authorities.Furthermore, WADA shouldmobilize governments, sportauthorities, and the private,scientific and medical sectors toanswer the need to regulate thepromotion and dissemination ofgenetic enhance-ment technologiesin the global marketplace. Finally,anti-doping organizations shouldprovide athletes, coaches andphysicians with objective, reliableinformation enabling them tocritically assess claims made on theInternet, and elsewhere, regardingthe “power of genetics” to enhanceathletic performance.

WADA’s Athlete Committee Chairman Vyacheslav Fetisov


"Issues associated with gene transferare multiple and complex," saidWADA’s Director General DavidHowman. "By gathering top expertsin various fields related to geneticenhancement, this fruitful symposiumhelped address them and furtheradvance strategies to detect potentialmisuse of these technologies. WADAwill continue to devote significantresources and attention to thisspecific area, to protect the integrityof sport and the health of athletes."

"This symposium was veryencouraging," added Prof. TheodoreFriedmann, Head of WADA’s GeneDoping Panel (a group of internationalexperts that advises WADA on genetherapy, the methods for detectingdoping, and the research projectsfunded by WADA in this area). "Whiledetection methods are early in theirdevelopment, I have no doubt thatthe ongoing work will catalyze publicdiscussion and awareness in thisfield and that WADA will continue tobe the leading agency in theapplication of modern moleculargenetics and DNA technology to thedevelopment of improved methodsfor detection."

WADA’s Vice President Prof. Arne Ljungqvist WADA’s Director General David Howman

Additional information regarding gene doping andthe Saint Petersburg Symposium, the presentationsand official Symposium Declaration can beconsulted from the Science and Medicine section of WADA’s Web site: www.wada-ama.org.



Thomas H. Murray, PhD, isPresident of The Hastings Center(USA), the world’s first researchinstitution devoted to bioethics. Dr.Murray chairs WADA’s Ethical IssuesReview Panel and was formerly theDirector of the Center for BiomedicalEthics in the School of Medicine atCase Western Reserve University inCleveland, USA. He is the author ofmany publications and has beenpart of many panels of experts onissues relating to ethics, bioethics,science, and doping in sport. A keypresenter and moderator at WADA'sThird Gene Doping Symposium, Dr. Murray shares some thoughts onthe ethical issues associated with thetopic of gene doping in this interviewwith Play True.

Play True: What key ethical issuesdoes the potential misuse of genetransfer raise?

Thomas Murray: First of all, thescope of the risks that some athletesmay want to take by undergoinggenetic modifications, and the levelof danger involved, would be greaterthan with “traditional” doping. Thetechnology of gene transfer fortherapeutic purposes is not fullymastered yet. There is a muchgreater level of uncertainty involved.Secondly, there is a risk of launchingan arms race with such a potentialabuse of technology. This would becontrary to all that sport is about anda profoundly mistaken approach.The glory of sport is learning whatwe can do with the natural talentswe have, perfecting them throughhuman excellence, persistent effortand dedication, and not with artificialenhancement and engineering.

Dr. Thomas Murray:

Significant Uncertainties

Dr. Thomas Murray published an articlein Play True Issue 3 - 2007 on “Ethics,Enhancement and Sport” supporting thefight against doping. All issues of PlayTrue can be found on WADA’s Web site:www.wada-ama.org.

Should this message be further emphasized?

I think the message is definitely outthere. The fact that WADA has takenthe lead by organizing three symposiaon gene doping and continuing toprovide objective and balancedinformation is encouraging. But Ialso think that people need to take adeep breath and realize that genedoping is not for tomorrow. There ismore hype than reality at themoment. Gene transfer techniquesare still very immature, and the firsttherapeutic successes date from justa few years ago. Discussions ongene doping should be encouragedbut kept away from scary movie

scenarios and remain based onreality, which is that gene transfer isstill a very experimental technique.

But how can we determine what isacceptable or not?

We need to go back again to a keyquestion: What is sport about? Whatcontributes to its beauty and its value?What gives sport its meaning? I don’twant my children or grandchildren tohave to go through genetic enhancementto compete on a level playing field.

Sport is not a competition between surgeons or engineers. It is a

competition in which athletes showtheir abilities based on the body theyhave. Athletes of course try to perfecttheir talent, and they can do itthrough a variety of authorizedmeans including continuous progressof sport science in the developmentof training methods and othertechniques. Talent can be perfectedthrough what I call a virtuous circle:take your natural talents and makethe most of it.



Dr. Mark Frankel:

Averting Social InjusticeMark Frankel, PhD, has been aDirector of the Scientific Freedom,Responsibility and Law Program atthe American Association for theAdvancement of Science (AAAS)since 1990. He develops andmanages the AAAS’s activities relatedto professional ethics, science andsociety, and science and law. As partof the AAAS’s contribution to WADA'sThird Symposium on Gene Doping,Dr. Frankel gave a presentation onthe commercialization of gene dopingin sport (available on WADA’s Website). Play True met up with him inSaint Petersburg to solicit his thoughtson the potential implications ofgenetic enhancement on sport andon society in general.

Play True: Why did the AAAS decideto partner with WADA for the SaintPetersburg Gene Doping Symposium?

Mark Frankel: The AAAS representsall the sciences in terms of member-ship. We are really interested inincreasing public understanding ofscience and responding to andanticipating public policy issues.Genetic enhancement raises somevery interesting policy issues. It seemsto me that the field of enhancementis very broad and that you need tofocus on one area. Sport is a fieldthat is quite appropriate for discussingenhancement and its implications.WADA has been a pioneer in thisdiscussion and the AAAS saw thissymposium as a great opportunity.

I think enhancement in general hasa lot of appeal to people. Livinglonger, jumping higher, enhancingthe mind. These perspectives haveappeal to human beings, and thequestion is: How are our societiesgoing to deal with these issues? Sportis an excellent kind of microcosm ofhow enhancement plays out in the

real world, because we are further herethan we are in any other socialendeavours.

What are the most significantpotential implications of geneticenhancement on society?

The biggest issue of genetic enhance-ment, whether it relates to sport or not,is the risks associated in terms ofhealth for the individual, but also interms of social injustice. Anotherissue is: What are the social valuesthat we want to promote if weembrace enhancement? How do wewant our society to incorporate anytype of enhancement into what itvalues and how it operates? Those aresome of the big social issues and all ofthem have some relevance to sport.

But how can we determine what isacceptable or not in a society thatalready accepts a number of enhance-ments (plastic surgery, etc.)? Andwhere do we draw the line in sportbetween therapy and enhancement?

This issue is a critical one and onethat has to be the focus of a lot ofpublic discussion. I don’t have asimple answer for that. But thequestion is a very interesting one:What is the process by which anycountry considers where the line hasto be drawn? Traditionally, we have inplace democratic processes in manyof our countries, whereby we try todo the best we can. Science andtechnology are always a critical andcomplex area in terms of where wedraw the line. We need to continueto bring to the dialogue a variety ofstakeholders, from physicians toconsumers, judges, policy-makers,members of the sports community.This needs to be an ongoing dialogue.But at some point we will either haveto make a conscious decision about

where we draw the line or themarketplace is going to make thisdecision for us. We have seen this inthe United States on a number ofissues where the government hasbeen reluctant to establish policiesfor whatever reasons and the markethas taken over and basically led theevolution of the technology and howit is applied.

With respect to sport, anybodyinterested in this issue needs to thinkvery carefully about it and rememberthat enhancement is inconsistentwith the spirit and ethics of sport.Every social enterprise has an ethics,whether it is banking, law, accounting,etc. Sport itself has a very strongethical foundation. Sport needs tocontinue to make a case that enhance-ment is inconsistent with its ethics.

In this regard, WADA has animportant role to play to facilitate and catalyze the discussion, andeducate those involved in sportabout this issue. AAAS could bringits own experience of dealing withpolicy issues and how we canmove from a discussion involvinggroups of different disciplines andbackgrounds, to a processgenerating outcomes such asstrong recommendations aimed at various audiences, includingprofessional, commercial and not-for-profit organizations.


Athlete Profile


How do you define a champion?Google the name Frank Fredericks,simply Frankie to his friends andfamily, and you will gain a greaterinsight into the meaning of thisword. One of the greatest sprintersof all time, this 41-year-oldNamibian won two silver medals(100m and 200m) at the 1992Barcelona Olympic Games and1996 Atlanta Olympic Gamesrespectively. After a distinguishedcareer he retired after competing atthe 2004 Athens Olympic Games.Elected during the 2008 OlympicGames to serve as the President ofthe International Olympic Committee(IOC) Athlete Commission, Frankalso serves on the IOC ExecutiveBoard and is in charge of taking thevoice of the athlete to the core of theIOC's decision-making body.

Frank is the ideal person to be thatvoice having served as a competitiveathlete, athlete ambassador and nowathlete leader. Play True recentlyinterviewed him.

Play True: What was the best bit ofadvice you received while growing up?

Frank Fredericks: Stay in school andget your education. Education is thekey that would open the doors to abright and successful future.

Frank or Frankie?

I have no preference but my mothercalls me Frankie. In Afrikaans,Frankie is a younger version of Frank.In my mother's eyes, I will always beher little boy and thus Frankie.

Who was your role model and why?

My mother was a single parent. Shetaught me to strive for the best and torecognize the beautiful things aroundme and in others.

Do you have a favourite sporting memory?

I have a lot, but if I have to mentionone, it will be the experience at theOlympic Games in Barcelona.Starting with carrying the flag forNamibia at our first Olympic Gamesand the two Olympic silver medals(100 and 200m) won in Barcelonain 1992. They were the first Olympicmedals for me but above all for mycountry, Namibia, newly independent.

You were elected to the IOC Athletes'Commission in 2004 and to theChairmanship of the Commission atthe 2008 Olympic Games. What willbe your primary objective in thisleadership role?

I will rely on my fellow athletes forguidance to ensure that the voice ofthe athletes stays up-to-date andactive in the IOC and that we remainconstant in the fact that the OlympicGames are for athletes.

All together, we will continue tosupport and strengthen the IOC's

fight against doping by promoting itszero-tolerance philosophy, because itis athletes who cheat but alsoathletes who are cheated on.

Another topic I would like to push isthe promotion of education throughoutan athlete's entire sporting career.

What role do you believe bothcurrent and retired athletes shouldplay in the anti-doping movement?

Who better to speak out and act onthat topic than the athletes themselves?It is the athletes who cheat and it isthe athletes who are cheated on byunfair competitors. As athletes wehave to take an active role in thefight against doping, which will be a priority under my leadership.

As an athlete ambassador and rolemodel around the world, butespecially in Africa, what programsor initiatives could best enhance anti-doping awareness?

When I finished my sporting career, I decided to go through the Africancontinent to share my experiencewith younger people. Since 1999,through the Frank FredericksFoundation, we have been trying tomake a difference to help youngNamibian athletes achieve their goalsin life, teaching them at the same timehow to do sport while respectingthemselves and the others—theirrivals, coaches, referees, etc.

In our modern society, to get kidsaware of the dangers of doping, wehave to find the right mix betweentraditional and modern means, i.e.using school books or comics; radioor television programs, music, etc.and, at the same time, organizinginteractive lectures from athletes,coaches and doctors. Communicationis the key point.

Track and Field (athletics) hassuffered recently due to high-profileathletes testing positive or being

A True Champion Frank Fredericks

proven to have cheated in their event.What are your feelings related to thisand the future of track and field?

I am happy to see that the testing isworking and we need to continue tobe one step ahead of the cheats.Despite track and field's imagesuffering, they should not stop testingand testing and testing.

Both in-competition and out-of-competition testing is necessary forelite athletes who want to competeon a level playing field. Do you haveany insight or words of wisdomabout doping control to give toathletes competing today?

If you have nothing to hide, just fillout your whereabouts and let theauthorities know where you are. Wehave a responsibility to young peopleto let them know that taking part insport is a wonderful life experience.

WADA was created in 1999 and hasmade significant progress over the pastfew years. How do you see the growthof WADA in the short and long termas it relates to cleaning up sport?

As I said earlier, we will always becommitted to a policy of zero

tolerance regarding doping. Since1999, a lot of work has been donein this respect by WADA and the IOCto create an environment of cleansport for generations.

I think that about 99.9 per cent ofathletes are clean, so we have tomake sure that we keep the playingfield level. I am very happy with themany tests that were performedbefore and during the Beijing Games.We are telling the cheats there won'tbe a possibility to cheat anymore. Itis the integrity—and the very future—of sport which is at stake.

The IOC and WADA are puttingincreasing emphasis on youth and afuture generation of champions.What words of advice would you giveyoung athletes, aiming to compete atthe top of their sport, about training,hard work and competitive values?

Always respect yourself and others.Forget about drugs, steroids, growthhormones and all that rubbish. Anathlete's route to success is litteredwith sacrifices. There will be manyhighs and lows along the way.



Partner Profile

Partner Profile


Malaysia Adopts WADA'sAthlete Outreach ModelSubmitted by the Anti-Doping Agency of Malaysia

In May 2007, Malaysia launched itsnational anti-doping agency, calling itAnti-Doping Agency of Malaysia(ADAMAS). The mission of ADAMASis PURE PERFORMANCE with a goalto make sure all athletes practiceclean sport.

Malaysia and ADAMAS both recognizethe importance of education. Recenteducational activities includeconducting seminars and programson anti-doping in sport to everyathlete competing at major sportingevents including the Olympic,Paralympic, Asian and SoutheastAsian Games.

ADAMAS adopted WADA's AthleteOutreach Model and successfullycompleted its first program at theMalaysian National Games from May 31 to June 9, 2008. Consideredtheir “mini-Olympics,” the NationalGames are held every other year andinvolve over 6,000 young, up andcoming athletes.

With a mobile unit that allowed bothflexibility and a targeted reach withinevery sport, the ADAMAS team wasable to set up its Outreach Programat over ten venues, with a variety ofanti-doping resources translated inboth English and Malay.

“We believe that two way interactionis always better than one and for thatreason the outreach program at ourNational Games was very successful,”said Nazima Kassim, Sports Officerwith ADAMAS. “We plan to run theprogram again in the future usingWADA's Anti-Doping Quiz in Malayand will continue to meet as manyathletes and personnel as possible inpromoting clean sport.”

Malaysia is deeply committed to the fight againstdoping in sport and wants to play a strong rolein the world anti-doping movement to take thebattle against doping to the next level. Efforts arecurrently being made to improve Malaysia's anti-doping strategy which is consistent with theirzero tolerance for doping in sport.

Athletes strive to take their performance to the next level... Excellence is not only the difference between a competitor and a champion, but defines every athlete who has the courage to push the limit

Respect is about you, your teammates, even your opponents. It allows any true athlete to become the very best, and in the end makes champions of us all

Respect is about you, your teammates, even your opponents. It allows any Respect istrue athlete to become the very best, and in the end makes champions of us alltrue athlete to become the very best, and in the end makes champions of us all

Athletes strive to take their performance to the next level... Excellence is not only the difference Athletes strive to take their performance to the next level... Excellence is not only the difference nce is not only the Athletes strive to take their performance to the next level... Excellence is not only the difference only the differencedifferencebetween a competitor and a champion, but defines every athlete who has the courage to push the limit

Athletes strive to take their performance to the next level... Excellence is not only the difference Athletes strive to ttrive to take their performancAthletes strive to take their performance to the next level... Excellence is not only the difference e to the next level.ext level... Excellebetween a competitor and a champion, but defines every athlete who has the courage to push the limit defines every athle

Athletes strive to take their performance to the next level... Excellence is not only the difference .. Excellebetween a competitor and a champion, but defines every athlete who has the courage to push the limit


Education Program Launch

The Play True Generationat the Commonwealth Youth GamesThe Play True Generation is WADA’s latest education program which encourages young athletes,their coaches and support personnel to be leaders in promoting and ensuring clean sport. It is a generation who believes that clean sport is one of the fairest and most powerful tools for positive change andgrowth. It embraces fair play and respect.

WADA launched the program during the Third Commonwealth Youth Games, held October 12–18, 2008, in Pune,India. During the Games, athletes visiting the Play True Generation Center in the Athlete Village demonstrated theircommitment to the ideals of the Play True Generation by taking the youth edition of WADA’s Anti-Doping Quiz, bycompleting a survey and by pledging to Play True. Athletes also had the opportunity to play the “Mario & Sonic at theOlympic Games” video game, provided by WADA’s partner digital media and content company ISM.

WADA’s Director General David Howman welcomed ISM’s partnership: “ISM knows how to make learning captivatingand fun. We have an important mandate and by working with a company like ISM we are confident that today’s andtomorrow’s leaders will want to join the Play True Generation.”

True dedication is rare, but in competitive athletes it is essential. Athletes have to be dedicated to their sport, but mostly they have to be honest to themselves, and to the commitments that will define their achievements.

Courage doesn’t mean we aren’t afraid. Courage is about how hard we try despite life’s obstacles, and the freedom we discover when we realize there’s nothing we can’t aspire to and achieve.

Respect is about you, your teammates, even your opponents. It allows any true athlete to become the very best, and in the end makes champions of us alltrue athlete to become the very best, and in the end makes champions of us all

Respect is about you, your teammates, even your opponents. It allows any true athlete to become the very best, and in the end makes champions of us alltrue athlete to become the very best, and in the end makes champions of us alltrue athlete to become the very best, and in the end makes champions of us alltrue athlete to become the very best, and in the end makes champions of us all

Respect is about you, your teammates, even your opponents. It allows any true athlete to become the very best, and in the end makes champions of us all

Education Program Launch


In addition to WADA personnel, the Play True Generation Center was staffed by RegionalAnti-Doping Organization (RADO) Administrators from Commonwealth countries. TheRADO Administrators, Neil Murrell (Caribbean), Valerie Onyango (Africa Zone V),Natanya Potoi (Oceania) and Joel Libombo (Africa Zone VI), whose offices are funded bythe Commonwealth Secretariat, were present to share their expertise with the hundredsof athletes, coaches and sport officials who passed through the Center.

The Commonwealth Secretariat’s support to the anti-doping activities in East Africa,Southern Africa, the Caribbean and Oceania is primarily focused on the education andinformation side of anti-doping. Following the Games, the goal of each of the RADOAdministrators is to promote and deliver sustainable programs for youth in theirrespective regions.

The success of and lessons learned during this first Play True Generationevent will be a springboard for preparations for the first Youth OlympicGames, to be held in Singapore in August 2010.


UNESCO Convention

The International Convention against Doping in Sport is settingrecords of its own as it continues at full pace toward rapidratification. Unanimously adopted at the 2005 UNESCO GeneralConference and coming into force in February 2007, the treaty hasnow been ratified by more than half of UNESCO’s 193 MemberStates—the fastest pace thus far for any UNESCO Convention.

UNESCO ConventionNears 100 Ratifications

UNESCO has published a handbook outlining the application process for and management ofthe Fund for the Elimination of Doping in Sport. The Fund is dedicated to assisting governmentswith the implementation of effective anti-doping programs in accordance with the InternationalConvention against Doping in Sport

State Parties that have ratified the Convention can apply to use the Fund—madeup of contributions from Member States, private or public bodies and individuals,as well as revenue from fundraising activities, to establish anti-dopingpreventative education programs—for assistance with policy advice to enablethe development of legislation and regulations for the purposes of complyingwith the Convention, and for mentoring and capacity development activities.

The Handbook, available in six languages, can be downloaded from UNESCO’sWeb site: www.unesco.org/en/antidoping.

UNESCO Publishes Handbook for Fund for the Elimination of Doping

The UNESCO Convention–the firstuniversal treaty against doping insport–is the practical instrument bywhich governments formalize theircommitment to the fight againstdoping. Given that manygovernments cannot be bound by anon-governmental document suchas the World Anti-Doping Code (thedocument harmonizing anti-dopingrules in all sports and all countries),the Convention permits governmentsto align their domestic policies with

the Code, thus harmonizing therules governing anti-doping in sportand public legislation.

WADA is in regular contact withUNESCO and those governmentsthat have yet to ratify the Conventionin order to facilitate and encourageits rapid ratification.

In addition, the revised Code, whichwas unanimously endorsed bydelegates from sport and

government at the Third WorldConference on Doping in Sport inNovember 2007, states that,starting in 2009, the InternationalOlympic Committee will only acceptbids for the Olympic Games fromcountries where the government hasratified the Convention and wherethe National Olympic Committee(NOC), National ParalympicCommittee (NPC) and National Anti-Doping Organization (NADO) are incompliance with the Code.Furthermore, the revised Code callson International Federations andMajor Games Organizers, starting onJanuary 1, 2010, to do everythingpossible to only award WorldChampionships and Major Games tocountries where the government hasratified the Convention and wherethe NOC, NPC and NADO are incompliance with the Code. (See alsothe highlight of key changes to theCode page 3.)

WADA President Confers with TopSport and Government OfficialsIn the past few months, WADA’sPresident, the Hon. John Fahey, heldfruitful meetings with a number of topsport and government officials fromaround the world to discuss issues ofcommon interest.

In June, Mr. Fahey and WADA’s DirectorGeneral David Howman visited thePresident of the International OlympicCommittee (IOC) Jacques Rogge andthe new President of the InternationalCourt of Arbitration for Sport MinoAuletta in Lausanne.

They subsequently traveled to Brusselsto meet with Jan Figel, the member ofthe European Commission responsiblefor education, training, culture andyouth, and by extension sport.

Lastly, they traveled to Paris for individualdiscussions with the UNESCO DirectorGeneral Koïchiro Matsuura, the Chairmanof the Russian State Committee for PhysicalCulture and Sport Vyacheslav Fetisov(also a WADA Board member and the

Chairperson of the Conference of Partiesto the UNESCO International Conventionagainst Doping in Sport), and the FrenchState Secretary for Sport and WADABoard member Bernard Laporte.

During the Beijing Olympic Games, Mr. Fahey also met with sport and

government officials from around theworld. He addressed the Session of theIOC and the Commonwealth SportsMinisters meeting held in Beijing.

The meetings and presentationsincluded discussions of general dopingissues, advances in the fight againstdoping in sport, cooperation betweensports and public authorities, manage-ment of doping cases, the UNESCOConvention, and updates on WADA’sinvestigations strategy, includingcooperation with Interpol.

WADA Updates

The Hon. John Fahey and Jan Figel

André Laperrière, a Montrealer and member ofthe 1948 Canadian Olympic ice hockey team,gave WADA a replica of the shirt he and histeammates were wearing when they won gold at the Winter Olympic Games in Saint-Moritz,Switzerland, to show his support for the fightagainst doping in sport.

During a ceremony at WADA’s Montrealheadquarters in October, Mr. Laperrièrepresented the jersey to WADA and stressed theimportance of the Agency’s role in protectingthe integrity of sport and the health of youngathletes. “I am very pleased to give my jersey toWADA to show my support to your wonderfulmission,” said Mr. Laperrière. “The use of dopingsubstances by athletes is not only unfair to othercompetitors, but also very risky to their health.”

1948 Olympic ChampionShows Support to WADA Regional Anti-Doping Organizations (RADOs) continue to

develop in each of their 15 respective regions of the world,fulfilling different responsibilities for each of the 122 countriesinvolved. RADO activities range from the coordination ofsample collection, to the management of results, appeals,approval of therapeutic use exemptions, to the disseminationof education/information materials, as well as assistingmember countries with the establishment of anti-dopingregulations compliant with the World Anti-Doping Code.

The Commonwealth Secretariat continues to support theemployment of four RADO Administrators and to providean education grant to each of these four regions (EastAfrica, Southern Africa, the Caribbean, and Oceania). Inaddition, WADA recently signed an agreement with theConférence des Ministres de la Jeunesse et des Sports desÉtats et Gouvernements ayant le français en partage(CONFEJES) whereby CONJEJES has agreed to providefinancial support in assisting French-speaking countriesinvolved with the RADOs.

RADO Development Continues

WADA Updates

New Corporate VideoOutlines WADA’s Mission,Global Responsibilities

WADA Calendar

WADA Program Calendar. For the most current updates, visit www.wada-ama.org

EDUCATION SEMINAR

ANTI-DOPING PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

WADA’s Education Seminars raise understanding about anti-doping efforts,disseminate general information about anti-doping in sport and offer guidanceand practical tools for initiating or enhancing anti-doping education programsamong WADA stakeholders throughout the world. For more information,contact [email protected] 22–23 Costa Rica

WADA works with stakeholders to facilitate the establishment of strong anti-doping programs in sports and regions throughout the world. The following aremeetings of various development programs, including those of Regional Anti-Doping Organizations (RADOs). October 21 Central America & Colombia RADO Board Meeting Costa RicaOctober 21–23 Eastern Europe RADO Board Meeting, TUE and Results Management Training Baku, AzerbaijanNovember 6–8 West Asia RADO Board Meeting, TUE and Results Management Training Amman, JordanNovember 10–12 Gulf States & Yemen RADO Board Meeting and Results Management Training Doha, QatarNovember 11–14 Africa Zone IV RADO Board Meeting and DCO Training GabonNovember 16–17 Africa Zone I RADO Board Meeting Morocco

MEDIA SYMPOSIUM

WADA’s Media Symposium is an opportunity for interested journalists to receiveupdates about the Agency’s work and mission, as well as the advances and thechallenges in the fight against doping in sport in general. For more information,contact [email protected] 24, 2009 Lausanne, Switzerland

ADAMS TRAINING

ADAMS (Anti-Doping Administration & Management System) is the Web-baseddatabase management system that coordinates anti-doping activities worldwide.WADA hosts training sessions for stakeholders adopting the ADAMS system.

At the present time, no group training sessions are scheduled. If there is sufficientdemand and one is scheduled, it will be posted in the “ADAMS” section of WADA’sWeb site. Individual one-on-one remote online sessions on specific modules areoffered regularly. To schedule a session, contact [email protected].

WADA’s Web-based Anti-DopingAdministration & Management System(ADAMS) continues to progress well.

As of mid-September 2008, 85 anti-doping organizations were usingADAMS, including 50 InternationalFederations and 35 National Anti-Doping Organizations.

During the third quarter of 2008, 20WADA accredited laboratories usedADAMS for reporting Proficiency Test(PT) results. The remaining accreditedlaboratories will be using ADAMS toreport their PT results starting onOctober 1, 2008.

Individual athlete statistics show thatclose to 98,000 athlete profiles have beenlogged. The number of athletes holdingtheir own accounts for reporting where-abouts and therapeutic use exemptions(TUEs) is over 15,000, with nearly 8,000TUEs being submitted via ADAMS.

The Olympic Council of Asia usedADAMS at their Asian Beach Games,held in Bali from October 18-26, 2008.

Revisions to the International Standardfor Testing will be incorporated in thenext release of ADAMS, which will beoperational on January 1, 2009.

More and MoreOrganizationsUse ADAMS


In the lead-up to the Beijing Olympic and ParalympicGames, WADA developed a new corporate video outliningthe Agency’s mission and its global responsibilities inthefight against doping in sport.

This two-minute video is available in English and Frenchin WADA’s online media center at www.wada-ama.org.

levelling the playing field - world anti-doping agency · levelling the playing field...

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