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Level Set Evolution without Reinitilization

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Page 1: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Level Set Evolution without Re‐initilization

Page 2: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Outline

• Parametric active contour (snake) models.• Concepts of Level set method and geometric active contours.Concepts of Level set method and geometric active contours.• A level set formulation without reinitialization.• Mumford‐Shah functional.• Piecewise constant and piecewise smooth models.

L l bi fi i d l• Local binary fitting model.

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Page 3: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Image Segmentation and Applicationsg g pp

• Image segmentation: extract objects of interest in images.• Image segmentation is a fundamental step in computer vision and image 

analysis.analysis.• Applications of image segmentation:

1. Shape recovery, analysis, recognition…2. Measurement3 Vi li ti3. Visualization4. Medical applications: tissue measurement, diagnosis, study of anatomical 

structures, computer‐integrated surgery …

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Page 4: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Classical Methods

Thresholding Edge detectionAn image of blood vessel

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Page 5: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

An Advanced Method: Active Contour Model

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Page 6: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Parametric Active Contours (Kass et al 1987)( )

For a contour , define energy:

High energy

Low energy

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Low energy

Page 7: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Evolution of Active Contours

Gradient descent flow:

Advantages: • Smooth and closed contour • Sub‐pixel accuracy.

Disadvantages: • Cannot change topology. 

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g p gy• Initial contour must be close to the object boundary.

Page 8: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Geodesic Active Contours (Caselles et al, 1997)( , )

• Minimize a weighted length of C

where

• Gradient descent flow:

• Add balloon force:

High energyLow energy

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Page 9: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Level Set Representation of Curvesp

l lzero level

zero level

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zero level

Page 10: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988)( , )

• Curve evolutionwhere F is the speed function N is normal vector to the curve Cwhere F is the speed function, N is normal vector to the curve C

• Level set formulation

N

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Page 11: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Geodesic Active Contour: Level Set Formulation

• Curve evolution of geodesic active contour:

• Level set formulation of geodesic active contours:

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Page 12: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Drawbacks of Geodesic Active Contour

• Unstable evolution, requires periodic reinitialization to signed distance function.• Balloon or pressure force cause boundary leakageBalloon or pressure force cause boundary leakage.• Slow evolution due to small time step.

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Page 13: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Variational Level Set Method without Reinitialization (Li t l 2005)et al, 2005)

Define an energy functional on level set function:

where 

Level set regularization

Internal energy:• Penalize the deviation from a signed distance function

Level set regularization

External energy:D i th ti f th l l t

g

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• Drive the motion of the zero level set

Page 14: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

External Energy for Image Segmentationgy g g

Edge indicator function for image I

I Image

Define external Energy: 0 0

Weighted length:0

Weighted area:

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Page 15: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Energy Functional and Gradient Flowgy

Define energy functional:

The gradient flow of the functional is the evolution equation:

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Page 16: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed
Page 17: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed
Page 18: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed
Page 19: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed
Page 20: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed
Page 21: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed
Page 22: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed
Page 23: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Results

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Page 24: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

3D Segmentation of Corpus Callosumg p

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Page 25: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Conclusion

The proposed variational level set formulation has three main advantages over the traditional level set formulations:

•First, a significantly larger time step can be used for numerically solving h l l d ff l d h f d hthe evolution partial differential equation, and therefore speeds up the curve evolution.

•Second the level set function can be initialized with general functions that•Second, the level set function can be initialized with general functions that are more efficient to construct and easier to use in practice than the widely used signed distance function.

•Third, the level set evolution in our formulation can be easily implemented by simple finite difference scheme and is computationally more efficient. 

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Page 26: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed
Page 27: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Region-based Methods

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Page 28: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Mumford‐Shah Functional

• Piece wise smooth model‐‐‐ Approximate image by piecewise smooth functions

Data fitting termSmoothing term Length term

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Page 29: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Active Contours without Edges (Ch & V 2001)(Chan & Vese 2001)

• Define a region‐based energy functional: 

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Page 30: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Level Set Formulation of Chan‐Vese Model

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Page 31: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Results

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Page 32: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Piecewise Smooth Model (Vese and Chan, 2002)

Minimize the energy functional:

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Page 33: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Solve PDEs:

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Page 34: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Examplesp

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Page 35: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Local Binary Fitting Active Contours/Surfaces

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Page 36: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Local Binary Pattern in General Imagesy g

f1

f2

Assumption: image I can be locally approximated by a binary image.   

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Page 37: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Local Binary Fittingy g

xf1

Cx

f2

C

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Page 38: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Level Set Formulation

The LBF energy functional on a contour C   

is equivalent to the level set formulation:   

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Page 39: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Level Set Formulation (Cont’d)( )

For extracting the entire object boundary, the local binary fitting energy is integrated over all x in the image domain:

Add two terms for regularization of the contour and the embedding level set function, and define the following energy functional:and define the following energy functional:

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Data fitting term Length term Level set regularization

Page 40: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Energy Minimization Using Gradient Flowgy g

The minimization of the energy functional F is achieved by solving the gradient flow:

wherewhere  

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Page 41: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Result

Synthetic noisy image                                         

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Page 42: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

2D Segmentation of Real Color Imagesg g

A real image of potatoes                              

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Page 43: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

2D Vessel Segmentationg

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Page 44: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Segmentation of White Matter in MR imagesg g

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Page 45: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Effect of the Level Set Regularizationg

Without level set regularization                                         

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Final zero level contour Final level set function

Page 46: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Comparison with Piecewise Smooth Modelp

Comparison of computational efficiency                                      

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Page 47: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Comparison with Piecewise Smooth Modelp

Our method                                        

PS model                             

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Page 48: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

3D Vessel Segmentationg

MRA Vessel Segmentation                                        

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Page 49: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

SummarySummary

• Variational and level set methods for image segmentation.• My recent works on variational level set methods:

1. A new level set formulation without the need for reinitialization (CVPR 05).2. A region‐based model that draws upon local image information. (CVPR 07).              

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Page 50: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

AcknowledgmentAcknowledgment 

• Dr. John Gore,  Vanderbilt University• Dr Zhaohua Ding Vanderbilt UniversityDr. Zhaohua Ding, Vanderbilt University• Dr. Chiu‐Yen Kao,  Ohio State University• Dr. Chenyang Xu,  Siemens• Dr. Kishori Konwar, Goldman Sachs

h f f• Dr. Changfeng Gui, University of Connecticut• Dr. Martin Fox, University of Connecticut  

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Page 51: Level Set Evolution without Re initilizationweb.missouri.edu/~duanye/course/.../6a-level-set... · Level Set Method (Osher and Sethian, 1988) •Curve evolution where F is the speed

Thank you

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