LETTER OF AUTHORIZATION

Dear Reader,

We are authorized by K-Electric limited Human Resource, to prepare a report on “Internship at Bin Qasim Power Station-1,K-Electric Limited”.

This is done in partial fulfillment of the Internship Program

Sincerely,

Moiz Akhter

1 | P a g e

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

K-Electric limited HR

Subject: INTERNSHIP AT BIN QASIM POWER PLANT-1,K-ELECTRIC LIMITED

Respected Sir/Ma’am,

We are submitting our report of “Internship”, the result of our effort as well as our conclusion is embodied in the accompanying report.

Your feedback is valuable to us.

Regards,

Moiz Akhter

2 | P a g e

TABLE OF CONTENT

S.NO TOPIC PAGE.NO1 Letter of Authorization

2 Letter of Transmittal

3 Preface

4 Acknowledgement

5 Day 1st

6 Day 2nd

7 Day 3rd

8 Day 4th

9 Day 5th

10 Day 6th

11 Day 7th

12 Day 8th

13 Day 9th & 10th

14 Day 11th

15 Day 12th

16 Day 13th

17 Day 14th

18 Day 15th

19 Day 16th

20 Day 17th & 18th

3 | P a g e

PREFACE

Through different tasks and with great support from Mr. Shams Tabrez Khan (Deputy General Manager –M I&C) we have gained reasonable knowledge of in the field of Engineering

Through this internship I have learned the use of many electronic components including switches and transducers. I have also learned practical application of different principles. This internship also helped us getting profound knowledge of Power Plant. Here we learned how to deal with different technical situations that can occur that usually are not part of our Academic Syllabus.

This report will first illustrate the basic knowledge about BQPS 1, and the task completed during internship, and the results shall be discussed and analyzed that our obtained.

4 | P a g e

Acknowledgement

This internship has only been successful because of the help of some people. First and foremost, I would like to thank our DGM of training Sir: SALEEM SAJJID for giving me this opportunity from which I could learn many things and also for guiding me whenever his guidance was necessary.

Next, I would like to thank the following without whose help and support I can’t able to learn anything.

Mr. Shams Tabrez Khan

Mr. Farooq-e-Azam

Mr. Arif Mehmood

Mr.Ali Raza

I also wish to express my gratitude to the officials and other staff members of “Instrument And control Depart” of K-Electric who rendered their help during the period of Internship. Last but not least I wish to avail myself of this opportunity, express a sense of gratitude to my beloved Parents for their manual support, strength, and help and for everything.

Duration of Internship Start date: 8th July, 2014

End Date: 15th August, 2014

5 | P a g e

Day 1st

Introduction

I was informed to report at K-Electric BQPS-1, Bin Qasim Town HR Office reception at 7:00 am. Firstly we were briefed about policies and were given guide lines for our stay at Power Station. They provided me Apron Card & safety Hamlet. There our attendance was marked, DGM of training SALEEM SAJJID allocated me to Instrumentation & Control Department.

Orientation of Plant:I was briefed about Bin Qasim Thermal Power Station by Mr. Shams and visit the Plant under the supervision of Mr. shukat BIN QASIM’S HISTORY

This plant is the biggest in Karachi and its construction is started in 1979. Initially the projects were approved for the installations of 6 units of 210 MW each with different phases. Here are some important events in the history of this plant.

SPECIFICATION OF THE DIFFERENT UNITS

BQPS-1 has 6 Boiler Turbine Generation Units, which has a maximum capacity production of 1260 MW. The specification of each element is:Boiler: 530 C, 140 bar steam, 680 t/hTurbine: 525 C steam inlet, 3000 rpmGenerator: 3000 rpm, 3 phase, 210 MWThe Boiler could work on Gas and Oil both. However the overall always process remains the same.

UNITNO

MANF.BOILER

MANF.TURBINE

MANF.GENERATOR

INSTALLCAPACITY

PRESENTCAPACITY

COMNDATE

1 Hitachi Hitachi Hitachi 210 190 19832 Hitachi Hitachi Hitachi 210 180 19843 Deutche Ansaldo Ercolemarelli 210 120 19894 Deutche Ansaldo Ercolemarelli 210 150 19905 Hitachi Hitachi Hitachi 210 200 19916 Hitachi Hitachi Hitachi 210 195 1997

6 | P a g e

Units 1,2,5,6 are constructed by the collaboration of Japanese companies and Japanese labor while units 3,4 were installed by Italian company Ansaldo.

OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF BIN QASIM POWER PLANT

According to the laws of magnetic field:

“A moving conductor in the presence of magnetic field has a voltage induced in it this is the basis of generator action.”

This means we need to rotate the turbine blades by means of any force ,now this force which is required to turn the turbine blades is the difference between different power plants.

Hydrogen Plant :

Hydrogen production is the family of industrial methods for generating hydrogen. Currently the dominant technology for direct production is steam reforming from hydrocarbons. Many other methods are known including electrolysis. Hydrogen is used as a coolant in generators of Bin Qasim power plant. This type of cooling increases the efficiency by decreasing the heat which can melt the insulation, the hydrogen is kept on cooling by hydrogen coolers.

WORKSHOP:

Various kind of machines are present in the workshop including:1. Lathe machine2. Milling machine3. Drilling Machine4. Rolling machine5. Welding machine6. Electrical FurnaceParts which are fabricated mostly include sleeves. Argon welding is mostly carried out to weld parts.

7 | P a g e

WATER TREATMENT PLANT

Before the water is fed to the boiler it is treated to remove all impurities and to dematerialize it i.e. to make it dematerialized water.

TRANSFORMERS USED IN BIN QASIM POWER STATION

Different types of Transformers being used in Bin Qasim Power Station:

6 Main Transformer(1 for each unit) 6 Auxiliary Transformer(1 for each unit) 3 Startup Transformer (1 for 2 units)

8 | P a g e

9 | P a g e

Day 2nd

The variety of different departments in the Plant includes:

Instrumentation & Control Mechanical- Boiler Mechanical- Turbine Electrical Electrical HVAC Balance of Plant (B.O.P) Operations Civil

Instrumentation & Control

Instrumentation is an art and science using instruments in a control process for the purpose of observation, measurement and control.

Instruments can be used to measure weight, density, thickness, flow, temperature, force, humidity, current, voltage, horsepower, phase angle, power- factor, frequency, etc.

Process Control- Activities involved in ensuring a process is predictable, stable, and consistently operating at the target level of performance with only normal variation.

There are two types of control systems:

1. Pneumatic Control Systems Pneumatics is a section of technology that deals with the study and

application of pressurized gas to produce mechanical motion. Mechanisms which use air pressure to apply mechanical force and

displacement (work). Applications:

a. Gear Shifters.b. Lifters.c. Brakes.

10 | P a g e

2. Electronic Control System An electronic system is a system that employs electronic signals to control devices. The input of an electronic system is provided by electronic signals. Electronic devices include semi-conducting diode, transistors, and capacitors that they are usually welded onto electronic circuit boards.

The control system is sub divided into open loop and closed loop system. Open loop Control Systems:

When an input signal directs the control element to respond, an output will be produced

Closed loop control system: Compares the output with the expected result or command status, then it takes appropriate control actions to adjust the input signal.

CONTROL ROOM

Visited electronic room and control room of unit 3. Each unit has its own control room.

The control system control temperature, pressure flow, level of boiler and burner etc.

If any problem in boiler for Eg : high or low of temperature, pressure , level, flow then L.E.D glow in control room according to their requirement

11 | P a g e

ELECTRONIC ROOM Each unit has its Electronic room. Electronics deals with electrical circuits

that involve active electrical components such as diodes, transistor integrated circuit etc.

Electronic room is generally solid state where the wired networks of relays are replaced by software logic running on special-purpose control hardware.

The fact that the logic is implemented by software rather than hard-wired circuitry greatly facilities the ability to make modification when needed by reprogramming rather than rewiring. Electronic

System operates in 24 v dc and 4-20 mA.

How signal operate in electronic room?

12 | P a g e

LOCAL/FIELD

MARSHALLING

TURBINE CONTROL

BMS ANALOG BINARY CLOSED LOOP

TRANSMITTER

OPEN LOOP

13 | P a g e

CONTROL ROOM

Day 3rd

I was simply briefed about Thermal Cycle.

Thermal CYCLES:

Following are three main cycles that are occurring in the main cycle:

1. Condensate cycle2. Feed water cycle3. Steam Generation cycle

Condensate cycle: The steam from LP Turbine condenses into condenser and stores in Hot-

well. Now, condensate cycle starts from Hot-well. From hot-well, we have three suction lines for our condensate pumps (CPs).

Condensate pumps are double stage pump. First CP Main pump takes suction from Hot-well Then condensate goes through CP second stage or CP booster pump. Now we have three low pressure heaters (LPHs) which are used to preheat

the condensate from LP Turbine extractions. Finally from all these heaters, condensate is delivered to De-aerator where

condensate cycle ends and after removal of dissolved gases, water is stored in feed water tank and feed-water cycle starts.

Note that we have a back-up reservoir, Cold Condensate Tank (C.C.T) which stores the water and delivers it where it is required.

14 | P a g e

15 | P a g e

FEED WATER CYCLE:

The feed water system receives condensate from dearator storage tank. Then pumps the feed water tank to reduce hardness of water. Through feed water high-pressure heaters 5 and 6. Finally to the economizer inlet of the boiler, the feed water heated in the

HP heaters by extraction steam and high-pressure condensate drains. Suring this process the feed water is feed water system supplies water to

cold reheat and super heater attemperators to control the steam temperature.

THE FEED WATER CYCLE

16 | P a g e

BFP 1, 2, 3

HP heater 5

HP heater 6

Economizer

Feed Water tank

De-aerator

BOILER DRUM

CONDENSER

PRIMARY SUPER HEATER

LP TURBINE

SECONDARY SUPER HEATER

TERTIARY SUPER HEATER

HP TURBINE

REHEATERIP TURBINE

STEAM CYCLE:

17 | P a g e

18 | P a g e

Day 4th

TRANSFORMERS USED IN BIN QASIM POWER STATION.

I was briefed about Transformer used in Bin Qasim Power Station by Mr. Shams. Different types of Transformers being used in Bin Qasim Power Station:

6 Main Transformer(1 for each unit) 6 Auxiliary Transformer(1 for each unit) 3 Startup Transformer (1 for 2 units) 6 Excitation Transformer(1 for each unit) 42 Service Station Transformer(6 connected to each auxiliary and 2

connected to each startup transformer)

MAIN TRANSFORMER

The purpose of Main Transformer is to Step-up the generating voltage from 18KV/21KV to 220KV so that it can be used for transmission purpose. The voltage which is generated by generator is only upto 18KV/21KV since this voltage is not enough for transmission so it is step-up by Main Transformer upto 220KV which is eligible enough to transmit. 21 KV-------------->220KV------------->Transmission line

The ratings are as under:

HV LVRated Power 148/247 MVA 148/247 MVARated Voltage 220 kV 21 kVRated Current 389/648 A 4075/6791 A

19 | P a g e

AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER

Auxiliary Transformers are used in order to run auxiliary (big) motors like Boiler Feed Pump (BFP) and several different motors used in turbine/Boilers/Generators. The primary voltage of Auxiliary Transformer is 21KV which is step down to 6.6KV.The connection is given such that Auxiliary Transformer is given a supply from 21KV Generated Voltage line which steps it down to 6.6KV thus enabling to operate Auxiliary Motors.

20 | P a g e

Generated voltage -----------------> Auxiliary Motors

(21 KV) (6.6 KV)

HV LV1 LV2MVA Ratings ONAN 21.6 10.8 10.8

ONAF 36 18 18Voltage Ratings 21000 6600 6600BIL (kV) Line 125 60 60

21 | P a g e

START-UP TRANSFORMER

Start-up Transformer is used when there is a total shutdown of plant i.e. neither of the units is being able to generate the supply. Now there is only the Start-up transformer which is the solution to this failure. Since the bus bar in operation have both the incoming and outgoing possibility so in case of complete shutdown of all units within Bin Qasim Power Station, the emergency bus bar will import a 220KV supply from outer stations which in turn provides a supply to Start-up Transformer that steps it down to 6.6KV so that Auxiliary Motors which requires 6.6KV to run the necessary motors could be restarted, thus enabling the unit to restart its operation inspite of the failure occurrence.

Bus Bar Line ----------> Start-up Transformer ------------> For Auxiliaries

(220 KV) (6.6 KV)

HV LV1 Lv2MVA Ratings ONAN 26.4 13.2 13.2

ONAF 44 22 22Voltage Ratings 220 kV 6.6 kV 6.6 kVBIL (kV) LINE 950 60 60

NEUTRAL 150 - -

22 | P a g e

EXCITATION TRANSFORMER

Excitation Transformer steps down the generated voltage i.e. 21kV to 0.47kV. This 0.47kV is converted into DC by using Thyristor stacks and then feed to the rotor of the generator for excitation so the generator could start. The ratings are as under.

LV HV470 V Rated Voltage 21000 V2580 A Rated Current 57.7 A

SERVICE TRANSFORMER

It further steps down 6.6 KV into 400 V for lighting and for general purpose but very important small motors like gear motor, motors used for lubrication purpose etc.

Rated Power 1600 KVARated Voltage: 6.6/0.4 KVRated Current: 139.9/2309.4 A

Day 5th

23 | P a g e

BOILER

A boiler is a strong metal tank or vessel composed of tubes, drums and header in which water is heated by the gases of combustion from steam. Boiler is a steam generator gets input as Air, Water, Fuel and some source to Burn the Fuel and outputs Steam and Flue Gases Each Boiler has 12 burners. 4 burners at Each Floor.

CLASSIFICATION OF BOILER

There are two types of boiler:

FIRE TUBE BOILER

In this type, the combustion gases flow thought the tube and water remains outside of the tubes. Some auxiliary boilers are example of fire type boiler.

WATER TUBE BOILER

24 | P a g e

In the type of boiler water remain inside the tube while combustion gas flow outside tubes and heated the water when they come in the contact with the internal surface of the tube all boiler used for propulsion plants water tube boiler.

BOILER AT BIN QASIM

The boiler for 210MW is Single Drum Radiant Water Tube Boiler “EL-PASO” Type which has self-drainable heating surface. The unit is of pressurized furnace design with two regenerative air heater, two FDFs, two GRFs(Gas Recirculation Fan). The flue gases are discharged by one chimney, mounted on the boiler steel structure.

25 | P a g e

Day 6th

Attend the Safety Hour In the Workshop. In which Briefed about the Environmental pollution.

Environmental pollution:

One of the greatest problems that the world is facing today is that of environmental pollution, increasing with every passing year and causing grave and irreparable damage to the earth. Environmental pollution consists of Four basic types of pollution are Following…

Air Pollution Water Pollution Noise pollution Soil Pollution

Air Pollution:

Air pollution is by far the most harmful form of pollution in our environment. Air pollution is cause by the injurious smoke emitted by cars, buses, trucks, trains, and factories, namely sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. Evidence of increasing air pollution is seen in lung cancer, asthma, allergies, and various breathing problem.

Water Pollution:

Water pollution caused industrial waste products released into lakes, rivers, and other water bodies, has made marine life no longer hospitable. Humans pollute water with large scale disposal of garbage, flowers, ashes and other household waste.

26 | P a g e

Noise pollution:

Noise pollution, soil pollution and light pollution too are the damaging the environment at an alarming rate. Noise pollution include aircraft noise, noise of cars, buses, and trucks, vehicle horns, loudspeakers, and industry noise, as well as high-intensity sonar effects which are extremely harmful for the environment.

Soil pollution:

Soil pollution, which can also be called soil contamination, is a result of acid rain, polluted water, fertilizers etc., which leads to bad crops.

In this safety Hour discuss about the Basic types of pollution how it affects to our health and if didn’t control pollution, its increase and harm full for our us and our family members, and told how to control pollution in our Environment for better Life.

Unit # 3 Trip:

Yesterday Unit # 3 tripped because of the Leakage occurred in the Line of Boiler, which resulted in stopping steam production. Since steam was not being produced as per requirement, Turbine stop rotating and generation of electricity was suspended. The Unit was nonoperational for 24 hours. I observed the whole Process of the Unit startup in control Room.

27 | P a g e

Day 7th

Description about the Steam generation Cycle.

ECONOMIZER

It is horizontal continuous tube type and located beneath horizontal section of the primary super heater economizer is arranged for counter flow of gases and water and flow of water in economizer to upper ward to the drum.

BOILER DRUM/STEAM DRUMS

It is pressed to full hemi spherical shape is placed and fusion welded to shellThe drum is provided with two main hole covers. Feed water pipes from the economizer out let are connected with nozzles with both hands of the drum and feed water is fed inside drum through hydro clone. The main function of the steam drum is to separate completely water from mixture of the steam and water through cyclone separator and scrubbers are installed inside the steam drum.

SUPER HEATER:

Most of the modern boilers are having super heater and reheater arrangement. Super heater is a component of a steam-generating unit in which steam, after it has left the boiler drum, is heated above its saturation temperature. The amount of superheat added to the steam is influenced by the location, arrangement, and amount of super heater surface installed, as well as the rating of the boiler.

REHEATER :

Some of the heat of superheated steam is used to rotate the turbine where it loses some of its energy. Reheater is also steam boiler component in which heat is added to this intermediate-pressure steam, which has given up some of its energy in expansion through the high-pressure turbine. The steam after reheating is used to rotate the second steam turbine.

28 | P a g e

PRIMARY SUPER HEATER

The primary super heater low temperature section is located in interstate of boiler pass above the economizer and high temperature section above repeater section and arranged for the counter flow.

SECONDARY SUPER HEATER

Secondary section is located in the furnace exit zone where gas temperature is relatively high and arranged parallel flow.

TERTIARY SUPER HEATER:

Tertiary section is located between secondary and repeater section and arranged parallel flow. Super heater is supported from the enclosure boiler tube wall extended from the furnace wall with support lugs and spacers are constructed so as to suitable fuel oil having appreciable vanadium content.

CONDENSER:

Steam after rotating steam turbine comes to condenser. These condensers are heat exchangers which convert steam from its gaseous to its liquid state, also known as phase transition. In so doing, the latent heat of steam is given out inside the condenser. Where water is in short supply an air cooled condenser is often used.

The purpose is to get the condensed steam in the form of pure water, otherwise known as condensate, back to steam generator or (boiler) as boiler feed water.

29 | P a g e

30 | P a g e

Day 8th

ACCESSORIES OF THE BOILER:

1. Electro I High Level: They are used to indicate the level of boiler drum.2. Safety Valves: They are used to release excess steam pressure from the stream drum.3. Pressure Gauges:

These are installed on the stream drum to indicate the pressure in the boiler.

4. Economizer:It is arrangement of the tubes installed up take surface of the furnace. All water entering in the steam drum must pass through the economizer.

5. Boiler feed pump:Three boilers feed pumps having 60% capacity each delivered water to the boiler at 190 bars. It is driven by 3965 KW motor of 1485 rpm. The pump is coupled through geared fluid put speed enabling pump to run at varying speed to achieve the efficient flow control it is manufactured by Hitachi (Tokyo).

6. Super Heater:It is the part of boiler which is specifically designed to raise the temperature of the saturated steam above the saturation point for designed pressure of the boiler.

7. HP ByPass: There are 2 HP Bypass are connected to the boiler named by a and b. they are used to operate Temperature & pressure control during the system Startup.8. Thermocouple: A thermocouple is a temperature-measuring device consisting of two dissimilar conductors that contact each other at one or more spots.

31 | P a g e

Thermocouples are a widely used type of temperature sensor for measurement and control.9. France Pressure Switch: There are 3 pressure switch connects to the boiler. Which show the pressure of the boiler if the pressure high due to a certain value they trip, and if 2 switch are trip boiler trip. 10. Force Draft (FD) Fan:

Forced Draft (FD) fans purpose is to provide a positive pressure to a system. This basic concept is used in a wide variety of industries but the term FD Fans is most often found in the boiler industry. Fans for boilers force ambient air into the boiler, typically through a preheated to increase overall boiler efficiency. Inlet or outlet dampers are used to control and maintain the system pressure.

32 | P a g e

Day 9th & 10th

Attend the Safety Hour. This Briefed about the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) training session.

Learning Outcomes

What is PPE?Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury.Protecting Employees from Workplace Hazards:

Employers must protect employees from workplace hazards and dangerous work procedures that can cause injury, illness and fatalities.

Employers must:• Use all feasible engineering and work practice controls to eliminate

and reduce hazards• Then use appropriate PPE if these controls do not eliminate hazards• Remember: PPE is the last control

Employee Responsibilities:

You are responsible for attending all PPE training sessions

You are responsible for wearing your assigned PPE

Follow ALL Warnings and Precautions

Listen and Follow Directions

• Listen and follow the directions that you may be given by your supervisor or safety manager.

Report

33 | P a g e

• Report any and ALL unsafe conditions you may find in your work area to your supervisor or safety manager.

Training

Employees required to use PPE must be trained to know at least the following

• When PPE is necessary

• What type of PPE is necessary

• How to properly put on, take off, adjust, and wear

• Limitations of the PPE

• Proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposal

What type of PPE Use in Plant?

Eye and Face Protection:

Safety Glasses

• much stronger and more resistant to impact and heat than regular glasses

• equipped with side shields that give you protection from hazards that may not be directly in front of you

34 | P a g e

Goggles

• surround the eye area, they give you more protection in situations where you might encounter splashing liquids, fumes, vapors, powders, dusts, and mists

Face Shields

• full face protection

35 | P a g e

•

Ear Plug:

Save from high noise which affects to ears.

Welding Helmets

• provide both face and eye protection

• use special absorptive lenses that filter the intense light and radiant energy that is produced during welding operations

36 | P a g e

Head Protection

Types of Head PPE

Class A Hard Hats

• Protect you from falling objects

• Protect you from electrical shocks up to 2,200 volts

Class B Hard Hats

• Protect you from falling objects

• Protect you from electrical shocks up to 20,000 volts

Class C Hard Hats

• Protect you from falling objects

Bump Caps

37 | P a g e

• Bump caps are made from lightweight plastic and are designed to protect you from bumping your head on protruding objects .

Hand Protection:

Rubber gloves

• protect you when working around electricity.

•

Foot Protection:

Electrostatic dissipating footwear

• Conducts static electricity to floors that are grounded.

Electrical hazard footwear

• Insulated with tough rubber to prevent shocks and burns from electricity.

38 | P a g e

Body Protection:

Insulated Coats and Pants

• Fire resistant• Heat resistant• Cold resistant

Attend training session On Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC’s)

Learning Outcomes

A programmable logic controller (PLC) is a digital computer, used for automation of electromechanical processes.

o Central Processing Unit (CPU) à Processes data, carries out the logic operations.

o Input Modules à Takes input from the outside world (plant), protects the CPU from outside world (Optical isolation).

o Output Modules à Provides output to energize motor starters, lights, coils, valves etc.

o Power Supply à For 24V dc voltage.o Communication Interfaces à For programming and remote

monitoring.

39 | P a g e

PLC ARCHITECTURE

REAL WORLD

ADDRESS

DATA

CONTROL

While Ladder Logic is the most commonly used PLC programming language.

40 | P a g e

PROGRAM

MEMORY INPUT/OUTPUT

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

Day 11th Attend training session on Networking Topology & Transmission Nodes Basic Hardware.

Learning OutcomesWhat is Network?A network is a collection of terminal nodes, links & any intermediate nodes which are connected so as to enable telecommunication between the terminals.

What is Terminal?A computer terminal is an electronic or electromechanical hardware device that is used for entering data into, and displaying data from, a computer or a computing system.

What is Node?

In communication networks, a node (Latin nodus, 'knot') is either a connection point, a redistribution point or a communication endpoint (some terminal equipment).

Types of Nodes:

Computer Network NodesDistributed System NodesEnd Node In Cloud Computing

41 | P a g e

What is Network Topology?In computer networking, topology refers to the layout of connected devices. This article introduces the standard topologies of networking.

Topology in Network Design

Bus Topology

A bus network is a network topology in which nodes are connected in a daisy chain by a linear sequence of buses.

How it works

The bus is the data link in a bus network. The bus can only transmit data in one direction, and if any network segment is severed, all network transmission ceases.

Advantages Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus Requires less cable length than a star topology It works well for small networks.Disadvantages Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down

42 | P a g e

Ring Topology

A ring network is a network topology in which each node connects to exactly two other nodes, forming a single continuous pathway for signals through each node - a ring. Data travel from node to node, with each node along the way handling every packet.

Advantages Very orderly network where every device has access to the token and the

opportunity to transmit Performs better than a bus topology under heavy network load Does not require a central node to manage the connectivity between the

computers

Disadvantages

Moving, adding and changing the devices can affect the network Communication delay is directly proportional to number of nodes in the

network Bandwidth is shared on all links between device

43 | P a g e

Mesh Topology

A mesh network is a network topology in which each node (called a mesh node) relays data for the network. All nodes cooperate in the distribution of data in the network.

Star Topology

Star networks are one of the most common computer network topologies. In its simplest form, a star network consists of one central switch, hub or computer, which act as a conduit to transmit messages

Advantages Easy to detect faults and to remove parts. No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices. Installation and configuration is easy since every one device only requires a

link and one input/output port to connect it to any other device(s).Disadvantages Failure of the central hub renders the network inoperable Communication between nodes must pass through the central hub. Therefore

if the central hub is compromised, so is all communication.

44 | P a g e

Tree Topology

Alternatively referred to as a star bus topology, tree topology is one of the most common network setups that is similar to a bus topology and a star topology. A tree topology connects multiple star networks to other star networks. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using the star topology.

Advantages: The topology makes it possible to have a point-to-point network A tree network provides enough room for future expansion

Disadvantages: Dependence of the entire network on one central hub is a point of

vulnerability for this topology.

45 | P a g e

Day 12th

On this day a fire incident took place at Jamshoro Power plant, due to which majority of the load was transferred through transmission line to Bin Qasim Power Plant. For the safety purposes, all the 6 units were tripped respectively. The plant was un-operational for 5 to 6 hours.

After the break in plants operations; plant was gradually brought to its orthodox operational condition. I observed the whole process with the team of I&C of unit # 3.

Day 13th

On this day I visited electronic room of unit # 3 with Mr. Imran Saeed (Sr. Application Engineer at Solutions Engineering Private. Ltd) to check the Data Aqusition System (DAS). I observed that image of DAS was created for backup in case of any data loss.

As Eid holidays were starting from next day, we inspected and inquired from the control room if any problem was to be addressed; as unit 3 was to be shut down at midnight.

Day 14th

On this morning unit 3 was again started after the gap of 1 week. I along with my team was there in control room to observe and contribute to smooth starting of the unit in case any problem occurs. We observed the whole process.

Start-up Time:

If the boiler has acquired the temperature required to start the unit, then the start-up time is 1-2 hours. Else it takes around 6-7 hours.

46 | P a g e

Day 15th

This day I attended the “Safety Hour”. We were briefed about the Monsoon weather. As this is the season when people working near electricity specially power plants, have to be most careful about. A minor mistake could lead to massive Hazards; both for the worker and also for others.

Some points we were briefed about are:

Walk slowly. Do not work alone. Always make sure that you have all the necessary stuff with yourself. For

Torch, Cell phone, etc. Make sure that your instruments are proper working condition and no

instrument is likely to play part in damaging you or others. Always use Personal Protective Equipment (Rain coat, gloves, and shoes). Do not walk to sensitive places like Degrer, CW pump, Boiler, etc.

unnecessarily.

As through Weather We have to take care of our Instruments So We cleaned and took the measures to protect our equipment from water.

Day 16th

There are total 12 burners for the boiler. 4 burners on each floor.

Burners have 3 main parts, namely; Main Gun Igniter Transformer Air Damper.

We were informed by the control room the Burner # 32 was constantly tripping. We visited the burner with our team. There our senior technician inspected about the root cause of the problem and told us that there was problem in the Main Gun. We informed the control room as this was not concerned with our department and mechanical team then dealt with this problem.

47 | P a g e

Day 17th & 18th

Today I with Mr.Arif Mehmmod Visit to the CW Pump of Unit # 3.

CW Pump:

A pump is a specific type of pump used to circulate gases or liquids in a closed circuit. They are commonly found circulating water in a cooling system. Because they only circulate liquid within a closed circuit, they only need to overcome the friction of a piping system (as opposed to lifting a fluid from a point of lower potential energy to a point of higher potential energy). Each Unit has 2CW Pump if one of them is Un-operation so second Pump we used.

We attended the unit # 3 CW pump # 1 to address the complain of oil leakage in sub unit hydrolic pump. With Mr.Arif I went on the location and checked Hydrolic Pump, as per checked decided to first cleaned it to solve problem and Observed it from where Oil leakage present.

We received a complaint from the control room that the Minimum flow value (MFV) close/open indicator switch of BFP#3 of unit #3 was not working properly. I along with my team addressed checked the value. There our senior technician inspected about the root cause of the problem and solved the problem

48 | P a g e