lessons from the storm: climate displacement three years after hurricane sandy

8/20/2019 Lessons from the Storm: Climate Displacement Three Years After Hurricane Sandy

1/27


2/27

Lessons from the StormClimate Displacement Three Years

After Hurricane Sandy

By Danielle Baussan and Miranda Peterson October 2015


3/27

1 Introduction and summary

4 Government resilience programs target displacement

11 Community organizations’ role in improving

resilience and preventing displacement

15 Recommendations

18 Conclusion

20 Endnotes

Contents


4/27

1 Center for American Progress | Lessons from the Storm

Introduction and summary

Jus weeks ago, he New York Ciy meropolian region aced he hrea o a

severe hurricane nearly hree years o he dae afer Hurricane Sandy devasaed

areas o New York and New Jersey.1 As governmen agencies began preparing or

expeced flooding, New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo (D) old a radio show, “I have

learned he hard way i’s beter o prepare or he wors. I’ve learned no o say

we’re prepared or whaever comes our way because you can never be prepared

or whaever comes our way.”2

Hurricane Joaquin subsequenly moved easward, sparing New York and New

Jersey rom significan flooding. Sill, he sorm was a sark reminder o he

region’s vulnerabiliy o exreme weaher. On Ocober 29, 2012, Hurricane Sandy

swep up he Alanic Seaboard, wreaking unprecedened damage in coasal areas

o New York and New Jersey. U.S. damage esimaes rose o $67 billion, and 159

deahs were direcly linked o he sorm.3 When he waer receded, New York and

New Jersey aced a housing and employmen crisis. More han 650,000 residences

were damaged or desroyed,4 and unemploymen claims increased rom 35,000 o

more han 100,000 or up o hree weeks afer he sorm.5

Te combinaion o los or damaged housing and decreased economic securiy

resuled in major climae displacemena growing issue or climae resilience

plannerswih as many as 776,000 people displaced rom heir communiies in

he wake o Hurricane Sandy.6 Te scale o he housing crisis, coupled wih he

no-so-disan memory o he 1.5 million people displaced by Hurricane Karina,

promped governmen and communiy organizaions o ocus on programs ha

would no only rebuild communiies, bu also curb climae displacemen in he

region. Policymakers and communiy organizers quickly developed plans ha

sough o reduce he housing, economic, and healh impacs on he climae dis-placed. Despie some successes, as many as 39,000 people sill remain displaced

oday rom Hurricane Sandy.7 Alhough official displacemen numbers do no exis

or oher exreme weaher evens, i is clear ha housands o people are orced o

relocae rom heir homes, eiher permanenly or emporarily, every year.8


5/27


Hurricane Sandy affeced he enire Norheas region, bu low-income communi-

ies bore he wors oucomes.9 Low-income communiies are disproporionaely

affeced by exreme weaher due o several acors, including living in less resilien

housing sock, he precarious naure o wage-based earnings during and afer

disasers, environmenal markers such as suscepibiliy o hea waves or nearby

indusrial sies, and resriced mobiliy or communicaion opions.10

As New York and New Jersey coninue o help he displaced reurn home, oher

ciies and saes should analyze heir resilience and rebuilding programs o

proacively proec agains mass climae displacemen. Te projeced increase in

he requency and severiy o exreme weaher due o climae change11 will make

evens such as Hurricane Sandy less o an excepion and more o an expecaion.

Tis, in urn, will make climae displacemen a growing problem. And while i is

impossible o predic where and when a disaser will occur, saes and ciies ha

proacively prepare or he damage and displacemen wrough by exreme weaher

can creae more resilien, equiable, and economically healhy communiies.

Climae resilience is ofen defined as programs and plans ha allow a communiy

o bounce back o is pre-even sae; however, ha definiion should be expanded

o accoun or he need or low-income communiies o bounce orward, or avoid

he acors ha make hem more vulnerable o he effecs o exreme weaher in

he firs place.12 Tis resilience is also made possible by he work o nongovern-

menal, communiy-based organizaions, whose unique conribuions o low-

income climae resilience should be an inegral par o any climae resilience plan.

In order o avoid displacemen and equiably srenghen communiies agains

he effecs o increasing exreme weaher, ciies and saes should adop proacive

climae resilience plans ha include he ollowing:

• Effors o oriy hard and sof inrasrucure

• Programs ha prioriize keeping or reurning people o heir homes o preven

climae displacemen

• Analysis, suppor, and inegraed planning wih communiy organizaions hacan assis communiies beore and afer an exreme weaher even

• Iniiaives o incorporae affordable housing needs wih climae resilience and

ani-displacemen measures


6/27


Broadening climae resilience planning o promoe communiy srenghs and

cohesiveness can reain residens and help communiies hrive beore and afer

exreme weaher evens. Te effors o New York Ciy, New York sae, and New

Jersey o broaden resilience in his manner afer Hurricane Sandy provide an

imporan blueprin or oher ciies and or climae resilience generally.


7/27


Government resilience programs

target displacement

New York Ciy’s response o Hurricane Sandy was he firs major example o

pos-disaser policy o incorporae climae resilience on he local, sae, and ederal

levels.13 New York Ciy’s cenerpiece programs were Rapid Repairs, which helped

hose who could reurn o or say in heir homes wih quick repairs, and Build i

Back, which assised people who were uprooed or exended periods because

heir homes required rebuilding or major reconsrucion.

Rapid Repairs

As local and ederal governmen officials assessed Sandy’s damage, hey realized

ha he Federal Emergency Managemen Agency’s, or FEMA’s, ypical proocol

or emergency responsehousing people in railers or hoelswould no be a

easible or fiscally responsible long-erm soluion or mos sorm-displaced people

due o New York Ciy’s dense urban landscape and high-priced lodging. Insead,

New York Ciy worked wih FEMA o develop he Rapid Repairs program o

maximize displacemen aid and quickly move people back ino heir homes.

Te Rapid Repairs program launched hree weeks afer he sorm. I used a

preapproved roser o local conracors o do quick damage assessmens and

swifly resore hea, power, and waer o homes a no cos o residens.14 While

he program permanenly repaired damage o some homes, i provided emporary

fixes or ohers unil work could be accomplished a a laer dae. By he ime he

program wrapped up in March 2013, Rapid Repairs had helped 20,000 house-

holds avoid long-erm displacemen by resoring basic services.15


8/27


Build it Back

Te ciy’s oher sage o recovery was he Build i Back program, aimed a home-

owners and reners acing poenial long-erm displacemen because heir homes

suffered subsanial srucural damage, had healh risks such as mold growh, or

were demolished by he sorm.16

Build i Back has been resrucured since is incepion in 2013, bu he goals

remain he same. Build i Back consiss o a rebuilding program and a renal

assisance program. Te rebuilding program seeks o make rebuil homes more

resilien o uure climae impacs hrough acions such as accouning or expand-

ing flood plains and sronger, more requen sorms.17 For example, in addiion

o repairing srucural damage, he program may elevae a home several ee off

he ground as a flood precauion.18 Te renal assisance program, called he

emporary Disaser Assisance Program, or DAP, provides a renal subsidy or

use wihin he ciy o help households afford emergency moves.19 Households pay30 percen o heir income oward ren and receive a subsidy o cover addiional

housing coss or wo years or unil heir living siuaion sabilizes.20 Te program

is open o households wih incomes a or less han 50 percen o he area median

incomeor $41,950 per year or a amily o our.21

Build i Back is he larges recovery effor in a U.S. ciy since Hurricane Karina in

2005. Te rebuilding and renal assisance programs provide criical aid ha ses

displaced people on a pah o economic and housing resilience. Bu he iniiaive

did experience growing pains.

Seeking o avoid he raud problem ha per vaded New Orleans’ recovery afer

Hurricane Karina,22 New York Ciy designed Build i Back wih sric applica-

ion crieria.23 For many low-income, displaced reners, DAP provided a lie-

line. However, oher amilies were denied needed relie because o he program’s

eligibiliy rules, which required displaced applicans o eiher be housed in

shelers or hoels or ace expiring ederal assisance, or because applicans had

rened homes ha were simulaneously regisered by he homeowner hrough

Build i Back.24 Falling hrough he program’s cracks, some households were

pushed ino unenable housing siuaions, such as expensive emporary leases orexended says wih relaives.25

wo years afer is launch, only abou hal o he original applicans remained in

he program. Some were deemed ineligible, bu many ohers dropped ou due o

he program’s slow pace.26 Te quickly configured program became bogged down


9/27


by miscommunicaion beween governmen and conracors and zoning codes

ha were incongruous wih recovery plans. Afer 16 monhs, none o he more

han 19,000 homes acceped ino Build i Back had begun consrucion.27

Build it Back relaunch

When New York Ciy’s new mayoral adminisraion under Mayor Bill de Blasio

(D) acquired Build i Back in January 2014, i worked o remove inernal and

exernal barriers o he program so promised aid could reach households ha had

been displaced or long periods o ime. By April 2014, DAP had been expanded

o include households ha were no in he Build i Back program bu were spend-

ing 40 percen or more o heir income on ren.28 Tis expansion opened he

program o 900 addiional low-income displaced amilies.29

Afer a mehodical overhaul o he rebuilding program’s mechanics and a push omove zoning amendmens hrough he ciy council, displaced New Yorkers are

moving back ino upgraded homes and receiving reimbursemens or sel-made

repairs.30 As o Ocober 1, 2015, more han 1,600 homes were under consruc-

ion, 1,000 homes had been compleed, and $85.8 million in reimbursemens

had been provided.31

Build i Back was hasily launched in he wake o a major disaser, bu despie is

iniial misseps, he program is currenly supporing resilien rebuilding goals

and helping preven displacemen rom he ciy a large. Alhough he program

experienced growing pains, is progress has since atraced amilies who were

iniially discouraged by he program’s bureaucracy.32 Mos imporanly, he pro-

gram has helped keep hard-hi households off he sree and ge hem ino more

economically sable housing.

The New York Governor ’s O ff ice of Storm Recovery

New York sae also developed a recovery and resilience program ollowing

Hurricane Sandy, called NY Rising. NY Rising received ederal unding o work wih several communiies affeced by he sorm, including homeowners, reners,

businesses, and buyou and acquisiion iniiaives.33 Tese programs ocused on

ineracing wih local communiy groups o deermine needs and offer echnical

and financial assisance or housing o low- and middle-income residens. I is no


10/27


unusual or ederal unding o ake up o a year o be dispersed, bu by working

wih NY Rising, almos $83 million was awarded o Sandy-hi homeowners wo

monhs afer he sorm.34 Te program also alered is paymen srucure o allow

or an iniial paymen beore work was complee, based on communiy eedback.35

ReNew Jersey Stronger

New Jersey also offered housing assisance o he nine counies batered by

Hurricane Sandy, where more han 40,500 primary residences were damaged.36

Te ReNew Jersey Sronger rebuilding and renal assisance programs were

similar o Build i Back, boh in erms o operaion and goals.37 New Jersey’s pro-

grams provided an equally rocky pah o recovery or many displaced residens.

wo years afer Hurricane Sandy, only 113 homes had been reconsruced,

and he voucher program or low-income reners was no up and running unil

January 2015.38 While New Jersey coninues o char a pah o resilience, hecurren saus o he program is anoher example o he need or governmens o

plan ahead or climae displacemen.

Voluntary buyout programs

While some displaced residens in communiies such as he Rockaway area o New

York Ciy decided o rebuild, ohers sough assisance o demolish and leave heir

homes hrough a volunary buyou. Volunary buyou programs allow homeowners

o sell heir propery a preflood air marke value o he governmen, which hen

convers he land o a permanen flood buffer zone.39 Te NY Rising Buyou and

Acquisiion Program and he New Jersey Blue Acres program organized volun-

ary buyous or residens who had endured years o rouine flooding. 40 New York

communiies such as Oakwood Beach, Saen Island, and Manville, New Jersey,

democraically decided o move ou o harm’s way, buoyed by heir saes’ financial

suppor.41 As o April 2015, New York and New Jersey had exended buyou offers

o 1,200 households ha were exremely vulnerable o flooding.42

Volunary buyou programs benefi boh ciy coffers and homeowners. Residenscan use unds rom he sale o heir homes o move o and live in more resilien

housing wihou he ear o recurring flood damage, and governmens can avoid

he coss o emergency response and addiional rebuilding effors in flood-prone

communiies. In Oakwood Beach alone, 250 acres will be urned back ino we-


11/27


lands, which will help reduce floods in surrounding areas.43 Buyou programs rou-

inely creae a reurn on invesmen o abou 250 percen or axpayers.44 While

hese programs conribue o climae displacemen by moving communiies, hey

also provide unding o help lower-income homeowners move ou flood-prone

areas. Tese programs are purely opional or communiies, however, volunary

buyou programs ha cover coniguous areas are more successul or homeown-ers, local habias, and governmen budges. Tus, communiy consensus and

cohesiveness beore an exreme weaher even are helpul in ensuring ha home-

owners agree o sell heir land in neighboring plos and make volunary buyou

programs an opion or low-income homeowners.

NY Rising voluntary acquisition programs

Volunary buyou programs are no a panacea or climae resilience; no all flood-

prone communiies wan o sell heir propery, and i can be difficul or ciiesand saes o find unds or hese programs. As a resul, New York sae ended is

volunary buyou program afer one year45 and launched a volunary acquisiion

program. Tis program allowed he sae o purchase a flood-damaged propery

and sell he propery on he condiion ha he buyer will rebuild o new flood-

resilien sandards.46 Te acquisiion program sough o jump-sar resilien

rebuilding by leveraging privae money rom developers and remaining residens

in long-damaged communiies where homeowners may no wish or be able o

afford o rebuild. Te firs aucion o 226 o he 700 acquired properies ook place

in May 2015,47 and 93 percen o he properies sold.48

New York’s volunary acquisiion program balances he need or resilience wih

he realiy o fiscal consrains. I also offers a financial opporuniy or homeown-

ers who were no candidaes or communiy buyou programs o move o areas

wih a reduced risk o exreme weaher damage. For example, he Reilly amily

o Long Island decided o seek an acquisiion because hey were concerned an

ambulance would no be able o reach heir ashmaic daugher i he roads were

washed ou, even i heir upgraded home did no flood.49


12/27


Designing voluntary buyout and acquisition incentives

to prevent displacement

Alhough here are benefis o volunary buyou and acquisiion programs, govern-

mens should sill be concerned ha hese programs do litle o mainain he social

and economic cohesion o communiies. Among he mos imporan eauresavailable o paricipans in he NY Rising buyou program is an addiional 5 per-

cen incenive or residens who move o anoher home wihin he same couny.50

Even wih he income realized rom he sale o heir homes o he sae govern-

men, finding nearby affordable housing or residens who wish o move ou o

harm’s way can be a sruggle due o rising prices.51 Households ha are only able

o relocae o housing ouside he couny may sill apply or he 5 percen incen-

ive by making a hardship appeal.52 Tis flexibiliy is imporan as households go

hrough he ofen lie-changing process o moving afer a disaser. Currenly, his

incenive is no offered o acceped acquisiion program households.53

Anoher concern relaed o buyou and acquisiion programs is ha hey displace

low-income reners who have o grapple wih pos-sorm housing shorages and

raised rens ha may exacerbae financial hardship. Indeed, many households

living in sorm-damaged properies were low-income reners or received public

housing benefis.54 In accordance wih ederal law, he NY Rising Buyou and

Acquisiion Program provides allowances or enans who may be displaced i

heir landlord wishes o paricipae in he program insead o rebuilding. Some o

hese measures include relocaion assisance or public housing enans and case-

by-case availabiliy o housing o las resor or enans who are unable o locae

affordable housing on he marke.55

While no public daa exis on how many residens are able o ake advanage o

he incenives and assisance ha complemen buyous and acquisiions, hese

are worhwhile iniiaives o ry o keep displaced residens off he sree and near

heir jobs, schools, and social neworks. Governmens ha se up buyou and

acquisiions programs should be mindul o amilies’ sruggles wih boh climae

displacemen and he uphill batle o find affordable housing near heir communi-

ies.56 Tis commimen requires defining sraegies ha no only build resilien

communiies, bu also srenghen economic and housing opporuniies ha averdisplacemen among low-income households.


13/27


Defining climate resilience and fighting

displacement through equity

wo years afer Hurricane Sandy, New York Ciy was due o provide a quadren-

nial updae o is climae acion planPlaNYC. In addiion o mainaining

PlaNYC’s srong carbon miigaion goal and climae adapaion ramework, heupdaed planwih a name change o “One New York: Te Plan or a Srong and

Jus Ciy,” or OneNYCinegraes economic equiy as a core pillar o is goals

hrough new ani-povery, affordable housing, and job growh arges.57 Tis ocus

on equiy has a clear resilience benefi, as communiies wih srong economies

are more likely o are beter afer an exreme weaher even.58 ackling climae

displacemen risks hrough boh radiional adapaion and newer equiy-building

sraegies is one o he ciy’s resilience indicaors, which seeks o “eliminae

disaser-relaed long-erm displacemen o New Yorkers rom homes by 2050.” 59

Sae and local governmens should consider he benefis and applicabiliy oprograms such Build i Back, Rapid Repairs, and volunary buyous and acquisi-

ions, as well as holisic climae plans such as OneNYC. Developing plans ha are

inormed by he successes and sebacks o pos-Sandy effors in New York and

New Jersey well beore anoher exreme weaher even will ensure a smooher

recovery and resilience effor or oher ciies and saes. Ye ew ciies are ormu-

laing adapaion plans, and likely ar ewer are incorporaing ani-displacemen

effors wihin hose plans. According o a U.S. Conerence o Mayors survey, 53

percen o ciies have commited o miigae heir impac on global warming, bu

only 40 percen are developing climae adapaion plans.60 Dan Zarrilli, direcor

o he New York Ciy Mayor’s Office o Recovery and Resiliency, says having an

adapaion plan is criical o grappling wih exreme weaher: “Every ciy should

have a planand no jus one ocused on a silver bulle soluion. You don’ know

wha’s coming nex, so a mulilayered approach is criical.”61


14/27


Community organizations’ role

in improving resilience and

preventing displacement

Communiy organizaions filled imporan gaps in governmen suppor during

Hurricane Sandy response and recovery effors. In he Red Hook area o Brooklyn,

21 communiy organizaions, aih groups, and companies provided crisis response

or neighbors in need and suppored he governmen’s longer-erm recovery opera-

ions.62 Many o hese organizaions were already embedded in he sorm-damaged

communiies in New York and New Jersey, where hey worked ull ime on issuesrelaed o housing and economic equiy, so hey had imporan local knowledge

o where o arge assisance. By undersanding he srenghs o hese communiy

organizaions, governmen-based resilience planners can consider how hese orga-

nizaions can help preven displacemen ollowing an exreme weaher even.

Emergency response

Communiy organizaions in New York and New Jersey helped alleviae ar-flung

displacemen by providing criical inormaion abou local needs and offering

supplies ha could help keep people in heir homes. en days beore he FEMA

Disaser Recovery Cener opened in Brooklyn in he wake o Hurricane Sandy, he

communiy organizaion Red Hook Iniiaive, or RHI, became a crisis manage-

men hub.63 Is undamaged headquarers became a meeing place where neighbors

could rade inormaion, receive supplies and ho meals, and charge batery-depen-

den echnology, such as cell phones.64 When he level o need or assisance ou-

paced already acive communiy organizaions such as RHI, grassroos movemens

o voluneers, including Occupy Sandy, soon became official communiy presences

in Brooklyn.65

As more and more sorm-damaged residences proved unsuiableplaces o live due o ongoing power ouages, Occupy Sandy helped residens move

o shelers a local churches where heir basic needs could be me.66


15/27


Communiy organizaions were also able o relay inormaion o and rom govern-

men emergency responders afer Hurricane Sandy. wo weeks beore he sorm,

RHI se up a Wi-Fi mesh nework, or an ad hoc wireless nework, o increase

communiy members’ economic compeiiveness hrough ree Inerne access.67

When Sandy sruck, Red Hook was he only neighborhood in greaer Brooklyn

wih Inerne or days.68

RHI used he mesh nework o communicae imporaninormaion o governmen officials, such as wice-daily repors on he local public

housing communiy’s power, hea, and waer services.69 By communicaing wih

he ciy governmen on he saus o criical services, RHI was able o alleviae he

communiy’s needs or services as displacemen risks grew by he day.

When FEMA arrived in Red Hook, i used he mesh nework o run is own recov-

ery services and amplified he service or communiy ciizens.70 Te Whie House

recognized RHI’s Wi-Fi mesh nework as a bes pracice in crisis response.71

Government and private-sector collaboration

to prevent climate displacement

Communiy organizaions can also collaborae wih he governmen o provide

economic services o sorm-sricken residens. For example, he Local Iniiaives

Suppor Corporaion, or LISC, is a naional organizaion ha seeks o enable

communiy building by mobilizing governmen, corporae, and philanhropic

giving.72 Afer Hurricane Sandy, LISC New York Ciy, which is led by govern-

men and privae-secor represenaives, used money rom donors o se up an

emergency relie und o quickly unnel money o 10 communiy organizaions

in sorm-ravaged areas o help keep people in heir homes or neighborhoods.73

Tis unding was used o help he organizaions hire housing specialiss, consruc-

ion managers, and mulilingual aides o reach ou o more han 9,000 vulnerable

households and connec hem o recovery resources.74

Rental and housing assistance

Communiy organizaions use local knowledge o organize effecive response andrecovery effors o help displaced persons and hose a risk o displacemen. In

Newark, New Jersey, he Ironbound Communiy Corporaion, or ICC, sepped

in o organize he area’s local Hurricane Sandy recovery effor in he absence o

acion rom he sae and ciy governmens. By working wih giving organizaions,


16/27


he ICC provided easily atainable renal and housing assisance o low-income

communiy members.75 In conras, i ook he New Jersey sae governmen

program more han wo years o begin o provide renal assisance.76 Te ICC

was also able o suppor oher residens who were excluded rom receiving

recovery assisance because hey had flood insurance.77 For example, New Jersey

homeowner Jane Rosero repored ha he ICC was he only public or privaeorganizaion ha would help her wih he remaining $70,000 in rebuilding coss

no covered by her insurance.78 Similarly, he Red Hook Iniiaive o Brooklyn

provided $50,000 o assisance or devasaed households in ha communiy.79

According o a Monmouh Universiy poll, “money o pay or home rebuilding

and elevaion” was he number one area o need and agreemen among displaced

and nondisplaced Sandy vicims in New Jersey.80

Communiy organizaions can also help people navigae he bureaucracy o

receive governmen aid. Once ciy, sae, and ederal assisance were made

available, many organizaionsincluding he ICC, RHI, and LISC New YorkCiyhelped people wih case managemen and navigaing he various assisance

programs. Oher organizaions, such as El Cenro del Inmigrane, ook seps o

ensure oureach o communiies ha do no speak English.81 Tis may have been

a resul o lessons learned rom Hurricane Karina, when homeowners wresled

wih inadequae inormaion abou permis, conusing gran guidelines, and

opaque governmen programs.82

Legislative advocacy

Assisance rom communiy organizaions covered a broad range o needs or

Sandy-affeced communiies. While some organizaions paricipaed in crisis

response, ohers advocaed or changes o governmen programs o ensure assis-

ance was reaching displaced individuals in need. In New York Ciy, Make he Road

New York, a nonprofi empowering Laino and working-class neighborhoods,

played an imporan role in advocaing or he emporary Disaser Assisance

Program o be more inclusive o immigran, homeless, and public housing commu-

niies.83 Te Alliance or a Greaer New York also lobbied he ciy or he creaion

o a Build i Back local hiring program o increase job opporuniies and income building wihin economically depressed, sorm-damaged neighborhoods.84


17/27


Oher organizaions filed lawsuis agains ciy and sae governmens o advocae

on behal o displaced communiy members. For example, he Coaliion or he

Homeless filed a lawsui on behal o displaced public housing residens whose

housing assisance was expiring.85 Te group won an exension in assisance or he

low-income amilies, who would have been urned ou on he srees wihou aid.86

In May 2014, he New Jersey Fair Share Housing Cener, Laino Acion Nework,

and New Jersey NAACP setled a lawsui wih he sae o New Jersey, claiming

discriminaory use o Hurricane Sandy recovery unds rom he U.S. Deparmen

o Housing and Urban Developmen by he sae.87 Under he erms o he setle-

men, he sae agreed o increase resources o displaced low-income reners;

direc more sorm assisance o hard-hi areas o he sae; provide assisance

recourse or households ha were erroneously deemed ineligible; and provide

mulilingual inormaion on housing resources.88 Te lawsui direcly affeced New

Jersey’s expansion o displacemen aid in January 2015.

Citizen’s associations and buyouts

Communiies organized hemselves o ask he governmen or buyous and o

maximize buyou incenives. Tis collecive acion buil off o exising communiy

organizaions, such as he Oakwood Beach Ciizens’ Associaion in New York and

he Ironbound Communiy Corporaion in New Jersey, and helped aciliae he

acquisiion and buyou program described previously.


18/27


Recommendations

Strengthen hard and soft infrastructure

Saes and localiies hroughou he Unied Saes should develop resilience

plans or more exreme weaher exacerbaed by a changing climae. As hey

prepare hese plans, saes and local communiies should no only improve

hard inrasrucure such as homes, roads, and bridges, bu also srenghen sof

inrasrucurecommuniy neworks and asses o reduce climae displacemen.

In addiion, resilience plans ha reduce he economic srain o climae displace-men by increasing affordable housing, oriying access o job opporuniies, and

providing services hrough governmen programs o assis low-income commu-

niies would make ciies even sronger hrough increased climae resilience and

equiy or all income levels.

Prioritize displacement prevention

o minimize he displacemen o people, ciy and sae resilience plans should be

developed beore a sorm, no afer. New York and New Jersey were developing

rebuilding and ani-displacemen programs during he Hurricane Sandy crisis,

which creaed conusion and unnecessary red ape and generaed negaive press.

Ciies should consider similar programs o hose o New York and New Jersey bu

learn rom heir misseps.

When developing a New York- or New Jersey-syle rapid repairs program, gov-

ernmens should develop a lis o approved conracors in advance and circulae

inormaion abou he program beore a sorm srikes. Sae and local policymak-

ers who wish o replicae Build i Back should develop procuremen and permi-ing sysems ha maximize efficien service while deerring raud. Tese programs

should ocus on bringing resources o low-income communiies wih minimal

hassle hrough well-designed oureach and communicaion effors. Addiionally,

unding sources, even i aspiraional, should be idenified or emergency renal

assisance and volunary buyou programs in advance o an exreme weaher even.


19/27


Incorporate the strengths of community organizations

to mitigate climate displacement

Communiy organizaions can leverage exising relaionships, rus, and local

knowledge o quickly ideniy communiy vulnerabiliies and communicae wih

residens. Tese organizaions’ hisory o as responses o exreme weaher evensindicaes ha hey will coninue o play an imporan role in uure recovery and

resilience effors. Moreover, many Sandy-affeced communiy and environmenal

jusice organizaions view climae resilience as an opporuniy o build resilien

and economically vibran communiies rom he ground up. Recognizing and

supporing he role ha communiy organizaions play in meeing governmen

resilience goals, including prevening displacemen o people, enhances inclusion

and equiy. Federal, sae, and local governmens should help srenghen he abil-

iy o hese organizaions o help heir communiies afer exreme weaher evens

hrough grans, raining, and collaboraion.

Look beyond the immediate impacts of an extreme weather event

In addiion o he recommendaions above, here are hree specific ways ha

governmens can design ani-displacemen climae resilien programs wih a long-

erm lens on climae resilience and increased equiy. Firs, programs should aim

o reurn people o heir homes as quickly as possible wihou creaing addiional

healh hazards rom improper remediaion o mold or hazardous wase. Indusrial

hazards can be paricularly dangerous or low-income communiies, which are

ofen siuaed near indusrial sies. For example, during Hurricane Sandy, some

o he hardes-hi residens, predominanly people o color, lived in an indusrial

area o Brooklyn ha was home o a Superund sie.89 And in New Jersey, he ICC

noed ha Newark residens were concerned abou nearby indusrial wase in

heir floodwaers bu were unable o conac sae environmenal auhoriies o

know i i was sae o reurn. Te ICC was able o conac he U.S. Environmenal

Proecion Agency, bu he agency was no able o mobilize in ime or es-

ing o be conclusive.90 In order o address hese ypes o siuaions, he U.S.

Environmenal Proecion Agency and FEMA need o srenghen coordinaion o

ensure people are no shelering in place or being reurned o heir homes despieresidual polluion. Addiionally, communiy organizaions and residens should

have direc access o environmenal hazards offices.


20/27


Second, policymakers who are developing climae resilience plans should incor-

porae curren and uure affordable housing needs ino hose plans. When some

residens are displaced hrough volunary buyous or acquisiion programs, i may

also deplee affordable housing sock, which can in urn squeeze low- and middle-

income households ou o an area. Resilience plans ha ail o accoun or uure

affordable housing needs may avoid climae displacemen only o see subsequeneconomic displacemen rom heir communiies.

In Porland, Oregon, more han 30 communiy organizaions have advocaed

or ani-displacemen measures o be par o he draf Porland Comprehensive

Plan.91 Seatle, Washingon, launched a governmen-wide equiy and environ-

men iniiaive o make land-use and oher ciy policies more inclusive by using

soluions idenified by grassroos leaders.92 Land-use planning ha is climae

resilien and acively prevens economic displacemen can srenghen economic

opporuniy or all. Afer exreme weaher evens, low-income neighborhoods

may become more atracive o middle-income households.93 Bringing ogeherenvironmenal jusice and air housing advocaes o collaborae wih policymakers

in ideniying resilien and equiable land-use soluions can diminish oundaional

climae displacemen risks.

Tird, saes and ciies should ideniy heir own specific srenghs o evaluae he

communiy programs, communiy organizaions, and climae vulnerabiliies ha

are crucial o developing a climae resilience plan ha prevens displacemen and

incorporaes equiy. Ideniying hese srenghs hough paricipaory asse map-

ping engages he communiy and shares valuable inormaion abou resources ha

can make resilience plans comprehensive, equiable, and successul.


21/27


Conclusion

I is difficul o know where and when uure exreme weaher evens will srike

and wha he ulimae impac will be. However, i is easier and less cosly or ci-

ies and saes o prepare or he projeced increase in requency and inensiy o

exreme weaher han o be blindsided by disaser and rebuilding in he afermah.

I is also imporan o bear in mind ha low-income communiies are dispropor-

ionaely affeced by exreme weaher evens and paricularly vulnerable o climae

displacemen. Displacemen no only upses individual households bu can nega-

ively affec saes and ciies as employmen raes suffer, housing prices skyrocke,and economic sabiliy is hreaened.

Tree years afer Hurricane Sandy, programs and communiy responses in New

York sae, New York Ciy, and New Jersey serve as imporan guidance or oher

saes and ciies ha seek o make heir communiies more resilien and equiable

and deer climae displacemen. Tey also raise addiional consideraions ha

ciies and saes should include in heir climae resilience plans. Mos o all, hese

effors underscore he imporance o developing proacive climae resilience and

displacemen programs along wih srong parnerships beween governmens and

communiy advocacy groups o assis he housands o people who are nowand

will besearching or a way o reurn home.


22/27


About the authors

Danielle Baussan is he Managing Direcor o Energy Policy a he Cener or

American Progress. Prior o his role, she was majoriy counsel on he U.S. House

o Represenaives Selec Commitee on Energy Independence and Global

Warming. She also served he Disric o Columbia governmen as a capial ciyellow, a policy analys in he Execuive Office o he Mayor, and as direcor o

governmen relaions or he Anacosia Waerron Corporaion, a susainable

economic developmen organizaion commited o underserved areas. She is a

graduae o Rugers Universiy and he Universiy o Virginia School o Law.

Miranda Peterson is a Research Assisan or he Energy Policy eam a he Cener.

She works on Norh American climae sraegy and clean air issues, including

responsible resource developmen and resilience policy. Prior o joining he

Cener, Peerson worked in he U.S. Deparmen o Homeland Securiy’s Office o

Inrasrucure Proecion, where she assised wih erroris and exreme weaherpreparedness. Peerson received her bachelor’s degree in inernaional sudies and

environmenal affairs rom Virginia ech.

Acknowledgments

Te Cener or American Progress is graeul or he inpu o he ollowing organi-

zaions and individuals: Cahleen Kelly, Senior Fellow a he Cener or American

Progress; Emily Ludwigsen, ormer inern or he Cener’s Energy Policy eam;

Corinne Leourneau o 100 Resilien Ciies; Josh Sawislak o AECOM; Mat

Ryan o Alliance or a Greaer New York; Drew Curis o Ironbound Communiy

Corporaion; Beh eper o Movemen Sraegy Cener; Pamela Puchalski o New

America; Juan Camilo Osorio o New York Ciy-Environmenal Jusice Alliance;

Dan Zarrilli, Kizzy Charles-Guzman, and Douglas Le o he New York Ciy

Mayor’s Office o Recovery and Resiliency; and Aurash Khawarzad o WE AC

or Environmenal Jusice.


23/27


Endnotes

1 Greg Botelho and Ed Payne, “East Coast on alert forpowerful Hurricane Joaquin’s turn north,” CNN, October2, 2015, available at http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/01/us/hurricane-joaquin/.

2 Yoav Gonen, Kirstan Conley, and Bob Fredericks,“Hurricane Joaquin beginning to look a lot like Sandy,”New York Post , October 1, 2015, available http://nypost.com/2015/10/01/meteorologists-fear-hurricane-

joaquin-could-be-another-sandy/.

3 National Centers for Environmental Information,“Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Tableof Events,” available at https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/events (last accessed October 2015).

4 The Huffington Post, “Hurricane Sandy’s Impact, By theNumbers,” October 29, 2013, available at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/29/hurricane-sandy-impact-infographic_n_4171243.html.

5 Economics and Statistics Administration, EconomicImpact of Hurricane Sandy (U.S. Department of Com-merce, 2013), available at http://www.esa.doc.gov/sites/default/files/sandyfinal101713.pdf .

6 Julia Blocher, “Displaced by disasters: 32.4 millionpeople uprooted in both rich and poor countries,” In-ternal Displacement Monitoring Centre, May 13, 2013,available at http://www.internal-displacement.org//blog/2013/displaced-by-disasters-32-4-million-people-uprooted-in-both-rich-and-poor-countries.

7 Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre andNorwegian Refugee Council, “Global Estimates 2015:People displaced by disasters” (2015), availableat http://www.internal-displacement.org/assets/publications/2015/20150713-global-estimates-2015-en.pdf .

8 Danielle Baussan, “When You Can’t Go Home” (Wash-ington: Center for American Progress, 2015), availableat https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/18102058/ClimateDisplacement.pdf .

9 Tracey Ross, “A Disaster in the Making” (Washington:Center for American Progress, 2013), available athttps://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/up-loads/2013/08/LowIncomeResilience-2.pdf .

10 Ibid.; Danielle Baussan, “Social Cohesion” (Washing-ton: Center for American Progress, 2015), available athttps://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/up-loads/2015/05/SocialCohesion-report2.pdf.

11 U.S. Global Change Research Program, “2014 Na-tional Climate Assessment” (2014), available at http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/our-changing-climate/changes-hurricanes.

12 For more information on this concept, see, MovementStrategy Center and others, “Pathways to Resilience”(2015), available at http://kresge.org/sites/default/files/Pathways-to-resilience-2015.pdf .

13 Shaun Donovan, “Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Strat-egy: Helping Communities Prepare for the Impacts ofa Changing Climate,” The White House Blog, August19, 2013, available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2013/08/19/hurricane-sandy-rebuilding-strategy-helping-communities-prepare-impacts-changing-cli; Adam Parris, “How Hurricane Sandy Tamed the Bureau-cracy,” Issues in Science and Technology30 (4) (2014),available at http://issues.org/30-4/how-hurricane-sandy-tamed-the-bureaucracy/.

14 City of New York, “Registered Contractors – ChooseYour Own Contractor Option” (2015), available at http://www.nyc.gov/html/recovery/downloads/pdf/Build_it_Back_CYOC_Registered_Contractors.pdf ; AssociatedPress, “NYC Sandy Home Repair Program Wraps UpAfter Fixing 20K Homes,” Insurance Journal, March 26,2013, available at http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/east/2013/03/26/286046.htm

15 Ibid.

16 NYC Build it Back, “Frequently Asked Questions” avail-able at http://www.nyc.gov/html/recovery/html/faq/faq.shtml (last accessed July 2015).

17 Ibid.

18 Russ Buettner and David W. Chen, “Hurricane SandyRecovery Program in New York City Was Mired by ItsDesign: Broken Pledges and Bottlenecks Hurt MayorBloomberg’s Build it Back Effort,” The New York Times,September 4, 2014, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/05/nyregion/after-hurricane-sandy-a-re-building-program-is-hindered-by-its-own-construction.html.

19 NYC Build it Back, “TDAP/Renters Program,” available athttp://www.nyc.gov/html/recovery/html/renters/rent-ers.shtml (last accessed October 2015).

20 City of New York, “De Blasio Administration An-nounces Immediate Expansion of Rental Assistancefor Low-Income New Yorkers Impacted by HurricaneSandy,” Press release, April 28, 2014, available at http://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/181-14/de-blasio-administration-immediate-expansion-rental-assistance-low-income-new.

21 Ibid.

22 Bruce Alpert, “Katrina brought billions of dollars—andquite a bit of fraud ,” The New Orleans Times-Picayune, August 23, 2015, available at http://www.nola.com/katrina/index.ssf/2015/08/katrina_brought_good_and_evil.html; U.S. Department of Justice, “Disaster

Fraud Task Force,” available at http://www.justice.gov/criminal-disasters (last accessed October 2015).

23 Buettner and Chen, “Hurricane Sandy Recovery Pro-gram in New York City Was Mired by Its Design.”

24 City of New York, “De Blasio Administration AnnouncesImmediate Expansion of Rental Assistance for Low-Income New Yorkers Impacted by Hurricane Sandy.”

25 Ibid.

26 Mara Gay and Josh Dawsey, “Criticism Continues ofNew York City’s Management of Sandy Recovery,” TheWall Street Journal , July 9, 2015, available at http://www.wsj.com/articles/criticism-continues-of-new-york-citys-management-of-sandy-recovery-1436464778.

27 Ibid.

28 City of New York, “De Blasio Administration AnnouncesImmediate Expansion of Rental Assistance for Low-Income New Yorkers Impacted by Hurricane Sandy.”

29 Ibid.

30 Anthony O’Reilly, “Build it Back making progress:elected,” Queens Chronicle, July 30, 2015, available athttp://www.qchron.com/editions/south/build-it-back-making-progress-electeds/article_306c285f-c101-5ccb-a326-7483449a5fb6.html.

http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/01/us/hurricane-joaquin/http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/01/us/hurricane-joaquin/http://nypost.com/2015/10/01/meteorologists-fear-hurricane-joaquin-could-be-another-sandy/http://nypost.com/2015/10/01/meteorologists-fear-hurricane-joaquin-could-be-another-sandy/http://nypost.com/2015/10/01/meteorologists-fear-hurricane-joaquin-could-be-another-sandy/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/eventshttps://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/eventshttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/29/hurricane-sandy-impact-infographic_n_4171243.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/29/hurricane-sandy-impact-infographic_n_4171243.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/29/hurricane-sandy-impact-infographic_n_4171243.htmlhttp://www.esa.doc.gov/sites/default/files/sandyfinal101713.pdfhttp://www.esa.doc.gov/sites/default/files/sandyfinal101713.pdfhttp://www.internal-displacement.org//blog/2013/displaced-by-disasters-32-4-million-people-uprooted-in-both-rich-and-poor-countrieshttp://www.internal-displacement.org//blog/2013/displaced-by-disasters-32-4-million-people-uprooted-in-both-rich-and-poor-countrieshttp://www.internal-displacement.org//blog/2013/displaced-by-disasters-32-4-million-people-uprooted-in-both-rich-and-poor-countrieshttp://www.internal-displacement.org/assets/publications/2015/20150713-global-estimates-2015-en.pdfhttp://www.internal-displacement.org/assets/publications/2015/20150713-global-estimates-2015-en.pdfhttp://www.internal-displacement.org/assets/publications/2015/20150713-global-estimates-2015-en.pdfhttps://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/18102058/ClimateDisplacement.pdfhttps://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/18102058/ClimateDisplacement.pdfhttps://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/LowIncomeResilience-2.pdfhttps://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/LowIncomeResilience-2.pdfhttps://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/SocialCohesion-report2.pdfhttps://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/SocialCohesion-report2.pdfhttp://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/our-changing-climate/changes-hurricaneshttp://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/our-changing-climate/changes-hurricaneshttp://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/our-changing-climate/changes-hurricaneshttp://kresge.org/sites/default/files/Pathways-to-resilience-2015.pdfhttp://kresge.org/sites/default/files/Pathways-to-resilience-2015.pdfhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2013/08/19/hurricane-sandy-rebuilding-strategy-helping-communities-prepare-impacts-changing-clihttps://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2013/08/19/hurricane-sandy-rebuilding-strategy-helping-communities-prepare-impacts-changing-clihttps://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2013/08/19/hurricane-sandy-rebuilding-strategy-helping-communities-prepare-impacts-changing-clihttp://issues.org/30-4/how-hurricane-sandy-tamed-the-bureaucracy/http://issues.org/30-4/how-hurricane-sandy-tamed-the-bureaucracy/http://www.nyc.gov/html/recovery/downloads/pdf/Build_it_Back_CYOC_Registered_Contractors.pdfhttp://www.nyc.gov/html/recovery/downloads/pdf/Build_it_Back_CYOC_Registered_Contractors.pdfhttp://www.nyc.gov/html/recovery/downloads/pdf/Build_it_Back_CYOC_Registered_Contractors.pdfhttp://www.insurancejournal.com/news/east/2013/03/26/286046.htmhttp://www.insurancejournal.com/news/east/2013/03/26/286046.htmhttp://www.nyc.gov/html/recovery/html/faq/faq.shtmlhttp://www.nyc.gov/html/recovery/html/faq/faq.shtmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/05/nyregion/after-hurricane-sandy-a-rebuilding-program-is-hindered-by-its-own-construction.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/05/nyregion/after-hurricane-sandy-a-rebuilding-program-is-hindered-by-its-own-construction.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/05/nyregion/after-hurricane-sandy-a-rebuilding-program-is-hindered-by-its-own-construction.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/05/nyregion/after-hurricane-sandy-a-rebuilding-program-is-hindered-by-its-own-construction.htmlhttp://www.nyc.gov/html/recovery/html/renters/renters.shtmlhttp://www.nyc.gov/html/recovery/html/renters/renters.shtmlhttp://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/181-14/de-blasio-administration-immediate-expansion-rental-assistance-low-income-newhttp://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/181-14/de-blasio-administration-immediate-expansion-rental-assistance-low-income-newhttp://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/181-14/de-blasio-administration-immediate-expansion-rental-assistance-low-income-newhttp://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/181-14/de-blasio-administration-immediate-expansion-rental-assistance-low-income-newhttp://www.nola.com/katrina/index.ssf/2015/08/katrina_brought_good_and_evil.htmlhttp://www.nola.com/katrina/index.ssf/2015/08/katrina_brought_good_and_evil.htmlhttp://www.nola.com/katrina/index.ssf/2015/08/katrina_brought_good_and_evil.htmlhttp://www.justice.gov/criminal-disastershttp://www.justice.gov/criminal-disastershttp://www.wsj.com/articles/criticism-continues-of-new-york-citys-management-of-sandy-recovery-1436464778http://www.wsj.com/articles/criticism-continues-of-new-york-citys-management-of-sandy-recovery-1436464778http://www.wsj.com/articles/criticism-continues-of-new-york-citys-management-of-sandy-recovery-1436464778http://www.qchron.com/editions/south/build-it-back-making-progress-electeds/article_306c285f-c101-5ccb-a326-7483449a5fb6.htmlhttp://www.qchron.com/editions/south/build-it-back-making-progress-electeds/article_306c285f-c101-5ccb-a326-7483449a5fb6.htmlhttp://www.qchron.com/editions/south/build-it-back-making-progress-electeds/article_306c285f-c101-5ccb-a326-7483449a5fb6.htmlhttp://www.qchron.com/editions/south/build-it-back-making-progress-electeds/article_306c285f-c101-5ccb-a326-7483449a5fb6.htmlhttp://www.qchron.com/editions/south/build-it-back-making-progress-electeds/article_306c285f-c101-5ccb-a326-7483449a5fb6.htmlhttp://www.qchron.com/editions/south/build-it-back-making-progress-electeds/article_306c285f-c101-5ccb-a326-7483449a5fb6.htmlhttp://www.wsj.com/articles/criticism-continues-of-new-york-citys-management-of-sandy-recovery-1436464778http://www.wsj.com/articles/criticism-continues-of-new-york-citys-management-of-sandy-recovery-1436464778http://www.wsj.com/articles/criticism-continues-of-new-york-citys-management-of-sandy-recovery-1436464778http://www.justice.gov/criminal-disastershttp://www.justice.gov/criminal-disastershttp://www.nola.com/katrina/index.ssf/2015/08/katrina_brought_good_and_evil.htmlhttp://www.nola.com/katrina/index.ssf/2015/08/katrina_brought_good_and_evil.htmlhttp://www.nola.com/katrina/index.ssf/2015/08/katrina_brought_good_and_evil.htmlhttp://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/181-14/de-blasio-administration-immediate-expansion-rental-assistance-low-income-newhttp://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/181-14/de-blasio-administration-immediate-expansion-rental-assistance-low-income-newhttp://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/181-14/de-blasio-administration-immediate-expansion-rental-assistance-low-income-newhttp://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/181-14/de-blasio-administration-immediate-expansion-rental-assistance-low-income-newhttp://www.nyc.gov/html/recovery/html/renters/renters.shtmlhttp://www.nyc.gov/html/recovery/html/renters/renters.shtmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/05/nyregion/after-hurricane-sandy-a-rebuilding-program-is-hindered-by-its-own-construction.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/05/nyregion/after-hurricane-sandy-a-rebuilding-program-is-hindered-by-its-own-construction.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/05/nyregion/after-hurricane-sandy-a-rebuilding-program-is-hindered-by-its-own-construction.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/05/nyregion/after-hurricane-sandy-a-rebuilding-program-is-hindered-by-its-own-construction.htmlhttp://www.nyc.gov/html/recovery/html/faq/faq.shtmlhttp://www.nyc.gov/html/recovery/html/faq/faq.shtmlhttp://www.insurancejournal.com/news/east/2013/03/26/286046.htmhttp://www.insurancejournal.com/news/east/2013/03/26/286046.htmhttp://www.nyc.gov/html/recovery/downloads/pdf/Build_it_Back_CYOC_Registered_Contractors.pdfhttp://www.nyc.gov/html/recovery/downloads/pdf/Build_it_Back_CYOC_Registered_Contractors.pdfhttp://www.nyc.gov/html/recovery/downloads/pdf/Build_it_Back_CYOC_Registered_Contractors.pdfhttp://issues.org/30-4/how-hurricane-sandy-tamed-the-bureaucracy/http://issues.org/30-4/how-hurricane-sandy-tamed-the-bureaucracy/https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2013/08/19/hurricane-sandy-rebuilding-strategy-helping-communities-prepare-impacts-changing-clihttps://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2013/08/19/hurricane-sandy-rebuilding-strategy-helping-communities-prepare-impacts-changing-clihttps://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2013/08/19/hurricane-sandy-rebuilding-strategy-helping-communities-prepare-impacts-changing-clihttp://kresge.org/sites/default/files/Pathways-to-resilience-2015.pdfhttp://kresge.org/sites/default/files/Pathways-to-resilience-2015.pdfhttp://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/our-changing-climate/changes-hurricaneshttp://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/our-changing-climate/changes-hurricaneshttp://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/our-changing-climate/changes-hurricaneshttps://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/SocialCohesion-report2.pdfhttps://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/SocialCohesion-report2.pdfhttps://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/LowIncomeResilience-2.pdfhttps://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/LowIncomeResilience-2.pdfhttps://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/18102058/ClimateDisplacement.pdfhttps://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/18102058/ClimateDisplacement.pdfhttp://www.internal-displacement.org/assets/publications/2015/20150713-global-estimates-2015-en.pdfhttp://www.internal-displacement.org/assets/publications/2015/20150713-global-estimates-2015-en.pdfhttp://www.internal-displacement.org/assets/publications/2015/20150713-global-estimates-2015-en.pdfhttp://www.internal-displacement.org//blog/2013/displaced-by-disasters-32-4-million-people-uprooted-in-both-rich-and-poor-countrieshttp://www.internal-displacement.org//blog/2013/displaced-by-disasters-32-4-million-people-uprooted-in-both-rich-and-poor-countrieshttp://www.internal-displacement.org//blog/2013/displaced-by-disasters-32-4-million-people-uprooted-in-both-rich-and-poor-countrieshttp://www.esa.doc.gov/sites/default/files/sandyfinal101713.pdfhttp://www.esa.doc.gov/sites/default/files/sandyfinal101713.pdfhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/29/hurricane-sandy-impact-infographic_n_4171243.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/29/hurricane-sandy-impact-infographic_n_4171243.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/29/hurricane-sandy-impact-infographic_n_4171243.htmlhttps://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/eventshttps://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/eventshttp://nypost.com/2015/10/01/meteorologists-fear-hurricane-joaquin-could-be-another-sandy/http://nypost.com/2015/10/01/meteorologists-fear-hurricane-joaquin-could-be-another-sandy/http://nypost.com/2015/10/01/meteorologists-fear-hurricane-joaquin-could-be-another-sandy/http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/01/us/hurricane-joaquin/http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/01/us/hurricane-joaquin/


24/27


31 Anthony O’Reilly, “Getting closer to building city back,”Queens Chronicle, October 8, 2015, available at http://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/getting-closer-to-building-city-back/article_bf8b65a8-75a3-580c-bedc-2de7dd3093e1.html.

32 Hank Iori, “Revisit Build it Back!”, The Rockaway Times,July 23, 2015, available at http://rockawaytimes.com/2015/07/23/revisit-build-it-back/.

33 New York State Governor’s Office of Storm Recovery,“FAQs,” available at http://stormrecovery.ny.gov/FAQs

(last accessed October 2015).

34 Maura McDermott , “NY Rising: Nearly 2,400 LIers hitby Sandy to Get 82.8M in Federal Funds,” Newsday ,December 17, 2013, available at http://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/ny-rising-nearly-2-400-liers-hit-by-sandy-to-get-82-8m-in-federal-funds-1.6630534.

35 Zachary R. Dowdy, “NY Rising, in major change, willgive interim repair payments,” Newsday , March 19, 2015,available at http://www.newsday.com/long-island/ny-rising-in-major-change-will-give-interim-repair-payments-1.10085190?view=print.

36 State of New Jersey Department of Community Affairs,“Sandy Tenant-Based Rental Assistance Program,” avail-able at http://www.renewjerseystronger.org/renters/sandy-tenant-based-rental-assistance-program/(lastaccessed October 2015); Russ Zimmer, “Few homes

completed through RREM program,” Asbury Park Press,November 24, 2014, available at http://www.app.com/story/news/local/monmouth-county/sandy-recovery/2014/11/19/monmouth-county-rrem-homes-completed/19273821/.

37 State of New Jersey Department of Community Affairs,“reNew Jersey Stronger,” available at http://www.renewjerseystronger.org/(last accessed October 2015).

38 Zimmer, “Few homes completed through RREMprogram”; State of New Jersey Department of Com-munity Affairs, “Sandy Recovery: Christie Administra-tion Launches Two New Affordable Housing Programsfor Low- to Moderate-Income Families Impacted BySuperstorm Sandy,” Press release, January 7, 2015,available at http://www.renewjerseystronger.org/

january-07-2015-sandy-recovery-christie-administra-tion-launches-two-new-affordable-housing-programs-

for-low-to-moderate-income-families-impacted-by-superstorm-sandy/.

39 New York State Governor’s Office of Storm Recovery,“Buyout & Acquisition Program,” available at http://stormrecovery.ny.gov/housing/buyout-acquisition-programs (last accessed October 2015).

40 Ibid.; State of New Jersey Department of Environmen-tal Protection, “Blue Acres Floodplain Acquisitions,”http://www.nj.gov/dep/greenacres/blue_flood_ac.html (last accessed October 2015).

41 Elizabeth Rush, “Leaving the Sea: Staten IslandersExperiment with Managed Retreat,” Urban Omnibus,February 11, 2015, available at http://urbanomnibus.net/2015/02/leaving-the-sea-staten-islanders-experiment-with-managed-retreat/; Mike Deak,“Christie comes to Manville to mark Blue Acres suc-

cess,” myCentralJersey.com, May 27, 2015, availableat http://www.mycentraljersey.com/story/news/local/2015/05/27/christie-visits-manville-mark-blue-acres-success/28032503/.

42 Judy L. Randall, “Gov. Andrew Cuomo expands StatenIsland Sandy buyout zone in Oakwood Beach,” Staten Is-land Advance, August 19, 2013, available at http://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2013/08/cuomo_expands_staten_island_sa.html; State of New Jersey Departmentof Environmental Protection, “Christie AdministrationAnnounces First Superstorm Sandy Blue Acres Buyoutin Manville,” Press release, April 21, 2015, available athttp://www.nj.gov/dep/newsrel/2015/15_0034.htm.

43 Vincent Barone, “Gov. Cuomo visits Staten Island tomark second anniversary of Hurricane Sandy,” Staten

Island Advance, October 29, 2014, available at http://www.silive.com/eastshore/index.ssf/2014/10/gove-nor_andrew_cuomo_visits_oa.html.

44 Shiva Polefka, “Moving Out of Harm’s Way” (Washing-ton: Center for American Progress, 2013), available athttps://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/up-loads/2013/12/FloodBuyouts-2.pdf.

45 New York State Governor’s Office of Storm Recovery,“Governor’s Office of Storm Recovery ExpandsEnhanced Buyout Program,” Press release, April 7,2014, available at http://www.stormrecovery.ny.gov/news-announcements/governor%E2%80%99s-office-storm-recovery-expands-enhanced-buyout-program;

The Real Deal, “State buy back program won’t add newneighborhoods,” April 11, 2014, available at http://therealdeal.com/blog/2014/04/11/no-more-neighbor-hoods-will-be-added-to-buy-it-back-program/.

46 Matt A.V. Chaban,“Battered by Hurricane Sandy,Bought by New York and for Sale for a Song,” The NewYork Times, March 16, 2015, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/17/nyregion/battered-by-hurricane-sandy-bought-by-new-york-and-for-sale-for-a-song.html.

47 Ibid.

48 Ibid.; New York State Governor’s Office of StormRecovery, “GOSR Announces 155 Long I sland Proper-ties to Be Sold at November 17, 2015 Auction,” Pressrelease, September 21, 2015, available at http://stormrecovery.ny.gov/news-announcements/gosr-announces-155-long-island-properties-be-sold-novem-ber-17-2015-auction.

49 Maura McDermott, “More than 200 LIers hit by Sandy

ask state to buy their houses, say officials,” Newsday , Oc-tober 29, 2013, available at http://www.newsday.com/long-island/sandy/more-than-200-liers-hit-by-sandy-ask-state-to-buy-their-houses-say-officials-1.6343377.

50 New York State Governor’s Office of Storm Recovery,“State Announces Expanded Buyout Area to Includethe Graham Beach Community,” Press release, April 5,2014, available at http://stormrecovery.ny.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/graham_beach_release.pdf .

51 Tracey Porpora, “Staten Island summer housing marketheating up,” Staten Island Advance, June 9, 2015, avail-able at http://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2015/06/post_1229.html.

52 New York State Governor’s Office of Storm Recovery,“NY Rising Buyout and Acquisition Program PolicyManual” (2015), available at http://stormrecovery.

ny.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/po_20150415_buy-out_and_acquisition_policy_manual_final_v3.pdf.

53 Ibid.

http://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/getting-closer-to-building-city-back/article_bf8b65a8-75a3-580c-bedc-2de7dd3093e1.htmlhttp://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/getting-closer-to-building-city-back/article_bf8b65a8-75a3-580c-bedc-2de7dd3093e1.htmlhttp://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/getting-closer-to-building-city-back/article_bf8b65a8-75a3-580c-bedc-2de7dd3093e1.htmlhttp://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/getting-closer-to-building-city-back/article_bf8b65a8-75a3-580c-bedc-2de7dd3093e1.htmlhttp://rockawaytimes.com/2015/07/23/revisit-build-it-back/http://rockawaytimes.com/2015/07/23/revisit-build-it-back/http://stormrecovery.ny.gov/FAQshttp://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/ny-rising-nearly-2-400-liers-hit-by-sandy-to-get-82-8m-in-federal-funds-1.6630534http://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/ny-rising-nearly-2-400-liers-hit-by-sandy-to-get-82-8m-in-federal-funds-1.6630534http://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/ny-rising-nearly-2-400-liers-hit-by-sandy-to-get-82-8m-in-federal-funds-1.6630534http://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/ny-rising-nearly-2-400-liers-hit-by-sandy-to-get-82-8m-in-federal-funds-1.6630534http://www.newsday.com/long-island/ny-rising-in-major-change-will-give-interim-repair-payments-1.10085190?view=printhttp://www.newsday.com/long-island/ny-rising-in-major-change-will-give-interim-repair-payments-1.10085190?view=printhttp://www.newsday.com/long-island/ny-rising-in-major-change-will-give-interim-repair-payments-1.10085190?view=printhttp://www.renewjerseystronger.org/renters/sandy-tenant-based-rental-assistance-program/http://www.renewjerseystronger.org/renters/sandy-tenant-based-rental-assistance-program/http://www.app.com/story/news/local/monmouth-county/sandy-recovery/2014/11/19/monmouth-county-rrem-homes-completed/19273821/http://www.app.com/story/news/local/monmouth-county/sandy-recovery/2014/11/19/monmouth-county-rrem-homes-completed/19273821/http://www.app.com/story/news/local/monmouth-county/sandy-recovery/2014/11/19/monmouth-county-rrem-homes-completed/19273821/http://www.app.com/story/news/local/monmouth-county/sandy-recovery/2014/11/19/monmouth-county-rrem-homes-completed/19273821/http://www.renewjerseystronger.org/http://www.renewjerseystronger.org/http://www.renewjerseystronger.org/january-07-2015-sandy-recovery-christie-administration-launches-two-new-affordable-housing-programs-for-low-to-moderate-income-families-impacted-by-superstorm-sandy/http://www.renewjerseystronger.org/january-07-2015-sandy-recovery-christie-administration-launches-two-new-affordable-housing-programs-for-low-to-moderate-income-families-impacted-by-superstorm-sandy/http://www.renewjerseystronger.org/january-07-2015-sandy-recovery-christie-administration-launches-two-new-affordable-housing-programs-for-low-to-moderate-income-families-impacted-by-superstorm-sandy/http://www.renewjerseystronger.org/january-07-2015-sandy-recovery-christie-administration-launches-two-new-affordable-housing-programs-for-low-to-moderate-income-families-impacted-by-superstorm-sandy/http://www.renewjerseystronger.org/january-07-2015-sandy-recovery-christie-administration-launches-two-new-affordable-housing-programs-for-low-to-moderate-income-families-impacted-by-superstorm-sandy/http://stormrecovery.ny.gov/housing/buyout-acquisition-programshttp://stormrecovery.ny.gov/housing/buyout-acquisition-programshttp://stormrecovery.ny.gov/housing/buyout-acquisition-programshttp://www.nj.gov/dep/greenacres/blue_flood_ac.htmlhttp://urbanomnibus.net/2015/02/leaving-the-sea-staten-islanders-experiment-with-managed-retreat/http://urbanomnibus.net/2015/02/leaving-the-sea-staten-islanders-experiment-with-managed-retreat/http://urbanomnibus.net/2015/02/leaving-the-sea-staten-islanders-experiment-with-managed-retreat/http://www.mycentraljersey.com/story/news/local/2015/05/27/christie-visits-manville-mark-blue-acres-success/28032503/http://www.mycentraljersey.com/story/news/local/2015/05/27/christie-visits-manville-mark-blue-acres-success/28032503/http://www.mycentraljersey.com/story/news/local/2015/05/27/christie-visits-manville-mark-blue-acres-success/28032503/http://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2013/08/cuomo_expands_staten_island_sa.htmlhttp://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2013/08/cuomo_expands_staten_island_sa.htmlhttp://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2013/08/cuomo_expands_staten_island_sa.htmlhttp://www.nj.gov/dep/newsrel/2015/15_0034.htmhttp://www.silive.com/eastshore/index.ssf/2014/10/govenor_andrew_cuomo_visits_oa.htmlhttp://www.silive.com/eastshore/index.ssf/2014/10/govenor_andrew_cuomo_visits_oa.htmlhttp://www.silive.com/eastshore/index.ssf/2014/10/govenor_andrew_cuomo_visits_oa.htmlhttps://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/FloodBuyouts-2.pdfhttps://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/FloodBuyouts-2.pdfhttp://www.stormrecovery.ny.gov/news-announcements/governor%E2%80%99s-office-storm-recovery-expands-enhanced-buyout-programhttp://www.stormrecovery.ny.gov/news-announcements/governor%E2%80%99s-office-storm-recovery-expands-enhanced-buyout-programhttp://www.stormrecovery.ny.gov/news-announcements/governor%E2%80%99s-office-storm-recovery-expands-enhanced-buyout-programhttp://therealdeal.com/blog/2014/04/11/no-more-neighborhoods-will-be-added-to-buy-it-back-program/http://therealdeal.com/blog/2014/04/11/no-more-neighborhoods-will-be-added-to-buy-it-back-program/http://therealdeal.com/blog/2014/04/11/no-more-neighborhoods-will-be-added-to-buy-it-back-program/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/17/nyregion/battered-by-hurricane-sandy-bought-by-new-york-and-for-sale-for-a-song.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/17/nyregion/battered-by-hurricane-sandy-bought-by-new-york-and-for-sale-for-a-song.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/17/nyregion/battered-by-hurricane-sandy-bought-by-new-york-and-for-sale-for-a-song.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/17/nyregion/battered-by-hurricane-sandy-bought-by-new-york-and-for-sale-for-a-song.htmlhttp://stormrecovery.ny.gov/news-announcements/gosr-announces-155-long-island-properties-be-sold-november-17-2015-auctionhttp://stormrecovery.ny.gov/news-announcements/gosr-announces-155-long-island-properties-be-sold-november-17-2015-auctionhttp://stormrecovery.ny.gov/news-announcements/gosr-announces-155-long-island-properties-be-sold-november-17-2015-auctionhttp://stormrecovery.ny.gov/news-announcements/gosr-announces-155-long-island-properties-be-sold-november-17-2015-auctionhttp://www.newsday.com/long-island/sandy/more-than-200-liers-hit-by-sandy-ask-state-to-buy-their-houses-say-officials-1.6343377http://www.newsday.com/long-island/sandy/more-than-200-liers-hit-by-sandy-ask-state-to-buy-their-houses-say-officials-1.6343377http://www.newsday.com/long-island/sandy/more-than-200-liers-hit-by-sandy-ask-state-to-buy-their-houses-say-officials-1.6343377http://stormrecovery.ny.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/graham_beach_release.pdfhttp://stormrecovery.ny.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/graham_beach_release.pdfhttp://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2015/06/post_1229.htmlhttp://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2015/06/post_1229.htmlhttp://stormrecovery.ny.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/po_20150415_buyout_and_acquisition_policy_manual_final_v3.pdfhttp://stormrecovery.ny.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/po_20150415_buyout_and_acquisition_policy_manual_final_v3.pdfhttp://stormrecovery.ny.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/po_20150415_buyout_and_acquisition_policy_manual_final_v3.pdfhttp://stormrecovery.ny.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/po_20150415_buyout_and_acquisition_policy_manual_final_v3.pdfhttp://stormrecovery.ny.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/po_20150415_buyout_and_acquisition_policy_manual_final_v3.pdfhttp://stormrecovery.ny.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/po_20150415_buyout_and_acquisition_policy_manual_final_v3.pdfhttp://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2015/06/post_1229.htmlhttp://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2015/06/post_1229.htmlhttp://stormrecovery.ny.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/graham_beach_release.pdfhttp://stormrecovery.ny.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/graham_beach_release.pdfhttp://www.newsday.com/long-island/sandy/more-than-200-liers-hit-by-sandy-ask-state-to-buy-their-houses-say-officials-1.6343377http://www.newsday.com/long-island/sandy/more-than-200-liers-hit-by-sandy-ask-state-to-buy-their-houses-say-officials-1.6343377http://www.newsday.com/long-island/sandy/more-than-200-liers-hit-by-sandy-ask-state-to-buy-their-houses-say-officials-1.6343377http://stormrecovery.ny.gov/news-announcements/gosr-announces-155-long-island-properties-be-sold-november-17-2015-auctionhttp://stormrecovery.ny.gov/news-announcements/gosr-announces-155-long-island-properties-be-sold-november-17-2015-auctionhttp://stormrecovery.ny.gov/news-announcements/gosr-announces-155-long-island-properties-be-sold-november-17-2015-auctionhttp://stormrecovery.ny.gov/news-announcements/gosr-announces-155-long-island-properties-be-sold-november-17-2015-auctionhttp://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/17/nyregion/battered-by-hurricane-sandy-bought-by-new-york-and-for-sale-for-a-song.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/17/nyregion/battered-by-hurricane-sandy-bought-by-new-york-and-for-sale-for-a-song.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/17/nyregion/battered-by-hurricane-sandy-bought-by-new-york-and-for-sale-for-a-song.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/17/nyregion/battered-by-hurricane-sandy-bought-by-new-york-and-for-sale-for-a-song.htmlhttp://therealdeal.com/blog/2014/04/11/no-more-neighborhoods-will-be-added-to-buy-it-back-program/http://therealdeal.com/blog/2014/04/11/no-more-neighborhoods-will-be-added-to-buy-it-back-program/http://therealdeal.com/blog/2014/04/11/no-more-neighborhoods-will-be-added-to-buy-it-back-program/http://www.stormrecovery.ny.gov/news-announcements/governor%E2%80%99s-office-storm-recovery-expands-enhanced-buyout-programhttp://www.stormrecovery.ny.gov/news-announcements/governor%E2%80%99s-office-storm-recovery-expands-enhanced-buyout-programhttp://www.stormrecovery.ny.gov/news-announcements/governor%E2%80%99s-office-storm-recovery-expands-enhanced-buyout-programhttps://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/FloodBuyouts-2.pdfhttps://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/FloodBuyouts-2.pdfhttp://www.silive.com/eastshore/index.ssf/2014/10/govenor_andrew_cuomo_visits_oa.htmlhttp://www.silive.com/eastshore/index.ssf/2014/10/govenor_andrew_cuomo_visits_oa.htmlhttp://www.silive.com/eastshore/index.ssf/2014/10/govenor_andrew_cuomo_visits_oa.htmlhttp://www.nj.gov/dep/newsrel/2015/15_0034.htmhttp://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2013/08/cuomo_expands_staten_island_sa.htmlhttp://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2013/08/cuomo_expands_staten_island_sa.htmlhttp://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2013/08/cuomo_expands_staten_island_sa.htmlhttp://www.mycentraljersey.com/story/news/local/2015/05/27/christie-visits-manville-mark-blue-acres-success/28032503/http://www.mycentraljersey.com/story/news/local/2015/05/27/christie-visits-manville-mark-blue-acres-success/28032503/http://www.mycentraljersey.com/story/news/local/2015/05/27/christie-visits-manville-mark-blue-acres-success/28032503/http://urbanomnibus.net/2015/02/leaving-the-sea-staten-islanders-experiment-with-managed-retreat/http://urbanomnibus.net/2015/02/leaving-the-sea-staten-islanders-experiment-with-managed-retreat/http://urbanomnibus.net/2015/02/leaving-the-sea-staten-islanders-experiment-with-managed-retreat/http://www.nj.gov/dep/greenacres/blue_flood_ac.htmlhttp://stormrecovery.ny.gov/housing/buyout-acquisition-programshttp://stormrecovery.ny.gov/housing/buyout-acquisition-programshttp://stormrecovery.ny.gov/housing/buyout-acquisition-programshttp://www.renewjerseystronger.org/january-07-2015-sandy-recovery-christie-administration-launches-two-new-affordable-housing-programs-for-low-to-moderate-income-families-impacted-by-superstorm-sandy/http://www.renewjerseystronger.org/january-07-2015-sandy-recovery-christie-administration-launches-two-new-affordable-housing-programs-for-low-to-moderate-income-families-impacted-by-superstorm-sandy/http://www.renewjerseystronger.org/january-07-2015-sandy-recovery-christie-administration-launches-two-new-affordable-housing-programs-for-low-to-moderate-income-families-impacted-by-superstorm-sandy/http://www.renewjerseystronger.org/january-07-2015-sandy-recovery-christie-administration-launches-two-new-affordable-housing-programs-for-low-to-moderate-income-families-impacted-by-superstorm-sandy/http://www.renewjerseystronger.org/january-07-2015-sandy-recovery-christie-administration-launches-two-new-affordable-housing-programs-for-low-to-moderate-income-families-impacted-by-superstorm-sandy/http://www.renewjerseystronger.org/http://www.renewjerseystronger.org/http://www.app.com/story/news/local/monmouth-county/sandy-recovery/2014/11/19/monmouth-county-rrem-homes-completed/19273821/http://www.app.com/story/news/local/monmouth-county/sandy-recovery/2014/11/19/monmouth-county-rrem-homes-completed/19273821/http://www.app.com/story/news/local/monmouth-county/sandy-recovery/2014/11/19/monmouth-county-rrem-homes-completed/19273821/http://www.app.com/story/news/local/monmouth-county/sandy-recovery/2014/11/19/monmouth-county-rrem-homes-completed/19273821/http://www.renewjerseystronger.org/renters/sandy-tenant-based-rental-assistance-program/http://www.renewjerseystronger.org/renters/sandy-tenant-based-rental-assistance-program/http://www.newsday.com/long-island/ny-rising-in-major-change-will-give-interim-repair-payments-1.10085190?view=printhttp://www.newsday.com/long-island/ny-rising-in-major-change-will-give-interim-repair-payments-1.10085190?view=printhttp://www.newsday.com/long-island/ny-rising-in-major-change-will-give-interim-repair-payments-1.10085190?view=printhttp://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/ny-rising-nearly-2-400-liers-hit-by-sandy-to-get-82-8m-in-federal-funds-1.6630534http://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/ny-rising-nearly-2-400-liers-hit-by-sandy-to-get-82-8m-in-federal-funds-1.6630534http://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/ny-rising-nearly-2-400-liers-hit-by-sandy-to-get-82-8m-in-federal-funds-1.6630534http://stormrecovery.ny.gov/FAQshttp://rockawaytimes.com/2015/07/23/revisit-build-it-back/http://rockawaytimes.com/2015/07/23/revisit-build-it-back/http://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/getting-closer-to-building-city-back/article_bf8b65a8-75a3-580c-bedc-2de7dd3093e1.htmlhttp://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/getting-closer-to-building-city-back/article_bf8b65a8-75a3-580c-bedc-2de7dd3093e1.htmlhttp://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/getting-closer-to-building-city-back/article_bf8b65a8-75a3-580c-bedc-2de7dd3093e1.htmlhttp://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/getting-closer-to-building-city-back/article_bf8b65a8-75a3-580c-bedc-2de7dd3093e1.html


25/27


54 PR Newswire, “Studies Show Low-Income And MinorityHouseholds Hit Hard By Hurricane Sandy; Face Tough-est Challenges To Recover,” March 6, 2013, available athttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/studies-show-low-income-and-minority-households-hit-hard-by-hurricane-sandy-face-toughest-challenges-to-recover-195696851.html.

55 New York State Governor’s Office of Storm Recovery,“NY Rising Buyout and Acquisition Program PolicyManual.”

56 Juanita Ceballos, “Six Months After Sandy, New Yorkhas a Brand-New Recovery Plan and Plenty of PeopleStill Displaced,” Next City, April 29, 201 3, available athttps://nextcity.org/daily/entry/six-months-after-sandy-new-york-recovery-plan-displaced; New YorkUniversity Furman Center, “State of New York City’sHousing and Neighborhoods in 2014” (2014), availableat http://furmancenter.org/files/sotc/NYUFurmanCen-ter_SOC2014_HighRes.pdf .

57 City of New York, “OneNYC,” available at http://www1.nyc.gov/html/onenyc/index.html(last accessed Octo-ber 2015).

58 Katherine Bagley, “New York Mayor ChampionsEconomic Justice in Sustainability Plan,” Inside ClimateNews, April 24, 2015, available at http://insideclimate-news.org/news/24042015/new-york-mayor-champi-ons-economic-justice-sustainability-plan.

59 City of New York, “OneNYC Summary of Initiatives,”available at http://www1.nyc.gov/html/onenyc/downloads/pdf/publications/OneNYC-Summary-of-Initiatives.pdf (last accessed October 2015).

60 U.S. Conference of Mayors, “Climate Mitigation and Ad-aptation Actions in America’s Cities” (2014), available athttp://usmayors.org/pressreleases/uploads/2014/0422-report-climatesurvey.pdf .

61 Phone interview with Dan Zarrilli, New York CityMayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency, September29, 2015.

62 Red Hook Initiative, “Red Hook Initiative: A CommunityResponse to Hurricane Sandy” (2013), available athttp://issuu.com/rhinitiative/docs/rhi_hurricane_report_6_2013?e=9691652/5378865.

63 Ibid.

64 Ibid.

65 Ibid.

66 Occupy Sandy Recovery, “Home,” available at http://occupysandy.net (last accessed October 2015); AlanFeuer, “Occupy Sandy: A Movement Moves to Relief,”The New York Times, November 9, 2012, available athttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/11/nyregion/where-fema-fell-short-occupy-sandy-was-there.html?_r=0.

67 David Lumb, “How to Build a Low-Cost ‘Wi-Fi Mesh Net-work’ for Emergency Communication,” Fast Company,October 25, 2013, available at http://www.fastcompany.com/3020680/how-to-build-a-low-cost-wifi-mesh-network-for-emergency-communication.

68 Ibid.

69 Red Hook Initiative, “Red Hook Initiative: A CommunityResponse to Hurricane Sandy.”

70 Ibid.

71 Ibid.; Meredith Lee, Rafael Lemaitre, and Brian Forde,“Hardware Hacking for Disaster Response in RedHook, Brooklyn,” The White House Blog, November7, 2014, available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2014/11/07/hardware-hacking-disaster-response-red-hook-brooklyn.

72 Local Initiatives Support Corporation, “About Us,” avail-able at http://lisc.org/section/aboutus (last accessedOctober 2015).

73 LISC New York City, “Hurricane Sandy Recovery,” avail-

able at http://www.lisc.org/nyc/programs/hurricane_sandy_recovery/index.php(last accessed October2015).

74 Ibid.

75 Phone interview with Drew Curtis, Ironbound Com-munity Corporation, September 8, 2015; IronboundCommunity Corporation, “Hurricane Sandy/DisasterRelief,” available at http://ironboundcc.org/what-we-do/community/hurricane-sandydisaster-relief/ (lastaccessed October 2015).

76 State of New Jersey Department of Community Affairs,“Sandy Recovery: Christie Administration Launches

Two New Affordable Housing Programs for Low- toModerate-Income Families Impacted By SuperstormSandy”; Ironbound Community Corporation, “HurricaneSandy/Disaster Relief.”

77 Barry Carter, “Forgotten and tired, Newark’s Ironboundresidents fight through Sandy,” The Newark Star-Ledger ,November 24, 2013, available at http://blog.nj.com/njv_barry_carter/2013/11/forgotten_and_tired_new-arks_ir.html .

78 Voices of New York, “A Year After Sandy, Still Poor,Displaced,” October 25, 2013, available at http://voicesofny.org/2013/10/a-year-after-sandy-still-poor-and-displaced/.

79 Red Hook Initiative, “Red Hook Initiative: A CommunityResponse to Hurricane Sandy.”

80 Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre and Norwe-gian Refugee Council, “Global Estimates 2015: Peopledisplaced by disasters.”

81 Voices of New York, “A Year After Sandy, Still Poor,Displaced.”

82 Campbell Robertson, “Routed by Katrina, Stuckin Quagmire of Rules,” The New York Times, Febru-ary 20, 2013, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/21/us/katrina-red-tape-keeps-new-orleans-homeowner-in-limbo.html.

83 Miranda Shafer, “How Hurricane Sandy Impacted NewYork City’s Immigrants,” Feet in 2 Worlds, October 29,2013, available at http://fi2w.org/2013/10/29/how-hur-ricane-sandy-impacted-new-york-citys-immigrants/.

84 Alliance for a Greater New York, “ALIGN 2014 ImpactReport” (2014), available at http://www.alignny.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/ALIGN-2014-Impact-Report.pdf.

85 Patrick Markee, “Update: Court Orders Relief for SandySurvivors Facing Hotel Evictions—Extended to May15th,” Coalition for the Homeless, May 1, 2013, availableat http://www.coalitionforthehomeless.org/update-court-orders-relief-for-sandy-survivors-facing-hotel-evictions-extended-to-may-15th/.

http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/studies-show-low-income-and-minority-households-hit-hard-by-hurricane-sandy-face-toughest-challenges-to-recover-195696851.htmlhttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/studies-show-low-income-and-minority-households-hit-hard-by-hurricane-sandy-face-toughest-challenges-to-recover-195696851.htmlhttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/studies-show-low-income-and-minority-households-hit-hard-by-hurricane-sandy-face-toughest-challenges-to-recover-195696851.htmlhttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/studies-show-low-income-and-minority-households-hit-hard-by-hurricane-sandy-face-toughest-challenges-to-recover-195696851.htmlhttps://nextcity.org/daily/entry/six-months-after-sandy-new-york-recovery-plan-displacedhttps://nextcity.org/daily/entry/six-months-after-sandy-new-york-recovery-plan-displacedhttp://furmancenter.org/files/sotc/NYUFurmanCenter_SOC2014_HighRes.pdfhttp://furmancenter.org/files/sotc/NYUFurmanCenter_SOC2014_HighRes.pdfhttp://www1.nyc.gov/html/onenyc/index.htmlhttp://www1.nyc.gov/html/onenyc/index.htmlhttp://insideclimatenews.org/news/24042015/new-york-mayor-champions-economic-justice-sustainability-planhttp://insideclimatenews.org/news/24042015/new-york-mayor-champions-economic-justice-sustainability-planhttp://insideclimatenews.org/news/24042015/new-york-mayor-champions-economic-justice-sustainability-planhttp://www1.nyc.gov/html/onenyc/downloads/pdf/publications/OneNYC-Summary-of-Initiatives.pdfhttp://www1.nyc.gov/html/onenyc/downloads/pdf/publications/OneNYC-Summary-of-Initiatives.pdfhttp://www1.nyc.gov/html/onenyc/downloads/pdf/publications/OneNYC-Summary-of-Initiatives.pdfhttp://usmayors.org/pressreleases/uploads/2014/0422-report-climatesurvey.pdfhttp://usmayors.org/pressreleases/uploads/2014/0422-report-climatesurvey.pdfhttp://issuu.com/rhinitiative/docs/rhi_hurricane_report_6_2013?e=9691652/5378865http://issuu.com/rhinitiative/docs/rhi_hurricane_report_6_2013?e=9691652/5378865http://occupysandy.net/http://occupysandy.net/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/11/nyregion/where-fema-fell-short-occupy-sandy-was-there.html?_r=0http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/11/nyregion/where-fema-fell-short-occupy-sandy-was-there.html?_r=0http://www.fastcompany.com/3020680/how-to-build-a-low-cost-wifi-mesh-network-for-emergency-communicationhttp://www.fastcompany.com/3020680/how-to-build-a-low-cost-wifi-mesh-network-for-emergency-communicationhttp://www.fastcompany.com/3020680/how-to-build-a-low

lessons from the storm: climate displacement three years after hurricane sandy

Documents