lessons 1–3: functions and the concept of limit
DESCRIPTION
The limit is where algebra ends and caclulus begins. We describe the definition of limit as a game to find the acceptable tolerance for each error.TRANSCRIPT
. . . . . .
Section1.1–1.3Functionsandtheconceptoflimit
V63.0121, CalculusI
September9, 2009
Announcements
I SyllabusisonthecommonBlackboardI OfficeHoursTBAI ReadSections1.1–1.3ofthetextbookthisweek.
. . . . . .
Outline
FunctionsFunctionsexpressedbyformulasFunctionsexpressedbydataFunctionsdescribedgraphicallyFunctionsdescribedverballyClassesofFunctions
LimitsHeuristicsErrorsandtolerancesExamplesPathologies
. . . . . .
Whatisafunction?
DefinitionA function f isarelationwhichassignstotoeveryelement x inaset D asingleelement f(x) inaset E.
I Theset D iscalledthe domain of f.I Theset E iscalledthe target of f.I Theset { f(x) | x ∈ D } iscalledthe range of f.
. . . . . .
TheModelingProcess
...Real-worldProblems
..Mathematical
Model
..MathematicalConclusions
..Real-worldPredictions
.model.solve
.interpret
.test
. . . . . .
Plato’sCave
. . . . . .
Functionsexpressedbyformulas
Anyexpressioninasinglevariable x definesafunction. Inthiscase, thedomainisunderstoodtobethelargestsetof x whichaftersubstitution, givearealnumber.
. . . . . .
Functionsexpressedbydata
Inscience, functionsareoftendefinedbydata. Or, weobservedataandassumethatit’sclosetosomenicecontinuousfunction.
. . . . . .
Example
HereisthetemperatureinBoise, Idahomeasuredin15-minuteintervalsovertheperiodAugust22–29, 2008.
...8/22
..8/23
..8/24
..8/25
..8/26
..8/27
..8/28
..8/29
..10
..20
..30
..40
..50
..60
..70
..80
..90
..100
. . . . . .
Functionsdescribedgraphically
Sometimesallwehaveisthe“picture”ofafunction, bywhichwemean, itsgraph.
.
.
Theoneontherightisarelationbutnotafunction.
. . . . . .
Functionsdescribedgraphically
Sometimesallwehaveisthe“picture”ofafunction, bywhichwemean, itsgraph.
.
.
Theoneontherightisarelationbutnotafunction.
. . . . . .
Functionsdescribedverbally
Oftentimesourfunctionscomeoutofnatureandhaveverbaldescriptions:
I Thetemperature T(t) inthisroomattime t.I Theelevation h(θ) ofthepointontheequationatlongitude
θ.I Theutility u(x) I derivebyconsuming x burritos.
. . . . . .
ClassesofFunctions
I linearfunctions, definedbyslopeanintercept, pointandpoint, orpointandslope.
I quadraticfunctions, cubicfunctions, powerfunctions,polynomials
I rationalfunctionsI trigonometricfunctionsI exponential/logarithmicfunctions
. . . . . .
Outline
FunctionsFunctionsexpressedbyformulasFunctionsexpressedbydataFunctionsdescribedgraphicallyFunctionsdescribedverballyClassesofFunctions
LimitsHeuristicsErrorsandtolerancesExamplesPathologies
Limit
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
Zeno’sParadox
Thatwhichisinlocomotionmustarriveatthehalf-waystagebeforeitarrivesatthegoal.
(Aristotle Physics VI:9,239b10)
. . . . . .
HeuristicDefinitionofaLimit
DefinitionWewrite
limx→a
f(x) = L
andsay
“thelimitof f(x), as x approaches a, equals L”
ifwecanmakethevaluesof f(x) arbitrarilycloseto L (asclosetoL aswelike)bytaking x tobesufficientlycloseto a (oneithersideof a)butnotequalto a.
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
A gamebetweentwoplayerstodecideifalimit limx→a
f(x) exists.
I Player1: Choose L tobethelimit.I Player2: Proposean“error”levelaround L.I Player1: Choosea“tolerance”levelaround a sothat
x-pointswithinthattolerancelevelaretakento y-valueswithintheerrorlevel.
IfPlayer1canalwayswin, limx→a
f(x) = L.
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
.
.Thistoleranceistoobig.Stilltoobig.Thislooksgood.Sodoesthis
.a
.L
I Tobelegit, thepartofthegraphinsidetheblue(vertical)stripmustalsobeinsidethegreen(horizontal)strip.
I IfPlayer2shrinkstheerror, Player1canstillwin.
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
.
.Thistoleranceistoobig.Stilltoobig.Thislooksgood.Sodoesthis
.a
.L
I Tobelegit, thepartofthegraphinsidetheblue(vertical)stripmustalsobeinsidethegreen(horizontal)strip.
I IfPlayer2shrinkstheerror, Player1canstillwin.
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
.
.Thistoleranceistoobig.Stilltoobig.Thislooksgood.Sodoesthis
.a
.L
I Tobelegit, thepartofthegraphinsidetheblue(vertical)stripmustalsobeinsidethegreen(horizontal)strip.
I IfPlayer2shrinkstheerror, Player1canstillwin.
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
.
.Thistoleranceistoobig
.Stilltoobig.Thislooksgood.Sodoesthis
.a
.L
I Tobelegit, thepartofthegraphinsidetheblue(vertical)stripmustalsobeinsidethegreen(horizontal)strip.
I IfPlayer2shrinkstheerror, Player1canstillwin.
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
.
.Thistoleranceistoobig.Stilltoobig.Thislooksgood.Sodoesthis
.a
.L
I Tobelegit, thepartofthegraphinsidetheblue(vertical)stripmustalsobeinsidethegreen(horizontal)strip.
I IfPlayer2shrinkstheerror, Player1canstillwin.
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
.
.Thistoleranceistoobig
.Stilltoobig
.Thislooksgood.Sodoesthis
.a
.L
I Tobelegit, thepartofthegraphinsidetheblue(vertical)stripmustalsobeinsidethegreen(horizontal)strip.
I IfPlayer2shrinkstheerror, Player1canstillwin.
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
.
.Thistoleranceistoobig.Stilltoobig.Thislooksgood.Sodoesthis
.a
.L
I Tobelegit, thepartofthegraphinsidetheblue(vertical)stripmustalsobeinsidethegreen(horizontal)strip.
I IfPlayer2shrinkstheerror, Player1canstillwin.
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
.
.Thistoleranceistoobig.Stilltoobig
.Thislooksgood
.Sodoesthis
.a
.L
I Tobelegit, thepartofthegraphinsidetheblue(vertical)stripmustalsobeinsidethegreen(horizontal)strip.
I IfPlayer2shrinkstheerror, Player1canstillwin.
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
.
.Thistoleranceistoobig.Stilltoobig.Thislooksgood
.Sodoesthis
.a
.L
I Tobelegit, thepartofthegraphinsidetheblue(vertical)stripmustalsobeinsidethegreen(horizontal)strip.
I IfPlayer2shrinkstheerror, Player1canstillwin.
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
.
.Thistoleranceistoobig.Stilltoobig.Thislooksgood.Sodoesthis
.a
.L
I Tobelegit, thepartofthegraphinsidetheblue(vertical)stripmustalsobeinsidethegreen(horizontal)strip.
I IfPlayer2shrinkstheerror, Player1canstillwin.
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
.
.Thistoleranceistoobig.Stilltoobig.Thislooksgood.Sodoesthis
.a
.L
I Tobelegit, thepartofthegraphinsidetheblue(vertical)stripmustalsobeinsidethegreen(horizontal)strip.
I IfPlayer2shrinkstheerror, Player1canstillwin.
. . . . . .
ExampleFind lim
x→0x2 ifitexists.
SolutionBysettingtoleranceequaltothesquarerootoftheerror, wecanguaranteetobewithinanyerror.
. . . . . .
ExampleFind lim
x→0x2 ifitexists.
SolutionBysettingtoleranceequaltothesquarerootoftheerror, wecanguaranteetobewithinanyerror.
. . . . . .
Example
Find limx→0
|x|x
ifitexists.
Solution
Thefunctioncanalsobewrittenas
|x|x
=
{1 if x > 0;
−1 if x < 0
Whatwouldbethelimit?Theerror-tolerancegamefails, but
limx→0+
f(x) = 1 limx→0−
f(x) = −1
. . . . . .
Example
Find limx→0
|x|x
ifitexists.
SolutionThefunctioncanalsobewrittenas
|x|x
=
{1 if x > 0;
−1 if x < 0
Whatwouldbethelimit?
Theerror-tolerancegamefails, but
limx→0+
f(x) = 1 limx→0−
f(x) = −1
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
. .x
.y
..−1
..1 .
.
.Part of graph in-side blue is notinside green
.Part of graph in-side blue is notinside green
I Thesearetheonlygoodchoices; thelimitdoesnotexist.
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
. .x
.y
..−1
..1 .
.
.Part of graph in-side blue is notinside green
.Part of graph in-side blue is notinside green
I Thesearetheonlygoodchoices; thelimitdoesnotexist.
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
. .x
.y
..−1
..1 .
.
.Part of graph in-side blue is notinside green
.Part of graph in-side blue is notinside green
I Thesearetheonlygoodchoices; thelimitdoesnotexist.
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
. .x
.y
..−1
..1 .
.
.Part of graph in-side blue is notinside green
.Part of graph in-side blue is notinside green
I Thesearetheonlygoodchoices; thelimitdoesnotexist.
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
. .x
.y
..−1
..1 .
.
.Part of graph in-side blue is notinside green
.Part of graph in-side blue is notinside green
I Thesearetheonlygoodchoices; thelimitdoesnotexist.
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
. .x
.y
..−1
..1 .
.
.Part of graph in-side blue is notinside green
.Part of graph in-side blue is notinside green
I Thesearetheonlygoodchoices; thelimitdoesnotexist.
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
. .x
.y
..−1
..1 .
.
.Part of graph in-side blue is notinside green
.Part of graph in-side blue is notinside green
I Thesearetheonlygoodchoices; thelimitdoesnotexist.
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
. .x
.y
..−1
..1 .
.
.Part of graph in-side blue is notinside green
.Part of graph in-side blue is notinside green
I Thesearetheonlygoodchoices; thelimitdoesnotexist.
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
. .x
.y
..−1
..1 .
.
.Part of graph in-side blue is notinside green
.Part of graph in-side blue is notinside green
I Thesearetheonlygoodchoices; thelimitdoesnotexist.
. . . . . .
One-sidedlimits
DefinitionWewrite
limx→a+
f(x) = L
andsay
“thelimitof f(x), as x approaches a fromthe right, equals L”
ifwecanmakethevaluesof f(x) arbitrarilycloseto L (asclosetoL aswelike)bytaking x tobesufficientlycloseto a (oneithersideof a)and greater than a.
. . . . . .
One-sidedlimits
DefinitionWewrite
limx→a−
f(x) = L
andsay
“thelimitof f(x), as x approaches a fromthe left, equals L”
ifwecanmakethevaluesof f(x) arbitrarilycloseto L (asclosetoL aswelike)bytaking x tobesufficientlycloseto a (oneithersideof a)and less than a.
. . . . . .
Example
Find limx→0
|x|x
ifitexists.
SolutionThefunctioncanalsobewrittenas
|x|x
=
{1 if x > 0;
−1 if x < 0
Whatwouldbethelimit?Theerror-tolerancegamefails, but
limx→0+
f(x) = 1 limx→0−
f(x) = −1
. . . . . .
Example
Find limx→0+
1xifitexists.
SolutionThelimitdoesnotexistbecausethefunctionisunboundednear0. Nextweekwewillunderstandthestatementthat
limx→0+
1x
= +∞
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
. .x
.y
.0
..L?
.The graph escapes thegreen, so no good.Evenworse!
.The limit does not existbecause the function isunbounded near 0
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
. .x
.y
.0
..L?
.The graph escapes thegreen, so no good.Evenworse!
.The limit does not existbecause the function isunbounded near 0
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
. .x
.y
.0
..L?
.The graph escapes thegreen, so no good.Evenworse!
.The limit does not existbecause the function isunbounded near 0
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
. .x
.y
.0
..L?
.The graph escapes thegreen, so no good
.Evenworse!
.The limit does not existbecause the function isunbounded near 0
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
. .x
.y
.0
..L?
.The graph escapes thegreen, so no good.Evenworse!
.The limit does not existbecause the function isunbounded near 0
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
. .x
.y
.0
..L?
.The graph escapes thegreen, so no good
.Evenworse!
.The limit does not existbecause the function isunbounded near 0
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame
. .x
.y
.0
..L?
.The graph escapes thegreen, so no good.Evenworse!
.The limit does not existbecause the function isunbounded near 0
. . . . . .
Example
Find limx→0+
1xifitexists.
SolutionThelimitdoesnotexistbecausethefunctionisunboundednear0. Nextweekwewillunderstandthestatementthat
limx→0+
1x
= +∞
. . . . . .
ExampleFind lim
x→0sin
(π
x
)ifitexists.
. .x
.y
..−1
..1
. . . . . .
ExampleFind lim
x→0sin
(π
x
)ifitexists.
. .x
.y
..−1
..1
. . . . . .
Whatcouldgowrong?
Howcouldafunctionfailtohavealimit? Somepossibilities:I left-andright-handlimitsexistbutarenotequalI Thefunctionisunboundednear aI Oscillationwithincreasinglyhighfrequencynear a
. . . . . .
MeettheMathematician: AugustinLouisCauchy
I French, 1789–1857I RoyalistandCatholicI madecontributionsingeometry, calculus,complexanalysis,numbertheory
I createdthedefinitionoflimitweusetodaybutdidn’tunderstandit
. . . . . .
PreciseDefinitionofaLimit
No, thisisnotgoingtobeonthetestLet f beafunctiondefinedonansomeopenintervalthatcontainsthenumber a, exceptpossiblyat a itself. Thenwesaythatthe limitof f(x) as xapproaches a is L, andwewrite
limx→a
f(x) = L,
ifforevery ε > 0 thereisacorresponding δ > 0 suchthat
if 0 < |x− a| < δ, then |f(x) − L| < ε.
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame= ε, δ
.
.L + ε
.L− ε
.a− δ .a + δ
.This δ istoobig
.a− δ.a + δ
.This δ looksgood
.a− δ.a + δ
.Sodoesthis δ
.a
.L
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame= ε, δ
.
.L + ε
.L− ε
.a− δ .a + δ
.This δ istoobig
.a− δ.a + δ
.This δ looksgood
.a− δ.a + δ
.Sodoesthis δ
.a
.L
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame= ε, δ
.
.L + ε
.L− ε
.a− δ .a + δ
.This δ istoobig
.a− δ.a + δ
.This δ looksgood
.a− δ.a + δ
.Sodoesthis δ
.a
.L
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame= ε, δ
.
.L + ε
.L− ε
.a− δ .a + δ
.This δ istoobig
.a− δ.a + δ
.This δ looksgood
.a− δ.a + δ
.Sodoesthis δ
.a
.L
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame= ε, δ
.
.L + ε
.L− ε
.a− δ .a + δ
.This δ istoobig
.a− δ.a + δ
.This δ looksgood
.a− δ.a + δ
.Sodoesthis δ
.a
.L
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame= ε, δ
.
.L + ε
.L− ε
.a− δ .a + δ
.This δ istoobig
.a− δ.a + δ
.This δ looksgood
.a− δ.a + δ
.Sodoesthis δ
.a
.L
. . . . . .
Theerror-tolerancegame= ε, δ
.
.L + ε
.L− ε
.a− δ .a + δ
.This δ istoobig
.a− δ.a + δ
.This δ looksgood
.a− δ.a + δ
.Sodoesthis δ
.a
.L