Lesson 10.5

Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, Esters

I. Aldehydes• Aldehyde – an organic compound that contains

a carbonyl group (C=O) at the end of a carbon chain.

• General Formula:

• Rule Changes1.Parent chain contains carbonyl group.2.Carbonyl group is #1.3.Name parent chain, ending with –al.4.Name and number any branches.

I. Aldehydes• Formaldehyde (methanal) was used to preserve

dead things.

I. Aldehydes• Some aldehydes give strong smells and flavors

to foods.

Benzaldehyde

II. Ketones• Ketone – an organic compound that contains a

carbonyl group (C=O) in the middle of a carbon chain.

• General Formula:

• Rule Changes1.Parent chain contains carbonyl group.2.Name parent chain, ending with –anone.3.Number the carbonyl group.4.Name and number any branches.

II. Ketones• Acetone (propanone) is used in nail polish

remover.

II. Ketones• Ketones can also flavor foods.

Raspberry ketone

III. Carboxylic Acids • Carboxylic acid – an organic acid that contains

a terminal carboxyl group. Like a cross between an aldehyde and an alcohol.

• General Formula:

• Rule Changes1.End parent name with –anoic acid.

III. Carboxylic Acids • Carboxilic acids are weakly acidic because they

donate protons in water.

III. Carboxylic Acids • Formic acid (methanoic) is what causes ant

bites to burn.

III. Carboxylic Acids • Acetic acid (ethanoic) is in vinegar.

III. Carboxylic Acids • Butyric acid (butanoic) is found in rancid butter.

IV. Esters• Ester– a carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen

from the hydroxyl group is replaced by an alkylgroup. Like a cross between a ketone and an ether.

• General Formula:

• Rule Changes1.The parent chain contains the carbonyl group

(C=O).2.End parent name with –anoate.3.R’ group is named as a branch, ending in –yl.

IV. Esters• Esterification:• Reactants: Carboxylic acid and alcohol• Products: Ester and water• Just heat them up together!

IV. Esters• Esterification is used to make artificial flavor.

pentyl ethanoate

methyl salicylate

methyl butanoate