PREFACE

New Second Steps in Latin continues the sequence begun by New First Steps (Focus Publishing, 2000). It is a text for young adolescents who are learning Latin by the grammar-translation method. As we wrote in the Teacher’s Manual for New First Steps, “We have chosen the grammar/translation method to teach Latin because it exercises uniquely the linguistic skills involved in building categories and forming expectations about individual words, phrases, whole sentences, and texts.”

In New Second Steps, the student’s syntactical horizon expands. The various pronouns, complementary infinitives, and indirect statement make longer, more complex, and more idiomatic sentences possible. Additional genitive, dative, and ablative constructions and subordinating conjunctions also allow the student to experience the expression of complex relationships between elements of a sentence and between ideas.

With this advanced syntax available to us, we were able to base many of our sentences on ancient authors. In some cases, we have been able to quote an author’s words with no or minimal change; when we have done so, we indicate the source.

Vocabulary in New Second Steps is based on Cicero, Vergil, Ovid, and Pliny. New Second Steps adds about 230 words to the 150 in New First Steps.

New Second Steps includes an important feature, chapters devoted to reading connected prose (Chapters VII, XII, XVII, XXII, XXVII, and XXX). We believe that reading narrative in Latin requires skills in addition to those necessary for reading sentences, and that these skills can be systematically taught. In the reading chapters we have used the well-known story of Perseus adapted from Fabulae Faciles to develop these skills.

Together, New First Steps and New Second Steps make up a two-year sequence for middle school students or perhaps a one-year sequence for high school classes. We intend to follow New Second Steps with New Third Steps, which will complete the basic morphology and syntax of Latin and prepare students to read Cicero, Ovid, Pliny, Vergil, and other ancient authors.

It is a pleasure here to renew our thanks to those who have made New Second Steps possible. The Episcopal Academy’s Class of 1944 continued its generous support of the New Steps in Latin project. Jay Crawford, Jon Kulp, and other members of Episcopal’s administration allowed us to devote time and energy to this project and energized us by their belief in it. Martha Gimbel read and evaluated many of the sentences in New Second Steps. Ron Pullins and his staff at Focus Publishing have followed the outstanding job that they did with New First Steps with the elegantly produced volume in your hands. Finally, we are grateful to our students in Episcopal’s Middle and Upper Schools, whose enthusiasm for Latin and efforts to learn it have made the New Steps project both exciting and necessary.

The Episcopal Academy Classics DepartmentMichael Klaassen, Mary Allen, Tim Kent,

Elizabeth Klaassen, Molly Konopka,Lee Pearcy

It is assumed that students have a thorough knowledge of the contents of New First Steps as follows:

I. Vocabulary: All Words Listed in New First StepsII. Forms:

a) All Regular Declensions of Nounsb) All Regular Declensions of Adjectivesc) All Regular Conjugations of Verbs in the Indicative, Active and Passived) the Irregular Verb sum

III. Syntax:a) Agreement

1. First Rule of Concord: Agreement of Subject and Verb2. Second Rule of Concord: Agreement of Adjective and Noun3. Agreement of Appositives4. Agreement of Predicate Noun, Predicate Adjective and Subject

b) Uses of Cases1. Nominative:

a) Subjectb) Predicate Nounc) Predicate Adjective

2. Genitive: a) Possessionb) often translated by “of”

3. Dative:a) Indirect Objectb) with Certain Adjectivesc) often translated by “to” or “for”

4. Accusative:a) Direct Objectb) Motion Towards or Place To Which (ad, in)c) Duration of Time or Time How Longd) with Certain Prepositions (ad, in)

5. Ablative:a) Means or Instrumentb) Personal Agent (with , ab)c) Accompaniment (with cum)d) Place Where or In Which (in, pr, sub)e) Motion Away From or Place From Which (, ab, d, , ex)f) Time Wheng) with Certain Prepositions (, ab, cum, d, , ex, in, pr, sine, sub)

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CONTENTSLessons Pages I. Demonstratives: Is, Ea, Id and dem, Eadem, Idem 2II. Personal Pronouns; Cum as Enclitic 4III. Participles 6IV. Infinitives; Complementary Infinitive 8V. Review I-IV; FYI: Compounds of Ag 10VI. Hic, Haec, Hoc; Formation of Adverbs 12VII. Reading: Connected Prose; Perseus 1 and 2 14VIII. Regular Comparison of Adjectives; Quam; Ablative of Comparison 16IX. Irregular Comparison of Adjectives; Ablative of Degree of Difference 18X. Review VI-IX; FYI: Prefixes: dis-, ante-, post- 20XI. Ille, Illa, Illud and Iste,Ista, Istud; Cause: Ob or Propter with Accusative and Ablative of Cause 22XII. Reading: Connecting Ideas; Perseus 3 and 4 24XIII. Possum; Uses of Infinitives: Accusative and Infinitive with iube and vet, Subject, Object 26XIV. Reflexive Pronouns and Adjectives; Cum as Enclitic; Eius, Erum, Erum 28XV. Review XI-XIV; FYI: The Compounds Possum and Nm 30XVI. Relative Pronoun: Qu, Quae, Quod; Antecedent and Third Rule of Concord; Cum as Enclitic 32XVII. Reading: One Thing at a Time; Perseus 5 and 6 34XVIII. Deponent Verbs 36XIX. Fer; Ablative of Manner 38XX. Review XVI-XIX; FYI: Compounds of Fer and Sequor 40XXI. Vol, Nl, Ml; List of Verbs with Complementary Infinitives 42XXII. Reading: Dividing the Sentence (1); Perseus 7 and 8 44XXIII. Indirect Statement: Accusative and Infinitive with Introductory Verb in the Present Tense 46XXIV. Indirect Statement with Introductory Verb in Various Tenses; Pronoun Subjects 48XXV. Review XXI-XXIV; List of Introductory Verbs for Indirect Statement; FYI: Compounds of Sum and Vol 50XXVI. E; Ipse, Ipsa, Ipsum 52XXVII. Reading: Dividing the Sentence (2); Perseus 9 and 10 54XXVIII. Comparison of Adverbs; Comparison with Magis and Maxim; Quam with the Superlative 56XXIX. Adjectives with Genitive in –us and Dative in –; Cardinal Numbers 1-10, 100; Ordinal Numbers 58 XXX. Review Lessons XXVI-XXIX; FYI: Compounds of E; Perseus 11 60

APPENDIXRules of Syntax 62Regular Verb Conjugations: Indicative, Participles and Infinitives 67Irregular Verb Conjugations: Indicative, Participles and Infinitives 70Deponent Verbs: Indicative, Participles and Infinitives 72Noun Declensions 74Adjective Declensions 74Comparison: Adjectives and Adverbs 76Pronoun Declensions 77Demonstratives and Intensive 77Numbers 79Classified Vocabulary 80Latin - English Vocabulary 86English - Latin Vocabulary 95Index 103

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Lesson I

DEMONSTRATIVES: IS, EA, ID AND DEM, EADEM, IDEMA DEMONSTRATIVE is used to point out a person or thing for special attention.is, ea, id that, those; this, these; or he, she, it, they

Singular PluralMasculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. is ea id e eae eaGen. eius eius eius erum erum erumDat. e e e es es esAcc. eum eam id es es eaAbl. e e e es es es

Demonstratives may be used as adjectives or as pronouns.

As an adjective, is, ea, id agrees with the noun it modifies in case, number, and gender:

is puer that boy; eius mtris of that mother; ea verba those words

As a pronoun, is, ea, id takes the number and gender of the noun it replaces:

Eum puerum am. I love that boy. Eum am. I love him.E s m tr s vocat. He calls those mothers. E s vocat. He calls them.Ea verba audvimus. We heard those words. Ea audvimus. We heard them.

The pronoun is, ea, id in the nominative case is used to emphasize the subject or to indicate a change of subject.

dem, eadem, idem the sameSingular PluralMasculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. dem eadem idem edem eaedem eademGen. eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem erundem erundem erundemDat. edem edem esdem esdem esdemAcc. eundem eandem idem esdem esdem eademAbl. edem edem esdem esdem esdem

dem, eadem, idem is the demonstrative is, ea, id with the suffix -dem. Note, however, the following changes:Change a final -m in the forms of is, ea, id to -n- before adding the suffix. The masculine singular nominative drops the final -s of is and lengthens the vowel.The neuter singular nominative and accusative drop the final -d of id before the suffix -dem.

Edem di idem vdimus. We saw the same (thing) on the same day.

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Vocabulary I

Demonstratives Conjunctionsdem, eadem, idem the sameis, ea, id that, those; this, these; he, she, it, they

autem however, but; moreoverenim for (postpositive)*etiam even, alsonam for

2nd Conjugation Verbs 2nd Declension Nounsarde, ardre, ars, arsrus burn, blaze; be inflamedhabe, habre, habu, habitum have, hold; consider

equus, -, m. horsesocius, -, m. ally

3rd Declension Nountempus, tempris, n. time

*A postpositive word does not begin a clause.

Exercise IA.1. Is rx erat amcus et socius Rmnrum.

That king was a friend and ally of the Romans.2. Eius etiam domus prm lce ardbit.

His home also will burn at dawn.3. E equ habentur bon.

Those horses are considered good.4. Is rtus equus onera multa portbat.

That angry horse was carrying many burdens.5. Id onus est magnum; serv autem id portbunt.

That burden is large; however, slaves will carry it.6. dem equus duce nostr captus est.

The same horse was captured by our leader.7. Eum nn habbimus ducem, nam est amcus malrum.

We will not have him (as) leader, for he is the friend of wicked people.8. Mare arsit e ann. (Livy 23.31.15)

In that year the sea burned.9. Edem tempore etiam socius erum erat.

At the same time also he was their ally.10. Msimus mlits, nam eaedem gents in bella surgbant.

We sent soldiers, for the same tribes were causing an insurrection [lit. rising into wars].11. Mults anns rgs urbem Rmam haburunt.

For many years kings held the city Rome.12. Rx et rgna mults nvs in mar haburunt, cvs enim eius rgn erant nautae bon.

The king and queen had many ships on the sea, for the citizens of that kingdom were good sailors.

B. 1. That king held Rome for many years.

Is rx Rmam anns mults habuit.2. The books of these girls are burning.

Libr erum puellrum ardent.3. We gave many horses to his allies.

Mults equs eius socis dedimus.4. At the same time many houses were burning in that city.

Edem tempore multae doms in e urbe ardbant.5. The soldiers were placing all (their) hope in the horses, for they were swift.

Mlits omnem spem in equs ponbant, e enim erant celers. (Use pronoun for change of subject.)6. We consider the same things good.

Eadem bona/ esdem rs bons habmus.7. The same burdens used to make the slaves tired.

Eadem onera servs fesss facibant.8. At that time the name of the Romans was great, for they seemed to rule all nations.

E tempore nmen Rmnrum erat magnum, omns enim gents regere vs sunt.9. His horse has fled, for the slaves punished it because it had destroyed a field.

Eius equus fgit, nam serv eum pnvrunt quod is agrum dlverat.10. My brother, however, will give him a good horse, for he has many.

Meus frter autem e equum bonum dabit, mults enim habet.11. The allies of the Romans have good horses, but they will not give them to the Romans.

Soci Rmnrum bons equs habent sed es Rmns nn dabunt.12. We will take the horses of the allies and make them ours, for we are masters of many lands.

Equs socirum capimus et es nostrs facimus, nam sumus domin terrrum multrum.

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Lesson II

PERSONAL PRONOUNSThe first and second person pronouns occur in all five cases, and are used like nouns.

FIRST PERSONSingular Plural

Nom. ego Ime of memihi to / for mem mem (from) me

ns wenostr, nostrum of usnbs to / for usns usnbs (from) us

Gen.Dat.Acc.Abl.

SECOND PERSONSingular Plural

Nom. t youtu of youtibi to / for yout yout (from) you

vs youvestr, vestrum of youvbs to / for youvs youvbs (from) you

Gen.Dat.Acc.Abl.

Is, ea, id can be used as the third person pronoun.

Personal Pronouns in the NominativePersonal pronouns in the nominative are used to emphasize the subject of the sentence.

Ego rgem vd. I saw the king. Ns rgem vdimus. We saw the king.T rgem vdist. You saw the king. Vs rgem vdistis. You saw the king.

Personal pronouns are used in compound subjects as follows. Note the person and the number of the verb.Ego et t sumus amc. You and I (=we) are friends. 1st + 2nd person subjects 1st pl. verb Ego et puer sumus amc. The boy and I (=we) are friends. 1st + 3rd person subjects 1st pl. verb T et Caesar estis amc. You and Caesar (=you) are friends. 2nd + 3rd person subjects 2nd pl. verb

In English compound subjects, the first person comes last: “you and I” or “my father and I.” In Latin compound subjects, the first person comes first: “ego et t” or “ego et pater.”

Cum with the First and Second Person PronounsThe preposition cum, when used with a personal pronoun, becomes enclitic: it is attached to the end of the personal pronoun to form one word.

mcum with me nbscum with ustcum with you vbscum with you

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Vocabulary II

3rd Declension Nouns Pronounsmns, mentis (-ium), f. mind; intentionignis, ignis, (-ium) m. firehostis, hostis, (-ium) m. enemyfnis, fnis, (-ium) m. end; in plural, territory

ego, me I, mens, nostr / nostrum we, ust, tu you (sg.)vs, vestr / vestrum you (pl.)

ConjunctionsAdverb aut or

aut...aut either...ordum (+ present indicative) while

modo only, justnn modo...sed etiam not only...but also

Exercise IIA 1. nbs urbs dlta erat.

The city had been destroyed by us2. Nostr fns ad vestra flmina tendunt.

Our territory extends to your rivers.3. Ego tibi multa dna ded, nam t m ambs.

I gave you many gifts, for you were loving me.4. T mihi verba sapientia potae dxist.

You told me the wise words of the poet.5. Tua ra in m fuerat magna.

Your anger against me had been great.6. Eius ments sunt amcae mihi, sed nn tibi.

His intentions are friendly to me, but not to you. 7. Dum ns in urbe ignem sacrum servmus, vs in mar cum nvibus hostium pugntis.

While we are protecting the holy fire in the city, you are fighting on the sea with the ships of the enemy.8. Omnia mala t mente tu sapient cernentur.

All evils will be perceived by you with your wise mind. 9. Vs aut in taliam tenditis aut bellum es gentibus partis.

Either you areproceeding into Italy or preparing war for those tribes. 10. Quod iter longum est, ns in camp manbimus.

Because the journey is long, we will remain in the plain. 11. Vs cum es ex ingent camp in alts monts exercitum dcmin.

You will be led with them from the vast plain into the high mountains.12. Ego eum audv, surrx, sed verbum d r nn f c .

I heard him, got up, but did not say a word about the affair.

B. 1. He warned us about the intentions of the enemy.Ns d mentibus hostium monuit.

2. Your letters to them were seized by us at night.Tuae epistulae ad es nocte nbs captae sunt.

3. You concealed your evil intentions with friendly words.Tegist tus ments mals amcs verbs.

4. The enemy will be captured with us by them.Hosts nbscum ab es capientur.

5. While the fire burns, we will remain in the mountains.Dum ignis ardet, in montibus manbimus.

6. While it is night the enemy will carry the bodies away from our walls.Dum nox est, hosts corpora nostrs murs portbunt.

7. In that year you(sg), our enemy, wrote letters to the tribes.Tu, noster hostis, e ann epistuls ad gents scrpsist

8. You (pl), not they, sent the letters out of the city with your men.Vs, nn e, epistuls ex urbe cum vestrs virs msistis.

9. (Our) slaves were carrying the fire for us, because the horses were terrified by it.Serv igns nbs portbant, quod equ e terrbantur/ terrt sunt.

10. Not only do we love you (sg), but we also praise your rivers and mountains.Nn modo t ammus, sed etiam flmina montsque tus laudmus.

11. I will either come with you, or I will send a messenger to you.Aut tcum veniam aut ad t nntium mittam.

12. They used to flee from us by day, but they were seized by us at night.Di nbs fugibant, sed nocte nbs capt sunt.

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Lesson III

PARTICIPLESPARTICIPLES are verbal adjectives.

Active PassivePres. 1st and 2nd conj.: present stem + -ns, -ntis

3rd and 4th conj.: present stem + -- + -ns, -ntis

NO FORMamns, amantis monns, monentisdcns, dcentis leadingcapins, capientisaudins, audientis

Perf.

NO FORM

perfect passive stem + -us, -a, -umamtus, -a, -ummonitus, -a, -umductus, -a, -um led, having been ledcaptus, -a, -umaudtus, -a, -um

Fut. perfect passive stem + -r- + -us, -a, -umamtrus, -a, -um monitrus, -a, -umductrus, -a, -um about to, going to leadcaptrus, -a, -umaudtrus, -a, -umfutrus, -a, -um

(to be discussed later)

Note that sum has only a future active participle: futrus, -a, -um.

The present participle is a 3rd declension adjective of one termination declined like ingns, ingentis.The future active and perfect passive participles are 1st / 2nd declension adjectives declined like bonus, -a, -um.

Because participles are adjectives, they agree with the words that they modify in case, number, and gender and may be used substantively. Because participles are verbs, they can take objects.

rx d c ns , rgis dcentis the leading king, of the leading kingfugient s fleeing (ones) = fugitives potae scr pt r librs the poets about to write books

Tenses of the ParticipleThe present active participle expresses action taking place at the same time as the main verb.

sede. I sit writing the book. I sit while I am writing the book.Scr b ns librum sd. I sat writing the book. I sat while I was writing the book.

The perfect passive participle expresses action completed before the time of the main verb. vide. I see the captured city. I see the city which has been captured.Urbem captam vd. I saw the captured city. I saw the city which had been captured. .

The future active participle expresses action that will be completed after the time of the main verb. audit. The girl about to speak listens. The girl who is about to speak listens.Puella dict ra audvit. The girl about to speak listened. The girl who was about to speak listened.

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Vocabulary III

1st Declension Nouns 3rd Conjugation Verbs fma, -ae, f. rumor; reputation; gloryflamma, -ae, f. flamefortna, -ae, f. fortune, luckfuga, -ae, f. flight, escapegrtia, -ae, f. favor; (in plural) thanks invidia, -ae, f. envy; hatredvta, -ae, f. life

ag, agere, g, actum do; drive; treat, deal withagere d (+ ablative) talk about, debate aboutgrtis agere (+ dative) give thanks, thankvtam agere lead a life

pet, petere, petv, pettum seek; ask forAdverbs

crs tomorrowheri yesterday hodi today

Exercise IIIA. 1. Epistulae t scrptae dlbuntur.

The letters written by you will be destroyed.2. Longam vtam nn sine mults amcs git.

He led a long life not without many friends.3. Nostrae sorrs captae mans tendents vtam petbant.

Our captured sisters, stretching forth their hands, were begging for their life. 4. Soci invidi ardents, grtis nbs nn agent.

Burning with envy, the allies will not give thanks to us.5. Ego et t equs onera porttrs vdimus.

You and I saw the horses about to carry the burdens.6. Heri serv fgrunt; hodi domin fugients petunt.

Yesterday the slaves ran away; today the masters are looking for the fugitives.7. Fuga puellrum et servrum mihi misera vidbtur.*

The escape of the girls and slaves seemed wretched to me. 8. Heri modo t mihi dna dedist; hodi ego tibi grtis ag; crs tibi amcus er.

Only yesterday you gave me gifts; today I thank you; tomorrow I will be friendly to you. 9. Puerum multa agentem nn vdimus, is enim in urbem fgerat.

We did not see the boy doing many things, for he had fled into the city10. T et soci tu aut cum hostibus pugnbitis aut nbs fugitis.

You and your allies will either fight with the enemy or flee from us.11. Dum nmina derum sacra habmus, e nbs amc erunt.

While we consider the names of the gods sacred, they will be friendly to us.12. Mihi d trist fortn omnium gentium Rmns rectrum scrpsist.

You wrote to me about the sad fortune of all the tribes ruled by the Romans.* The passive of vide, -re, vd, vsum, may mean “seem, appear.”

B. 1. Girls and boys do not lead the same life.Puellae puerque eandem vtam nn agunt.

2. A good mind does not fear bad fortune.Mns bona malam fornam nn timet.

3. The sailors, however, have fled because they have ships.Nautae, autem, fgrunt quod nvs habent.

4. We will lead the horses carrying burdens out of the city.Equs onera portants/s ex urbe ducmus.

5. Many things have been written about men seeking favor.Multa [ multae rs] d virs gratiam petentibus scrpta [ scrptae] sunt.

6. Yesterday they were all singing; today, however, they are asking for (their) life.Heri omns cantbant; hodi, tamen, vtam petunt.

7. Today we seek fame, but tomorrow we will fear the envy of all our friends.Hodi famam petimus, sed crs invidiam omnium amcrum nostrrum timbimus.

8. While the horses were wandering in the woods, the soldiers did not have hope of escape.Dum equ in silvs errant, mlits spem fugae nn haburunt.

9. We not only saw fire destroying homes, but also flames burning on the mountains.Nn modo ignem doms delentem vdimus sed etiam flamms in montibus ardents/s.

10. Because our minds were being directed (use tend) towards small things, the teachers, moved by anger, punished us.Quod ments nostrae ad rs parvs tendbantur, magistr, r mt, ns pnvrunt.

11. All the allies of the Romans will give thanks to us because we have waged many wars against the enemies of Rome.Omns soci Rmnrum grtis nbs agent, [ns] autem multa bella in hosts Rmae gessimus.

12. Either we will accept the misfortunes of life with a strong heart, or we will be destroyed by the waves of bad fortune.Aut cass vtae pectore fort accipimus aut dlbimur flctibus malae fortnae.

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Lesson IV

INFINITIVESINFINITIVES are verbal nouns, which may be used as subjects or objects. They have tense and voice, but not person or number. They may take objects, or be modified by adverbs. A FINITE VERB has a personal ending; an infinitive has no personal ending.

Active PassivePres. 2nd principal part 1st, 2nd and 4th conj.: present stem + -r

3rd conj.: 2nd principal part minus -ere + -amre monredcere to leadcapereaudreesse

amr monrdc to be ledcapaudr

Perf. perfect active stem + -isse perfect passive participle + esseamvisse monuissedxisse to have ledcpisseaudvissefuisse

amtus, -a, -um esse monitus, -a, -um esseductus, -a, -um esse to have been ledcaptus, -a, -um esseaudtus, -a, -um esse

Fut. future active participle + esse 4th principal part (always –um) + ramtrus, -a, -um esse monitrus, -a, -um esseductrus, -a, -um esse to be about to leadcaptrus, -a, -um esseaudtrus, -a, -um essefutrus, -a, -um esse

amtum r monitum rductum r to be about to be ledcaptum raudtum r

The COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE completes the meaning of another verb. Verbs of wishing, deciding, beginning, etc. and the passive forms of verbs of saying and thinking often take complementary infinitives.

Pugn re cnstituit. He decided to fight.Pugn visse puttur. He is thought to have fought.

The infinitives of transitive verbs may take objects.

N vem mittere cnstituit. He decided to send a ship.

In the future active and perfect passive infinitives, the participle, declined like bonus, -a, -um, agrees with the subject of the clause in case, number, and gender.

Nvs missae esse dcuntur. The ships are said to have been sent.Puella epistulam scr pt ra esse dcitur. The girl is said to be about to write a letter.

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Vocabulary IV

2nd Declension Nouns Verbs taking a Complementary Infinitive locus, -, m. place pl. loca, locrum, n.arma, -rum, n. arms arma capere, take up armscastra, -rum, n. camp

put, putre, putv, puttum think; considercnstitu, cnstituere, cnstitu, cnstittum decide; determine; establishincipi, incipere, incp, inceptum begin

3rd Declension Nounmoenia, -ium, n. walls

Exercise IV

A.1. Soci bellum in hosts parre incipiunt.

The allies are beginning to prepare war against the enemy.2. Dum hosts in castrs sunt, omnia dlbantur.

While the enemy were in camp, all things were [everything was] being destroyed.3. Vta mlitis misera esse dcitur, nam nn longa est.

The life of a soldier is said to be miserable, for it is not long.4. Moenia ex castrs ad aquam dcere incipiunt.

They begin to lead walls from the camp to the water.5. Audx in rbus difficilibus esse puttur.

He is thought to be bold in times of trouble [lit. difficult circumstances].6. Ego t rogta mults epistuls man me scrbam.

Asked by you, I will write many letters with my own hand. 7. Territ sumus, nam tla ardentia in nostrs nvs mittere cnstituit.

We were terrified, for he decided to send burning javelins against our ships. 8. Heri prts pnre incpisse puttus es, sed hodi lber sunt.

Yesterday you were thought to have begun to punish the pirates, but today they are free.9. Fma fugae erum ab hostibus audta esse puttur.

Rumor of their escape is thought to have been heard by the enemy.10. Is ad bellum socirum ventrus esse dcitur.

He is said to be about to come to the war of the allies.11. In e loc arma capere et castra hostium dlre cnstituistis.

You decided to take up arms in that place and to destroy the enemy’s camp.12. Edem fratrs ad Olympum tendents montem in monte pnbant.

The same brothers, striving towards Olympus, were placing mountain on mountain.*

* This refers to a Greek myth of the Aloadae, twin giants named Otus and Ephialtes, who tried to climb to Olympus by piling up three mountains, filling the sea with land.

B.1. Huge waves were beginning to rise.

Flcts ingents surgere incipibant.2. You will lead the frightened horse to that place.

Equum terrtum ad eum locum ducs.3. The water is thought to be about to cover the fields.

Aqua agrs tectra esse puttur.4. The mountains stretching towards the sea are high.

Monts ad mare tendents sunt alt.5. They were beginning to carry water onto the ships.

Aquam in nvs/s portre incipibant.6. You (pl) have decided to give many gifts to your friends.

Dna multa amcs vestrs dare constituistis.7. He had decided to conceal his bad intentions.

Ments mals tegere constituerat.8. I was thought to have remained on the bridge with our allies.

In ponte cum socis nostrs mnsisse puttus sum.9. Their queen is thought to have been sent to a guarded place.

Erum rgna ad locum servtum missa esse puttur.10. Having been ruled by kings for many years, the city was wretched.

Urbs, rgibus mults anns recta, erat misera.11. He was thought to have been loved by you, for you used to send messengers to his house.

t amtus esse puttus est, nam nntis ad eius domum mittbs. 12. We had begun to have hope because the teacher was teaching us many useful things.

Spem habre incpermus, quod magister ns multa tilia [ mults rs utils] docbat.

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Lesson V review

Vocabulary I - IV

put s moenia aut arde autem arma locus ns is dem dumvta nam equus fnis fuga aut...autvs fma habe socius heri tis castra hostisenim mns hodi n modo...sed etiam ns

begin thanks camp arms think walls haveenvy decide yesterday horse flight for evenflame fire you (pl.) we the same you (sg.) enemyeither...or today mind that place life fortunefor while rumor drive tomorrow moreover territoryburn not only...but also seek ally end or

I. Replace the underlined words with is, ea, id and dem, eadem, idem.

1. Fliam magistr ad flmen ms. 3. Puer s gratis ag. 5. Rgna invidiam de rum timbat.eius, eiusdem es, esdem erum, erundemI sent the teacher’s daughter to the river. I give thanks to the boys. The queen feared the hatred of the goddesses.2. Libr s ab m tre me accprunt. 4. Multa verba socis dxit. 6. Exercitus n v s derat.es, esdem; e, edem Ea, Eadem es, esdemThey received books from my mother. He spoke many words to the allies. The army had seen the ships.

II. Modify the underlined words with is, ea, id and dem, eadem, idem.1. F audv. 3. In castr s manbimus 5. Liber eius verba habet. eam, eandem es, esdem ea ,eademI heard the rumor. We will remain in camp. The book has its words. 2. Puer librum haburunt. 4. P r tae ns terrent. 6. s puellae gimus. eum,eundem E, edem e, edem

The boys had a book. The pirates frighten us. We thanked the girls.III. Translate all the pronouns into Latin. Use any necessary prepositions.

1. I will give you a present. 4. He was saved by them. 5. The girls were talking to us.Ego, tibi/ vbs Is, ab es nbs2. We will guard the city with you. 3. You and I saw the ghost. 6. The citizens praise you (pl.) and us.Nōs, tcum, vbscum Ego, t/vs vs,nōs

IV. Translate the underlined participle phrases.

1. The soldier sitting on the horse wandered from the way. 4. They destroyed the camp set up in that place.Mls in equ sdens castra in e loc posita2. We carry the allies wounded with javelins into camp. 5. About to write a letter, my mother was sitting.socis tls vulnerts Scrptra mter mea3. The horses, terrified by the flames, fled into the forest. 6. Rolling waves rose up because of the mighty wind.Equ flamms terrt Flcts volvents

V. Give the six infinitives of habe and cnstitu.habre (to have); habuisse (to have had); habitrus esse (to be about to have);

habr (to be held); habitus esse (to have been held); habitum r (to be about to be held)constituere (to decide); constituisse (to have held); constitutrus esse(to be about to decide);

constitu (to be established); constittus esse (to have been established; constittum r (to be about to be established).

VI. Name the tense and translate the underlined infinitives.

1. The city is said to have been destroyed by fire. 4. The enemies are reported to have been seen. dlta esse vs esse

2. Our allies were thought to be about to flee. 5. They decided to shelter the wounded. fugitr esse tegere3. This god is considered to be our ally. 6. He is said to have risen from the dead. esse surrxisse

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For Your Information

COMPOUNDS OF AGMany verbs in Latin serve as bases to which prefixes are added to modify their meanings.One of these is ag, agere, g, actum do; drive; treat, deal with.cum + ag g, cgere, cog, coactum drive together, gather; force, compel.ex + ag exg, exgere, exg, exactum drive outre + ag redg, g, redactum drive back

Exercise VA1. Umbrae in silvs vsae es terrurunt.

Shadows seen in the woods frightened them.2. Pr socis mes gratis mults tibi ag.

I give you many thanks on behalf of my allies.3. M mea fortna servvit.

My fortune saved me.4. Ea loca mihi tibique sacra habentur.

These places are considered sacred to you and me.5. Rogtus librum tibi scrbbam.

Having been asked, I was writing you a book.6. Epistulam scrbam, frter enim meus eam accipere ambit.

I will write a letter, for my brother will like to receive it.7. Heri es equs castrs dcere cnstituimus, nam e erant aegr.

Yesterday we decided to lead those horses out of camp, for they were sick.8. Mlits t miss fmam nntivrunt.

The soldiers sent by you reported the rumor.9. Fuga hostium nbs pugnantibus nntita est.

The flight of the enemy was announced to us (as we were) fighting. 10. Nn bona dicta puellae meae nntibitis.

You will report not good words to my girl.11. Hosts nostr, autem, ns vidents, esdem equs cprunt.

Our enemies, however, seeing us, seized the same horses.12. Nn modo flamms, sed etiam aqus surgentibus moenia dlbantur.

The walls were being destroyed not only by flames but also by rising waters.B 1. Voices announcing the end of the war were heard.

Vcs fnem bell nntiants audtae sunt.2. In the minds of many, anger and envy are similar.

In mentibus multrum, ra invidiaque sunt simils.3. His life is held dear by (his) many friends.

Eius vta ab amcs mults cara habtur.4. While the fires burn in the woods, we will save our houses.

Dum igns in silvs ardent, doms nostrs servbimus.5. But you (sg), blazing with great anger, will fight with them.

Sed t, r magn ardens, cum es pugnbis.6. The burning fires announced the evil deeds of the enemies.

Igns ardents facta mala hostium nntivrunt.7. Our soldiers, wounded by the weapons of the enemy, are beginning to flee.

Mlits nostr tls hostium vulnert fugere incipiunt.8. At that wretched time you and Marcus were friends on all my journeys.

E tempore miser t et Marcus erant amc in omnibus itineribus mes.9. We decided to flee, for we had seen the enemy about to capture the ships.

Fugere constituimus, nam hosts nvs captrs vdermus.10. Yesterday you were holding back your anger, but today you have taken up arms.

Heri ram tuam tenbs, sed hodi arma cpist.11. Many difficult things are thought to have been done on the same day.

Multa difficilia [ Multae rs difficils]* edem di facta[factae] esse putantur.12. We have decided to give thanks to the god of the city, for he has saved us.

De urbis grtis agere constituimus, nam is ns servvit.

*Henceforth we will give either the neuter plural or rs where both are acceptable.

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Lesson VI

DEMONSTRATIVES: HIC, HAEC, HOC

FORMATION OF ADVERBS

hic, haec, hoc this, theseSingular PluralMasculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. hic haec hoc h hae haecGen. huius huius huius hrum hrum hrumDat. huic huic huic hs hs hsAcc. hunc hanc hoc hs hs haecAbl. hc hc hc hs hs hs

Demonstratives may be used as adjectives or pronouns.

As an adjective, hic, haec, hoc agrees with the noun it modifies in case, number, and gender:

hic puer this boy; huius mtris of this mother; haec verba these words

As a pronoun, hic, haec, hoc takes the number and gender of the noun it replaces:

Hunc librum am. I love this book. Hunc am. I love this (one).H s epistul s msit. He sent these letters. H s msit. He sent these.Haec verba audvimus.We heard these words. Haec audvimus. We heard these (things).

Formation of AdverbsAdverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Adverbs do not decline.

1st / 2nd declension adjectives usually form adverbs by adding - to the stem:

altus, -a, -um deep alt- alt deeplyaeger, aegra, aegrum sick aegr- aegr painfully, with difficulty

3rd declension adjectives often form adverbs by adding -iter to the stem; -er for adjectives ending in -ns;and -ter for audx:

cer, cris, cre keen, sharp cr- criter keenly, sharplysapins, sapientis wise sapint- sapienter wiselyx, audcis bold c- audcter boldly

The following adverbs are formed irregularly:

bonus, -a, -um good bene wellmalus, -a, -um bad male badly, poorlyparvus, -a, -um small parum too little, not enoughmagnus, -a, -um great magnpere greatly

A few adverbs are simply the accusative neuter singular or ablative neuter singular form:prmus, -a, -um first prm at firstmultus, -a, -um much, many multum muchfacilis, -e easy facile easily

Adverbs not following these patterns will be given as vocabulary.

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Vocabulary VI

Adverbs Demonstrativebene welllong farmagnopere greatlymultum muchparum too littleprm at firstaegr painfully, with difficulty

hic, haec, hoc this, these

3rd Declension Nouncomes, comitis, m. companion

Exercise VIA.1. In hc loc aegr mnserant.

They had stayed in this place with difficulty.2. Hae sunt meae fliae amtae.

These are my beloved daughters.3. Prm soci nbs mults gratis grunt.

At first the allies gave many thanks to us.4. Hc hr mlits fidem ducibus mnstrre constituunt.

At this hour the soldiers are deciding to show loyalty to (their) leaders.5. Ns nostraque facta parum laudtis, quod multum fcimus.

You are praising us and our deeds too little, because we have done a lot.6. Comits huius long port mnsisse dcuntur.

The comrades of this man are said to have stayed far from the gate.7. Prm haec omnia mihi tilia esse vsa sunt.

At first all these things seemed to be useful to me.8. Ns d hs misers virs rgem interficere parantibus monuist.

You warned us about these wretched men (who were) preparing to kill the king.9. Hic sapienter et bene ns iter longum factrs monet.

This man advises us, about to make a long journey, wisely and well.10. Hic socius ad m e nocte vnit, quod e hs epistuls mittere magnopere timbam.

This ally came to me during that night, because I was greatly afraid to send these letters to him.11. M multum ambunt, tla enim capins erum urbem audacter servb.

They will love me a lot, for, taking up arms, I will save their city boldly.12. Equus dem in agr nbs vsus ex hostium manibus fgerat.

The same horse, seen in the field by us, had fled out of the hands of the enemy.

B.1. These are your (sg.) words.

Haec sunt verba tua.2. These songs were sung well by our companion.

Haec carmina nostr comite bene cantta sunt.3. The master advised these slaves too little.

Dominus hs servs parum monuit.4. At first we thought you to be angry.

Prim t esse rtum putvimus.5. The soldiers will move the camp far from this river, (which is) rising much.

Mlits castra long ab hc flmine multum surgente movbunt.6. These books were badly prepared by your (sg) companions.

H libr tus comitibus mal part sunt.7. We will accept these gifts, but we will not love you (sg) well on account of them.

Haec dona accipimus, sed t propter ea bene nn ambimus.8. They have decided to put these horns, taken in war, into my hands.

Haec cornua in bell capta in mans mes ponere constiturunt.9. The farmers were thought to be about to fight keenly for (=on behalf of) their allies.

Agricolae pr socis acriter pugntr esse putt sunt.10. The inhabitants greatly feared to be captured by our soldiers.

Incolae ab nostrs mlitibus cap magnopere timurunt.11. This boy easily sees the wandering steps of his friend.

Hic puer errants grads amc eius facile videt.12. You (pl.) will not kill the king of this tribe, because he is said to be good and wise.

Rgem huius gentis nn interficitis, quod bonus et sapiens esse dcitur.

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Lesson VII

READING: CONNECTED PROSEWhen you began the study of Latin, you learned how to read aloud, translate, and write individual sentences. Sentences may combine to tell a story, persuade an audience, or express a sequence of ideas. Such combinations of sentences are called CONNECTED PROSE. Reading connected prose requires skills in addition to those that you have used in reading individual sentences. In reading connected prose, it is important to identify the GIST of a passage. The gist is the central idea of the passage.

recognize KEY WORDS. Key words are the words that convey the most important elements of the passage.

notice the connections between sentences and thoughts. guess the meaning of unfamiliar words and phrases. be sensitive to the order of thoughts in Latin. Try to understand Latin in the Latin order.

Chapters like this one will help you to develop and practice these skills.

Gist and KeywordsFirst of all, read through the passage out loud and in Latin, preferably two or three times. The objective is to understand the gist of the passage and to identify key words in it.How do you get the gist of a passage?As you read through, do not try to translate, but do look for clues.

Does the passage have a title? Are there notes or a glossary to help you? Are there any proper nouns (capitalized words within a sentence)? Are any words repeated? Can you recognize any nominatives, accusatives, and verbs?

These questions will help you identify the key words in the passage. Proper nouns are likely to be the names of important people and places. Repeated words emphasize important elements that play a role in every part of the story. Nominatives, verbs, and accusative direct objects tell you who is doing what to whom.

The Story of PerseusAn oracle had predicted that King Acrisius of Argos would be killed by his grandson. When the king discovered that his daughter, Danaë, had given birth to a son, he tried to escape his fate by casting mother and son adrift in the sea. With the help of Jupiter, who was Perseus’ father, they landed safely on the island of Seriphos, where Perseus grew to manhood. King Polydectes of Seriphos then attempted to kill Perseus by sending him to bring back the head of the monster Medusa, one of the Gorgons. Perseus accomplished this dangerous task, and on the way back he rescued and married Andromeda, an Ethiopian princess. After many years he returned to Seriphos and revenged himself on Polydectes; he then went back to Argos and, in fulfillment of the oracle, killed his grandfather Acrisius by accident with a discus.

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Vocabulary VII

Adverbs Conjunctions Prepositions with the Accusativenunc nowtamen nevertheless, yettum then, at that timetunc then, at that time

antequam beforeigitur thereforepostquam after

ob because of, on account ofpropter because of, on account of

For all the readings, various vocabulary words will be translated in italics. Other words will be presented with English derivatives in parentheses from which you should try to deduce the appropriate English translation. Some compound verbs are shown divided into their elements in an effort to help you in recognition and translation.

1. The Family of PerseusHaec nrrantur pots d Perse. Perseus flius erat Iovis, rgis derum. Avus eius, AcrisiusThese things are told by poets about Perseus. Perseus was the son of Jupiter, king of the gods. His grandfather, Acrisius nmine, Perseum propter orculum timns, puerum interficere cnstituit. Comprehendit igitur by name, fearing Perseus on account of an oracle, decided to kill the boy. Therefore he seizedPerseum infantem, et cum mtre in arc lgne inclsit. Tum arcam in mare conicit. Dana, Perse the infant Perseus, and shut him in a wooden chest with his mother. Then he threw the chest into the sea. Danae, mothermter, magnopere territa est; tempests enim magna mare turbbat. Perseus autem in sin mtris of Perseus, was greatly frightened, for a great storm was stirring up the sea. However Perseus was sleeping in hisdormibat.mother’s lap.

nrr (1) (narrative, narrate)Iuppiter, Iovis m. Jupiteravus, - m. grandfatherrculum, -i n. oraclecomprehend, comprehendere, comprehend,

comprehnsum grasp, seizeadhc, adv. to this point, yet, stillinfns, infantis m. / f. (infant, infantile)arca, -ae f. chest, boxlgneus, -a, -um of wood, wooden

incld, -ere, -cls, -clsus shut up in, enclose, imprison

conici, conicere, conic, coniectum (conjecture) throw together, throw, cast, hurl

tempests, tempesttis f. (tempestuous) weather; tempest, storm

turb (1) (disturb)sinus, -s m. embrace; bosomdormi, dormre, dormv, dormtum (dormitory,

dormant)

2. Jupiter Saves His SonNunc Iuppiter tamen haec omnia vdit, et flium servre cnstituit. Tranquillum igitur fcit mare, et Now Jupiter however saw all these things and decided to save his son. Therefore he made the sea calm andarcam ad insulam Serphum perdxit. Huius insulae Polydects tum rx erat. Postquam arca ad brought the chest to the island of Seriphos. Polydectes was king of this island then. After the chest was brought to shoreltus flctibus portta est, Dana in harn quitem capibat. Brev tempore pisctre inventa est, by the waves, Danae was taking a nap on the sand. In a short time she was found by a fisherman, and was brought toet ad domum rgis Polydectis adducta est. Is mtrem et puerum amc accpit, et es sdem ttam the house of king Polydectes. He received the mother and boy in a friendly manner and gave them a safe shelter in in fnibus dedit. Dana hoc dnum libenter accpit, et pr benefici rg grtis git.his territory. Danae gladly received this gift and thanked the king for his kindness.

tranquillus, -a,-um (tranquil)insula, -ae f. (insular)perdc = per + dc; bringharna, -ae f. (arena) sandquis, quitis f. (quiet)pisctor, pisctris m. fishermaninveni = in + veni, come upon, find

addc = ad + dc; [lit. lead to] escortsdes, sdis f. seat; abodettus, -a, -um safelibenter, adv. willingly, gladlybeneficium,- n. kindness, service,benefit

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Lesson VIII

REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVESAdjectives have three DEGREES of comparison: POSITIVE, COMPARATIVE and SUPERLATIVE.

Positive Comparative Superlativelongus, -a, -um longior, longius longissimus, -a, -umlong longer, rather / too long longest, very long

ComparativesThe comparative is a two-termination 3rd declension adjective.It is formed by adding –ior to the stem. For the neuter singular nominative and accusative, substitute –ius.

longus, -a, -um long long- longior, longius longeraudx, audcis bold audc- audcior, audacius bolder

The comparative, unlike most 3rd declension adjectives, is not an i-stem.

Singular PluralMasc. / Fem. Neuter Masc. / Fem. Neuter

Nom. longior longius longirs longiraGen. longiris longiris longirum longirumDat. longir longir longiribus longiribusAcc. longirem longius longirs longiraAbl. longire longire longiribus longiribus

SuperlativesThe superlative is normally formed by adding –issimus, -issima, -issimum to the stem of the adjective.

longus, -a, -um long long- longissimus, -a, -um longestaudx, audcis bold audc- audcissimus,- a, -um boldest

The superlative is a 1st / 2nd declension adjective declined like bonus, -a, -um.

Singular PluralMasculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. longissimus longissima longissimum longissim longissimae longissimaGen. longissim longissimae longissim longissimrum longissimrum longissimrumDat. longissim longissimae longissim longissims longissims longissimsAcc. longissimum longissimam longissimum longissims longissims longissimaAbl. longissim longissim longissim longissims longissims longissims

Comparison ConstructionsTwo nouns joined by quam (than) must be in the same case.

Servus est flcior quam r x . The slave is happier than the king.

ABLATIVE OF COMPARISON - When quam is omitted from a comparison, the second of the two things compared is in the ablative case. This ablative construction is used only when the first of the two things compared is in the nominative or the accusative.

Servus est flcior r ge . The slave is happier than the king.

Vocabulary VIII

Prepositions with Accusative 3rd Declension Nounsante beforecircum aroundinter between; amongper throughpost after; behindtrans across

genus, generis, n. kind, sorts, ris, n. mouthscelus, sceleris, n. crime*

Conjunctionquam than, rather than

*scelus gerere commit a crime

Exercise VIII

A.1. Fuit tilior in castrs quam in urbe.

He was more useful in camp than in the city.2. Propter invidiam eris miserior quam is.

You will be more wretched than he (will be) on account of your jealousy.3. Inter es monts longius iter facere incipi.

I am beginning to make a longer journey between those mountains.4. Tunc omns bon omnium generum erant nbscum.

At that time all good (men) of all sorts were with us.5. Nunc d vir audcissim in exercit hostium agimus.

We are now discussing the boldest man in the enemy’s army.6. Fortissim comits ante s flminis stbant.

The bravest comrades were standing before the mouth of the river.7. Ob scelera magna, de in caput eius multa mala posurunt.

On account of the great crimes, the gods have placed many evils upon his head.8. Antequam bellum cum es gentibus gerbat, gratis magns des git.

Before he was waging war with those tribes, he gave thanks to the great gods.9. Postquam serv territ ltora fgerant, ad urbem celeriter tendbant.

After the frightened slaves had fled the shores, they were quickly proceeding to the city. 10. Nn vta, sed somnus longissimus des nbs datus est.

Not life but a very long sleep has been given to us by the gods.11. Hae gents circum ns sunt audcirs es mlitibus trns flmen pugnantibus.

These tribes around us are bolder than those soldiers fighting across the river. 12. Mults per gents multaque per maria ductus, ad eum locum vn.

Led through many tribes and through many seas, I have come to this place.

B.1. Higher mountains were around our city.

Monts altiors erant circum urbem nostram.2. The sweetest songs come from her mouth.

Dulcissima carmina ex re eius veniunt.3. He came through those very bold tribes.

Per es audcissims gents vnit.4. (There) is a bolder horse behind the gate.

Est audcior equus post portam.5. The captured (people) are wiser than those free (people).

Captt sapientirs sunt quam e lber.6. We now are waging a longer war than our allies have waged.

Longius bellum iam gerimus quam soci nostr gessrunt.7. The god called the sailors with a great voice (use s, ris).

Deus nauts magn re vocvit. 8. He made a rather long journey around the mountains.

Longius iter circum monts fcit.9. You (sg) will be punished, for your crimes seem very serious to all.

Pniris, nam tua scelera gravissima omnibus videntur. 10. (There) is a longer river between the city and the mountains.

Flmen longius est inter urbem montsque.11. At that time, all my friends were of the same sort.

E tempore omns amc me erant eiusdem generis.12. She was moved by his appearance rather than by his reputation.

Speci eius quam fam mta est.

Lesson IX

IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVESThe following common adjectives have irregular comparative and superlative forms.

Positive Comparative Superlativebonus, -a, -um good melior, melius better optimus, -a, -um bestmalus, -a, -um bad peior, peius worse pessimus, -a, -um worstmagnus, -a, -um great maior, maius greater maximus, -a, -um greatestparvus, -a, -um small minor, minus smaller minimus, -a, -um smallestmultus, -a, -um much, many sg. pls (neuter noun only) more

pl. plrs, plra several, moreplrimus, -a, -um most, very many

Adjectives Ending in –erAny adjective ending in -er in the masculine forms the comparative regularly, but forms the superlative irregularly.The superlative is formed by adding –rimus,-rima,-rimum to the masculine nominative singular in -er.

sacer, sacra, sacrum holy sacer- sacerrimus, -a, -um holiestmiser, misera, miserum unhappy miser- miserrimus, -a, -um most unhappycer, cris, cre sharp cer- cerrimus, -a, -um sharpest

Positive Comparative Superlativesacer, sacra, sacrum holy sacrior, -ius holier sacerrimus, -a, -um holiestmiser, misera, miserum unhappy miserior, -ius more unhappy miserrimus, -a, -um most unhappycer, cris, cre sharp crior, -ius sharper cerrimus, -a, -um sharpest

Six Adjectives Ending in -lisSix 3rd declension adjectives ending in –lis form their comparative regularly, but form their superlatives irregularly. Their superlative is formed by adding –limus,-lima,-limum to the stem.

facilis, facile easy facil- facillimus, -a, -um easiest Positive Comparative Superlativefacilis,-e easy facilior,-ius easier facillimus, -a, -um easiestdifficilis,-e difficult difficilior,-ius more difficult difficillimus, -a, -um most difficultsimilis,-e like similior, -ius more like simillimus, -a, -um most likedissimilis, –e unlike dissimilior, -ius more unlike dissimillimus, -a, -um most unlikegracilis, -e slender gracilior, -ius more slender gracillimus, -a, -um most slenderhumilis, -e low humilior, -ius lower humillimus, -a, -um lowest

Note that other adjectives ending in -lis form their superlative regularly: tilis, tilior, tilissimus.

ABLATIVE OF DEGREE OF DIFFERENCE - The degree or measure of difference in a comparison is expressed by the use of the ablative without a preposition.

Puella pede brevior est quam puer. The girl is shorter than boy by a foot.The girl is a foot shorter than the boy.

Mare mult altius est flmine. The sea is deeper than the river by much.The sea is much deeper than the river.

Vocabulary IX

Irregular Comparative Adjectives Irregular Superlative Adjectivesmaior, maius greatermelior, melius betterminor, minus smaller, lesspeior, peius worse

maximus, -a, -um greatest, very greatoptimus, -a, -um best, very good, excellentminimus, -a, -um smallest, very small, leastpessimus, -a, -um worst, very badplrimus, -a, -um most, very many

Adjectives 2nd Declension Noundissimilis, -e dissimilar, unlikegracilis, -e slender, gracefulhumilis, -e low; poor

oculus, -, m. eye3rd Declension Noun

ps, pedis, m. foot

Exercise IXA.1. Peds tu sunt mes maiors.

Your feet are larger than mine2. Fuit facillimum equs per hanc portam dcere.

It was very easy to lead the horses through this gate.3. Miserrima ab oculs eius fgit.

The most wretched woman fled from his sight.4. Des debusque maxims gratis gimus.

We have given the greatest thanks to the gods and goddesses.5. Hic est similior mihi quam tibi.

This (fellow) is more like me than you.6. Verba eius erant simillima facts.

His words are very similar to his deeds.7. Erat facilius vidre tus oculs quam mes.

It was easier to see with your eyes than mine.8. Tuum scelus est mult peius quam meum.

Your crime is much worse than mine.9. Tristissima fortna tu fratris optim m multum movbat.

Your excellent brother’s very bad luck moved me a lot.10. Propter tua scelera hic locus difficilior est mihi.

On account of your wickedness [lit. crimes], this place is rather difficult for me.11. Postquam verba eius in castrs audta sunt, acerrim mlitum eum laudvrunt.

After his words were heard in the camp, the keenest of the soldiers praised him.12. D hc sacerrim loc potae multa dxisse videntur.

The poets seem to have said much (ie.many things) concerning this most sacred place.B.1. They saw very large fires in the mountains.

Maxims ignes in montibus vdrunt.2. The very wretched man flees quickly from my eyes.

Miserrimus vir ab oculs mes celeriter fugit.3. Those ships seem to me to be rather low in the water.

Eae naves mihi humilirs in aqu esse videntur.4. This place is much holier than your (pl.) city.

Hic locus est mult sacrior quam vestra urbs.5. He has more slender feet than I have; your (feet), however, are the most slender.

Graciliores pedes habet quam ego; tu tamen sunt gracillim.6. I was greatly moved by the very wretched appearance of that (man).

Multum miserrim speci eius magnopere/ multum motus sum.7. (While) preparing their weapons quickly, they saw the lights in the camp of the enemy.

Arma celeriter parants lcs in castrs hostium vdrunt.8. I was very happy because all your (sg.) companions were very like you.

Flicissimus eram quod omns comits tu erant tibi simillim.9. The waves of the sea were higher than the ships by many feet.

Flcts maris erant altirs quam nvs mults pedibus.10. The messenger standing before your (sg.) eyes was sent by the king of the gods.

Nntius ante oculs tus stans rge derum missus est.11. The man wandering at night is thought to have seen (his) mother among very many ghosts.

Vir nocte errāns mtrem inter plrims umbrs vdisse puttur.12. Your (sg.) teacher spoke very sad words to you about your friend (who was) going to make a rather difficult

journey on behalf of (his) sick father.Magister tuus verba tristissima/miserrima tibi d amc tu, difficilius iter pr patre aegrō factūrō, dxit.

Lesson X

REVIEW

Vocabulary VI - IX

minimus igitur ante humilis hic tum oculusnunc maior gracilis bene melior antequam tuncaegr prm pessimus optimus tamen quam obps plrimus magnopere propter post postquam longs inter parum genus circum scelus minorpeior comes per dissimilis maximus tunc

this eye smallest then far therefore nowon account of because of before (prep.) well greater before (conj.) footafter (prep.) around greatly kind mouth between throughtoo little low then smaller worst slender greatestnevertheless with difficulty after (conj.) than less best worsedissimilar crime better companion most at first

I. Modify the following nouns with hic, haec, hoc.

1. generibus hs 6. loc hc 11. ignem hunc 16. equs hs2. peds h, hs 7. moenium hrum 12. fmae huius, huic, hae 17. fortnc3. capita haec 8. flamms hs 13. s hs 18. vtae huius, huic, hae4. comitis huius 9. hoste hc 14. mentem hanc 19. castra haec5. scelera haec 10. socis hs 15. invidiae huius, huic, hae20. fnium hrum

II. Identify case, number, gender of underlined words.1. Comits haec dxrunt. acc,pl,n 4. E sunt flciors quam h . nom,pl,m…nom,pl,mThe friends said these things Those (people) are happier than these.2. H ocul ardent. nom,pl,m 5. Hoc flmen est longius e . nom,sg,n…abl,sg,nThese eyes are burning. This river is longer than that (one).3. Ocul h rum r ardent. gen,pl,f 6. Nn enim time huius comitis invidiam. gen,sg,mThe eyes of these women are burning with anger. For I do not fear the hatred of this companion.

III. Form adverbs from the following adjectives:1. sapins sapienter 6. tilis tile 11. cer criter2. malus mal 7. similes simile 12. bonus bene3. er aegr 8. rtus rt 13. magnus magnopere4. altus alt 9. miser miser 14. ardns ardenter5. optimus optim10. dulcis dulce 15. flx fliciter

IV. Form the comparatives and superlatives of the underlined adjectives.1. monts alt 4. mal s sceleribus 7. comitis aud cis altirs, altissim peiribus, pessims audciris, audcissim2. rgna pulchra 5. parvum genus 8. bonae mentpulchrior, pulcherrima minus, minimum melr, optimae3. hostium crium 6. fortnam similem 9. multa armacrirum, acerrimrum similirem, simillimam plra, plrima

For Your InformationThe prefix dis- apart is used with many verbs, such as discd, depart and dmitt, send away.It may also be a strong negative: dis + facilis easy = difficilis difficult

dis + similis similar = dissimilis dissimilar

The prepositions ante and post occur in the abbreviations a.m. (ante diem, before midday) p.m. (post merdiem, after midday). They are also commonly used as verb prefixes, as in postscrb, write after, add in writing from which we get the abbreviation p.s. (post scrptum, written after).

Exercise X

A.1. Comits me haec es nn dcent.

My comrades will not tell them these things.2. Hic locus mntissimus est.

This place is the most fortified.3. Caesar nvs humilirs celerirsque fcit quam hs.

Caesar has made ships lower and faster than these.4. Gracils peds meae amtae vide.

I see the slender feet of my beloved (girl).5. Cum dissimillim patre vtam aegr agbat.

With difficulty he led his life with a very dissimilar father. 6. Tunc gracilior flamma circum caput eius ardre vsa est.

At that time a rather slender flame seemed to burn around his head.*7. Nunc ob plrima scelera tua amcs nn plrims habs.

Now you do not have very many friends on account of your very many crimes.8. Propter minims igns ex hs castrs celeriter fugere cnstiturunt.

They decided to run away quickly from this camp on account of the very small fires.9. Magnopere heri terrbar; hodi igitur inter hs silvs manb.

Yesterday I was very frightened; therefore today I will stay among these woods.10. Ego arma capins, urbem ardentem fugere constitu.

Taking up arms, I decided to flee the burning city.11. Urbs surgentibus aqus dlta mihi hc r parv miserior vidtur.

The city, destroyed by rising waters, seems more miserable to me than this small matter.12. Postquam dom tu discesseram, tu patris umbra ante mes oculs vsa est.

After I had left your house, your father’s ghost appeared before my eyes.

* In the Aeneid the son of Aeneas, Ascanius, was seen to have his hair on fire without suffering any harm. This was a sign of his future greatness.

B.1. The gods will punish him because of his very many crimes.

De eum ob eius plrima scelera pnient.2. All good (people) of all kinds will come happily into the city.

Omns bon omnium generum in urbem fliciter venient.3. Before the gods had spoken, we were rather bold because of our good fortune.

Antequam de dxerant, ermus audacirs propter nostram fortunam bonam.4. After we had heard him speaking these sharp words, we were greatly afraid.

Postquam eum haec cria verba dcentem audvermus, magnopere timbmus.5. Before his foot was wounded, he was fleeing his enemies quickly.

Antequam eius ps vulnertus est, hosts celeriter fugibat.6. (After I was) seen singing in the woods, I began to receive many gifts.

Cantans in silvs vsus/a, multa dona accipere incp.7. With my eyes I saw you (pl.) boldly saving the ships.

Mes oculs vs nvs audacter servnts vd.8. The dark land covered me because of (my) bad fortune.

Terra tra m propter fortunam malam/ fortun mal txit.9. We saw the ships burning on the shore after our leaders fled.

Nvs in ltore ardents vdimus postquam nostr ducs fgrunt.10. At that time your (sg.) works were much greater than ours.

Tunc verba tua erant mult maira quam nostra.11. After the worst (men) fled from the city, they remained in the mountains for very many days.

Postquam pessim ex urbe fgrunt, plrims dis in montibus mnsrunt.12. At first I had decided to remain; now, however, I shall make a journey happily among the tribes.

Prm manre constitueram; nunc autem inter gents fliciter iter faciam.

Lesson XI

DEMONSTRATIVES: ILLE, ILLA, ILLUD AND ISTE, ISTA, ISTUD

CAUSE

ille, illa, illud that, thoseSingular PluralMasculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. ille illa illud ill illae illaGen. illus illus illus illrum illrum illrumDat. ill ill ill ills ills illsAcc. illum illam illud ills ills illaAbl. ill ill ill ill ills ills

Demonstratives may be be used as adjectives or as pronouns.

As an adjective, ille, illa, illud agrees with the noun it modifies in case, number, and gender:

ille puer that boy; illus mtris of that mother; illa verba those words

As a pronoun, ille, illa, illud takes the number and gender of the noun it replaces:

Illum librum am. I love that book. Illum am. I love that one.Ill s epistul s msit. He sent those letters. Ill s msit. He sent those.Illa verba audvimus. We heard those words. Illa audvimus. We heard those (things).

Ille is often used to contrast with hic:

Magister hunc puerum laudvit, sed illum pxnvit.The teacher praised this boy, but punished that (one).

iste, ista, istud that of yours, those of yours (sometimes with contempt implied)Iste, ista, istud is declined like ille, illa, illud.

Ista mala fugis. You will flee those evils (of yours).Dux ists pnvit. The leader punished those men.Ad m d ist Marc, amc tu, scrbis. You are writing to me about that Marcus, your friend.

CauseOb or propter with the accusative expresses cause or reason.

Ob verba laudbitur. She will be praised because of her words.Propter fl men cnstitimus. We stopped on account of the river.

THE ABLATIVE OF CAUSE - The ablative without a preposition also expresses cause or reason.

Fact s pntur. He is punished for his deeds.Tu s operibus laudris. You are praised for your works.

3rd Conjugation Verbs Demonstrativescnsist, cnsistere, cnstit, stopexcd, excdere, excess, excessum go out, departincd, incdere, incess, incessum go inrelinqu, relinquere, relqu, relictum leave, leave behindtrah, trahere, trax, tractum dragvv, vvere, vx, vctum live

ille, illa, illud that, thoseiste, ista, istud that, those (sometimes with contempt implied)

Exercise XI

A.1. In illum locum bonum incdit.

He went into that good place.2. Vvere est dulce mihi propter illum.

To me living is sweet because of him.3. Illa moenia sunt altissima et longissima.

Those walls are very high and very long.4. Circum illum montem igns maxim ardent.

Very great fires are burning around that mountain.5. Ill gravs sapientsque vir erant rtissim.

Those serious and wise men were very angry.6. Hoc opus difficillimum ill erit, quod eius amc heri excessrunt.

This task will be very difficult for him, because his friends left yesterday.7. Illa dictr, surgere excdereque incipibant.

About to say those things, they were beginning to rise /stand up and leave.8. Istus r tlsque territ, in umbrs noctis fugimus.

Terrified by the anger and weapons of that man, we will flee into the shadows of the night.9. T vvis flcior quam ego; ns autem vvimus flcirs ills.

You live a happier man than I; however we live more happily [lit. happier people] than they.10. Hodi ob ista scelera t gesta hoc bellum miserrimum gerimus.

Today we are waging this most miserable war on account of those crimes committed by you.11. Ist invidi magn m dlbis.

You will destroy me with that great hatred of yours.12. Postquam in illam urbem incesserant, omns doms dlvrunt.

After they had gone into that city, they destroyed all the houses.

B.1. Those (people) lived for many years.

Ill mults anns vvbant.2. You (pl) departed from our allies’ land by means of ships.

terrs socirum nostrorum nvibus excessistis.3. That man seems happiest to me.

Ille flcissimus mihi vidtur.4. They saw the horse left behind on the shore by the enemies.

Equum in ltore ab hostibus relictum vdrunt.5. Those flames are much higher than the walls of the camp.

Illae flammae sunt mult altirs quam mr castrōrum..6. The same night the soldiers came out of that horse.

Edem nocte mlits ex ill equ vnrunt.*7. I saw the fires burning in our city and those men killing the citizens.

Igns in urbe nostr ardents et ills virs cvs interficients vd.8. After we had departed from the city, we gave thanks to the gods.

Postquam ex urbe excessermus, des grtis gimus.9. We stopped in that place because you (sg.) had left behind those books.

In ill loc constitimus quod ists librs relquers.10. We left our allies behind because of the very difficult journey.

Ob iter difficillimum socis nostrs relquimus.11. They begin to drag the horse through the very well fortified gates.

Equum per ports mntissims trahere incipiunt.12. The allies remained in that place, but you (pl.) left the camp quickly.

Soci in ill loc mansrunt, sed castra celeriter relqurunt.

* In order to get inside Troy’s walls, the Greeks hid inside a great wooden horse, which the Trojans pulled inside their city. The Greeks stole out of the horse at night and slew the Trojans as they slept.

Lesson XII

READING: CONNECTING IDEASWhen you read a Latin passage, it is important to understand the Latin in its own word order. The pieces of a passage will be joined in a way that shows the flow of ideas. These ideas are usually connected to each other. One thought leads to the next.In Latin, the connection between one thought and the next is usually signaled by

connecting words; for example, conjunctions repetition of words punctuation; for example, commas or semicolons

Even when we physically separate the sentences of a paragraph, the connectedness remains. Here is a passage from Lesson VII divided into sentences with some connective signs italicized:

Comprehendit igitur Perseum adhc infantem, et cum mtre in arc ligne inclsit. Tum arcam in mare conicit. Dana, Perse mter, magnopere territa est; tempests enim magna mare turbbat. Perseus autem in sin mtris dormibat.

What do these connecting devices do?

Igitur, “therefore,” shows that the statement comprehendit Perseum adhc infantem is a consequence of what has gone before.

Et connects the two things that Acrisius did: comprehendit et inclsit. Tum, “then,” shows that the event arcam in mare coniēcit follows the events of the

preceding sentence. Māter repeats cum mātre in the first sentence and connects the sentence about Danaë to what

has gone before. Enim, “for,” shows that tempestās magna mare turbābat explains the preceding statement

that Danaë was frightened. Autem, “however,” calls our attention back to Perseus and contrasts his sleeping with his

mother’s terror.

These signs help show the development of thought.

Note that signs of connection often introduce a grammatical piece which can be dealt with separately (a sentence or the clauses within a sentence). These connecting signs will help you to divide a passage into smaller, more manageable pieces.

Vocabulary XII

Adverbs Conjunctiondi for a long timehc hereibi theretandem finally, at length

ubi when, where1st Declension Noun

via, viae, f. road, waylna, lnae, f. moon

3. Perseus Is Sent On His TravelsPerseus igitur mults anns ibi habitbat, et cum mtre vtam betam agbat. Polydects autem Therefore Perseus lived there for many years and led a happy life with his mother. However, PolydectesDanan magnopere ambat et Perse dxit, “Tuam mtrem in mtrimnium ductrus sum.” loved Danae greatly and said to Perseus, “I am going to marry your mother.”Hoc tamen cnsilium Perse nn grtum erat. Polydects igitur Perseum dmittere cnstituit. Tum Nevertheless this plan was not agreeable to Perseus. Therefore Polydectes decided to send Perseus away. Theniuvenem ad rgiam vocvit et haec dxit: “Turpissimum est hanc ignvam vtam agere; iam di t he called the youth to the palace and said these things: “It is very disgraceful to lead this lazy life; for a long time nowadulscns es. Tempus est arma capere et virttem praestre. Relinque hs terrs et caput Medsaeyou have been (lit. are) a young adult. It is time to take up arms and to show courage. Leave these lands behind and ad m refer.”bring back to me the head of Medusa.”

habit (1) live, dwellbetus, -a, -um (beatify) blessed, happyin mtrimnium dcere to marrycnsilium, -i n. plangrtus, -a, -um pleasing, agreeabledmitt = dis + mittiuvenis, -is m. (juvenile)rgia, -ae f. palace

turpis, -e disgracefulignvus, -a, -um idle, lazy adulscns, -tis m. (adolescent)tempus, temporis n. timevirts, virttis f. (virtue) couragepraest, praestre, praestit, praestitum show, exhibitrelinque (present imperative) leave behindrefer (present imperative) bring back

4. Perseus Gets His OutfitPerseus ubi haec audvit, ex insul discessit, et postquam ad continentem vnit, Medsam petvit. When Perseus heard these things, he departed from the island, and after he came to the mainland, he searched for Di frustr petbat; namque ntram loc ignrbat. Tandem Apoll et Minerva viam e Medusa. For a long time he searched in vain, for he did not know the nature of the place. Finally Apollo and Minervamnstrvrunt. Prm Graes, sorrs Medsae, invnit. Ab hs tlria et galeam magicam showed him the way. First he came upon the Graeae, the sisters of Medusa. From them he received winged sandals accpit. Apoll autem et Minerva falcem et speculum dedrunt. Tum postquam tlria pedibus and a magic helmet. Moreover, Apollo and Minerva gave him a scimitar and a mirror. Then, after he put the sandalsinduit, in caelum ascendit. Di volbat; tandem tamen ad eum locum vnit ubi Medsa cum cters on his feet, he rose into the sky. He was flying for a long time; finally however he came to the place where MedusaGorgnibus habitbat. Gorgns autem mnstra erant speci horribil; capita enim erum erant was living with the other Gorgons. Moreover, the Gorgons were monsters with a horrible appearance; for their headsanguibus tecta erant. Mans etiam ex aere factae erant.were covered with snakes. Their hands also were made out of bronze.

discd, -ere, -cess, -cessum withdraw, depart, leavecontinns, -ntis f. (continent)frustr (frustration) adv. in vainignr (1) (ignorant)Graeae, -rum f. The Graeae were three old women who

had one eye and one tooth in common and took turns in using them.

inveni, -re, -vn, -ventum find, come upon tlria, tlrium n. pl. winged sandalsgalea, -ae f. helmet

falx, falcis f. curved sword, sicklespeculum, - n. mirror, looking glassindu, induere, indu, indtum put on, clothecaelum, - n. air, sky, heavenvol (1) flycter, -ae, -a the rest of, the remaininghorribilis, -e (horrible)anguis, anguis m. / f. serpent, snakeaes, aeris n. bronze, copper

Lesson XIII

IRREGULAR VERB: POSSUM, POSSE, POTU;USES OF THE INFINITIVEpossum, posse, potu, be able, canIn the present system, possum is a compound of the verb sum.

The prefix is pos- when the form of sum begins with s. The prefix is pot- when the form of sum begins with e.

In the perfect system the tenses are formed regularly.Like sum, possum has no passive voice.

PRESENT IMPERFECT FUTUREpossum I can/am ablepotes you canpotest he / she / it can

possumus we canpotestis you canpossunt they can

poteram I could/was ablepoters you couldpoterat he / she / it could

potermus we could you couldpoterant they could

poter I will be ablepoteris you will be ablepoterit he / she / it will be able

poterimus we will be ablepoteritis you will be ablepoterunt they will be able

PERFECT PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECTpotui I couldpotuist you couldpotuit he / she / it could

potuimus we couldpotuistis you couldpoturunt they could

potueram I had been ablepotuers you had been ablepotuerat he / she / it had been able

potuermus we had been able you had been ablepotuerant they had been able

potuer I will have been ablepotueris you will have been ablepotuerit he / she / it will have been able

potuerimus we will have been ablepotueritis you will have been ablepotuerint they will have been able

PARTICIPLES INFINITIVESPres.Perf.Fut.

(possum has no participles)posse to be ablepotuisse to have been able

Note the –u- in the stem for perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect.Possum is usually accompanied by a complementary infinitive.

Ea scr bere poterunt. They will be able to write this. Aud re possumus. We can hear.

Accusative and Infinitive with iube and vet and vet need both a person and an action to make their meaning clear.They g

Dux m lit s urbem m n re iussit. The leader ordered the soldiers to fortify the city.Magister discipul s d cere vetat. The teacher orders the students not to talk.

Infinitive as Subject or ObjectThe infinitive is a verbal noun. It is always neuter, always singular, and either nominative or accusative.

Subject: Dulce est vcem tuam aud re . It is sweet to hear your voice. Hearing your voice is sweet.Object: Cant re am. I like to sing. I like singing.

Vocabulary XIII

Verbs taking Infinitives 2nd Declension Nounsvet, vetre, vetu, vetitum order...not, forbidiube, iubre, iuss, iussum order, command, bidpossum, posse, potu, can, be able

animus, -, m. mind, spirit; in plural, braverydiscipulus, -, m. studentumerus, -, m. shoulder

Exercise XIIIA.1. Pota ns verba derum audre iussit.

The poet has ordered us to listen to the words of the gods.2. Tandem in urbe sumus—nunc bene vivere poterimus!

We are finally in the city – now we will be able to live well.3. Mlits, tls hostium vulnert, lce lnae fugere poturunt.

The soldiers, wounded by the weapons of the enemies, have been able to flee by the light of the moon.4. Deus ns vtam facilem agere vetat; ille igitur onera plrima nbs dedit.

The god forbids us to live easily; he therefore has given us very many burdens.5. Dux enim ns corpora hostium in castrs relinquere vetuit.

For the leader has forbidden us to abandon the bodies of the enemy in the camp.6. Dux ns in castrs manre iussit, sed miserirs in e loc quam in silvs erimus.

The leader ordered us to remain in the camp, but we will be more wretched in that place than in the woods.7. magistr nn pnimur; nem enim ns in mrs scrbents vdit.

We will not be punished by the teacher, for no one saw us writing on the walls.8. Vir bon mns in edem loc manet, et ille fortn mal vulnerr nn potest.

The mind of a good man stays in the same place and he is not able to be wounded by bad luck.9. Vide melira laudque, sed ea facere nn possum.

I see better things and I praise them, but I can not do them.10. Nn omnia (facere) possumus omns. (Vergil Eclogues 8.63)

We cannot all do everything.11. Mult in urbem venre nn poterant, quod ille pons flctibus surgentibus dltus erat.

Many were not able to come into the city because that bridge had been destroyed by the rising waves.12. Discipul pessim, heri in hc mr mala plrima scrpsistis; ego igitur vs propter scelera vestra pnr iubb.

You,very bad students, wrote very many bad things on this wall yesterday; therefore I will order you to be punished for your wickedness.

B.1. Before the eyes of the sailors, the leader of the enemy could not flee with the queen.

Ante oculs nautrum, dux hostium cum rgn fugere nn potuit.2. We have in mind to leave behind arms in camp.

In anim habmus arma in castrs relinquere.3. Yesterday (our) leader ordered (our) allies to send us horses.

Heri dux socis nōbīs equs mittere issit.4. The wise man can have a brave spirit and a good mind.

Vir sapiens animum fortem bonamque mentem habre potest.5. The leader orders the walls of the city not to be destroyed.

Dux moenia urbis dlr vetat.6. A poet (who has been) ordered to write will make bad songs.

Poeta scrbere issus mala carmina faciet.7. While I was speaking about these things, my horse was able to wander into the road.

Dum haec dic/ d hs ag, equus meus in viam errre potuit.8. The soldiers are able to carry the same burdens (on their) shoulders.

Mlits eadem onera umers portre possunt.9. While we live, we will be able to seek better things.

Dum vivimus, melira petere poterimus.10. The brave soldiers had been forbidden to make a fire in camp on account of the great wind.

Forts mlits ignem in castrs facere propter magnum ventum vetit erant.11. We ordered the slave to drag the very great burdens; he, however, left them behind because of his bad spirit.

Servum onera maxima trahere issimus; ille tamen propter malum animum ea relinquit.12. Having been ordered by the teacher to write, the students stopped, sat (down), and began to write about things of

all sorts.Discipul magistr scrbere iuss, constitrunt, sdrunt, et incprunt d rbus omnium generum scrbere.

Lesson XIV

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVESREFLEXIVE PRONOUNS refer to the subject of the clause or sentence in which they stand.

FIRST PERSONSingular

Nom. Gen. me of myselfDat. mihi to / for myselfAcc. m myselfAbl. m (from) myself

PluralNom. Gen. nostr of ourselvesDat. nbs to / for ourselvesAcc. ns ourselvesAbl. nbs (from) ourselves

SECOND PERSONSingulartu of yourselftibi to / for yourselft yourselft (from) yourselfPluralvestr of yourselvesvbs to / for yourselvesvs yourselvesvbs (from) yourselves

THIRD PERSONSingularsu of himself, herself, itselfsibi to / for himself, herself, itselfs himself, herself, itself s (from) himself, herself, itselfPluralsu of themselvessibi to / for themselvess themselvess (from) themselves

Note that the third person reflexive is identical in the singular and the plural forms.The reflexive pronoun cannot be in the nominative case.The reflexive pronoun must have the same person, number, and gender as the subject.

Puer s laudat. The boy praises himself. Puer s laudant. The boys praise themselves.M in umer vulnerv. I wounded myself on the shoulder. V s regitis. You rule yourselves.

The preposition cum is regularly placed after and joined to a reflexive pronoun. scum with himself / herself / itself / themselves

Su, sibi, s, s can often be translated simply as him, her, it, or them, referring to the subject.

Pater flium ad s vocat. The father calls the son to him.Pater flium s cum dcit. The father brings the son with him.

Reflexive Possessive Adjectives and eius, erum, erumThe REFLEXIVE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE emphasizes the ownership of something by the subject of the main verb.For the 1st person and 2nd person forms use the possessive adjectives learned earlier:

meus, -a, -um; tuus, -a, -um; noster, -tra, -trum; and vester, -tra, -trum.The 3rd person reflexive possessive adjective is suus, -a, -um. It expresses possession by the subject of the sentence or clause in which it stands. It agrees with the noun it modifies in case, number, and gender.

Mter flium suum vocat. The mother calls her (own) son.When the possessor is not the subject of the clause, the reflexive adjective suus, -a, -um cannot be used.Use the genitive form of is, ea, id (eius, erum, or erum).

Mter flium eius vocat. The mother calls his (someone else’s) son.Pater flium e rum vocat. The father calls their son.

Vocabulary XIV

Third Person Reflexive Pronoun Adjectivesu, sibi, s, s himself, herself, itself, themselves suus, sua, suum his own, her own, its own, their own

3rd Declension Noun (like mles) Adverbsnm, nminis, m. no one, nobody numquam never

saepe oftensemper always

Indeclinable Nounnihil n. nothing

Exercise XIV

A.1. Mles s in umer vulnervisse vidtur.

The soldier seems to have wounded himself in the shoulder.2. Ego m in aqu saepe vd.

I have often seen myself in the water.3. Agricola suam domum et sus agrs semper amat.

A farmer always loves his (own) home and his (own) fields.4. Nm Rmnus s ab ill loc mvit.

No (one) Roman moved himself from that place.5. Antequam sus comits interfcit, ille nbs bonus vidbtur.

Before he killed his comrades, he seemed good to us.6. Nm fmam itineris nostr accipibat.

Noone was hearing (lit. receiving) the story of our journey.7. Vcem patris in silvs cantantis saepe audvimus.

We often heard the voice of our father singing in the woods. 8. Iste coms semper s esse optimum putat.

That comrade always thinks himself to be the best.9. Ille plrima sua amcs relquit, hic nihil.

That man left his very many (possessions) to his friends; this (man left) nothing.10. Ad illam urbem cnstitistis quod incdere nn potuistis.

You stopped near that city because you were not able to enter (it).11. Hodi ex sus urbibus excdents maxims gratis des agunt.

Today, departing from their cities, they are giving the greatest thanks to the gods.12. Hc tempore nihil melius actrus esse mihi vidris.

At this time you seem to me to be about to do nothing better.

B.1. Those (men) were dragging the ships behind them from the shore.

Ill nvs post s ltre trahbant.2. You will be able to do nothing more useful for yourself.

Tibi nihil tilius facere poteris.3. We always have friends very similar to ourselves.

Amcs simillims nbs semper habmus.4. Having in mind to fight, they quickly took up their own arms.

In anim habents pugnāre, sua arma celeriter cprunt.5. I will leave behind nothing for myself, but all my (possessions) for my friends.

Nihil mihi relinquam, sed omnia mea amcs.6. Because the road was long, we stopped at that city.

Quod iter longum erat, ad illam urbem constitimus.7. They decided to punish themselves seriously, because they had not been able to save (their) king.

S graviter pnre constiturunt, quod rgem servre nn potuerant.8. At length out of all his (goods) he left behind these (things) for his son.

Tandem ex omnibus sus haec fli (su) relquit.9. No one going into the enemy camp that night was captured.

Nm in castra hostium ill nocte incdens captus est.10. I often seemed to myself to be either most wretched or most sick.

Aut miserrimus aut aegerrimus esse saepe mihi vsus sum.11. She thinks herself to be much better than those people.

Ea s esse mult melirem quam ills.12. Fleeing, he carried his father on his own shoulders out of the burning city.

Fugiens (suum) patrem in umers sus ex urbe ardente portvit.

Lesson XV

REVIEW

Vocabulary XI -XIV

di ille vet iube su semperumerus discipulus excd trah cnsist possum viad hc saepe bi relinqu ibi nihilsuus iste animus nm tandem

drag stop often way live for a long time shoulderstudent always finally here go in where, when his ownthat forbid go out leave behind there nothing himselfthat (of yours) no one spirit be able order

I. Give the forms of ille and iste to modify these nouns:

1. agricol , illae, etc. rum, istrum2. umer, ist; illīus nris ills, ists 17. discipulrum illrum, istrum3. equs ills, ists 8. anims ills, ists 13. scelus illud, istud 18. fortnae illius, ill, illae, etc. 4. cvrum, istrum tis ills, istss ills, ists 10. comitis illius, istius 15. pedibus ills, ists 20. arma illa, ista

II. Translate the underlined words or phrases, using forms of is or su, and eius, erum, erum or suus, as appropriate.

1. I saw his son. eius 8. He can’t control himself.s 15. He called himself king. s2. We praise her daughter. eius 9. They all defended themselves. s 16. We defended their camp. erum3. She praises her own daughter.suam 10. I will bring their books. erum 17. They brought it with them. scum4. Caesar summoned his men.sus 11. She threw herself into the river.s18. He forgave his enemies. sus5. I killed his assassin. eius 12. I called her. eam 19. He hurt his shoulder. suum6. This boy was talking to himself.sibi 13. They made him consul.eum 20. The doctor heals his shoulder. eius7. Control them! es 14. The general gave them orders.eīs 21. They controlled themselves. s

III. Write a synopsis of possum in the 3rd singular and 1st plural indicative active.

IV. Express each underlined phrase three ways.

1. They were imprisoned for their crimes. ob/ propter sua scelera/ sus sceleribus2. She fled because of the fire . ob/ propter ignem/ ign3. He was praised on account of his wise words. ob/ propter sua verba sapientia/sus verbs sapientibus

V. Translate.

1. Es pnre nn possum. 4. Bonum est vtam bene agere.I cannot punish them. It is good to live life well.2. Haec opera facere cnstitu. 5. Ex urbe excdere time.I have decided to do these tasks. I am afraid to go out of the city.3. Amc esse putantur. 6. s rThey are thought to be friends. They seem to be leaving (their) books behind.

For Your InformationCompounds often merge their two components by dropping or combining syllables.Possum is a compound verb composed of the adjective potis, able and sum, be.Nm, no one, is a compound noun composed of n, not and hom, person, human.Nm often uses forms of nullus, -a, -um, no, none, not any (Lesson XXIX) for the genitive singular (nullus and the ablative singular (nullnull.

Exercise XVA1. Gracile corn lnae mar surgens vidēre possum.

I am able to see the slender curve/horn of the moon rising from the sea.2. Postquam sibi omnia parvrant, castrs excdere cnstiturunt.

After they had prepared everything for themselves, they decided to depart from camp.3. Iuppiter, postquam flium suum in fns hostium msit, eum servre cnstituit.

After he sent his son into the territory of the enemy, Jupiter decided to save him.4. In vi cnsistere nn possumus, hc enim di in urbem venre iuss sumus.

We cannot stop on the way, for we have been ordered to come into the city today ( lit. on this day). 5. Iste vtam sceleribus sus pessimam per mults anns git.

Through many years that man lived a very bad life because of his crimes. 6. Fnis huius libr est tilissimus! Magister ns iubet ibi haec verba petere.

The end of this book is very useful! The teacher orders us to look for these words there.7. Verba postquam ex re fgrunt revocr nn possunt.

After words have fled from one’s mouth they cannot be recalled.8. Sapins s numquam laudat; eum igitur amc saepe laudant.

A wise man never praises himself; therefore, his friends often praise him.9. Hic in anim habet bona plrima facere; ille, scelera multa.

This man has in mind to do very many good things; that man (intends to commit) many crimes.10. Fortiter ille castra sua dfenderat; tandem tamen duce iussus, per flamms tlaque fgit et s servvit.

That man had defended his camp bravely; at length, however, ordered by the leader, he fled through flames and weapons and saved himself.

11. Hic nminem sapientirem quam hs discipuls docuit, nam ill verba difficillima scrbere possunt.This man has taught no one wiser than these students, for they can write the most difficult words.

12. Omns oculs nostrs vidre, mente cnstituere, anims forts esse possumus.We all can see with our eyes, decide with our minds, be brave with our hearts (lit. spirits).

B1. All things remain in their (own) place.

Omnia in su loc manent.2. The gods of the Romans gave wise words to all their poets.

De Rmnrum verba sapientia omnibus pots (erum) ddrunt.3. After death the spirit and mind flee from the body.

Post mortem animus mensque corpore fugiunt.4. Jupiter will save his own sons, but not those of that unhappy (man).

Iuppiter suōs fliōs servbit, sed nn ills illius miser.5. The very sad book written by that poet will teach us about the queen.

Miserrimus liber ab ill pot scrīptus ns d rgn docbit.6. We place all hope in horses, for without them we will not be able to flee.

Omnem spem in equs ponimus, nam sine es fugere nn poterimus.7. (While they were) sitting in front of the eyes of the teachers, the students could not write very many bad things in

the books.Dum pr oculs magistrrum sedent/ Pr oculs magistrrum sedents, discipul plrima mala in librs scrbere nn poterant.

8. No one can order that soldier not to save his arms from the burning ship. Nm illum mlitem sua onera ex nvī ardentī servāre vetāre potest.

9. Today these slaves carry the most burdens on (their) shoulders, but tomorrow those men will place the same things on the ships.Hodi h serv plrima onera in umers portant, sed crs ill eadem in nvs ponent.

10. Because that man committed very many crimes, the citizens finally ordered him to be punished severely.Quod ille/ iste plrima scelera gessit, cvs tandem eum graviter pnr iussit.

11. We cannot stop in the same place, for the master has ordered us to make a very long journey.In edem loc consistere nn possumus, dominus enim iter longissimum facere ns iussit.

12. The citizens, punished by the wrath of gods and goddesses, were ordered to destroy their own city.Cvs, r derum derumque pnt, suam urbem dlre iuss sunt.

Lesson XVI

RELATIVE PRONOUNSThe RELATIVE PRONOUN introduces an ADJECTIVE CLAUSE which modifies a noun or pronoun in the previous clause.Qui, quae, quod who, which, that

Singular PluralMasculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Translation

Nom. qu quae quod qu quae quae who, which, thatGen. cuius cuius cuius qurum qurum qurum whose, of whom / whichDat. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus to / for whom / whichAcc. quem quam quod qus qus quae whom, which, thatAbl. qu qu qu quibus quibus quibus by / with / from whom / which

The word to which the relative pronoun refers is called its ANTECEDENT.

THIRD RULE OF CONCORD - The relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in number and gender. The case of the relative pronoun is determined by its use in its own clause.

Urb s quae captae sunt dlbuntur. The cities which have been captured will be destroyed.

The antecedent urbs is plural and feminine; therefore the relative pronoun quae is plural and feminine.Quae is the subject of captae sunt and is therefore nominative.

Urb s qu s cpimus dlbuntur. The cities which we have captured will be destroyed.

The antecedent urbs is plural and feminine; therefore the relative pronoun quas is plural and feminine.Qus is the direct object of cpimus and is therefore accusative.

Puerum cuius vcem audv n . I do not see the boy whose voice I heard.

The antecedent puerum is singular and masculine; therefore the relative pronoun cuius is singular and masculine. Cuius shows possession of vcem and is therefore genitive.

Hae sunt puellae quibus librs ded. These are the girls to whom I gave the books.

The antecedent puellae is plural and feminine; therefore the relative pronoun quibus is plural and feminine.Quibus is the indirect object of ded and is therefore dative.

Vir, d qu dbThe man, about whom we were speaking, was our leader.

The antecedent vir is masculine and singular; therefore the relative pronoun qu is masculine and singular.Qu is the object of the preposition d, and is therefore ablative.

Cum with the Relative PronounAs with personal and reflexive pronouns, the preposition cum becomes enclitic when used with the relative pronoun.

Amc, quibuscum contendbtis, vs laudant.My friends, with whom you were competing, praise you.

Vocabulary XVI

Pronoun 3rd Declension Nounsqu, quae, quod who, which, that agmen, agminis, n. column (of men)

lmen, lminis, n. light3rd Conjugation Verbscontend, contendere, contend, make effort, strive, compete; hurry; marchdfend, dfendere, dfend, dfensum defendvinc, vincere, vc, victum conquer, defeat

Exercise XVIA.1. Nauta, qu suam nvem amat, semper flx erit.

The sailor who loves his ship will always be happy2. Nm Rmnus ab ill loc, quem dfendere iussus erat, s mvit.

No Roman moved himself from that place which he had been ordered to defend.3. Mles, qu in agmine mnsit, cum hostibus audacter contendet.

The soldier who has remained in the column will compete boldly with the enemy.4. ra nn eum, qui bonum animum habet, vincet.

Anger will not conquer that man/him who has a good mind.5. Vcem patris, qu semper cantbat, saepe audvimus.

We often heard the voice of (our) father, who always was singing.6. Fds in omnium anims lmen suum mittit.

Faith sheds [lit. sends] its own light onto the spirits of all.7. Lminibus, quae in manibus portmus, vis vidre possumus.

We are able to see the streets by the lights which we carry in our hands.8. Cnstitistis ante illam urbem in quam incdere nn potuistis.

You stopped before that city into which you could not proceed.9. Flx est qu cum hostibus contendere potest et nn vinc.

Happy is he who is able to contend with the enemy and not be conquered.10. Nminem, cuius fds est maior quam tua, vd.

I have seen no one whose faith is greater than yours.11. Ille, qu sus comits interfcit, vbis optimus esse vsus erat.

That man who killed his comrades had seemed very good to you.12. trae aquae flminis surgentis scum omnia cvibus fugientibus relicta trahbant.

The dark waters of the rising river were drawing with them everything left behind by the fleeing citizens.

B.

1. We will hurry to those places which we have fortified well.Ad ea loca quae bene munvimus contendmus.

2. The moon, rising from the mountains, will show the way to us.Lna, montibus surgens, iter/viam nbs monstrbit.

3. The lights, which had been left behind, showed the way for us.Lumina, quae relicta erant, iter/viam nbs monstrvrunt.

4. We were conquered by the words of that man who was with us at that time.Verbs illius qu tum nbscum erat vict sumus.

5. At length the army which had been in the mountains was conquered by us.Tandem exercitus qu in montibus fuerat nbs victus est.

6. I will be sent from Italy because of your deeds, about which we have all heard.Propter tua facta, d quibus omns audvimus, ab Itali mittar.

7. After many disasters he finally began to call his friends to himself.Post mults calamitts ad s sus amics vocre tandem incpit.

8. Those people who had been left in the city, strove keenly.E popul qu in urbe relict erant acriter contendrunt.

9. I will give you the life which you have asked from me.Vtam tibi dab quam m petivist.

10. They were defended by the same soldiers who had defeated them.Ab esdem mlitibus qui es vcerant, dfendbantur/dfens sunt.

11. You (sg), who have always been a friend to me, will not defend me, will not praise me, will not save me.Tu, qu semper mihi fuist amcus, m nn dfends, nn laudbis, nn servbis.

12. The words which have been written by that poet are better than these.Verba quae ab ill pot scrpta sunt, melira sunt quam haec.

Lesson XVII

READING: ONE THING AT A TIME

Once you have the gist of a passage, you can begin to build up its meaning in detail, one word, phrase, clause, or sentence at a time. The connecting devices that you began to notice in Lesson XII help to divide a long passage into phrases and clauses. Deal with these shorter pieces one at a time.Take, for example, the sentence

Rs difficillima erat caput Gorgonis abscdere; eius enim cnspect homins in saxum mtbantur.

Notice the postponed conjunction enim. This connecting device joins two clauses, each with its own finite verb (erat and mtbantur).

Within each clause, look at each word as it occurs in the Latin.

Do you recognize it? How does it function?

Do not go on to the second clause until you have understood the first.

Rs “thing, matter” could be nom. sing., nom. pl., or acc. pl.difficillima “very difficult” must be nom. sing; therefore rs is also nom.sing. erat “it was” caput “head” could be nom. sing. or acc. sing.Gorgonis proper nounabscdere infinitive: “to ______”; caput could be its object.

What you know so far gives:

a thing very difficult / it was / head of a Gorgon / to ______.

Check the vocabulary list for the meaning of abscdere:

a thing very difficult it was head of a Gorgon to cut off.

If you want to translate this paraphrase into English, you will have to put the adjective phrase “very difficult” before its noun and use one of the normal English ways of expressing subject infinitives:

It was a very difficult thing to cut off the head of a Gorgon.Cutting off a Gorgon’s head was a very difficult matter.

Note that sentences can be divided into clauses and phrases which are grammatical pieces to be dealt with separately as you move through a passage. In the next reading chapter we will discuss these more fully.

Vocabulary XVII

Nouns Conjunctionshom, hominis, m. human, mansaxum, -, n. rock, stone virg, virginis, f. maiden

ac andat butatque and

3rd Conjugation I-stem Verb Adverbinspici, inspicere, inspx, inspectum look into or upon statim immediately, at once

5. The Gorgon’s HeadRs difficillima erat caput Gorgnis abscdere; eius enim cnspect homins in saxum mtbantur. It was a very difficult thing to cut off the Gorgon’s head, for at the sight of it, men were changed into stone.Propter hanc causam Minerva speculum Perse dederat. Ille igitur tergum vertit, et in speculum On account of this cause/ For this reason Minerva had given Perseus the mirror. Therefore he turned his back and wasnspicibat; hc mod ad locum vnit ubi Medsa dormibat. Tum falce su caput eius n ct looking into the mirror; in this way he came to the place where Medusa was sleeping. Then with his scimitar he cut offabscdit. Cterae Gorgns, quae somn excittae erant et r ardbant, ubi rem vdrunt, arma her head with one blow. The other Gorgons, who had been aroused from sleep and were burning with anger, when they saw cprunt. Perseum interficere volbant. Ille autem dum fugit, galeam magicam induit; et ubi hoc the situation took up arms. They wanted to kill Perseus. He, however, while he was fleeing, put on the magic helmet, fcit, statim mnstra eum vidre nn poturunt.and when he did this, immediately the monsters could not see him.

abscd, -ere,-cd, -csum cut away or offcnspectus, -s m. sightmt, -āre, -āvī, -ātum change, transformcausa, -ae f. cause, reasontergum, - n. backvert, -ere, vert, versum turn

modus, - m. way, mannernus, -a, -um (unit, unify) ictus, -s m. strike, blowexcit, -āre, -āvī, ātum rouse, awakenvol, velle, volu (irreg) want

6. The Sea SerpentPost haec Perseus in fns Aethiopum vnit, in quibus Cpheus ill tempore rx erat. Neptnus, After this Perseus came into the territory of the Ethiopians, in which Cepheus was king at that time. Neptune, god of maris deus, ab hc offnsus mnstrum horribile mserat. Hoc cottdi mar venibat et homins the sea, offended by this, had sent a horrible monster. This (monster) was coming out of the sea daily and devouring dvorbat. Ob hanc causam pavor anims omnium occupverat. Cpheus igitur vtem de men. On account of this reason, fear had seized the minds of all. Cepheus therefore consulted the prophet of the god Hammnis cnsuluit, qu rgem issit suam fliam mnstr trdere. Eius autem flia, nmine Hammon, who ordered the king to hand over his daughter to the monster. Moreover, his daughter , Andromeda by Andromeda, virg pulcherrima erat et su patre amta est. Cpheus ubi hoc audvit, magnum name, was a most beautiful maiden and was loved by her father. Cepheus, when he heard this, felt great grief. dolrem snsit. Optns tamen cvs sus percul extrahere, ea quae deus iusserat facere Hoping, however, to deliver his citizens from danger, he decided to do those things which the god had ordered.cnstituit.

offend, -ere, -d, -sum (offense)cottdi dailydvor, -āre, -āvī, -ātum (devour) swallow, devourpavor, -ris m. terror, panicoccup, -āre, āvī, ātum (occupy) seize, fillvts, vtis m. seer; prophetcnsul, -ere, -u, -tum (consult)

trd, -ere, -did, -ditum = trns + ddolor, -ris m. (condolence) pain, griefsenti, -re, sns, snsum (sentiment) perceive, feelopt, -āre, āvī, -ātum (option) desirepericulum, - n. danger, perilextrah = ex + trah

Lesson XVIII

DEPONENT VERBSDEPONENT VERBS are mostly passive in form and active in meaning. They have only three principal parts.

Principal PartsI

1st sg. present indicativeII

present infinitiveIII

1st sg.perfect indicative

1st conjugation cnor I try cnr to try cntus sum I tried / have tried

2nd conjugation vereor I fear verr to fear veritus sum I feared / have feared

3rd conjugation sequor I follow sequ to follow sectus sum I followed / have followed

-stem patior I experience pat to experience passus sum I experienced / have experienced

4th conjugation mentior I lie mentr to lie menttus sum I lied / have lied

Synopsis of sequor, sequ, sectus sumPrincipal parts are in red.Active forms are on the left. They are exceptions to the rule that deponents are passive in form.

INDICATIVEPres.

sequor I followImpf. sequbar I was followingFut. sequar I will follow

Perf.

sectus, -a sum I followed / have followedPlup. sectus, -a eram I had followedF. Perf. sectus,- a er I will have followed

PARTICIPLESPres. sequns, -ntis followingPerf. sectus, -a, -um having followedFut. sectrus, -a, -um about to follow

INFINITIVESPres.

sequ to follow

Perf. sectus, -a, -um esse to have followedFut. sectrus, -a, -um esse to be about to follow Note: Although Latin has a passive form for the future infinitive (e.g., amtum r), deponent verbs use the active form.

Statim homins sequ cntus est. He tried to follow the men immediately.Matr mentta labrs patitur. Having lied to (her) mother, she will endure hardships.Medsam verents fgimus, ill autem mortu sunt. Fearing Medusa, we fled, but they died.

Vocabulary XVIII

Deponent Verbs1st conjugation2nd conjugation3rd conjugation

3rd conjugation I-stem

4th conjugation

cnor, cnr, cntus sum try, attemptvereor, verr, veritus sum fearlbor, lb, lapsus sum slip, collapsesequor, sequ, sectus sum followmorior, mor, mortuus sum diepatior, pat, passus sum endure, suffer, experiencementior, mentr, menttus sum lie, tell a lie

Exercise XVIII

A.1. Homins qu mentiuntur saepe errant.

Men who lie often make mistakes.2. Rmn des verbantur, de enim es in bell saepe servvrunt.

The Romans revered the gods, for the gods often saved them in war.3. Perseus d cael lapsus mnstrum interfcit.

Perseus, gliding down from the sky, killed the monster.4. Mlits, qu multa pass sunt, in agmine morientur.

The soldiers who have suffered many things, will die in the marching column.5. Qu bell multa passus est ad taliam vnit.

He who has endured many things in war has come to Italy.6. Vbs qu gravira patimin deus etiam hs fnem dabit.

For you who are enduring more severe things the god will give an end also to these things.7. Ignis Iove missus discipulum qu semper mentibtur interfcit.

The fire sent from Jove/Jupiter has killed the student who was always lying.8. duce iuss equum ingentem in urbem trahere cnbmur.

Ordered by the leader, we were trying to drag the huge horse into the city.9. Saxa multa, quae in ltore saepe vdermus, virginibus relicta sunt.

Many rocks, which we had often seen on the shore, were abandoned by the maidens.10. Errvit, lapsus est, nn putvit. (Cicero, For Ligarius 30)

He made a mistake, he slipped, he did not think. 11. Verba sapientium nn mortua sunt, nam in ills multa bona atque tilia vidr possunt.

The words of wise men have not died, for in them many good and useful things can be seen. 12. Is autem, qu semper bona facere cntur, mala tamen plrima propter mals patitur.

He, however, who tries always to do good things, nevertheless suffers very many evils on account of bad men.

B.1. It doesn’t follow; we will try; they were enduring; I will not die.

Nn sequitur; conbimur; patiēbantur; nn moriar.2. Fearing; to fear; to be about to slip; having followed.

Verens; vereri; lapsurus esse; secutus.3. A boy who lies often will be punished.

Puer qu saepe mentitur punitur.4. The king discerned the mind of the gods and followed (their) words.

Rx mentem derum crvit et verba secutus est.5. The wounded soldier was trying to rise, but he was not able.

Mles vulnertus surgere conbtur, sed nn poterat.6. I will not lie to the men whom you have sent to me.

Nn mentiar virs qus ad m msist.7. The consuls will be ordered to look into these laws.

Consuls hs legs inspicere iubbuntur.8. (Those) who strive to defeat (their) enemies often suffer very difficult things.

Qu hosts vincere conantur saepe difficillims rs patiuntur.9. The messenger of the gods often slips into our sleep and warns us.

Nuntius derum in somn nostr saepe labitur et ns monet.10. Students often look into these books, in which many good (things) have been written.

Discipul in hs librs in quibus multa bona scrpta sunt saepe inspiciunt.11. In your (sg) light we will not fear the shadows of the mind nor the evil intentions of our enemies.

In tu lmine nn verbimur umbrs mentis neque hostium mals ments.12. Caesar will march with his soldiers into the enemies’ territory; they will try to capture their cities.

Caesar cum mlitibus sus in fns hostium contendet; urbs erum capere conbuntur.

Lesson XIX

IRREGULAR VERB: FER, FERRE, TUL, LTUMfer, ferre, tul, ltum carry, bring, bear, endureThe verb fer is irregular in the present tense. Otherwise, it is conjugated like a regular 3rd conjugation verb.

PRESENT SYSTEMActive Passive

Pres. fer I carry feror I am carriedfers* you carry ferris* you are carriedfert* he / she / it carries fertur* he / she / it is carriedferimus we carry ferimur we are carriedfertis* you carry ferimin you are carriedferunt they carry feruntur they are carried

Impf. ferbam I was carrying ferbar I was being carried

Fut. feram I will carry ferar I will be carried*Note that in the irregular forms, the ending is added directly to the stem without a connecting vowel.

PERFECT SYSTEM

Perf. tul I carried / have carried ltus, -a sum I was / have been carried

Plup. tuleram I had carried ltus, -a eram I had been carried

F. Perf. tuler I will have carried ltus, -a er I will have carried

PARTICIPLES

Pres. ferns, -ntis carrying

Perf. ltus, -a, -um having been carried

Fut. ltrus, -a, -um to be about to carry

INFINITIVES

Pres. ferre to carry ferr* to be carried

Perf. tulisse to have carried ltus, -a, -um esse to have been carried

Fut. ltrus, -a, -um esse about to carry ltum r to be about to be carried*Note the double r.

Ablative of MannerThe manner or way in which an action is done is expressed by the preposition cum with the ablative.

cum laude with praisecum cr with care = carefully

An adjective modifying the object often precedes the preposition. With an adjective, cum may be omitted.

Magn cum c r scrbit.Magn c r scrbit. He writes with great care.

Vocabulary XIX

1st Declension Nouns Irregular Verbscra, -ae, f. care, concern, worrylacrima, -ae, f. tearpoena, -ae, f. punishment poens dare pay the penalty

fer, ferre, tul, ltum carry, bring, bear, endurerefer, referre, rettul, reltum bring back; refer

Conjunction

3rd Declension Nouns ut (+ indicative) as, whenlabor, labris, m work, labor; hardshipcnsul, cnsulis, m. consulfuror, furris, m. rage, fury

Adverbvix scarcely, hardly

Exercise XIX

A.1. Fertur; ferar; ferbtis.

It is being carried; I will be carried; you (pl) were being carried.2. Lta sum; reltae erunt; rettulrunt.

I was carried; they will have been carried back; they have brought back.3. Referre; tulisse; ltra.

To carry back; to have carried; (she) about to carry.4. Hunc labrem fortiter tulist, ut tuus dux mihi nntivit.

You have borne this hardship bravely, as your leader reported to me.5. Cnsul scum librs ferre cnstituit.

The consul decided to carry books with him(self).6. Plrim labrs maximam cram ferunt.

Very many hardships bring very great care.7. “Sunt lacrimae rrum,” ut pota dxit.* (Vergil Aeneid 1. 462)

“They are the tears of things,” as the poet said.8. Heri soci nostr arma ad ns ferbant.

Yesterday our allies were bringing arms to us.9. Ista verba cum furre dicta ex ore tu excdbant.

Those words, spoken in anger, were going out of your mouth.10. Antequam hodi vnit, in hanc urbem nn pedem tulerat.

Before he came today, he had not set foot into this city.11. Ill agr bonam fortnam es, qui es accperint, ferent.

Those fields will bring good fortune to those who will have received them.12. Ille ea, quae in ills gentibus nn potest, in s ferre potest.

That man can bear those things in himself which he cannot bear in those nations.* Spoken by Aeneas when he sees images of the Trojan War on the walls of Juno’s temple in Carthage.B.1. They are carried; you (pl) will be carried; I was bearing.

Feruntur; ferminī; ferbam.2. You (sg) will have borne; to have been carried; to be about to endure.

Tuleris; latus esse; laturus esse.3. We will try to bring back great stones from the shore on our shoulders.

ltore umers (nostrs) saxa magna referre conbimur.4. He wrote his books about war with great hatred and anger.

Librs d bell (cum) invidi magnā et r scrpsit. 5. Those laws were passed (use fer) before they were written.

Illae legs latae sunt antequam scrptae sunt.6. I am unable to endure his jealousy; I will not hold (back) my tears.

Eius invidiam ferre nn possum; lacrims mes nn tenēbō.7. Now they carry rocks from the river to the land.

Nunc/ Iam saxa ab flmine ad terram ferunt.8. He has been wounded in his foot with a weapon, but tears do not follow.

In pede tl vulnertus est, sed lacrimae nn sequuntur.9. The consul was carried back to his native land with his soldiers by ships.

Consul ad patriam cum mlitibus nvibus latus est.10. Brought back into her home with great care, she died the next night.

In domum magn cum cur relāta, proxim nocte mortua est.11. On account of the many crimes in the city, they will pay the greatest penalty.

Ob/Propter multa scelera in urbe, maxims poens dabunt.12. On account of the anger of the gods, men are said to be suffering many wretched hardships.

Propter ram derum homins mults labrs misers pat dcuntur.

Lesson XX

REVIEW

Vocabulary XVI - XIX

cra vx ut (+ indicative) vinc qu vereorcnor statim lacrima inspici atque furorvirg refer sequor cuius hom ferac mentior atque morior agmen contendlmen lbor saxum patior poens dare laborcnsul poena

punishment light who and conquer slipmaiden and look upon bear hasten tearfear whose column (of men) as scarcely tryat once rock follow allow human liedie care rage bring back which hardshipconsul pay the penalty

I. Combine each pair of sentences by using a relative clause.1. Urbs victae sunt. Urbs dlbuntur. 6. ta vd. tae vcem audveram.Cities which were conquered will be destroyed. I saw the poet whose voice I had heard.2. Virg s habet. potest. 7. Virginem laudvit. Virg multa passa erat.The maiden who has feet can follow. He praised the girl who had suffered many things.3. Hostem interfc. Hostis m sequbtur. 8. Homins ba. Cnsul .I killed the enemy who was following me. Men were coming with whom the consul marched.4. Haec est urbs. Urbis moenia dlta erant. 9. Lmen feram. men m.This is the city whose gates had been destroyed. I will bring a light which will show the way.5. Ille erat socius. Ill equum meum ded. 10. Iste hom est malus. Iste semper menttur.He was the ally to whom I gave my horse. That manwho always lies is bad.

II. Review the Ablative of Comparison (Lesson VIII), the Ablative of Degree of Difference (Lesson IX), the Ablative of Cause (Lesson XI) and the Ablative of Manner (Lesson XIX). Translate the underlined phrases and name the use of the ablative.

1. That mountain is many feet higher than this one. 6. The king is shorter than the queen.altior multīs pedibus hc – difference,comparison brevior rgn - comparison2. The poet has spoken with much hatred. 7. Because of their fires the enemy was seen.mult (cum) invidi - manner ignibus - cause3. The maiden is much angrier than her mother. 8. Her sisters were burning with envy.mult - degree of difference, rtior mtre – comparison cum invidi - manner4. Because of her anger she will be punished. 9. I think he is much wiser than I am.r - cause mult sapientior - degree of difference5. He will be admired for his bold deeds. 10. He shouted with great rage.audcibus facts – cause magn (cum) r

III. Write the following synopses:

vereor: 2nd plural masculine.patior: 1st plural feminine.fer: 3rd plural masculine.

IV. Identify the conjugation, person, number, tense, mood and voice and translate the following verbs.

1. cnris 5. I will follow. 9. fertur 13. following2nd,sg,pres ,ind ,dep 1st, sg,fut, ,ind ,dep 3rd,sg,pres, ind, pass pres,ptc,actyou are trying sequar he is being carried sequens2. morientur 6. You (pl.) suffered. 10. refert 14. to have lied3rd,pl,fut, ind ,dep 2nd,pl,pf, ind ,dep 3rd,sg,pres, ind ,act pf,inf,depthey will die pass estis he brings back menttus esse3. vermur 7. They were dying. 11. pat 15. it had collapsed 1st,pl,pres, ind ,dep 3rd,pl,impf, ind ,dep pres, inf ,dep 3rd,sg,plupf,ind,depwe fear moriēbantur to suffer lapsum erat4. lapsus eram 8. He will have lied 12. verns 16. we, about to die 1st,sg,plupf,dep,ind 3rd,sg,futpf,dep,ind pres,dep,ptc,nom,sg,masc fut,act,ptc,nom,pl,mI had slipped menttus erat fearing nōs moritūrī* *future participle of morior is irregular: moritūrus,-a,-um

For Your Information

COMPOUNDS OF FER AND SEQUOR

Here are some of the compounds of fercarry, sequor follow.Note how the prefix often changes form for ease in pronunciation.

cum + fer = confer , colltum bring togetherin + fer = infer introduce; causeper + fer = perfer endure

cum + sequor = cnsequor, cnsequ, cnsectus sum pursue; result fromin + sequor = insequor, insequ, insectus sum follow afterper + sequor = persequor, persequ, persectus sum be in hot pursuit

Exercise XX

A.1. Nn omnis moriar. (Horace Odes 3.30.6)

I shall not altogether die. 2. Brev tempore cram omnem relquisse vidbimur.

In a short time, we will seem to have abandoned all care.3. Omn me cur et me labre urbs servta est.

The city has been saved by all my care and diligence.4. Prm vidre nn potu, sed servus lmen ad m tulit.

At first I was not able to see, but my slave brought a light to me. 5. Illus vta eiat mults hrs brevior quam huius (vta).

The life of that man will be many hours shorter than (the life) of this man. 6. Ille mtrem fugientem miser vce sectus est.

That (boy) followed his fleeing mother with a wretched voice.7. Homins, qus ns semper servvimus, nbs gratis grunt.

The men, whom we always guarded, have given us thanks.8. Tua fama semper nn parva per omnīs terrīs fertur.

Your always not small reputation will be carried through all lands.9. Navis nostra in saxa iam lata est—aut in mar morimur aut ns ad terram illam refermus.

Our ship has now been brought upon the rocks – we will either die in the sea or we will bring ourselves to that land.10. Mlits qu ns secut sunt hosts esse nn videntur, arma enim erum nstrs similia sunt.

The soldiers who have followed us don’t seem to be enemies, for their arms are similar to ours.11. Multa dona mults rettulist; nm autem meliora pluribus dedit.

You have brought back many gifts to many people; however, no one has given better (gifts) to more people.12. Qu furrem derum fortiter ferre potest vix invidiam hominum verbitur.

He who is able to endure bravely the anger of the gods shall scarcely fear the envy of men.

B.1. Either we will die fighting bravely or we will conquer.

Aut fortiter pugnantēs morimur aut vincmus.2. The men who did not defend the city will pay the penalty.

Vir qu urbem non dfendrunt pons dabunt.3. I will do those things which I am able to do.

Illa quae (facere) possum faciam.4. Roman soldiers bore many hardships, as they had been ordered.

Rmn mlits mults labors tulrunt ut iuss erant.5. They conquer who cannot be conquered.

Vincunt qu vinc nn possunt.6. Poets, to whom the light of the moon and stars is dear, sing many songs in the night happily.

Potae quibus lmen lnae sderumque est carum, multa carmina nocte laet cantant.7. Because we have carried many burdens, in a short time we will have slipped into sleep.

Quod multa onera tulimus, brev tempore in somnum laps erimus.8. We were beginning the task with rage, but we were striving with care.

Ir opus incipibmus opus, sed cum cur contendbmus.9. We strive to seek the nearest shores, and we bring the ships to the land which the sailors saw.

Contendimus proxims ors petere, et ferimus nvs ad patriam quam nautae vidrunt.10. You will be ordered to strive by means of war, and you will not often be defeated.

Iubbimin bell contendere, et nn saepe vincmin. 11. Ordered by Caesar to march much more swiftly, the Roman armies came at first light to the territory of the enemies.

Caesare contendere mult celerius iuss, exercits Rmn prim lce ad fns hostium vnrunt.12. They are suffering many (things) in the column; nevertheless, the soldiers follow the leader because of loyalty.

Multa in agmine patiuntur, mlits tamen ducem ob fidem sequuntur.

Lesson XXI

IRREGULAR VERBS: VOL, NL, ML

vol,velle, volu wish, want, be willingnl, nlle, nlu not wish, be unwillingml, mlle, mlu wish more, prefer

These three verbs are irregular in the present tense. Otherwise, they are conjugated like regular 3rd conjugation verbs. They have no passive forms.

VOL NL ML

PRESENT SYSTEMPres. vl I wish

vs you wishvult he wishesvolumus we wishvultis you wishvolunt they wish

Impf. volbam I was wishing

Fut. volam I will wish

PERFECT SYSTEM

Perf. volu I have wished

Plup. volueram I had wished

F. Perf. voluer I will have wished

PARTICIPLES

Pres. volns, -ntis wishing

Perf. —

Fut. —

INFINITIVES

Pres. velle to wish

Perf. to have wished

Fut. —

nl I do not wishnn vs you do not wishnn vult he does not wishnlumus we do not wishnn vultis you do not wishnlunt they do not wish

nlbam I was not wishing

nlam I will not wish

nlu I have not wished

nlueram I had not wished

nluer I will not have wished

nlns, -ntis not wishing

—

—

nlle to wish not

to have wished not

—

ml I prefermvs you prefermvult he prefersmlumus we prefermvultis you prefermlunt they prefer

mlbam I was preferring

mlam I will prefer

mlu I have preferred

mlueram I had preferred

mluer I will have preferred

—

—

—

mlle to prefer

to have preferred

—

Vol, nl, and ml are usually accompanied by complementary infinitives.

Ille puer epistulam scr bere nlbat. That boy was not willing to write a letter.Aud re quam d cere mlunt. They prefer to listen rather than to talk.Quod vs, facere nl. What you want I am not willing to do.

The following verbs of wishing, trying, deciding, beginning, fearing, being able, etc. may take a complementary infinitivecnor ml tend in the passive:cnstitu nl time dcorcontend par vereor putorincipi possum vol videor

Vocabulary XXI

4th Declension Nouns Irregular Verbsfructus, s, m. enjoyment, profit, fruitictus, -s, m. blow, strikesentus, -s, m. senatesus, -s, m. use, application, practice; skill

ml, mlle, mlu prefernl, nlle, nlu not wish, not want, be unwillingvol, velle, volu wish, want

Exercise XXI

A.1. Volunt ns sequ, sed nlumus.

They want to follow us/They want us to follow, but we do not want (that).2. Excdents ex urbe nn vidr mlunt.

Departing from the city, they prefer not to be seen.3. Mvs esse lber, quam magnus.

You prefer to be free rather than great.4. Nluist tuum patrem interfic.

You did not want your father to be killed.5. Velle et mlle nn sunt eadem.

To wish and to prefer are not the same thing.6. Agricola fructs labrum surum vidre vult.

The farmer wants to see the fruits of his labors.7. Ml dominum bonum habre; icts pat nl.

I prefer to have a good master; I do not want to suffer blows.8. Id dcere nolu; “mihi” dcere volu, tamen “huic” dx.

I didn’t want to say that; I wanted to say “to me,” however, I said “to to this man.” (This is adapted from a remark in a play by Plautus, conveniently using forms of vol, nl, and pronouns.)

9. Quod fcist sentus laudvit.What you have done the senate has praised.

10. Haec dna tibi d ad tuum sum frctumque.I give you these gifts for your use and enjoyment.

11. Qu in sent sapiens habr vult, nn plrima dcit.(He) who wishes to be considered wise in the senate does not say very many things.

12. ra cvium in sentum ferbtur, quod ille lgs mals fcerat.The anger of the citizens was brought against the senate, because it had made bad laws.

13. Illae gents magnum sum in arms habbant, quod mults anns inter s contenderant.Those tribes had great experience in arms because they had fought amongst themselves for many years.

14. Postquam in rgna nostra vnrunt, nn vnisse volent, nam noster rx est cerrimus.After they have come into our realms, they will wish not to have come, for our king is very fierce.

B.1. We do not all prefer to be praised.

Ns omnēs laudr nn malumus. 2. I can follow, but I prefer to lead.

Sequ possum, sed dcere ml. 3. He wishes to be feared rather than loved.

Timr quam amr vult. 4. They wish to have the use and enjoyment of their (own) fields.

sum frctumque agrrum surum habre volunt. 5. We preferred to make the journey on foot.

Iter in pede facere maluimus.6. Fortune wished to give us better things.

Fortuna nobs melira dare voluit.7. They wish to carry back all the gifts which they have received.

Referre omnia dona volunt, quae accprunt.8. You (sg) don’t wish to fight, for you fear the strikes of the javelins.

Pugnre nn vs, nam icts tlrum verris/tims. 9. The words which the poet wanted to write, the senate did not want him to write.

Verba quae pota scrbere volbat, sentus eum scrbere nlbat.10. I do not want you to lie to the queen, for she holds you most dear.

T rgnae mentr nl, nam illa t carissimum habet.11. He does not want to live his life badly, for his mother has taught him to do good (things).

Vtam mal agere nn vult, nam mater sua eum bona facere docuit. 12. They were always suffering either blows or falls, when they were following the very fierce leader.

Aut icts aut css semper patibantur, ubi ducem cerrimum sequbantur.

Lesson XXII

READING: DIVIDING THE SENTENCE (1)In Lesson XVII you learned to read each word as it occurs in Latin and to pause at the end of a group of words. Before you translate and before you check the vocabulary list, look at how the sentence can be divided into groups. This lesson and the next reading lesson discuss how to recognize what words go together in a sentence.

In Latin, a sentence may consist of a single word: Dxit, “He said.” Usually, however, sentences consist of groups of words.

A PHRASE is a group of related words not containing a subject and predicate. A CLAUSE is a group of words containing a subject and predicate.o The MAIN CLAUSE contains the main verb and is the grammatical core of the sentence. o A SUBORDINATE CLAUSE depends upon the rest of the sentence. It cannot stand alone.

Recognizing ClausesThe connecting devices that you began to notice in Lesson XII help to divide a long passage into clauses. They stand at or near the beginning of a clause. Verbs often mark the end of a clause:

Andromeda, ubi ea dis vnit, ad ltus dducta est et in cnspect omnium ad saxum adligta est. Ftum eius omns dplrbant, nec lacrims tenre poterant.

Read one clause at a time. If you are translating, do not move outside the boundaries of a clause until you have translated every word inside them.

Connecting devices will often be conjunctions, which by definition join or connect in some way. Conjunctions may mark new clauses.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS connect a subordinate clause to the rest of the sentence:quod, dum, postquam, ubi, ut

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS connect similar clauses or phrases:et, sed, ac, atque, aut, autem, enim, nam, nec, neque, tamen

Sometimes a subordinate clause may be nested inside another clause:Andromeda, ubi ea di s v nit , ad ltus dducta est.

Vocabulary XXII

Verbs Conjunctioncurr, -ere, cucurr, cursum run, hastenclm (1) shoutsenti, sentre, sns, snsum feel, perceive

neque and not, nornec and not, norneque...neque neither...nor

Adverbsiam now, alreadysubit suddenly

7. The Human Sacrifice

Tunc rx diem certam dxit et omnia parvit. Andromeda, ubi ea dis vnit, ad ltus dducta est et Then the king set a certain day and prepared all things. Andromeda, when that day* arrived, was led to the shore andin cnspect omnium ad saxum adligta est. Omns ftum eius dplrbant, nec lacrims tenre in the sight of all was tied to a rock. All deplored her fate, and they were not able to hold back their tears.poterant. At subit, dum mnstrum exspectant, Perseus accurrit. Omnia audvit et puellam But suddenly, while they were awaiting the monster, Perseus hurried up. He heard everything and saw the wretchedmiseram vdit. Subit fremitus terribilis audtur; ac cvs mnstrum horribil speci prgrediens girl. Suddenly a terrible roar is heard**; and the citizens see from far off a monster with a horrid appearance approaching.long cnspiciunt. Omns cnspect eius terrentur. Mnstrum magn celeritte ad ltus contendit, Everybody is terrified at the sight of it. The monster with great speed hurried to the shore. and now came upiamque accessit ad locum ubi puella est.to the place where the girl is.

*dis may be masculine in the singular only. **present tense for more vivid narrative.certus, -a, -um (certain)ddc = d + dcadlig (1) tie, binddplr (1) lament, mournexspect = ex + spect, wait for

accurr = ad + currfremitus, -s m. roar, groan, rumbleprgredior, prgredi, prgressus sum march or go

forward, advanceaccd, -ere, -cess, -cessum approach, come up to

8. The Rescue

At Perseus haec vdns, gladium suum dxit, et postquam tlria induit, in caelum ascendit. TumBut Perseus, seeing this, drew his sword and, after he put on the winged sandals, rose into the sky. Then dsuper in mnstrum impetum subit fcit, et gladi su collum eius graviter vulnervit. he made an attack on the monster from above and with his sword wounded his neck severely.Mnstrum vulnus sentins, fremitum horribilem didit, et sine mor ttum corpus in aquam mersit. Monster, feeling the wound, gave out a horrible roar and without delay immersed his whole body in the water.Perseus circum ltus volns, reditum eius exspectbat. Mare autem undique sanguine inficitur. PostPerseus, flying around the shore, waited for his return. Moreover, the sea was dyed with blood on all sides. breve tempus mnstrum rrsus caput sustulit; mox tamen Perse ict gravire vulnertum est.After a short time the monster raised its head again; soon however it was wounded by Perserus with a more serious blow.Tum iterum s in unds mersit, neque poste vsum est.Then it plunged itself again into the waves; nor was it seen thereafter.

dc, ere, -dx, -ductum lead out; unsheathgladius, - m. sworddsuper = d + super, adv. from aboveimpetus, -s m. attackcollum, - n. (collar) neckd, dere, did, ditum = ex + dmora, -ae f. (moratorium) delayttus, -a, -um, whole, entiremerg, -ere, mers, mersum (submerge) plunge, sinkreditus, -s m. return

undique, adv. on all sidesinfici = in + facisanguis, sanguinis m. bloodrrsus, adv. againtoll, -ere, sustul, subltum lift, raisemox, adv. sooniterum, adv. againposte, adv. afterwardsunda, -ae f. wave

Lesson XXIII

INDIRECT STATEMENTAny statement can be expressed directly or indirectly. INDIRECT STATEMENTS are introduced by verbs of saying, thinking, knowing, telling, perceiving, and showing.

Direct: Your father is leading. Indirect: I say that your father is leading.Direct: The girl is being advised. Indirect: She sees that the girl is being advised.

In English, an indirect statement is usually introduced by the conjunction “that” and is followed by a subordinate clause with its own subject and finite verb.

Accusative and Infinitive of Indirect StatementIn Latin, an indirect statement uses an accusative subject and an infinitive verb in place of a nominative subject and a finite verb. No conjunction introduces the subordinate clause; the English conjunction “that” is not expressed in Latin.

Dc patrem tuum iam d cere . I say that your father is already leading.Puts puellam mon r . You think that the girl is being advised.

The accusative and infinitive construction is a NOUN CLAUSE and usually functions as a direct object to a transitive verb.

Direct Object: Puellam videt. She sees the girl.Accusative and Infinitive: Puellam legere videt. She sees that the girl is reading.

Tense of the Infinitive in Indirect StatementThe tense of the infinitive retains the tense of the verb of the direct statement.If the verb of the direct statement is present, the tense of the infinitive will be present.

DIRECT STATEMENT INDIRECT STATEMENT

Pater d cit . His father is leading. Dcit patrem d cere . He says that his father is leading.Puella mon tur . The girl is advised. Dcit puellam mon r . He says that the girl is being advised.

If the verb of the direct statement is future, the tense of the infinitive will be future.

Pater d cet . His father will lead. Dcit patrem duct rum esse . He says that his father will lead.

Puella mon bitur . The girl will be advised. Dcit puellam monitum r . He says that the girl will be advised.

If the verb of the direct statement is imperfect, perfect or pluperfect, the tense of the infinitive will be perfect.

Pater d xit . His father led. Dcit patrem d xisse . He says that his father led.

Puella mon batur . The girl was advised. Dcit puellam monitam esse. He says that the girl was advised.

In the future active and perfect passive infinitives, the participle agrees with the accusative subject of the infinitive in case, number, and gender:

Dcit patrem duct rum esse. He says that his father will lead.

Dcit puellam monitam esse. He says that the girl was advised.

Vocabulary XXIII

3rd Conjugation Verbleg, legere, lg, lectum pick out, choose, read

2nd Declension Nounsaurum, -, n. goldcaelum, -, n. sky, heavensftum, -, n. fateferrum, -, n. iron; swordimperium, -, n. power, rule

Exercise XXIII

A.1. Dc cnsulem venre; dcis cnsulem ventrum esse; dcit cnsulem vnisse.

I say that the consul is coming; you say the consul will come; he says that the consul has come.2. Dcimus ferrum bonum esse; dcitis aurum melius esse; dcunt aquam optimam semper fuisse.

We say that iron is good; you say that gold is better; they say that water has always been the best.3. Audit mlits vincere; audit mlits vcisse; audit mlits victrs esse.

He hears that the soldiers are winning; he hears that the soldiers have conquered; he hears that the soldiers will win.4. Vide hosts vinc; vidmus hosts victs esse; vidtis hosts victum r.

I see that the enemy is being conquered; we see that the enemy was conquered; you see that the enemy will be conquered.5. Ftum urbis des cnstitutur.

The fate of the city will be decided by the gods.6. Vidmus cnsuls ex urbe excessisse.

We see that the consuls have left the city.7. Putat invidiam erum ferr nn posse.

He thinks that their envy cannot be borne.8. Imperium nn ferr sed verbs tenr potest.

Power cannot be held by the sword but by words. 9. Pater sentit flium amici mentr d fact illus.

The father feels that his friend’s son is lying about the deed of that man.10. Mult dcunt caelum domum derum esse.

Many say that the sky is the home of the gods.11. Cnsul cernit mentem istus malam fuisse.

The consul perceives that the intention of that man was bad.12. Ego dc aurum melius esse ferr; t autem ferrum mvs.

I say that gold is better than iron; you however prefer iron. 13. Dcunt sentum hanc rem ad cnsuls reltrum esse.

They say that the senate will refer this matter to the consuls.14. Audmus eum in edem loc verba similia heri dxisse.

We hear that he said similar words yesterday in the same place.B.1. We think that the students are shouting. 5.You (pl) think that the students have shouted.

Discipuls clamre putmus. Discipuls clamvisse puttis.2. They think that these students are best. 6. We think that those students will be best.

Hs discipuls esse optims putant. Ills discipuls futrs esse optims putmus.3. You say that we all prefer gold. 7. I have read that he did not want power.

Ns omns aurum malle dcis. Eum imperium noluisse lg.4. We think that she will pay the penalty. 8. He will say that this was my fate.

Eam poens datram esse putmus. Id/Hoc fuisse ftum meum dcet.9. You (sg) hear that the sailors are shouting and are running from the ships.

Nauts clamre et nvibus currere auds.10. The consul sees that that man has come into the senate.

Consul illum in sentum vnisse videt.11. I think that my friend will send letters and books to the city for me.

Meum amcum epistuls librsque mihi ad urbem missrum esse put.12. They say that those laws have been swiftly carried (use fer) by the senate.

Ills lgs celeriter sent lts esse dcunt.13. They hear that the consul is not willing to punish the enemies with blows.

Consulem hosts ictibus pnre nolle audiunt. 14. He always thinks that Roman citizens will listen to his words.

Cvs Rmns (sua) verba audtrs esse semper putat.15. We see the farmer running; we see that the farmer is running.

Agricolam currentem vidmus; agricolam currere vidmus.16. You (pl) see that our friends are coming today; you (pl) hear that our friends will come tomorrow.

Amcs nostrs hdi venre vidtis; amcs nostrs crs ventrs esse audtis.

Lesson XXIV

INDIRECT STATEMENT

Translation of the Tense of the InfinitiveThe translation of the infinitive into English depends on the tense of the introductory verb of saying, thinking, knowing, telling, perceiving or showing.

In the following examples, note how the English translations of the infinitives change depending on the tense of the introductory verbs.

A present infinitive expresses action taking place at the same time as the main verb.

Dcit He says that your father is leading.Dcet He will sayDcbat patrem tuum d cere . He was saying that your father was leading.Dxit He said that Dxerat He had said

A perfect infinitive expresses action completed before the time of the main verb.

Dcit He says that your father led.Dcet He will sayDcbat patrem tuum d xisse . He was saying that your father had led.Dxit He saidDxerat He had said

A future infinitive expresses action that will be completed after the time of the main verb.

Dcit He says that your father will lead.Dcet He will sayDcbat patrem tuum duct rum esse . He was saying that your father would lead.Dxit He saidDxerat He had said

Pronoun Subjects in Indirect StatementPronoun subjects of indirect statements must be expressed, unlike pronoun subjects of direct statements.

Timent. They are afraid. Putvimus e s timre. We thought that they were afraid.Vocvimus. We called. Audvit n s vocvisse. She heard that we had called.Capta est. She was captured. Mnstrs eam captam esse. You point out that she has been captured.

If the subject of the infinitive is the same as the subject of the main verb, the reflexive pronoun must be used.

Dcimus n s timre. We say that we are afraid.Audvit s voctam esse. She heard that she had been called.Dmnstrbunt s adfuisse. They will point out that they were present.

Direct Objects of the InfinitiveIf the infinitive is a transitive verb, it may take a direct object. The indirect statement may therefore have two accusatives, one the subject of the infinitive and the other the direct object of the infinitive.

Dcunt t aurum mlle. They say that you prefer gold.Putvit s ill s gent s victram esse. She thought that she would conquer those peoples.

Vocabulary XXIV

1st / 2nd Declension Adjectives Irregular Verbsantquus, -a, -um ancientlaetus, -a, -um happy, joyfulnovus, -a, -um newpblicus, -a, -um public

rs pblica state, republic

absum, abesse, fu, futrus be awayadsum, adesse, adfu, adfutrus be present

Exercise XXIVA.1. Putvimus novs discipuls clmre. 4. Putverant ills discipuls laets esse.

We thought that the new students were shouting. They had thought that those students were happy.2. Putvist discipuls clmvisse. 5. Putvermus ns discipuls laetissims futrs esse.

You thought that the students had shouted. We had thought that we would be very happy students.3. Putvimus discipuls clmtrs esse. 6. Cnsul vdit illum in sent adfuisse.

We thought that the students would shout. The consul saw that that man was present in the senate.7. Cnsul dīxit illum in sent adfuisse.

The consul said that that man had been in the senate.8. Pota dxit Rmam urbem antquam esse.

The poet said that Rome was an ancient city.9. Cnsul semper putbat istum novs rs actrum esse.

The consul always thought that that man would do new things/lead a revolution.10. Vidbimus agricolam currentem; vdimus eum currere.

We will see the farmer running; we saw that he was running.11. Putmus eam futram esse; putvimus eam futram esse.

We think that she will be absent; we thought that she would be absent.12. Audvrant cnsulem novum hosts re pblicae pnre nlle.

They had heard that the new consul was not willing to punish the enemies of the state.13. Heri audvist amcs nostrs crs venturs esse; hodi vidbis es adesse.

Yesterday you heard that our friends would come tomorrow; today you will see that they are present.14. Putbam meum amcum epistuls librsque mihi ad urbem missrum esse.

I thought that my friend would send letters and books to the city for me.15. Dcent s omns aurum mlle quam ferrum; dcbant s omns aurum mlle quam ferrum.

They will say that they all prefer gold rather than iron; they used to say that they all preferred gold rather than iron.16. Audis nauts clmre et d nvibus currere; audvist nauts clmre et d nvibus currere.

You will hear that the sailors are shouting and running from the ships; you heard that the sailors were shouting and running from the ships.

B.1. I said that I would come; you (sg) said that you were coming; he said that he had come.

Dx m ventrum esse; dxist t venre; dxit s ventum esse.2. We used to say that iron was good; you (pl) used to say that gold was better; however, those (men) said that water was best.

Dcbmus ferrum esse bonum; dcbtis aurum esse melius; ill tamen dxrunt aquam esse optimam.3. Everyone had heard that the soldiers would be present; he had heard that the soldiers were present; she had heard that the soldiers

had been present.Omns audverant mlits adfutrs esse; audverat mlits adesse; ea audverat mlits adfuisse.

4. I saw that the enemy were being conquered; you (pl) saw that you would be conquered.Vd hosts vinc; vdistis vs victum r.

5. The consul will see that his enemies are present in the republic.Consul vidbit hosts (suōs) adesse in r pblic.

6. We heard that he had already said similar things in the same place.Audvimus eum similia in edem loc iam dxisse.

7. They said that the senate would refer this new matter to the consuls.Dxrunt sentum hanc rem novam ad consuls/consulibus relatrum esse.

8. The king said that the mountain was the ancient home of a god.Rx dxit montem esse domum antquam deī.

9. I always say that books are stronger than the sword; you (sg), however, have often preferred the sword.(Ego) semper dc librs esse fortirs quam ferrum; (tū) tamen ferrum saepe mluist.

10. The father perceived that his son was lying; the mother, however, thought that he had not lied.Pater crvit flium mentr; mter tamen putvit illum nn menttum esse.

11. We saw the consuls departing from the city; you (sg) had already heard that they would depart.Vdimus consls ex urbe excedents; iam audvers es excessros esse.

12. We think that their envy cannot be endured; we thought that their envy could not be borne.Putmus invidiam erum nn ferr posse; putvimus invidiam erum nn ferr posse.

Lesson XXV

REVIEW

Vocabulary XXI - XXIV

vol nec aurum absum nl neque...nequecaelum adsum clm senti ferrum antquusrs pblica ictus subit ftum fructus mliam sus imperium laetus sentus nequecurr leg pblicus novus

power state new now sky alreadybe unwilling happy enjoyment iron skill readbe present blow of the people fate be willing and notprefer senate ancient run feel be awaysuddenly shout gold neither...nor

I. The introductory verbs of saying, thinking, knowing, telling, perceiving, and showing which have been introduced are: leg nti senticern mentior videm referdc scrb

Give their principal parts.II. Sentences with indirect statements:

1. He says (that) the enemies are following. 6. You (sg) saw (that) I was running.Dcit hosts sequ. Vdist m currere.2. We write (that) we will come. 7. They discerned (that) the iron was not gold.Scrbimus ns ventrs esse. Crvrunt ferrum nn esse aurum.3. They show (that) the students are present. 8. I will show (that) that man has not been punished.Monstrant discipuls adesse. Monstrb illum nn pntum esse.4. She shouted (that) she had seen fire. 9. Mother read (that) father was suffering.Ea clamvit s ignem vdisse. Mter lgit patrem pat.5. I reported (that) the king had been killed. 10. We had heard (that) the consul would save us.Nntiv rgem interfectum esse. Audvermus consulem ns servtrum esse.

III. Vol, nl, ml, and possum often use complementary infinitives. Replace the form of vol with the same form of nl, ml, and possum in these sentences.

1. Epistuls scrbere vol. 6. Hae virgins semper cnri volunt.I want to write letters. These maidens are always willing to try.2. Perseus caput Medsae abscdere voluit. 7. In umer dextr vulnerr vol.Perseus wanted to cut off Medusa’s head. I want to be wounded in the right shoulder.3. Cvs lacrims tenre volbant. 8. Agmen equrum cnsistere voluerant.The citizens wanted to hold back their tears. The column of horses had wanted to stop.4. Celerius contendere vs. 9. Illud saxum inspicere volumus.You want to march faster. We want to look at that stone.5. Mlits hosts pugnre volent. 10. Sentus eum esse cnsulem voluerit.The soldiers will be willing to fight the enemy. The senate will have wanted him to be consul.

For Your Information

COMPOUNDS OF SUM AND VOLad + sum = adsum, adesse, adfurusabsum, abesse, fufutrus

Note that fu assimilates the b of ab with the f of fu.nn + vl nl, nolle, nlulml, mlle, m

Exercise XXVA.1. Hs rs ad sentum relts esse audvit.

He heard that these things had been referred to the senate.2. Ille territus clmvit hominem ingentem adesse.

That frightened man shouted that a huge man was present.3. Mults cum lacrims clmvit s umbram vdisse.

With many tears he cried that he had seen a ghost.4. Sapients antqu putbant omnia ft facta esse.

The wise ancients/ Ancient wise men used to think that everything had been done by fate.5. Omnia, sine quibus dcit s vvere nlle, sunt tilissima.

All the things, without which he says he is unwilling to live, are very useful.6. Dx ns omns cucurrisse et petvisse, sed hominem nn vdisse.

I said that we all had run and searched, but had not seen the man.7. Omns, qu aderant, clmvrunt nihil peius esse ill homine.

All who were present shouted that there was nothing worse than that man.8. Rmnus magnus dxit s hostem Rmnrum etiam in sent sedentem vidre.

A great Roman said that he saw an enemy of the Romans sitting even in the senate.9. Nocte servus meus sibi cernere vsus est umbram magn voce clmantem et ferrum habentem.

At night my slave seemed to himself to perceive a ghost crying with a loud voice and holding a sword.10. Nn modo in antquissims librs, sed etiam in novs legimus sentum rem pblicam bene gessisse.

Not only in very old books, but also in new ones we read that the senate had run the state well.11. E qu ns omns, qu rem pblicam, qu imperium Rmnum dlre cnt sunt, des pnientur.

Those who have tried to destroy all of us, the state, and the Roman rule will be punished by the gods.

B.1. He preferred to be rather than to appear (to be) good.

Bonus esse quam vidr mluit.2. I perceive that you (sg) are not happy as you write (writing).

T nn esse flcem scrbentem cern.3. What you (pl) want, I want; therefore we will be friends.

Quod vultis, vol; erimus igitur amc.4. Jupiter said that he would give power without end to the Romans.

Iuppiter dxit s imperium sine fne Rmns datrum esse.5. What you (sg) said in the senate that you would do, you have not done.

Quod in sent dxist t factrum esse, nn fcist.6. The son of Caesar, Augustus by name, wishes to write very many new laws.

Flius Caesaris, Augustus nmine, plurims lgs novs scrbere vult.7. A great Roman says that he has seen an enemy of the state sitting even in the senate.

Rmnus magnus dcit s hostem re pblicae in sent sedentem vdisse.8. What is not discerned with the eyes can nevertheless often be seen by the mind.

Quod nn oculs cernitur, saepe tamen mente vidr potest. 9. In the books about the laws it is often written that the laws of the Romans were very good.

In librs d lgibus saepe scrbitur lgs Rmnrum fuisse optims.10. The leaders of the Romans were able to be defeated neither with gold nor with the sword.

Ducs Rmnrum neque aur neque ferr vinc poterant.11. That man suddenly ordered letters to be brought back which he had already sent.

Ille subito epistuls, qus iam mserat, remitt iussit.12. I seem to myself to see that this city, the light of the lands, is suddenly being destroyed by that man with fire and

sword.Hanc urbem, lcem terrrum, ab ill vir igne ferrque subito dlr cernere mihi videor.

Lesson XXVI

IRREGULAR VERB: E, RE, I / V, ITUM

IPSE, IPSA, IPSUMe, re, i/ v, itum goPassive forms of e are rare.

PRESENT IMPERFECT FUTUREe I go, am goings you go, are goingit he goes, is goingmus we go, are goingtis you go, are goingeunt they go, are going

bam I was goingbs you were goingbat he was goingbmus we were goingbtis you were goingbant they were going

b I will gobis you will gobit he will gobimus we will gobitis you will gobunt they will go

PERFECT PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT/ v I went/ have gone

veram I had gone / ver I will have gone

The perfect stem v- usually drops the v.PARTICIPLES INFINITIVES

PresentPerfectFuture

ins, euntis goingitrus, -a, -um about to go

Intensive Adjective: ipse, ipsa, ipsum Singular PluralMasculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. ipse ipsa ipsum ips ipsae ipsaGen. ipsus ipsus ipsus ipsrum ipsrum ipsrumDat. ips ips ips ipss ipss ipssAcc. ipsum ipsam ipsum ipss ipss ipsaAbl. ips ips ips ipss ipss ipss

Ipse, ipsa, ipsum emphasizes a noun or pronoun. It agrees with the word it modifies in case, number, and gender.It may be translated: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself; ourselves, yourselves, themselves; in person; very.

Ips hoc fcimus. We did this ourselves. We did this in person. Illa umbra ipsa mih dxit. That ghost itself spoke to me. That very ghost spoke to me..

Ipse, ipsa, ipsum may be translated “very,” especially when used with a demonstrative.

in hc ips urbe in this very city

Like any adjective, ipse, ipsa, ipsum may be used substantively.

Ips vdimus. We saw the man himself.

PresentPerfectFuture

re to govisse / sse to have gonetrus, -a, -um esse to be about to go

Vocabulary XXVI

Irregular Verbs Intensive Adjectivee, re, i / v, itum gosube, subre, subi / subv, subitum undergo

ipse, ipsa, ipsum myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself; ourselves yourselves, themselves;in person; very

3rd Declension Nounssdus, sderis, n. star

Exercise XXVIA.1. bant; i; re; visse; itrum esse.

They were going; I went; to have gone; to be about to go.2. Dxit s ad ipss ports urbis re.

He said that he was going to the very gates of the city.3. Dxit s ad ipss ports urbis itrum esse.

He said that he would go to the very gates of the city.4. Ego ipse es vd; vs ips es vdistis.

I myself saw them; you yourselves saw them.5. Ips multa mala nova subvimus.

We ourselves have undergone many new evil things.6. Fugere nn poterant, quod in urbem ierant.

They could not flee, because they had gone into the city.7. Ipse in Asiam re nlu. (Cicero Letters to Atticus 3.19.1)

I myself did not wish to go into Asia.8. Illa sunt sdera quae vocantur “errantia.”

Those are stars which are called “wandering.”*9. Ad exercitum Pompeius erat itrus, et statim iit. (Cicero Letters to his Friends 8.4.4)

Pompeius was about to go to the army, and suddenly he went.10. Edem tempore rgnam ipsam cum comitibus mults vd.

At the same time I saw the queen herself with many companions.11. Vdrunt es fugients ab s re.

They saw that those fugitives were going by themselves.12. Ad m scrbis t in Asiam nn re cnstituisse.

You write to me that you have decided not to go to Asia.13. Audvimus eum ills temporibus nn saepe in sent adfuisse.

We heard that he had not often been in the senate in those times.14. Cvs rem pblicam ipsam dfendrunt, quam saepe laudvrunt.

The citizens defended the very state, which they often praised.15. Ill serv, qu domins fgerant, ips poens nn dedrunt.

Those slaves, who had fled from their masters, did not pay the penalty themselves.16. Postquam Caesar mortuus est, Rmn sdus d cael lapsum per noctem mult cum lce cucurrisse dcbant.

After Caesar died, the Romans said a star slipping through the sky had run through the night with a bright light.*Cicero referred to five planets (not the sun and moon) as “wandering stars.”B.1. You (sg.) were going; we will go; they are about to go.

bs; bimus; sunt tr.2. We will go to the gates of the city where we will try to inspect the situation.

Ad ports urbis bimus, ubi rem inspicere conbimur.3. I fortify myself at these times by the use of gold, not the sword.

Hs temporibus s aur, nn ferr, m mni.4. You yourselves have read these very words in books written by ancient poets.

Vs ips haec ipsa verba in librs pots antiqus scrīptīs lgistis.5. Stretching (his) hands toward the stars, he called the gods.

Mans ad sdera tendens, des vocvit.6. The fates could be discerned in the stars of the sky by the ancient Romans.

Fta in sderibus cael Rmns antqus cern poturunt.7. During the day the stars themselves cannot be seen by the eyes of men.

Diē sīdera ipsa oculis hominum vidr nn possunt.8. While these things were being carried on in the city Rome, all the tribes of Italy had gone to arms themselves.

Dum haec in urbe Rom geruntur, omns gents taliae ad arma ipsae erant.9. At night I can see the stars rising out of the very sea and into the sky.

Nocte sdera mar ips et in caelum surgentia vidre possum.10. He had undergone many more difficult things than these on behalf of the state.

Pr r public multa difficira suberat quam hs.11. At this time on account of your letters he perceives that he will be very dear among you.

Hc tempore propter vestrs epistuls cernit s futrum esse carissimum inter vs.12. For he said to me that you (sg) were in Italy and that he was sending the boys to you.

Mihi enim dxit t esse in tali et s puers ad t mittere.

Lesson XXVII

READING: DIVIDING THE SENTENCE (2)Recall the distinction between clauses and phrases:

A phrase is a group of related words not containing a subject and predicate. A clause is a group of words containing a subject and predicate.

Phrases are often built around prepositions, participles, or infinitives.

A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE consists of a preposition, its object, and any words modifying the object. A preposition often, but not always, begins its phrase:

ad ltus nbscummagn cum laude pr benefici

A PARTICIPLE PHRASE consists of a noun or pronoun, a participle, and any related words. The related words often lie between the participle and the word with which it agrees; these participle sandwiches form a single unit of meaning:

Cpheus maxim gaudi adfectus Perseus haec audins

An INFINITIVE PHRASE consists of an infinitive and its object or any other words associated with it:

mtrem suam rrsus vidre

Prepositional, participle, and infinitive phrases can be used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs:

(Mtrem suam rrsus vidre) volbat. Noun phrase (object of volbat)Tandem igitur (cum uxre su) ( rgn Cphe) discessit. Adverb phrases

Phrases must be translated as single units. Keep the elements of a phrase together as you translate.

Here are a few sentences [in which every subordinate clause has been put in brackets], every phrase of more than one word has been put (in parentheses), every verb has been put in bold face type, and every connecting device in red:

Perseus [postquam (ad ltus) descendit], prmum tlria exuit; tum (ad saxum) vnit [ubi Andromeda adligta erat]. Ea autem (omnem spem saltis) dposuerat et [ubi Perseus adiit], terrre paene exanimta erat. Ille vincula statim solvit, et puellam patr reddidit.

Vocabulary XXVII

Noun Adjectiveconiunx, coniugis m. / f. spouse pauc, -ae, -a few

Adverbquondam once, at one time, formerly

9. The Reward of Valor

Perseus postquam ad ltus descendit, prm tlria exuit; tum ad saxum vnit ubi Andromeda After Perseus descended to the shore, first he took off the sandals; then he came to the rock where Andromedaadligta erat. Ea autem omnem spem saltis dposuerat et ubi Perseus adiit, terrore paene had been tied up. However, she had lost (set aside) all hope of rescue, and when Perseus came up, she was almostexanimta erat. Ille vincula statim solvit, et puellam patr reddidit. Cpheus maxim gaudi dead from fright. He immediately loosened her bonds and restored the girl to her father. Cepheus, moved by the adfectus nn modo meritam gratiam pr benefici Perse rettulit, sed etiam Andromedam ipsam e greatest joy, not only rendered deserved thanks to Perseus for his kindness, but also gave Andromeda herself to him in in mtrimnium dedit. Ille libenter hoc dnum accpit. Paucs anns cum coniuge su in e marriage. He gladly accepted this gift. For a few years he lived happily with his wife in that regionregine habitbat, et in magn honre ab omnibus Aethiopibus habbtur. Magnopere tamen and was held in great honor by all the Ethiopians. However, he greatly wished to see his mother again.mtrem suam rrsus vidre volbat. Tandem igitur cum uxre su rgn Cphe discessit.Finally, therefore, he departed with his wife from the kingdom of Cepheus

exu, -ere, exu, extum put or take offsals, saltis f. safety, escape; freedomdpon = d + ponade = ad + epaene almost, practicallyexanim, re, -v, -tum exhaustvinculum, n. bond

solv, -ere, solv, soltum loosen, unbind, releaseredd = re + d (give back; restore)adfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum do to, move, affectgaudium, - n. gladness, joymeritus, -a, -um deserved, duegratiam referre, rewarduxor, uxris f. wife

10. Polydectes Is Transformed

Postquam Perseus ad insulam nvem git, s ad locum contulit ubi mter quondam habitverat; sed After Perseus sailed his ship to the island, he went to the place where his mother had once lived; but he founddomum invnit vacuam et omnn dsertam. Trs dis per ttam insulam mtrem petbat; tandem the house empty and completely deserted. For three days he searched for his mother throughout the whole island; finallyquart di ad templum Dinae pervnit. Hc Dana refgerat, quod Polydectem timuit. Perseus on the fourth day he arrived at the temple of Diana. Dana had fled to this place, because she feared Polydectes. Perseus,haec audins, r magn commtus est, atque ad rgiam Polydectis sine mor contendit. Ubi e hearing these things, was moved by great anger and hastened to the palace of Polydectes without delay.vnit, statim in trium inrpit. Polydects magn timre adfectus fugere voluit. Perseus tamen When he came there, he immediately burst into the atrium. Polydectes, moved by great fear, wanted to flee. Perseus,caput Medsae rg fugient ostendit. Ille autem hoc vidns, in saxum mttus est.however, showed the head of Medusa to the fleeing king. He moreover, seeing this, was turned into stone.

confer, -ferre, -tul, colltum bring together; (with s) take oneself, go

vacuus, -a, -um emptyomnn, adv. entirelyperveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventum arrive

hc, adv. to this place, hithere, adv. to that placeinrump, -ere, irrp, irruptum burst inostend, -ere, ostend, ostentum show, stretch out

before

Lesson XXVIII

COMPARISON OF ADVERBSLatin adverbs have three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, and superlative.

Positive Comparative Superlativefortiterbravely

fortiusmore / rather / too bravely

fortissimmost / very bravely

The comparative is formed by adding –ius to the positive stem of the adjective. This is also the neuter accusative singular form of the comparative adjective. Adverbs do not decline.

altus, -a, -um deep alt- altius more / rather / too deeplymiser, misera, -um unhappy miser- miserius more / rather / too unhappilysapins, -ntis wise sapient- sapientius more / rather / too wiselyfacilis, -e easy facil- facilius more / rather / too easilycer, cris, cre keen cr- crius more / rather / too keenly

The superlative of the adverb is formed by adding - to the superlative stem of the adjective.

altissimus, -a, -um altissim- altissim most / very deeplymiserrimus, -a, -um miserrim- miserrim most / very unhappilysapientissimus, -a, -um sapientissim- sapientissim most / very wiselyfacillimus, -a, -um facillim- facillim most / very easilycerrimus, -a, -um cerrim- cerrim most / very sharply

Irregular Comparison of AdverbsThe following common adverbs have some irregular forms.

Adjective Positive Adverb Comparative Adverb Superlative Adverbbonus, -a, -um bene well melius better optim bestmalus, -a, -um male badly peius worse pessim worstmagnus, -a, -um magnopere greatly magis more (quality) maxim most / especiallyparvus, -a, -um parum too little minus less minim leastmultus, -a, -um multum much pls more (quantity) plrimum most / very much

di for a long time ditius for a longer time ditissim for the longest time

Peculiarities of Comparison of Adjectives and AdverbsAdjectives whose stems end with a vowel form the comparative with magis and the positive adjective, and the superlative with maxim and the positive adjective. The adjective of the construction agrees with the word it modifies in case, number, and gender. The adverbs magis and maxim are indeclinable.

magis idoneus, -a, -um more suitable maxim idoneus, -a, -um most suitable

When quam precedes a superlative adjective or adverb it shows the highest possible degree of comparison.

quam optimus vir the best possible man / the best man possible / as good a man as possiblequam facillim as easily as possible

Vocabulary XXVIII

Adverbs 1st / 2nd Declension Adjectivemagis more; ratherquam (+ superlative) as...as possibleditius for a longer timeditissime for the longest time;

for a very long timeiam nōn no longer

idoneus, -a, -um suitable3rd Declension Nouns

mors, mortis, f. deathpars, partis, f. part; direction

Exercise XXVIIIA.1. Fortius cnmur, quod contendere ammus.

We are trying harder because we love to compete.2. Melius scrbimus quam vs, nam omns epistuls nostrs legere possunt.

We write better than you, for all can read our letters.3. Agricolae in agrs ditius opera faciunt quam in urbibus civs; ditissim autem nautae in nvibus.

Farmers do tasks longer in the fields than citizens in the city; however, sailors on ships (work) the longest.4. Pauc celerius cucurrrunt quam t; ille autem qu celerrim cucurrit ab omnibus laudbitur.

A few ran faster than you; that one, however, who ran the fastest, will be praised by all.5. T facillim vidbis m tibi amcum fuisse.

You will see very easily that I have been a friend to you.6. Numa quam sapientissim Rmns regbat et lgs optims es dedit.

Numa ruled the Romans as wisely as possible and gave them the best laws.7. Pythagoras et amc in urbe su vtam flcissimam agbant et maxim cum cr cvs docbant.

Pythagoras and his friends lived a very happy life in their city and taught the citizens with the greatest care.8. Flcius mortuus est Augustus quam Gaius, nam Gaium hosts interfcrunt, Augustus autem longam vtam git.

Augustus died more happily than Gaius, for enemies killed Gaius, but Augustus lived a long life.9. Iter per Asiam fc et vtam miserrimam in omnibus partibus vd.

I made a journey through Asia and saw the most miserable life in all parts.10. Ditius in hc urbe nostr manre nn potes, nam scelera tua omnia ferre iam nn possumus.

You cannot stay longer in this city, for we can no longer bear all your crimes.11. Rmn dcbant rgem suum Numam Pythagorae discipulum fuisse, sed errbant, nam mults anns ante

Pythagoram rxit Rmns Numa.The Romans said that their king Numa had been a student of Pythagoras, but they were wrong, for Numa ruled the Romans many years before Pythagoras.

12. Pota Nas s facillim plurima facere posse dixit, nihil autem facilius quam scribere.The poet Naso said that he could do most things very easily, but nothing more easily than writing.

B.1. I think that you (sg) have written as well as possible.

T quam optim scrpsisse put.2. For I have decided that it is better that I die a good (man) than (that I) live a bad (one).

Constitui enim id esse melius m mor bonum quam m vvere malum.3. He lives best who does not want to live for himself but for all.

Optim vvit qu nn sibi sed omnibus vvere vult. (Pr + abl. may also be used.)4. In all bad matters, it is worse to see (them) than to hear (about them).

In omnibus rbus mals peius est vidre quam audre.5. For a long time now we have seen him less in the city, for he has done many (things) in the fields.

Iam di eum minus in urbe vdimus, nam multa in agrs fcit.6. I can do the same (things), but less well than she (that woman).

Eadem facere possum, sed minus bene quam illa.7. These students can hear what the teacher says better than those.

H discipul audre possunt quae magister dcit melius quam ill.8. We perceive that you (sg) love the state less than your life.

Cernimus t rem publicam amre minus quam tuam vtam.9. (Those) who think that the spirit lives after death can die more happily.

Qu putant animum post mortem vvere flcius mor possunt.10. Cicero seems to me to have done many things more wisely than Caesar.

Cicero multa sapientius quam Caesar fcisse mihi vidtur. 11. What you (sg) sent to me I have now received most keenly; now I write to you as friend (writes) to friend.

Quod ad m msist cerrim accp; nunc tibi scrb ut amcus amc.12. The state itself will teach you that I suffer all (things) for it.

Rs publica ipsa vs docbit m omnia pr s pati.

Lesson XXIX

ADJECTIVES WITH GENITIVE IN -US AND DATIVE IN -Several 1st / 2nd declension adjectives are regular except for the genitive singular ending in -us and dative singular ending in -These may be remembered by using the mnemonic NUS NAUTA:

nus, -a, -um one Neuter, neutra, neutrum neitherNullus, -a, -um no, none, not any Alius, alia, aliud another, otherUllus, -a, -um any Uter, utra, utrum which (of two)Slus, -a, -um alone, only Ttus, -a, -um whole, all

Alter, altera, alterum the other

Nom. slus sla slum sl slae slaGen. slus slus slus slrum slrum slrumDat. sl sl sl sls sls slsAcc. slam slum slum sls sls slaAbl. sl sl sl sls sls sls

Alius, -a, -um normally forms its genitive singular from alter: alterus.

Cardinal NumeralsCardinal numerals are used to count.Latin cardinal numerals from one to ten are:

nus, duo, trs, quattuor, quinque, sex, septem, oct, novem, decem.

Duo and trs are declined as follows.

Masc. / Fem. NeuterNom. duo duae duo trs triaGen. durum durum durum trium triumDat. dubus dubus dubus tribus tribusAcc. dus, duo dus duo trs, trs trAbl. dubus dubus dubus tribus tribus

Quattuor, quinque, sex, septem, oct, novem, decem and centum (one hundred) are indeclinable adjectives.

Quattuor flis et quinque flis habe. I have four sons and five daughters.

Centum virs cognsc, sed sl decem sunt amc. I know one hundred men, but only ten are friends.

Ordinal NumeralsOrdinal numerals are used to indicate place in a sequence: first, second, third, etc.They are 1st / 2nd declension adjectives and agree with the words they modify in case, number, and gender.

Hic est prmus liber, quem lg. This is the first book which I have read.

Laudmus Numam, rgem secundum Romnum. We praise Numa, the second king of Rome.

Vocabulary XXIX

Irregular Adjectives Indeclinable Adjectivesnus, -a, -um onenullus, -a, -um no, none, not anyullus, -a, -um anyslus, -a, -um only, sole, aloneneuter, neutra, neutrum neitheralter, altera, alterum the other (of two)uter, utra, utrum which (of two)?ttus, -a, -um whole, entirealius, alia, aliud other, another

duo, duae, duo two

quattuor fourquinque fivesex sixseptem sevenocto eightnovem ninedecem tencentum one hundred

1st / 2nd Declension Adjectivessecundus, -a, -um secondtertius, -a, -um third3rd Declension Adjective

trs, tria three

Exercise XXIXA.1. num pr mults dabitur caput. (Vergil Aeneid 5.815)

One head (life) will be given for many.2. Neutram in partem movr ml; in hc loc manb.

I prefer to be moved in(to) neither direction; I will stay in this place.3. Ttum s re pblicae dedit.

He gave himself completely to the state.4. Uter ex hs sapins tibi vidtur? (Seneca Letters 90.14)

Which of these (two) seems wise to you?5. Sub rgibus Rmn neque ull bell neque ab hostibus ulls vict sunt.

Under the kings the Romans were conquered neither in any war nor by any enemies.6. Cerberus m tribus ribus et tribus capitibus in umers dubus terret.

Cerberus frightens me with his three mouths and three heads on two shoulders.7. Cum omnibus alis magis quam sl interfic volurunt.

They wanted to be killed with all the others rather than alone (by themselves).8. Omns, qurum vīta in alterius man posita est, idem saepe sentiunt.

All, whose life has been placed in the hand of another, often feel the same.9. Mlet m sapientem vbs quam s pessimum putr.

He will prefer that I be thought wise by you rather than that he be thought very bad.10. Ille, magis idneus urb quam bell, novem anns aberat.

That man, more suitable for the city than for war, was absent for nine years. 11. Nn null homins putant ftum suum s cnstittum esse.

Some men think that their fate has been set by them(selves).B.1. One (man) had three books, another had five, but they did not have any letters.

nus trs librs habuit, alius quinque, sed nulls (ulls) epistuls (nn) haburunt.2. Which (one) is better for me? This book or that (one)?

ter est melior mihi? Hic liber aut ille?3. One ship only can be seen in the whole sea today.

Ūna nvis sōla in tot mar hodi vidr potest.4. (There) are not three or four friends for you in this city.

Nn sunt trs aut quattuor amc tibi in hc urbe.5. Neither (of the) consul(s), frightened by the enemy, was preparing to depart from the city.

Neuter consul ab hostibus territus ex urbe excedere parbat.6. In which army was the greater hope?

In qu (tr) exercit erat maior sps?7. That wretched (man) kept on shouting that he was a Roman citizen.

Ille miser clambat s esse cvem Rmnum.8. Which consul will be sent to which war? Neither!

ter consul ad trum bellum mitttur. Neuter!9. I alone will defend the head, the reputation and fortunes of another.

Sōlus caput, fmam, fortunsque alius dfendam.10. After the death of his third wife, he decided not to lead another (woman) into his house.

Post mortem (suae) coniugis tertiae, aliam in domum (suam) nn ducere constituit.11. Only a few of those (men) who had strived very greatly came to the end.

Pauc sol illrum, qu maxim contenderant, ad fnem vnrunt.

Lesson XXX

REVIEW

Vocabulary XXV - XXIX

quondam e ipse coniunx quattuor quam + superlativesdus nus slus sube secundus paucdecem idoneus trs tempus nullus morsquinque tertius uter sex magis centumalius octo pars neuter novem alterduo ttus ullus septem

the other another alone once nine one hundredany entire two eight part which (of two)one more six neither seven as...as possiblefive death none time few secondsuitable undergo star spouse myself tengo third itself four three

I. Translate the underlined words with the appropriate form of the reflexive pronoun or ipse, ipsa, ipsum; include prepositions where necessary.

1. He is talking about himself.d s 6. You will save yourselves. vs 7. You wrote this yourself. ipse2. I saw the king himself. ipsum 7. I am talking to myself. mihi 8. The queen came in person. ipsa3. I saw the king myself. ipse 8. They will hurt themselves. s 9. I heard that very song. ipsum

II. Give the form of e in the same person, number, tense as the form of veni.

1. venimus 3. vnist 5. venit 7. vneritis 9. vnerambimus vist t eritis eram2. venibant 4. venis 6. vnimus 8. venibs 10. vnruntbant bis imus bmus vrunt

III. Complete the comparison of these adverbs with the other two degrees (positive, comparative or superlative).

1. acriter 3. celerrim 5. longius 7. malecrius, cerrim; celeriter, celerius; long, longissim; peius, pessim2. ditius4. magis 6. multum 8. sapienterdi, ditissim; pls, plurimum; pls, plrimum; sapientius, sapientissim

IV. Write these equations using numerals.

1. nus et novem sunt decem. 2. Quattuor et sex sunt decem. 3. Trs d octo sunt quinque.1 + 9 = 10 4 + 6 = 10 8 – 3 = 54. Quinque et duo sunt septem. 5. nus d novem sunt octo. 6. Sex d novem sunt trs.5 + 2 = 7 9 – 1 = 8 9 – 6 = 3

V. Put every participle or infinitive phrase in parentheses. Translate the entire sentence.

1.( Matrem suam vidre) voluit. 2. Puellae (librs legents) sunt flcs.He wanted to see his mother. The girls reading books are happy.3. Puer (quam celerrim currents) hodi venient. 4. Rx (ad Italiam iter facere) mvult.The boys, running as fast as possible, will come today. The king prefers to make a journey to Italy.5. In castra mlits (tls vulnerts) dcmus. 6. Soci (bellum in hosts parre) incprunt.We will lead the soldiers, wounded with weapons, into camp. The allies began to prepare war against the

enemies.

For Your Information

COMPOUNDS OF E

abe depart; disappear; die vt abade approach; attack Ad m adeunt.exe pass beyond; exceed; withdraw Ex oppi exiit.ine enter; enter upon Illus domum voluist.pere perish; be ruined Pr amcs perre nn timidus erat.rede go or come back; return Sps vtae puer aegr rediit.sube enter; approach; undergo Vbscum omnia subbimus.trnse pass over; cross Terror ad hosts trnsit.

11. The Oracle Fulfilled

Perseus cum uxre ad urbem Acris rediit. Ille autem Perseum vidns, rrsus magn terrre Perseus returned with his wife to the city of Acrisius. He, however, seeing Perseus, was filledadfectus est. In Thessaliam igitur ad urbem Lrsam statim refgit, frstr tamen; neque enim with great terror. Therefore he immediately fled to the city of Larisa, however, in vain; for he couldftum suum vtre poterat. Post paucs anns nnti in omns parts dmiss dxrunt rgem not avoid his fate. After a few years messengers, sent out in all directions, announced that the king of Larisa Larsae luds magns factrum esse. Mult ex omnibus urbibus Graeciae ad luds convnrunt. would make great games. Many came together from all the cities of Greece to the games. PerseusPerseus ipse inter alis certmen discrum iniit. At Acrisius, dum inter specttrs eius certminis himself entered the contest of the discus. But Acrisius, while he was standing among the spectators of that contest,stat, disc abiect Perse forte interfectus est. was accidentally killed by Perseus.

rede = re + e (go back)vt (1) avoid, escapeldus, - m. game, sportconveni = con + veni, come togethercertmen, certminis n. struggle, contest

ine = in + ediscus, , m. discusconici, -ere, conic, conictum throwforte, adv. by chance, accidentall

Rules of Syntax for New Second Steps in Latin

AGREEMENTFirst Rule of Concord. A verb agrees with its subject in person and number.

Ego voc. I call. T vocs. You call. Puer vocat. The boy calls.

1. A verb with a compound subject (two or more subjects joined by et, -que, ac, or atque) is usually plural. Puer et puella vocant. The boy and the girl call.

2. A verb with compound subjects of different persons will generally agree with the lower person (1st person takes precedence over 2nd and 3rd persons, and 2nd over 3rd ) and will always be plural.

Ego et t vocmus. You and I call. T et puella voctis. You and the girl call.

3. A verb with singular subjects joined by aut or neque is singular. Aut puer aut puella vocat. Either the boy or the girl calls.

4. A verb that belongs to two or more subjects in separate clauses (gapping) will agree with one subject and will be understood with the other subjects.

Puer vocat, nn puellae. The boy calls, the girls do not (call).

5. The verb of a relative clause whose subject is the relative pronoun agrees in person and number with the antecedent of the relative pronoun.

Vs, qu trists estis, ambitis. You, who are sad, will love.

Second Rule of Concord. An adjective (as well as an adjectival pronoun or participle) agrees with the noun it modifies in case, number, and gender.

bonus nauta, good sailor; illa puella, that girl; capta arma, seized weapons

1. An attributive adjective that modifies two or more nouns will generally agree with the nearest noun. cerrima ra et studium the sharpest anger and zeal

2. A predicate adjective that modifies two or more nouns will generally be plural in number.It may agree with the nearest or most important noun in gender.Masculine is the most important gender of nouns with life, neuter of nouns without life.

Puer et puella sunt bon. The boy and girl are good.Murus et porta d cael tacta sunt. The wall and the gate are struck by lightning.

Third Rule of Concord. The relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in number and gender; its case is determined by its use in the relative clause.

Puella, quam puer amat, est flix. The girl, whom the boy likes, is happy.

Apposition. An appositive is a noun describing another noun and agrees with it in case.Hs librs, pulcherrimum dnum, heri accpi. Yesterday I received these books, a very beautiful gift.

Predicate Noun. With sum and other linking verbs, a noun in the predicate which describes the subject will agree with it in case.

Agricola erat vir fortissimus. The farmer was a very brave man.Discipulus bonus esse vidtur etiam pius flius. The good student seems a dutiful son also.

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USES OF CASES

Nominative1. Subject. The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case.

Puella vocat. The girl calls.

2. Predicate. The predicate noun or adjective of a finite form of the verb sum, or of a verb of seeming or becoming, or of a passive verb of making, choosing, showing, thinking, or calling, is in the nominative case.

Puer servus est. The boy is a slave. Puella vidtur sapins. The girl seems wise.Ille cnsul factus est. That man was made consul.

Genitive1. The Genitive of Possession. A genitive is used to denote the person or thing to whom or which an object,

quality, feeling, or action belongs. scelera rgis, the crimes of the king / the king’s crimes

Dative1. Indirect Object. A noun or pronoun indirectly affected by the action of the verb is in the dative case.

Dux mlit arma dat. The leader gives the arms to the soldier.

2. Dative with Certain Adjectives. Adjectives expressing ideas like friendliness, fitness, nearness, likeness, and their opposites may take a dative (e.g. amcus, crus, idneus, proximus, similis and dissimilis, tilis).

Cnsul amcus mihi est. The consul is friendly to me.

Accusative1. Direct Object. The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative case.

Urbem capit. He captures the city.

2. Accusative of Motion Towards or Place To Which. Motion to or towards is expressed by the accusative case with the prepositions ad or in.

Ad Italiam vnit. He came to Italy.

3. Accusative of Duration of Time. Duration of time (or time how long) is expressed by the accusative without a preposition.

Rx decem anns fuit. He was king for ten years.

4. Double Accusative. Verbs of asking and teaching (rog and doce) may take two accusatives, one of the person and one of the thing.

T carmen docuit. He taught you a song.

5. Predicate Accusative. Verbs of calling, choosing, making and thinking (factitive verbs) take two accusatives, a direct object and its complement. The two accusatives refer to the same person or thing.

Urbem Rmam vocvrunt. They called the city Rome.

6. Subject Accusative. The subject of an infinitive is regularly in the accusative. Vult rgnam dcere. He wants the queen to speak.Audit rgnam dcere. He hears that the queen is speaking.

7. Accusative with Certain Prepositions. Many prepositions take the accusative (e.g. ad, ante, circum, in, inter, ob, per, post, propter).

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Ablative1. Ablative of Means or Instrument. The means or instrument by which something is done is expressed by the

ablative without a preposition (answers the question “by or with what?”).Urbs saxs mnta est. The city was fortified with stones.

2. Ablative of Personal Agent. The person by whom something is done is expressed by the ablative case with the preposition / ab (answers the question “by whom?”).

Urbs Rmns mnta est. The city was fortified by the Romans.

3. Ablative of Accompaniment. Accompaniment or association is often expressed by the ablative with the preposition cum (answers the question “with whom?”). Cum regularly becomes enclitic with m, t, s, nbs, vbs, qu, qu, quibus.

Cum comitibus iter fcit. He made a journey with his comerades.Puer mcum veniunt. The boys come with me.

4. Ablative of Place Where or In Which. Place where or in which is expressed by the ablative with the prepositions in, pro and sub (and rarely by the accusative with ad).

Fma in cael volvit. Rumor flew in the sky. (Ad flmen stetit. He stood at the river.)

5. Ablative of Motion Away From or Place From Which. Motion away from or place from which is expressed by the ablative with the prepositions / ab, d, or / ex.

Ex urbe vnit. He came from the city.

6. Ablative of Time When. Time when is expressed by the ablative without a preposition.E tempore urbem cpit. At that time he captured the city.

7. Ablative of Comparison. In comparative constructions without quam, the second of the two things compared is in the ablative case. The ablative of comparison is used only when the first of the two things compared is in the nominative or accusative case.

Epistulae eius sunt longirs librs. His letters are longer than his books.

8. Ablative of Degree of Difference. In comparative constructions, the degree or measure of difference between the two things compared is expressed by the ablative without a preposition.

Mare est mult altius quam flumen. The sea is much deeper than the river.

9. Ablative of Cause. The cause or reason for an action or condition may be expressed by the ablative without a preposition (answers the question “why?”).

Facts laudtur. He is praised for his deeds

10. Ablative of Manner. The manner or way in which an action is done may be expressed by the ablative with the preposition cum (answers the question “how?”). Cum may be omitted if an adjective modifies the ablative.

Epistula cum cr scripta est. The letter was written with care (carefully). Epistula magn cr scripta est. The letter was written with great care (very carefully).

11. Ablative with Certain Prepositions. Many prepositions take the ablative (e.g. , ab, cum, d, , ex, pr, sine, sub).

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VERB TENSESThe Present Tense expresses a continuous or ongoing action in the present or states something that applies to all time.

Vocat. He is calling / calls / does call. Malum est mentr. It is bad to lie.

1. When dum takes the present indicative it may express past action. Dum ducem petit, mlits pugnvrunt. While he was seeking the leader, the soldiers fought.

The Imperfect Tense expresses continuous, repeated, or habitual action in the past. Vocbat. He was calling / kept calling / used to call.

The Future Tense expresses continuous or indefinite action in the future. Vocbit. He will call / is going to call.

The Perfect Tense expresses completed action. Although it has one form, it has two separate uses.

1. The Perfect expresses a completed action with continuing effect in the present. It corresponds to the English present perfect and is translated with the auxiliary verb “has / have”.

Vocvit. He has called.

2. The Aorist expresses a simple completed action. Vocvit. He called / did call.

The Pluperfect Tense expresses an action completed in the past and is used of an action completed before another action was begun. It corresponds to the English past perfect and is translated with the auxiliary verb “had”.

Vocverat. He had called.

The Future Perfect Tense expresses an action completed in the future. It is translated with the auxiliary verbs “will / shall have.”

Vocverit. He will have called.

VERB MOODSThe Indicative Mood is used to state a fact or ask a question.

Puella vocat. The girl is calling. Utra puella vocbat? Which girl was calling?

A Participle is a verbal adjective. As a verb, it may take an object; as an adjective, it agrees with the word it modifies in case, number, and gender, and may be used substantively.

1. The Present Active Participle expresses action taking place at the same time as the main verb.Puellam sedentem in silv vd. I saw the girl sitting in the forest.

2. The Perfect Passive Participle expresses action completed before the time of the main verb.Puella, in silv vsa, puerum vocvit. The girl, seen in the forest, called the boy.

3. The Future Active Participle expresses action that will be completed after the time of the main verb. Puella, in silv moritra, caput txit. The girl, about to die in the forest, covered her head.

The Infinitive is a verbal noun. It is always neuter, always singular, and either nominative or accusative.

1. Complementary Infinitive. The complementary infinitive completes the meaning of another verb. The following verbs of wishing, trying, deciding, beginning, fearing, being able, etc. may take a complementary infinitive

cnor, cnstitu, contend, incipi, ml, nl, parpossum, tend, time, vereor, vol;and in the passive: dc, put, vide.

Puella vidre potest. The girl is able to see.

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2. Infinitive of Indirect Statement. Verbs of saying, thinking, knowing, telling, perceiving, and showing introduce the accusative and infinitive of indirect statement.

The Present Infinitive expresses action taking place at the same time as the main verb. Dcit rgnam esse fortem. He says (that) the queen is brave. Dixit rgnam esse fortem. He said (that) the queen was brave.

The Perfect Infinitive expresses action completed before the time of the main verb. Dcit rgnam fuisse fortem. He says (that) the queen was brave. Dixit rgnam fuisse fortem. He said (that) the queen had been brave.

The Future Infinitive expresses action that will be completed after the time of the main verb. Dcit rgnam futram esse fortem. He says (that) the queen will be brave.Dixit rgnam futram esse fortem. He said (that) the queen would be brave.

3. The Infinitive as Subject or Object. The infinitive may be used as a neuter singular noun in the nominative or accusative.

tile est bons amcs habre. It is useful to have good friends.Am cantre. I like to sing.

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REGULAR VERBS – INDICATIVE ACTIVEPresent First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth

am mone dc capi audiams mons dcis capis audsamat monet capit audit

ammus monmus amtis montis

amant monent capiunt audiunt

Imperfect

ambam mon audiams mons bs

ba bat

ammus monmus bmus amtis montis btis

ba bant

Futuream capi audi

ambis mons

ambit capiet

ammus monmus

amtis montis

ambunt capient

Perfect

am monu audamvist mon aud monuit cpit audvit

amvimus monuimus amtis mon

Pluperfect

am mon cperam audam monuers audvers audverat

am monus m audvermusam mon tis audvertis audverant

Future Perfect

amver mon cper audamveris monueris audverisamverit audverit

am monus audverimusam mon audveritisamverint audverint

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REGULAR VERBS – INDICATIVE PASSIVE Present First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth

am mone dc capior audiamris monris dceris caperis audris capitur auditur

ammur monmur ammin monmin

amantur monentur capiuntur audiuntur

Imperfect

ambar mon capibar audiamris monris bris ris

b

ammur monmur bmur ammin monmin bmin

ba bantur bantur

Future

am capiar audi

amberis mon

ambitur

ammur monmur

ammin monmin min

ambuntur

Perfect

amtus, -a sum monitus, -a sum ductus, -a sum captus, -a sum audtus, -a sumamtus, -a es monitus, -a es ductus, -a es captus, -a es audtus, -a esamtus, -a, -um est monitus, -a, -um est ductus, -a, -um est captus, -a, -um est audtus, -a, -um est

amt, -ae sumus monit, -ae sumus duct, -ae sumus capt, -ae sumus audt, -ae sumusamt, -ae estis monit, -ae estis duct, -ae estis capt, -ae estis audt, -ae estisamt, -ae, -a sunt monit, -ae, -a sunt duct, -ae, -a sunt capt, -ae, -a sunt audt, -ae, -a sunt

Pluperfectamtus, -a eram monitus, -a eram ductus, -a eram captus, -a eram audtus, -a eramamtus, -a ers monitus, -a ers ductus, -a ers captus, -a ers audtus, -a ersamtus, -a, -um erat monitus, -a, -um erat ductus, -a, -um erat captus, -a, -um erat audtus, -a, -um erat

amt, -ae ermus monit, -ae ermus duct, -ae ermus capt, -ae ermus audt, -ae ermusamt, -ae ertis monit, -ae ertis duct, -ae ertis capt, -ae ertis audt, -ae ertisamt, -ae, -a erant monit, -ae, -a erant duct, -ae, -a erant capt, -ae, -a erant audt, -ae, -a erant

Future Perfect

amtus, -a er monitus, -a er ductus, -a er captus, -a er audtus, -a eramtus, -a eris monitus, -a eris ductus, -a eris captus, -a eris audtus, -a erisamtus, -a, -um erit monitus, -a, -um erit ductus, -a, -um erit captus, -a, -um erit audtus, -a, -um erit

amt, -ae erimus monit, -ae erimus duct, -ae erimus capt, -ae erimus audt, -ae erimusamt, -ae eritis monit, -ae eritis duct, -ae eritis capt, -ae eritis audt, -ae eritisamt, -ae, -a erunt monit, -ae, -a erunt duct, -ae, -a erunt capt, -ae, -a erunt audt, -ae, -a erunt

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REGULAR VERBS - PARTICIPLES, ACTIVE AND PASSIVEActive First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth

pres. amns, -ntis monns, -ntis dcns, -ntis capins, -ntis audins, -ntisperf. — — — — —fut. amtrus, -a, -um monitrus, -a, -um ductrus, -a, -um captrus, -a, -um audtrus, -a, -um

Passivepres. — — — — —perf. amtus, -a, -um monitus, -a, -um ductus, -a, -um captus, -a, -um audtus, -a, -umfut. — — — — —

REGULAR VERBS - INFINITIVES, ACTIVE AND PASSIVEActive First Second Third Third I-stem Fourthpres. amre monre dcere capere audreperf. amvisse monuisse dxisse cp audvissefut. amtrus, -a, -um esse monitrus, -a, -um esse ductrus, -a, -um esse captrus, -a, -um esse audtrus, -a, -um esse

Passivepres. amr monr dc cap audrperf. amtus, -a, -um esse monitus esse ductus, -a, -um esse captus, -a, -um esse audtus, -a, -um essefut. amtum r monitum r ductum r captum r audtum r

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IRREGULAR VERBSPresent Sum Vol Nl Ml E Fer

sum vol nl ml e fer feror

es vs nn vs mvs s fers ferris

est vult nn vult mvult it fert fertur

sumus volumus nlumus mlumus mus ferimus ferimur

estis vultis nn vultis mvultis tis fertis ferimin

sunt volunt nlunt mlunt eunt ferunt feruntur

Imperfecteram volbam nlbam mlbam bam ferbam ferbar

ers volbs nlbs mlbs bs ferbs ferbris

erat volbat nlbat mlbat bat ferbat ferbtur

ermus volbmus nlbmus mlbmus bmus ferbmus ferbmur

ertis volbtis nlbtis mlbtis btis ferbtis ferbmin

erant volbant nlbant mlbant bant ferbant ferbantur

Futureer volam nlam mlam b feram ferar

eris vols nls mls bis fers ferris

erit volet nlet mlet bit feret fertur

erimus volmus nlmus mlmus bimus fermus fermur

eritis voltis nltis mltis bitis fertis fermin

erunt volent nolent mlent bunt ferent ferentur

Perfectfu volu nlu mlu i tul ltus, -a sum

fuist voluist nluist mluist st tulist ltus, -a es

fuit voluit nluit mluit iit tulit ltus, -a, -um est

fuimus voluimus nluimus mluimus iimus tulimus lt, -ae sumus

fuistis voluistis nluistis mluistis stis tulistis lt, -ae estis

furunt volurunt nlurunt mlurunt irunt tulrunt lt, -ae, -a suntPluperfect

fueram volueram nlueram mlueram ieram tuleram ltus, -a eram

fuers voluers nluers mluers iers tulers ltus, -a ers

fuerat voluerat nluerat mluerat ierat tulerat ltus, -a, -um erat

fuermus voluermus nluermus mluermus iermus tulermus lt, -ae ermus

fuertis voluertis nluertis mluertis iertis tulertis lt, -ae ertis

fuerant voluerant nluerant mluerant ierant tulerant lt, -ae, -a erant

Future Perfectfuer voluer nluer mluer ier tuler ltus, -a er

fueris volueris nlueris mlueris ieris tuleris ltus, -a eris

fuerit voluerit nluerit mluerit ierit tulerit ltus, -a, -um erit

fuerimus voluerimus nluerimus maluerimus ierimus tulerimus lt, -ae erimus

fueritis volueritis nlueritis mlueritis ieritis tuleritis lt, -ae eritis

fuerint voluerint nluerint mluerint ierint tulerint lt, -ae, -a erunt

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PARTICIPLES – IRREGULAR VERBS Active Sum Vol Nl Ml E Fer

pres. — volns, -ntis nlns, -ntis — ins, euntis ferns, -ntis

perf. — — — — — —

fut. futrus, -a, -um — — — itrus, -a, -um ltrus, -a, -um

Passivepres. — — — — — —

perf. — — — — — ltus, -a, -um

fut. — — — — — —

INFINITIVES – IRREGULAR VERBSActive Sum Vol Nl Ml E Fer

pres. esse velle nlle mlle re ferre

perf. fuisse voluisse nluisse mluisse sse tulisse

fut. futrus, -a, -um esse — — — itrus, -a, -um esse ltrus, -a, -um esse

Passivepres. — — — — r ferr

perf. — — — — — ltus, -a, -um esse

fut. — — — — itum r ltum r

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DEPONENT VERBS - INDICATIVEPresent First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth

cnor vereor sequor patior mentior

cnris verris sequeris pateris mentris

cntur vertur sequitur patitur menttur

cnmur vermur sequimur patimur mentmur

cnmin vermin sequimin patimin mentmin

cnantur verentur sequuntur patiuntur mentiuntur

Imperfectcnbar verbar sequbar patibar mentibar

cnbris verbris sequbris patibris mentibris

cnbtur verbtur sequbtur patibtur mentibtur

cnbmur verbmur sequbmur patibmur mentibmur

cnbmin verbmin sequbmin patibmin mentibmin

cnbantur verbantur sequbantur patibantur mentibantur

Futurecnbor verbor sequar patiar mentiar

cnberis verberis sequris patiris mentiris

cnbitur verbitur sequtur patitur mentitur

cnbimur verbimur sequmur patimur mentimur

cnbimin verbimin sequmin patimin mentimin

cnbuntur verbuntur sequentur patientur mentientur

Perfectcntus, -a sum veritus, -a sum sectus, -a sum passus, -a sum menttus, -a sum

cntus, -a es veritus, -a es sectus, -a es passus, -a es menttus, -a es

cntus, -a, -um est veritus, -a, -um est sectus, -a, -um est passus, -a, -um est menttus, -a, -um est

cnt, -ae sumus verit, -ae sumus sect, -ae sumus pass, -ae sumus mentt, -ae sumus

cnt, -ae estis verit, -ae estis sect, -ae estis pass, -ae estis mentt, -ae estis

cnt, -ae, -a sunt verit, -ae, -a sunt sect, -ae, -a sunt pass, -ae, -a sunt mentt, -ae, -a sunt

Pluperfectcntus, -a eram veritus, -a eram sectus, -a eram passus, -a eram menttus, -a eram

cntus, -a ers veritus, -a ers sectus, -a ers passus, -a ers menttus, -a ers

cntus, -a, -um erat veritus, -a, -um erat sectus, -a, -um erat passus, -a, -um erat menttus, -a, -um erat

cnt, -ae ermus verit, -ae ermus sect, -a ermus pass, -ae ermus mentt, -ae ermus

cnt, -ae ertis verit, -ae ertis sect, -ae ertis pass, -ae ertis mentt, -ae ertis

cnt, -ae, -a erant verit, -ae, -a erant sect, -ae, -a erant pass, -ae, -a erant mentt, -ae, -a erant

Future Perfectcntus, -a er veritus, -a er sectus, -a er passus, -a er menttus, -a er

cntus, -a eris veritus, -a eris sectus, -a eris passus, -a eris menttus, -a eris

cntus, -a, -um erit veritus, -a, -um erit sectus, -a, -um erit passus, -a, -um erit menttus, -a, -um erit

cnt, -ae erimus verit, -ae erimus sect, -ae erimus pass, -ae erimus mentt, -ae erimus

cnt, -ae eritis verit, -ae eritis sect, -ae eritis pass, -ae eritis mentt, -ae eritis

cnt, -e, -a erunt verit, -ae, -a erunt sect, -ae, -a erunt pass, -ae, -a erunt mentt, -ae, -a erunt

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DEPONENT VERBS - PARTICIPLES

First Second Third Third I-stem Fourthpres. cnns, -ntis verns, -ntis sequns, -ntis patins, -ntis mentins, -ntis

perf. cntus, -a, -um veritus, -a, -um sectus, -a, -um passus, -a, -um menttus, -a, -um

fut. cntrus, -a, -um veritrus, -a, -um sectrus, -a, -um passrus, -a, -um menttrus, -a, -um

DEPONENT VERBS - INFINITIVESFirst Second Third Third I-stem Fourth

pres. cnr verr sequ pat mentr

perf. cntus, -a, -um esse veritus, -a, -um esse sectus, -a, -um esse passus, -a, -um esse menttus, -a, -um esse

fut. cntrus, -a, -um esse veritrus, -a, -um esse sectrus, -a, -um esse passrus, -a, -um esse menttrus, -a, -um esse

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FIVE NOUN DECLENSIONSFirst

(F / M)Second(M / N)

Third(M / F / N)

Third I-stem(M / F / N)

Fourth(M / N)

Fifth(M / F)

Singular F M N M N F N M N FNom. puella dominus verbum opus nvis mare gradus corn s

Gen. puellae domin verb operis nvis maris grads re

Dat. puellae domin verb oper nv mar grad corn re

Acc. puellam dominum verbum opus nvem mare grad corn rm

Abl. puell domin verb opere nve mar grad corn r

PluralNom. puellae domin verba opera nvs maria grads corn rs

Gen. puellrum dominrum verbrum operum nvium marium grad corn

Dat. puells domins verbs operibus nvibus maribus grad corn rbus

Acc. puells domins verba opera nvs maria grads corn rs

Abl. puells domins verbs operibus nvibus maribus grad corn rbus

ADJECTIVE DECLENSIONS

First and Second DeclensionSingular Plural

M F N M F NNom. bonus bona bonum bon bonae bona

Gen. bon bonae bon bonrum bonrum bonrum

Dat. bon bonae bon bons bons bons

Acc. bonum bonam bonum bons bona

Abl. bon bon bon bons bons bons

Singular Plural M F N M F N

Nom. sacer sacra sacrum sacr sacrae sacra

Gen. sacr sacrae sacr sacrrum sacrrum sacrrum

Dat. sacr sacrae sacr sacrs sacr sacrs

Acc. sacrum sacram sacrum sacrs sacrs sacr

Abl. sacr s sacrs sacrs

Singular Plural M F N M F N

Nom. miser misera miserum miser miserae misera

Gen. miser miserae miser miserrum miserrum miserrum

Dat. miser miserae miser misers misers misers

Acc. miserum miseram miserum s s misera

Abl. miser miser miser misers misers misers

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Third DeclensionTHREE TERMINATIONS

Singular PluralM F N M F N

Nom. cer cris cre crs crs cria

Gen. cris cris cris crium crium crium

Dat. cr cr cr cr cr cr

Acc. crem crem cre crs, -s crs, -s cria

Abl. cr cr cr cr cr cr

Two Terminations One Termination

Singular Plural Singular PluralM/F N M/F N M/F N M/F N

Nom. omnis omne omns omnia Nom. flx flx flcs flcia

Gen. omnis omnis omnium omnium Gen. flcis flcis flcium flcium

Dat. omn omn omnibus omnibus Dat. flc flc flc flc

Acc. omnem omne omns, -s omnia Acc. lcem flx flcs, -s flcia

Abl. omn omn omnibus omnibus Abl. flc lc flc flc

Participle DeclensionsFirst Conjugation Second Conjugation

Singular Plural Singular PluralM/F N M/F N M/F N M/F N

Nom.

amns amns amants amantia monns monns monents monentia

Gen. amantis amantis amantium amantium monentis monentis monentium monentium

Dat. amant amant amantibus amantibus monent monent monentibus monentibus

Acc. amantem amns amants, -s amantia monentem monns monents, -s monentia

Abl. amant amant amantibus amantibus monent monent monentibus monentibus

Third Conjugation Third Conjugation I-stemSingular Plural Singular Plural

M/F N M/F N M/F N M/F NNom

.dcns dcns dcents dcentia capins capins capients capientia

Gen. dcentis dcentis dcentium dcentium capientis capientis capientium capientium

Dat. dcent dcent dcentibus dcentibus capient capient capientibus capientibus

Acc. dcentem dcens dcents, -s dcentia capients capins capients, -s capientia

Abl. dcent dcent dcentibus dcentibus capient capient capientibus capientibus

Fourth ConjugationSingular Plural

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M/F N M/F NNom

.audins audins audients audientia

Gen. audientis audientis audientium audientium

Dat. audient audient audientibus audientibus

Acc. audients audins audients, -s audientia

Abl. audient audient audientibus audientibus

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Comparative AdjectiveSingular Plural

M/F N M/F NNom. longior longius longirs longira

Gen. longiris longiris longirum longirum

Dat. longir longir longiribus longiribus

Acc. longirem longius longirs longira

Abl. longire longire longiribus longiribus

Irregular Comparison of Adjectives Positive Comparative Superlativebonus, -a, -um good melior, melius better optimus, -a, -um bestmalus, -a, -um bad peior, peius worse pessimus, -a, -um worstmagnus, -a, -um great maior, maius greater maximus, -a, -um greatestparvus, -a, -um small minor, minus smaller minimus, -a, -um smallestmultus, -a, -um much, many sg. pls (neuter noun only) more

pl. plrs, plra several, moreplrimus, -a, -um most, very many

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

Regular Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Adverb Comparative Adverb Superlative Adverb

criter keenly crius more keenly cerrim very keenlyalt deeply altius more deeply altissim very deeplyfacile easily facilius more easily facillim very easilymiser unhappily miserius more unhappily miserrim very unhappilysapienter wisely sapientius more wisely sapientissim very wisely

Irregular Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Adverb Comparative Adverb Superlative Adverb

bene wellmale badlymagnopere greatlyparum too littlemultum muchdi for a long time

melius betterpeius worsemagis more (quality)minus lesspls more (quantity)ditius for a longer time

optim bestpessim worstmaxim most, especiallyminim leastplrimum most , very muchditissim for the longest time

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PRONOUN DECLENSIONSPersonal Pronouns

1st person 2nd person 3rd personSingular Nom. ego t is ea id

Gen. me tu eius eius eius

Dat. mihi tibi e e e

Acc. m t eum eam id

Abl. m t e e e

Plural Nom. ns vs e eae ea

Gen. nostrum, nostr vestrum, vestr erum erum erum

Dat. nbs vbs es es es

Acc. ns vs es es ea

Abl. nbs vbs es es es

Reflexive Pronouns1st person 2nd person 3rd person

Singular Nom. — — —

Gen. me tu su

Dat. mihi tibi sibi

Acc. m t s (ss)

Abl. m t s (ss)

Plural Nom. — — —

Gen. nostr vestr su

Dat. nbs vbs sibi

Acc. ns vs s (ss)

Abl. nbs vbs s (ss)

Relative PronounSingular Plural

M F N M F NNom. qu quae quod qu quae quae

Gen. cuius cuius cuius qurum qurum qurum

Dat. cu cu cu quibus quibus quibus

Acc. quem quam quod qus qus quae

Abl. qu qu qu quibus quibus quibus

DEMONSTRATIVES

Hic, Haec, HocSingular Plural

M F N M F NNom. hic haec hoc h hae haec

Gen. huius huius huius hrum hrum hrum

Dat. huic huic huic hs hs hs

Acc. hunc hanc hoc hs hs haec

Abl. hc hc hc hs hs hs

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Ille, Illa, IlludSingular Plural

M F N M F NNom. ille illa illud ill illae illa

Gen. illus illus illus illrum illrum illrum

Dat. ill ill ill ills ills ills

Acc. illum illam illud ills ills illa

Abl. ill ill ill ills ills ills

Is, Ea, IdSingular Plural

M F N M F NNom. is ea id e eae ea

Gen. eius eius eius erum erum erum

Dat. e e e es es es

Acc. eum eam id es es ea

Abl. e e e es es es

dem, Eadem, IdemSingular Plural

M F N M F NNom. dem eadem idem edem eaedem eadem

Gen. eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem erundem erundem erundem

Dat. edem edem edem esdem esdem esdem

Acc. eundem eandem idem esdem esdem eadem

Abl. edem edem edem esdem esdem esdem

Iste, Ista, IstudSingular Plural

M F N M F NNom. iste ista istud ist istae ista

Gen. istus istus istus istrum istrum istrum

Da.t. ist ist ist ists ists ists

Acc. istum istam istud ists ists ista

Abl. ist ist ist ists ists ists

IntensiveIpse, Ipsa, Ipsum

Singular PluralM F N M F N

Nom. ipse ipsa ipsum ips ipsae ipsa

Gen. ipsus ipsus ipsus ipsrum ipsrum ipsrum

Dat. ips ips ips ipss ipss ipss

Acc. ipsum ipsam ipsum ipss ipss ipsa

Abl. ips ips ips ipss ipss ipss

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NUMERALS

Arabic Roman Numeral Cardinal Ordinal1 I nus, -a, -um prmus, -a, -um

2 II duo, duae, duo secundus, -a, -um

3 III trs, tria tertius, -a, -um

4 IV quattuor qurtus, -a, -um

5 V quinque quntus, -a, -um

6 VI sex sextus, -a, -um

7 VII septem septimus, -a, -um

8 VIII octo octvus, -a, -um

9 IX novem nnus, -a, -um

10 X decem decimus, -a, -um

100 C centum centsimus, -a, -um

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CLASSIFIED VOCABULARY

VERBS1st Conjugation

am, amre, amv, amtum, like, lovecnor, cnr, cntus sum, try, attemptcant, cantre, cantv, canttum, singclm, clmre, clmv, clmtum, shouterr, errre, errv, errtum, make a mistake, wanderlaud, laudre, laudv, laudtum, praisemonstr, monstrre, monstrv, monstrtum, shownunti, nuntire, nuntiv, nuntitum, announce, reportpar, parre, parv, partum, prepareport, portre, portv, porttum, carrypugn, pugnre, pugnv, pugntum, fightput, putre, putv, puttum, think, considerrog, rogre, rogv, rogtum, askserv, servre, servv, servtum, save, guard,

watch overst, stre, stet, statum, standvet, vetre, vetu, vetitum, forbid, order . . . notvoc, vocre, vocv, voctum, callvulner, vulnerre, vulnerv, vulnertum, wound, hurt

2nd Conjugationarde, ardre, ars, arsrus, burn, be inflamed, blazedle, dlre, dlv, dltum, destroydoce, docre, docu, doctum, teachhabe, habre, habu, habitum, have, hold; consider iube, iubre, iuss, iussum, order, command, bidmane, manre, mns, mnsum, remain, staymone, monre, monu, monitum, advise, warnmove, movre, mv, mtum, movesede, sedre, sd, sessum, sittene, tenre, tenu, tentum, hold, containterre, terrre, terru, territum, frightentime, timre, timu, —, be afraid of, fearvereor, verr, veritus sum, fear, respectvide, vidre, vd, vsum, see; (pass.) seem, appear, be

seen

3rd Conjugationag, agere, g, actum, drive, do, treat, deal withcern, cernere, crv, crtum, decide, discern, perceivecnsist, -ere, cnstit, cnstitum, stopcnstitu, -ere, cnstitu, cnstittum, decide, determine,

establishcontend, contendere, contend, contentum, compete,

hurry, make effort, march, strivecurr, -ere, cucurr, cursum, run, hastendc, dcere, dx, dictum, say, speak, telldc, dcere, dx, ductum, leadexcd, excdere, excess, excessum, depart, go outger, gerere, gess, gestum, carry on, conductincd, incdere, incess, incessum, go in

lbor, lb, lapsus sum, collapse, slipleg, legere, lg, lectum, choose, pick out, readmitt, mittere, ms, missum, sendpet, petere, petiv, pettum, seek, ask forpn, pnere, posu, positum, place, put, set upreg, regere, rx, rctum, rulerelinqu, relinquere, relqu, relictum, leave behind, leavescrb, scrbere, scrps, scrptum, writesequor, sequ, secutus sum, followsurg, surgere, surrx, surrctum, rise, stretch upward,

swellteg, tegere, tx, tectum, cover, conceal, sheltertend, tendere, tetend, tentum, extend, proceed, stretch outtrah, trahere, trx, trctum, dragvinc, vincere, vc, victum, conquer, defeatvv, vvere, vx, vctum, livevolv, volvere, volv, voltum, roll

3rd Conjugation I-stemaccipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum, receivecapi, capere, cp, captum, take, capture, seize,faci, facere, fc, factum, do, makefugi, fugere, fg, fugitrus, flee, avoid, run awayincipi, incipere, incp, inceptum, begininspici, inspicere, inspex, inspectum, look into or

uponinterficio, -ficere, -fc, -fectum, killmorior, mor, mortuus sum, diepatior, pat, passus sum, endure, experience, suffer

4th Conjugationaudi, audre, audv, audtum, hear, listen tomentior, mentr, menttus sum, tell a liemni, munre, munv, muntum, fortifypni, pnre, pnv, pnitum, punishsenti, sentre, sns, snsum, feel, perceiveveni, venre, vn, ventum, come

Irregularabsum, abesse, fu, futrus, be awayadsum, adesse, adfu, adfutrus, be presentdo, dare, ded, datum, givee, re, i(v), itum, gofer, ferre, tul, ltum, bear, bring, carry, endureml, mlle, mlu, —, prefernl, nlle, nlu, —, be unwilling, not to want,

not to wishpossum, posse, potu, —, be able, canrefer, referre, rettul, relatum, bring back, refersube, subre, subi (subv), subitum, undergosum, esse, fu, futrus, bevol, velle, volu, —, want, wish

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NOUNS1st Declension: Feminine

aqua, -ae f., watercra, -ae f., care, concern, worrydea, -ae f., goddessepistula, -ae f., letterfma, -ae f., rumor, reputation, glory flia, -ae f., daughterflamma, -ae f., flamefortna, -ae f., fortune, luckfuga, -ae f., escape, flightgratia, -ae f., favor; (pl.) thankshra, -ae f., hourinvidia, -ae f., envy, hatredra, -ae f., anger, wrathlacrima, -ae f., tearra, -ae f., shore, edge, rimpatria, -ae, native landpoena, -ae f., punishmentporta, -ae f., gatepuella, -ae f., girlrgna, -ae f., queensilva, -ae f., forest, woodsterra, -ae f., country, earth, landumbra, -ae f., shadow, ghostvia, -ae f., road, way, life

1st Declension: Masculineagricola, -ae m., farmerincola, -ae m., inhabitantnauta, -ae m., sailorprta, -ae m., piratepota, -ae m., poetscrba, -ae m., secretary, writer

2nd Declension: Masculineager, agr m., fieldanimus, - m., spirit, mind, (pl.) braveryannus, - m., yearcampus, - m., field, plain, playing fielddeus, - m., goddiscipulus, - m., studentdominus, - m., masterequus, m., horseflius, - m., sonliber, libr m, booklocus, - m (loca, -rum n. pl.), placemagister, magistr m., teachermrus, - m., wallnuntius, - m., messengeroculus, - m., eyepuer, puer m., boyservus, - m., slavesocius, - m., allysomnus, - m., sleepumerus, - m., shoulderventus, - m., wind

vir, vir m., man

2nd Declension: Neuteraurum, - n., goldbellum, - n., warcaelum, - n., heaven, skydonum, - n., giftfactum, - n., deedftum, - n., fateferrum, - n., iron, swordimperium, - n., power, rulergnum, - n., kingdomsaxum, - n., rock, stonetlum, - n., javelin, weaponverbum, - n., word

2nd Declension: Neuter Pluralsarma, -rum n. pl., armscastra, -rum n. pl., camp

3rd Declension: Masculinecnsul, cnsulis m., consuldux, ducis m., leaderfnis, -is (-ium) m., end; (pl.) territoryfrter, frtris m., brotherfuror, -ris m., rage, furyhom, hominis m., human, manhostis, hostis (-ium) m., enemyignis, -is (-ium) m., firelabor, labris m., work, hardship, labor mles, mlitis m., soldiermns, montis (-ium) m., mountainnm, nminis m., no one, nobodypater, patris m., fatherps, pedis m., footpns, pontis (-ium) m., bridgerx, rgis m., king

3rd Declension: Femininegns, gentis (-ium) f., nation, tribelx, lgis f., lawlx, lcis f., lightmter, mtris f., mothermns, mentis (-ium) f., mind, intentionmors, mortis f. (-ium), deathnvis, nvis (-ium) f., shipnox, noctis (-ium) f., nightpars, partis f., (-ium), part, directionsoror, sorris f., sisterurbs, urbis (-ium) f., cityvirg, virginis f., maidenvx, vcis f., voice

3rd Declension: Masculine and Femininecvis, cvis (-ium) m. / f., citizencomes, comitis m. / f., companionconiunx, coniugis m. / f., spouse

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3rd Declension: Neuteragmen, agminis n., column (of men)caput, capitis n., headcarmen, carminis n, songcorpus, corporis n., bodygenus, -eris n., kind, sortiter, itineris n., journey, road, wayis, iris n., law, rightltus, ltoris n., shore, beach, coastlmen, lminis n., lightmare, maris (-ium) n., seamoenia, -ium n. pl., wallsnmen, nminis n., nameonus, oneris n., burdenopus, operis n., task, works, oris n., mouthpectus, pectoris n., breast, chest, heartscelus, sceleris n., crimesdus, sderis n., startempus, tempris n., time

4th Declension: Masculinecsus, -s m., chance, fall, misfortuneexercitus, -s m., armyflctus, -s m., wave, flood, seafructus, -s m., benefit, enjoyment, fruitgradus, -s m., stepictus, -s m., blow, strikesentus, -s m., senatesus, -s m., application, practice, use, skill

4th Declension: Femininedomus, -s, f., home, householdmanus, -s f., hand

4th Declension: Neutercorn, -s n., horn

5th Declensiondis, - m., dayfids, -e f., loyalty, faithrs, re f., thing, affair, matterrs pblica, re pblicae f., state, republicspecis, - f., appearance, sightsps, spe f., hope

Indeclinablenihil n., nothing

Proper NounsAsia, -ae f., Asia Minor (modern Turkey)Augustus, - m., Augustus CaesarCaesar, Caesaris m., Gaius Julius CasearCicer, Ciceronis m., Marcus Tullius CiceroGaius, - m., Gaius CaesarItalia, -ae f., ItalyIuppiter, Iovis m., Jupiter

Livius, Livi m., Titus LiviusNs, Nsnis m., Publius Ovidius Naso (Ovid)Numa, -ae m., Numa PompiliusOlympus, - m., Mount OlympusPompeius, Pompei m., Pompey Pythagoras, -ae m., PythagorasRma, -ae f., RomeVergilius, Vergili m., Publius Vergilius Maro (Vergil)

ADJECTIVES1st and 2nd Declension

aeger, aegra, aegrum, sickalius, -a, -um, another, otheralter, altera, alterum, the other ( of two)altus, -a, -um, deep, high, tallamicus, -a, -um, friendlyantquus, -a, -um, ancientter, tra, trum, black, darkbonus, -a, -um, goodcrus, -a, -um, dearfessus, -a, -um, exhausted, tiredidneus, -a, -um, suitablertus, -a, -um, angrylaetus, -a, -um, happy, joyfullber, lbera, lberum, freelongus, -a, -um, longmagnus, -a, -um, largemalus, -a, -um, bad, evilmaximus, -a, -um, mostmeus, -a, -um, mine, myminimus, -a, -um, smallest, leastmiser, misera, miserum, unhappy, wretchedmultus, -a, -um, much, manyneuter, neutra, neutrum, neithernoster, nostra, nostrum, ournovus, -a, -um, newnullus, -a, -um, no, not anyoptimus, -a, -um, best, excellentparvus, -a, -um, little, smallpauc, -ae, -a, fewpessimus, -a, -um, worstpius, -a, -um, devoted, dutiful, loyalplurimus, -a, -um , most, very manyprmus, -a, -um, firstproximus, -a, -um, next, nearestpblicus, -a, -um, public

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pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautifulsacer, sacra, sacrum, holysecundus, -a, -um, secondslus, -a, -um, alone, only, solesuus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their (own)tertius, -a, -um, thirdttus, -a, -um, entire, wholetuus, -a, -um, your, yoursullus, -a, -um, anynus, -a, -um, oneuter, utra, utrum, which (of two)vacuus, -a, -um, emptyvester, vestra, vestrum, your, yours

3rd Declension: 3 Terminationscer, cris, cre, fierce, keen, sharpceler, celeris, celere, quick, swift

3rd Declension: 2 Terminationsbrevis, -e, brief, shortdifficilis, -e, difficultdissimilis, -e, dissimilar, unlikedulcis, -e, sweetfacilis, -e, easyfortis, -e, strong, bravegracilis, -e, graceful, slendergravis, -e, heavy, serioushumilis, -e, humble, lowmaior, maius, greatermelior, melius, betterminor, minus, smaller, lessomnis, -e, all, everypeior, peius, worsesimilis, -e, like, similartrstis, -e, sadtilis, -e, useful

3rd Declension: 1 Terminationaudx, audcis, boldflx, flcis, happyingns, ingentis, huge, vastsapins, sapientis, wise

Proper AdjectivesGallus, -a, -um, Gaul, GallicRmnus, -a, -um, Roman

PRONOUNSPersonal and Reflexive

ego, me Iis, ea, id, he, she, itns, nostrum / nostr wesu (gen.), himself, herself, itself, themselvest, tu you (sg.)

vs, vestrum / vestr you (pl.)

Relative

qu, quae, quod, who, which, thatDemonstrative

hic, haec, hoc, this, thesedem, eadem, idem, sameille, illa, illud, that, thoseis, ea, id, that, thisiste, ista, istud, that (of yours)

Intensiveipse, ipsa, ipsum, himself, herself, itself, themselves,

myself, yourself, ourselves, yourselves; in person; very

ADVERBSaegr, painfully, with difficultybene, wellcrs, tomorrowdi, for a long timeheri, yesterdayhc, herehodi, todayib, therelong, farmagis (compar. of magnopere), moremagnopere, greatlymaxim, very greatlymodo, just, onlynn, notnumquam, nevernunc, nowparum, too littleprm, at firstquam, than, (+ superlative), as…as possiblequondam, at one time, formerly, oncesaepe, oftensemper, alwaysstatim, at once, immediatelysubit, suddenlytamen, nevertheless, yettandem, at length, finallytum, at that time, thentunc, at that time, thenvix, hardly, scarcely

PREPOSITIONSWith the Ablative

, away from, by, fromab, away from, by, fromcum, with, along withd, down from, about, concerning, from, out of

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ex, from, out ofin, in, onpr, in front of, on behalf ofsine, withoutsub, under

With the Accusativead, at, to, towards ante, beforecircum, aroundin, against, into, ontointer, among, betweenob, because of, on account ofper, throughpost, behind, afterpropter, on account of, because of

CONJUNCTIONSac, andantequam, beforeatque, andaut, oraut…aut, either…orautem, but, however, moreoverdum, whileenim, foret, andetiam, also, evenigitur, thereforeiam, already, nownam, fornec, and…not, norneque, and…not, norneque…neque, neither…nornn modo … sed etiam, not only … but alsopostquam, after-que, andquod, becausesed, buttamen, nevertheless, yetubi, when, whereut (+ ind.), as

NUMERALSCardinals

nus, -a, -um, oneduo, duae, duo, twotrs, tria, three

quattuor, fourquinque, fivesex, sixseptem, sevenocto, eightnovem, ninedecem, tencentum, hundred

Ordinalsprmus,-a,-um, firstsecundus, -a, -um, second

IDIOMSbellum gerere, wage ward (+ abl.) agere, talk aboutgratis agere (+ dat.), thank, give thanksvtam agere, lead a lifeiter facere, make a journey, marchpoens dare, pay the penalty

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VOCABULARYNouns: The nominative singular of each noun is given followed by the genitive singular. For regular nouns of

the first, second, fourth and fifth declension, only the genitive singular ending is given (e.g. mrus, -). Where the stem cannot be determined from the nominative singular form, as in some second declension nouns and in the third declension, the full form of the genitive singular is given. Third I-stem nouns are indicated in the lists by (-ium).

Adjectives: Adjectives whose stems can be determined from the nominative singular masculine form appear as the nominative masculine singular with the endings for the other genders (e.g., bonus, -a, -um; trstis, -e). Adjectives whose stems cannot be determined from the nominative singular masculine are written out fully: all three genders in the case of the adjectives of three or two terminations (e.g., ter, tris, tre; melior, melius); the nominative and genitive singulars in the case of adjectives of one termination (e.g.,flx, flcis).

Verbs: The first person singular present indicative active of each verb is listed. If the verb is regular (i.e. forms its stems like am, mone, or audi), a numeral follows to indicate its conjugation (laud (1), I praise). If the verb is irregular, its principal parts are given.

Words introduced in New First Steps In Latin are followed by an asterisk (*). Words introduced in New Second Steps in Latin chapters are marked with the lesson number in Roman numerals in square brackets [I]. Words used in the reading lessons are shown as “P” and the paragraph number in which they occur [P1].

LATIN – ENGLISH VOCABULARY

A

(+ abl.), away from, by, from *ab (+ abl.), away, by, from *abscd, -ere, -cd, -csum, cut away, cut off [P5]absum, abesse, fu, futrus, be away [XXIV]ac, conj., and [XVII]accd, -ere, access, accessum, approach, come up to

[P7]accipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum, receive *accurr, accurrere, accurs, accursum, run to [P7]cer, cris, cre, fierce, keen, sharp *Acrisius, - m., Acrisius, king of Argosad (+ acc.), to, towards, at *addc, -ere, addx, adductum, lead to [P2]ade, adre, adi (-v), aditum, go to, go toward [P9]adfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum, affect, do to, move [P9]adhc, adv., still, to this point, yet [P1]adlig (1), bind, tie [P7]adsum, adesse, adfu, adfutrus, be present [XXIV]adulscns, adulscentis m./f., youth [P3]aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick *aegr, adv., painfully, with difficulty [VI]aes, aeris n., bronze, copper [P4]Aethiops, -pis m., Ethiopian, people of inland Africaager, agr m., field *agmen, agminis n., column (of men) [XVI]ag, agere, g, actum, drive, do, treat, deal with [III]

d (+abl.) agere, talk about, debate about [III]gratis agere (+ dat.), thank [III]vtam agere, lead a life [III]

agricola, -ae m., farmer *alius, -a, -um, another, other [XXIX]alter, altera, alterum, the other (of two) [XXIX]altus, -a, -um, deep, high, tall *amcus, -a, -um, friendly *amcus, -I, m., friend *am (1), like, love *Andromeda, -ae f., Andromeda, daughter of Cepheus

and Cassiope, saved by Perseusanguis, -is m., -f., serpent, snake [P4]animus, - m., mind, spirit; (pl.) bravery [XIII]annus, - m., year *ante (+ acc.), before [VIII]

antequam, adv., before [VII]antquus, -a, -um, ancient [XXIV]Apollo, Apollinis m., Apollo, the god of prophecyaqua, -ae f., water *arca, -ae f., box, chest [P1]arde, ardre, ars, arsrus, burn, be inflamed, blaze [I]arma, -rum n. pl., arms [IV]ascend, -ere, ascend, ascnsum, ascend, Asia, -ae f., Asia Minor, (modern Turkey)at, but [XVII]ter, tra, trum, black, dark *atque, conj., and [XVII]audx, audcis, bold *audi (4), hear, listen to *Augustus, - m., Augustus Caesar, Roman emperor (63

B.C. - A.D. 14)aurum, - n., gold [XXIII]aut, conj., or [II]aut…aut, conj., either…or [II]autem, conj., however, but, moreover [I]avus, - m., grandfather [P1]

B

betus, -a, -um, blessed, happy [P3]bellum, n., war *

bellum gerere, wage war *bene, adv., well [VI]beneficium, - n., kindness, service, benefit [P2]bonus, -a, -um, good *brevis, -e, brief, short *

C

caelum, - n., sky, heaven [XXIII]Caesar, Caesaris m., Gaius Julius Caesar, Roman

statesman and general (102-44 B.C.)campus, - m., field, plain, playing field *cant (1), sing *capi, capere, cp, captum, capture, seize, take *caput, capitis n., head *carmen, carminis n., song *crus, -a, -um, dear *castra, -rum, n. pl., camp [IV]csus, -s m., chance, fall, misfortune *

causa, -ae f., cause, reason [P5]celer, celeris, celere, quick, swift *centum, hundred [XXIX]Cepheus, - m., Cepheus, king of Cephenes in EthiopiaCerberus, -, m., Cerberus, 3-headed dog, guardian of the

Underworld [XXIX]cern, cernere, crv, crtum, decide, discern, perceive *certmen, certminis n., contest, struggle [P11]certus, -a, -um, certain [P7]cter, -ae, -a, the remaining, the rest [P4]Cicer, Cicernis m., Marcus Tullius Cicero, Roman

statesman and orator (106-43 B.C.)circum (+ acc.), around [VIII]cvis, cvis (-ium) m. / f., citizen *clm (1), shout [XXII]cog, cogere, cog, coactum, compel, drive together,

force, gather [V]collum, - n., neck [P8]comes, comitis m., / f., companion [VI]comprehend, -ere, -hend, -hensum, grasp, seize [P1]

confer, conferre, contul, colltum, bring together; (with s) take onesself , go [P10]

conici, conicere, conic, coniectum, cast, hurl, throw, throw together [P1]

coniunx, coniugis m. / f., spouse, husbadn, wife [XXVII]

cnor, cnr, cntus sum, try, attempt [XVIII]cnsilium, - n., plan [P3]cnsist, -ere, cnstit, cnstitum, stop [XI]cnspectus, -s m., sight [P5]cnstitu, -ere, cnstitu, cnstittum, decide, determine,

establish [IV]cnsul, cnsulis m., consul [XIX]cnsul, -ere, cnsulu, cnsultum, consult, resolve [P3]contend, contendere, contend, contentum, compete,

hasten, hurry, make effort, march, strive [XVI]

continns, continentis f., mainland [P4]conveni, -re, convn, conventum, come together,

convene [P11]corn, -s n., horn *corpus, corporis n., body *cottdi, adv., daily [P6]crs, adv., tomorrow [III]

cum (+ abl.), with, along with *cra, -ae f., care, concern, worry [XIX]curr, -ere, cucurr, cursum, run, hasten [XXII]

D

Dana, Danas f., Danaë, mother of Perseus, daughter of Acrisius

d (+ abl.), down from, about, concerning *dea, -ae f., (dat. / abl. pl. debus), goddess *decem, ten [XXIX]ddc, -ere, ddx, dductum, lead away, remove [P7]dfend, dfendere, dfend, dfensum, defend [XVI]dle, dlre, dlv, dltum, destroy *dplr (1), lament, mourn [P7]dpn, -ere, dposu, dpositum, put down [P9]dscend, -ere, dscend, dscnsum, descend dsertus, -a, -um, deserted [P10]dsuper, adv., above, from above [P7]deus, - m., god *dvor (1), devour, swallow [P6]Diana, -ae f., Diana, goddess of the moon and the huntdc, dcere, dx, dictum, say, speak, tell *dis, - m., day *difficilis, -e, difficult *dmitt, -ere,dms, dmissum, send away, dismiss [P3]discd, -ere, discess, discessum, depart, withdraw, leave

[P4]discipulus, - m., student [XIII]discus, m., discus [P11]dissimilis, -e, dissimilar, unlike [IX]di, adv., for a long time [XII]ditius, adv. (compar. of di), for a longer time [XXVIII]ditissim, adv., (superl. of di), for the longest time, for a

very long time [XXVIII]do, dare, ded, datum, give *

poens dare, pay the penalty [XIX]doce, docre, docu, doctum, teach *dolor, dolris m., grief, pain [P6]dominus, - m., master *domus, -s, f, home, household *dnum, - n., gift *dormi, - re, dormi / dormv, dormtum, sleep [P1]dc, dcere, dx, ductum, lead *

in mtrimnium dcere, marry [P3]

dulcis, -e, sweet *dum, while [II]duo, duae, duo, two [XXIX]dux, ducis m., leader *

E

, ex (+ abl.), from, out of *d, dere, did, ditum, give out [P8]dc, dcere, dx, ductum, lead out,

unsheath [P8]ego, me, I [II]enim, conj., for [I]e, adv., to that place [P10]e, re, i / v, itum, go [XXVI]epistula, -ae f., letter *equus, m., horse [I]err (1), make a mistake, wander *et, conj., and *etiam, conj., also, even [I]nn modo … sed etiam, conj., not only … but also [II]ex, (+ abl.) from, out of *exanim (1), exhaust [P9]excd, excdere, excess, excessum, go out, depart [XI]excit (1), awaken, rouse [P5]exercitus, -s m., army *exg, exgere, exg, exactum, drive out [V]exspect (1), look out [P7]extrah, extrahere, extrx, extrctum, drag out [P6]exu, exuere, exu, extum, put off, take off [P9]

F

facilis, -e, easy *faci, facere, fc, factum, do, make *

iter facere, make a journey, march *factum, - n., deed *falx, falcis, f., sickle, sword (curved) [P4]fma, -ae f., rumor, reputation, glory [III]ftum, - n., fate [XXIII]flx, flcis, happy *fer, ferre, tul, ltum, bear, bring, carry, endure [XIX]ferrum, - n., iron, sword [XXIII]fessus, -a, -um, exhausted, tired *fids, -e f., loyalty, faith *flia, -ae f., (dat. / abl. pl. flibus) daughter *

flius, - m., son *fnis, -is (-ium) m., end, (pl.) territory [II]flamma, -ae f., flame [III]flctus, -s m., wave, flood, sea*forte, adv., accidentally, by chance [P11]fortis, -e, strong, brave *fortna, -ae f., fortune, luck [III]frter, frtris m., brother *fremitus, -s m., groan, roar, rumble [P7]fructus, -s m., benefit, enjoyment, fruit [XXI]frustr, adv., in vain [P4]fuga, -ae f., flight, escape [III]fugi, fugere, fg, fugitrus, flee, run away, avoid *furor, -ris m., rage, fury [XIX]

G

Gaius, Gai m., common Roman name; Gaius Caesar, Roman emperor (A.D.12 - 41)

galea, -ae f., helmet [P4]gaudium, n., joy, gladness [P9]gns, gentis (-ium) f., nation, tribe *genus, -eris n., kind, sort [VIII]ger, gerere, gess, gestum, carry on, conduct *

bellum gerere, wage war *gladius, - m., sword [P8]Gorgo(n), Gorgonis f., Gorgon, three monstrous

daughters of Phorcys and Ceto with hair of snakes

gracilis, -e, graceful, slender [IX]gradus, -s m., step *Graeae, -arum f., Graeae, three sisters of the Gorgonsgratia, -ae f., favor; in plural, thanks [III]

gratis agere (+ dat.), thank, give thanks [III]grtus, -a, -um, pleasing [P3]gravis, -e, heavy, serious *graviter, seriously

H

habe (2), have, hold; consider [I]habit (1), dwell, live [P3]Hammon, Hammonis, m., Hammon, Egyptian godharna, -ae f., sand [P2]heri, adv., yesterday [III]hc, adv., here [XII]

hic, haec, hoc, this, these [VI]hodi, adv., today [III]hom, hominis m., human, man [XVII]honor, honris m., honor, officehra, -ae f., hour *horribilis, -e, horrible [P4]hostis, hostis (-ium) m., enemy [II]hc, adv., hither, to this place [P10]humilis, -e, humble, low [IX]

I

iam, adv., already, now [XXII]ibi, adv., there [XII]ictus, -s m., blow, strike [XXI]dem, eadem, idem, same [I]idneus, -a, -um, suitable [XXVIII]igitur, conj., therefore [VII]ignvus, -a, -um, idle, lazy [P3]ignis, -is (-ium) m., fire [II]ignr (1), have no knowledge of [P4]ille, illa, illud, that, those [XI]imperium, - n., power, rule [XXIII]impetus, -s m., attack [P8]in (+ abl.), in, on *in (+ acc.), into, onto, against *incd, incdere, incess, incessum, go in [XI]incipi, incipere, incp, inceptum, begin [IV]incld, includere, incls, inclsum, enclose, imprison,

shut up [P1]incola, -ae m., inhabitant *indu, induere, indu, indtum, clothe, put on [P4]ine, inre, ini (inv), initum, go in [P11]infans, infantis (-ium) m. / f., infant [P1]infici, inficere, infc, infectum, dye, stain [P8]ingns, ingentis, huge, vast *inrump, inrumpere, inrp, inruptum, burst in [P10]inspici, inspicere, inspex, inspectum, look into or

upon [XVII]insula, -ae f., island [P2]inter (+ acc.), among, between [VIII]interficio, -ficere, -fc, -fectum, kill *inveni, invenre, invn, invntum, come upon, find [P2]invidia, -ae f., envy, hatred, jealousy [III]Iove, (abl. of Iuppiter)

ipse, ipsa, ipsum, myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves; in person; very [XXVI]

ra, -ae f., anger, wrath *rtus, -a, -um, angry *is, ea, id, he, she, it, that, this, them, those, these [I]iste, ista, istud, that (of yours), those ( of yours) [XI]Italia, -ae f., Italyiter, itineris n., journey, road, way *

iter facere, make a journey, march *iterum, adv., again [P8]iube, iubre, iuss, iussum, order, command, bid [XIII]Iuppiter, Iovis m., Jupiter [P1]is, iris n., law, right *iuvenis, -is m., youth [P3]

L

labor, labris m., work, labor, hardship [XIX]lbor, lb, lapsus sum, collapse, slip [XVIII]lacrima, -ae f., tear [XIX]laetus, -a, -um, happy, joyful [XXIV]Larisa, -ae f., Larisa, city in Thessalylaud (1), praise *leg, legere, lg, lectum, choose, pick out, read [XXIII]lx, lgis f., law *libenter, adv., freely, willingly [P2]lber, lbera, lberum, free *liber, libr m., book *ligneus, -a, -um, wooden [P1]ltus, ltoris n., shore, coast, beach *Livius, -, m., Titus Livius (Livy), Roman historian (59

B.C.- A.D. 17)locus, - m. (loca, -rum n. pl.), place [IV]long, adv., far [VI]longus, -a, -um, long *ldus, - m., game, sport [P11]lmen, lminis n., light [XVI]lx, lcis f., light *

M

magicus, -a, -um, magical [P4]magis, adv., (compar. of magnopere), more; rather

[XXVIII]magister, magistr m., teacher *

magnopere, adv., greatly [VI]magnus, -a, -um, large, great *maior, maius (compar. of magnus), greater [VIII]ml, mlle, mlu, —, prefer [XXI]malus, -a, -um, bad, evil, wicked *mane, manre, mns, mnsum, remain, stay *manus, -s f., hand *mare, maris (-ium) n., sea *mter, mtris f., mother *maxim, adv. (superl. of magnopere) very greatly [XXVIII]maximus, -a, -um, (superl. of magnus) most, greatest [XXVIII]Medsa, -ae f., Medusa, one of the Gorgons, whose

gaze turned people to stonemelior, melius (compar. of bonus), better [VIII]mns, mentis (-ium) f., mind, intention [II]mentior, mentr, menttus sum, lie, tell a lie [XVIII]merg, mergere, mers, mersum, plunge, sink [P8]meritus, -a, -um, deserved, due [P9]meus, -a, -um, my, mine *mles, mlitis m., soldier *Minerva, -ae f., Minerva, goddess of wisdom, war and

weavingminimus, -a, -um (superl. of parvus), smallest, least [IX]minor, minus (compar. of parvus), smaller, less [VIII]miser, misera, miserum, unhappy, wretched *mitt, mittere, ms, missum, send *modo, adv., only, just [II]

nn modo … sed etiam, conj., not only … but also [II]modus, - m., manner, way [P5]moenia, -ium n. pl., walls [IV]mone (2), advise, warn *mns, montis (-ium) m., mountain *mnstr (1), show *mnstrum, - n., monster [P6]mora, -ae f., delay [P8]morior, mor, mortuus sum, die [XVIII]mors, mortis (-ium) f., death [XXVIII]move, movre, mv, mtum, move *mox, adv., soon [P8]multum, adv., much [VI]multus, -a, -um, much, many *mni (4), fortify *mrus, - m., wall *mt (1), change, transform [P5]

N

nam, conj., for [I]nrr (1), tell [P1]Ns, Nsnis m., Publius Ovidius Naso (Ovid), Roman

poet (43 B.C. – A.D. 17)ntra, -ae f., nature [P4]nauta, -ae m., sailor *nvis, nvis (-ium) f., ship *nec, conj., and…not, nor [XXII]nm, nminis m., no one, nobody [XIV]Neptnus, - m., Neptune, god of the seaneque, conj., and…not, nor [XXII]neque…neque, conj., neither…nor [XXII]neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither [XXIX]numquam, adv., never [XIV] nihil (indecl.) n., nothing [XIV]nl, nlle, nlu, —, be unwilling, not want, not wish

[XXI]nmen, nminis n., name *nn, adv., not *

nn modo … sed etiam, conj., not only … but also [II]

ns, nostrum / nostr, we, [II]noster, nostra, nostrum, our *novem, nine [XXIX]novus, -a, -um, new [XXIV]nox, noctis (-ium) f., night *nullus, -a, -um, no, not any, none [XXIX]Numa, -ae m., Numa Pompilius, legendary second king of

Rome (8th-7th century B.C.)numquam, adv., never [XIV]nunc, adv., now [VII]nunti (1), announce, report *nuntius, - m., messenger *

O

ob (+ acc.), because of, on account of [VII]occup (1), seize [P6]octo, eight [XXIX]oculus, - m., eye [IX]offend, offendere, offend, offnsum, offend [P6]Olympus, - m., Mount Olympus, mountain on the border

of Thessaly and Macedonia, home of the gods and goddesses

omnn, entirely [P10]omnis, -e, all, every *onus, oneris n., burden *optimus, -a, -um (superl. of bonus), best, excellent [IX]opt (1), desire [P6]opus, operis n., task, work *ra, -ae f., shore, edge, rim *rculum, - n., oracle [P1]s, oris n., mouth [VIII]ostend, ostendere, ostend, ostentum, show, stretch out

before [P10]

P

paene, adv., almost, practically [P9]par (1), prepare *pars, partis (-ium) f., part, direction [XXVIII]parum, adv., too little [VI]parvus, -a, -um, little, small *pater, patris m., father *patior, pat, passus sum, endure, experience, suffer [XVIII]patria, -ae, native land *pauc, -ae, -a, few [XXVII]pavor, pavris m., panic, terror [P6]pectus, pectoris n., breast, chest, heart *peior, peius (compar. of malus), worse, rather bad [IX]per (+ acc.), through [VIII]perdc, perdcere, perdx, perductum, lead through [P2]perculum, - n., danger, peril [P6]Perseus, - m., Perseus, son of Zeus and Danaëperveni, pervenre, pervn, perventum, arrive [P4]ps, pedis m., foot [IX]pessimus, -a, -um (superl. of malus), worst, very bad [IX]pet, petere, petiv, pettum, seek, ask for [III]prta, -ae m., pirate *pisctor, pisctoris m., fisherman [P2]pius, -a, -um, devoted, dutiful, loyal *plurimus, -a, -um (superl. of multus), most, very many

[IX]poena, -ae f., punishment [XIX]

poens dare, pay the penaltypota, -ae m., poet *Polydects, -is, m., Polydectes, king of SeriphosPompeius, - m., Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, Roman

general and statesman (106 B.C.-48 B.C.)

pn, pnere, posu, positum, place, put, set up *pns, pontis (-ium) m., bridge *porta, -ae f., gate *port (1), carry *possum, posse, potu, —, be able, can [XIII]post (+ acc.), after, behind [VIII]poste, adv., afterwards [P8]postquam, conj., after [VII]praest, praestre, praestit, praesttum, exhibit, show [P3]prm, adv., at first [VI]prmus, -a, -um, first *pr (+ abl.), in front of, on behalf of *prgredior, prgred, prgressus sum, advance, go

forward, march forward [P7]propter (+ acc.), on account of, because of [VII]proximus, -a, -um, next, nearest *pblicus, -a, -um, public [XXIV]puella, -ae f., girl *puer, puer m, boy *pugn (1), fight *pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful *puni (4), punish *put (1), think, consider [IV]Pythagoras, -ae m., Pythagoras, Greek

Q

quam, conj., than, rather than [VIII]quam (+ superlative), adv., as…as possible [XXVIII]quattuor, four [XXIX]-que, adv., and *qu, quae, quod, who, which, that, what [XVI]quis, quitis f., quiet, rest, sleep [P2]quinque, five [XXIX]quod, conj., because *quondam, adv., at one time, formerly, once [XXVII]

R

redd, reddere, reddid, redditum, give back [P9]rede, redre, redi / redv, reditum, go back [P11]redg, redgere, redg, redactum, drive back [V]reditus, -s m., return [P8]refer, referre, rettul, reltum, bring back, refer [XIX]rgia, -ae f., palace [P3]rgna, -ae f., queen *

rgnum, - n., kingdom *reg, regere, rx, rctum, rule *relinqu, relinquere, relqu, relictum, leave behind,

leave [XI]rs, re f., thing, affair, matter *rs pblica, re pblicae, f. state, republic [XXIV]rx, rgis m., king *rog (1), ask *Rma, -ae f., RomeRmnus, -a, -um, Romanrrsus, adv., again [P8]

S

sacer, sacra, sacrum, holy *saepe, adv., often [XIV]sals, saltis f., safety [P9]sanguis, sanguinis m., blood [P8]sapins, sapientis, wise *saxum, - n., rock, stone [XVII]scelus, sceleris n., crime [VIII]scrba, -ae m., secretary, writer *scrb, scrbere, scrps, scrptum, write *s (acc. / abl. of su), himself, herself, itself, themselves

[XIV]secundus, -a, -um, second [XXIX]sed, conj., but *

nn modo … sed etiam, conj., not only … but also [II]

sede, sedre, sd, sessum, sit *sds, sdis f., abode, seat [P2]semper, adv., always [XIV]sentus, -s m., senate [XXI]Seneca, -ae m., Lucius Annaeus Seneca (ca. 2 B.C.-

A.D. 65) philosopher and advisor to Nerosenti, sentre, sns, snsum, feel, perceive [XXII]septem, seven [XXIX]sequor, sequ, sectus sum, follow [XVIII]Serphs, - f., Seriphos, island in the Cyclades serv (1), save, guard, watch over *servus, - m., slave *sex, six [XXIX]sibi (dat. of reflexive su), himself, herself, itself,

themselves [XIV]sdus, sderis n., star [XXVI]

silva, -ae f., forest, woods *similis, -e, like, similar *sine (+ abl.), without *sinus, -s m., bosom, embrace [P1]socius, - m., ally [I]slus, -a, -um, alone, only, sole [XXIX]solv, solvere, solv, soltum, loosen, release,

unbind [P9]somnus, - m., sleep *soror, sorris f., sister *specis, - f., appearance, sight *speculum, - n., mirror, looking glass [P4]sps, spe f., hope *statim, adv., at once, immediately [XVII]st, stre, stet, statum, stand *sub (+ abl.), under *sube, subre, subi / subv, subitum, undergo [XXVI]subit, adv., suddenly [XXII]su (gen.), himself, herself, itself, themselves [XIV]sum, esse, fu, futrus, be *surg, surgere, surrx, surrctum, rise, stretch upward,

swell *suus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their (own) [XIV]

T

tlria, -ium n. pl., winged sandals [P4]tamen, conj., nevertheless, yet [VII]tandem, adv., at length, finally [XII]teg, tegere, tx, tectum, cover, conceal, shelter *tlum, - n., javelin, weapon *tempests, tempesttis f., storm, tempest, weather [P1]tempus, temporis n., time [XXVI]tend, tendere, tetend, tentum, extend, proceed, stretch

out *tene, tenre, tenu, tentum, hold, contain *tergum, - n., back [P5]terra, -ae f., land, earth, country *terre (2), frighten *terror, terrris m., fear, terror [P9]tertius, -a, -um, third [XXIX]time, timre, timu, —, be afraid of, fear *toll, tollere, sustul, subltum, lift, raise [P8]ttus, -a, -um, entire, whole [XXIX]

trd, trdere, trdid, trditum, hand across, hand down [P6]

trah, trahere, trx, trctum, drag [XI]tranquillus, -a, -um, calm, tranquil [P2]trnsg, trnsgere, trnsg, trnsactum, accomplish,

finish, pierce, run through [V]trs, tria, three [XXIX]trstis, -e, sad *t, you (sg.) [II]tum, adv., at that time, then [VII]tunc, adv.,at that time, then [VII]turb (1), disturb, stir up [P1]turpis, -e, disgraceful [P3]ttus, -a, -um, safe [P2]tuus, -a, -um, your, yours *

U

ubi, adv., when, where [XII]ullus, -a, -um, any [XXIX]umbra, -ae f., shadow, ghost *umerus, - m., shoulder [XIII]unda, -ae f., wave [P8]undique, adv., on all sides [P8]nus, -a, -um, one [XXIX]urbs, urbis (-ium) f., city *sus, -s m., use, application, practice, skill [XXI]ut (+ ind.), conj., as [XIX]uter, utra, utrum, which (of two) [XXIX]tilis, -e, useful *uxor, uxris f., wife [P9]

V

vacuus, -a, -um, empty [P9]vts, vtis m., seer, prophet [P6]veni, venre, vn, ventum, come *ventus, - m., wind *verbum, - n., word *vereor, verr, veritus sum, fear, respect [XVIII]Vergilius, - m., Publius Vergilius Maro (Vergil),

Roman poet (70-19 B.C.)vert, vertere, vert, versum, turn [P5]vester, vestra, vestrum, your, yours *vet, vetre, vetu, vetitum, forbid, order . . . not [XIII]via, -ae f., road, way [XII]

vide, vidre, vd, vsum, see, (pass.) seem, appear, be seen

vinc, vincere, vc, victum, conquer, defeat [XVI]vinculum, - n., bond [P9]vir, vir m., man *virg, virginis f., maiden [XVII]virts, virttis f., courage [P3]vta, -ae f., life [III]

vtam agere , lead a life [III]vt (1), avoid, escape [P11]vv, vvere, vx, vctum, live [XI]vix, adv., hardly, scarcely [XIX]voc (1), call *vol (1), fly [P4]vol, velle, volu, —, want, wish [XXI]volv, volvere, volv, voltum, roll *vs, vestrum / vestr, you (pl.) [II]vx, vcis f., voice *vulner (1), wound, hurt *

ENGLISH – LATIN VOCABULARY

A

about, d (+ abl.) *accomplish, trnsg, trnsgere, trnsg, trnsactum [V]advise, mone (2) *affair, rs, re f. *after, post (+ acc.) [VII]; (adv.), postquam [VII]against, in (+ acc.) *all, omnis, -e *ally, socius, - m. [I]alone, slus, -a, -um [XXIX]along with, cum (+ abl.) *already, iam, conj. [XXII]also, etiam, conj. [I]always, semper [XIV]among, inter (+ acc.) [VIII]ancient, antquus, -a, -um [XXIV]and, ac, atque [XVII], et, -que *and…not, nec, neque [XXII]anger, ra, -ae f. *angry, rtus, -a, -um *announce, nunti (1) *another, alius, -a, -um [XXIX]any, ullus, -a, -um [XXIX]appear, vide, vidre, vd, vsum (pass.) *appearance, specis, - f. *application, sus, -s m. [XXI]arms, arma, -rum n. pl. [IV]army, exercitus, -s m. *around, circum (+ acc.) [VIII]as, ut (+ind.) [XIX]as…as possible, quam (+ superlative), adv. [XXVIII]ascend, ascend, -ere, ascend, ascnsum ask, rog (1) *ask for, pet, petere, petv, pettum [III]at, ad (+ acc.) *at first, prm, adv. [VI]at length, tandem, adv. [XII]at once, statim, adv. [XVII]at one time, quondam, adv. [XXVII]at that time, tum, tunc, adv. [VII]attempt, cnor, cnr, cntus sum [XVIII]avoid, fugi, fugere, fg, fugitrus *away, , ab (+ abl.) *

away from, , ab (+ abl.) *

B

bad, malus, -a, -um *be, sum, esse, fu, futrus *be able, possum, posse, potu, — [XIII]be afraid of, time, timre, timu, — *be away, absum, abesse, fu, futrus [XXIV]be inflamed, arde, ardre, ars, arsrus [I]be present, adsum, adesse, adfu, adfutrus [XXIV]be seen, vide, vidre, vd, vsum, (pass.) *be unwilling, nl, nlle, nlu, — [XXI]beach, ltus, ltoris n. *bear, fer, ferre, tul, ltum [XIX]beautiful, pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum *because, quod, conj. *because of, ob (+ acc.), propter (+ acc.) [VII]before, ante (+ acc.) [VIII]before, antequam, adv. [VII]begin, incipi, incipere, incp, inceptum [IV]behind, post (+ acc.) [VIII]benefit, fructus, -s m. [XXI] best, optimus, -a, -um (superl. of bonus) [IX]better, melior, melius (compar. of bonus) [VIII]between, inter (+ acc.) [VIII]bid, iube, iubre, iuss, iussum [XIII]black, ter, tra, trum *blaze, arde, ardre, ars, arsrus [I]blow, ictus, -s m. [XXI]body, corpus, corporis n. *bold, audx, audcis *book, liber, libr m. *boy, puer, puer m.*brave, fortis, -e *bravery, animus, - m. (pl.) [XIII]breast, pectus, pectoris n. *bridge, pns, pontis (-ium) m. *brief, brevis, -e *bring, fer, ferre, tul, ltum [XIX]bring back, refer, referre, rettul, reltum [XIX]brother, frter, frtris m. *burden, onus, oneris n. *burn, arde, ardre, ars, arsrus [I]but, at, [XVII], autem, conj. [I], sed, conj. *

not only … but also, nn modo … sed etiam, conj. [II]by, , ab (+ abl.) *

C

Caesar, Caesar, Caesaris m.call, voc (1) *camp, castra, -rum n. pl. [IV]can, possum, posse, potu, — [XIII]capture, capi, capere, cp, captum *care, cra, -ae f. [XIX]carry, fer, ferre, tul, ltum [XIX], port (1) *carry on, ger, gerere, gess, gestum *chance, csus, -s m. *chest, pectus, pectoris n. *.choose, leg, legere, lg, lectum [XXIII]citizen, cvis, cvis (-ium) m. / f. *city, urbs, urbis (-ium) f. *coast, ltus, ltoris n. *collapse, lbor, lb, lapsus sum [XVIII]column (of men), agmen, agminis n. [XVI]come, veni, venre, vn, ventum *command, iube, iubre, iuss, iussum [XIII]companion, comes, comitis m. / f. [VI]compel, cog, cogere, cog, coactum [V]compete, contend, contendere, contend, contentum

[XVI]conceal, teg, tegere, tx, tectum *concern, cra, -ae f. [XIX]concerning, d (+ abl.) *conduct, gero, gerere, gess, gestum *conquer, vinc, vincere, vc, victum [XVI]consider, habe (2) [I], put (1) [IV]consul, cnsul, cnsulis m. [XIX]contain, tene, tenre, tenu, tentum *country, terra, -ae f. *cover, teg, tegere, tx, tectum *crime, scelus, sceleris n. [VIII]

D

dark, ter, tra, trum *daughter, flia, -ae f. (dat. / abl. pl. flibus) *day, dis, - m *deal with, ag, agere, g, actum [III]dear, crus, -a, -um *death, mors, mortis f. (-ium) [XXVIII]debate about, d (+ abl.) agere [III]

decide, cern, cernere, crv, crtum *; cnstitu, -ere, cnstitu, cnstittum [IV]

deed, factum, - n. *deep, altus, -a, -um *defeat, vinc, vincere, vc, victum [XVI]depart, excd, excdere, excess, excessum [XI]descend, dscend, -ere, dscend, dscnsum, destroy, dle, dlre, dlv, dltum *determine, cnstitu, -ere, cnstitu, cnstittum [IV]devoted, pius, -a, -um *die, morior, mor, mortuus sum [XVIII]difficult, difficilis, -e *direction, pars, partis f. (-ium) [XXVIII]discern, cern, cernere, crv, crtum *dissimilar, dissimilis, -e [IX]divine, dvus, -a, -um [XXIV]do, ag, agere, g, actum [III]; faci, facere, fc,

factum *down from, d (+ abl.) *drag, trah, trahere, trx, trctum [XI]drive, ag, agere, g, actum [III]dutiful, pius, -a, -um *

E

earth, terra, -ae f. *easy, facilis, -e *edge, ra, -ae f. *eight, octo [XXIX]either…or, aut…aut, conj. [II]end, fnis, -is (-ium) m. [IV]endure, fer, ferre, tul, ltum [XIX]endure, patior, pat, passus sum [XVIII]enemy, hostis, hostis (-ium) m. (usually pl. in Latin) [II]enjoyment, fructus, -s m. [XXI]entire, ttus, -a, -um [XXIX]envy, invidia, -ae f. [III]escape, fuga, -ae f. [III]establish, cnstitu, -ere, cnstitu, cnstittum [IV]even, etiam, conj. [I]every, omnis, -e *evil, malus, -a, -um *excellent, optimus, -a, -um (superl. of bonus) [IX]exhausted, fessus, -a, -um *experience, patior, pat, passus sum [XVIII]extend, tend, tendere, tetend, tentum *eye, oculus, - m. [IX]

F

faith, fids, -e f. *fall, csus, -s m. *far, long, adv. [VI]farmer, agricola, -ae m. *fate, ftum, - n. [XXIII]father, pater, patris m. *favor, gratia, -ae f. [III]fear (verb), time, timre, timu, —*; vereor, verr,

veritus sum [XVIII]feel, senti, sentre, sns, snsum [XXII]few, pauc, -ae, -a [XXVII]field, ager, agr m. *field, campus, - m. *fierce, cer, cris, cre *fight, pugn (1) *finally, tandem, adv. [XII]fire, ignis, -is (-ium) m. [II]first, prmus, -a, -um *five, quinque [XXIX]flame, flamma, -ae f. [III]flee, fugi, fugere, fg, fugitrus *flight, fuga, -ae f. [III]flood, flctus, -s m. *follow, sequor, sequ, sectus sum [XVIII]foot, ps, pedis m. [IX]for, enim (postpositive), conj., [I], nam, conj. [I]for a long time, di, adv. [XII]for a longer time, ditius (compar. of di), adv. [XXVIII]for the longest / a very long time, ditissim (superl. of

di), adv. [XXVIII]forbid, vet, vetre, vetu, vetitum [XIII]force, cog, cogere, cog, coactum [V]forest, silva, -ae f. *formerly, quondam, adv. [XXVII]fortify, mni (4) *fortune, fortna, -ae f. [III]four, quattuor [XXIX]free, lber, lbera, lberum *friend, amcus, -, m. *friendly, amcus, -a, -um *frighten, terre (2) *from, , ab (+ abl.) *; , ex (+ abl.) *fruit, fructus, -s m. [XXI]fury, furor, -ris m. [XIX]

G

gate, porta, -ae f. *gather, cog, cogere, cog, coactum [V]ghost, umbra, -ae f. *gift, dnum, - n. *girl, puella, -ae f. *give, d, dare, ded, datum *give thanks, gratis agere (+ dat.) [III]go, e, re, i / v, itum [XXVI]go in, incd, incdere, incess, incessum [XI]go out, excd, excdere, excess, excessum [XI]god, deus, - m. *goddess, dea, -ae f. (dat. / abl. pl. debus) *gold, aurum, - n. [XXIII]good, bonus, -a, -um *graceful, gracilis, -e [IX]great, magnus, -a, -um *greater, maior, maius (compar. of magnus) [VIII]greatly, magnopere, adv. [VI]guard, serv (1) *

H

hand, manus, -s f. *happy, flx, flcis *happy, laetus, -a, -um [XXIV]hardly, vix, adv. [XIX]hardship, labor, labris m. [XIX]hasten, contend, -ere, contend, contentum [XVI]hatred, invidia, -ae f. [III]have, habe (2) [I]he, she, it, is, ea, id [I]head, caput, capitis n. *hear, audi (4) *heart, pectus, pectoris n. *heaven, caelum, - n. [XXIII]heavy, gravis, -e *here, hc, adv. [XII]herself (intensive) ipse, ipsa, ipsum [XXVI]herself (reflexive) su, sibi, s, s [XIV]high, altus, -a, -um *himself (intensive), ipse, ipsa, ipsum [XXVI]himself (reflexive), su, sibi, s, s [XIV] his, her, its(own), suus, -a, -um [XIV]hold, habe (2) [I]hold, tene, tenre, tenu, tentum *holy, sacer, sacra, sacrum *

home, domus, -s, f *honor, honor, honris m.hope, sps, spe f. *horn, corn, -s n *horse, equus, m. [I]hour, hra, -ae f. *house, household, domus, -s f *however, autem, conj. [I]huge, ingns, ingentis *human, hom, hominis m. [XVII]humble, humilis, -e [IX]hundred, centum [XXIX]hurry, contend, contendere, contend, contentum [XVI]hurt, vulner (1) *

I

I, ego, me [II]immediately, statim, adv. [XVII]in, in (+ abl.) *in front of, pr (+ abl.) *inhabitant, incola, -ae m. *intention, mns, mentis (-ium) f. [II]into, in (+ acc.) *iron, ferrum, - n. [XXIII]Italy, Italia, -ae f.itself (intensive), ipse, ipsa, ipsum [XXVI]itself (reflexive), su, sibi, s, s [XIV]

J

javelin, tlum, - n. *jealousy, invidia, -ae, f. [III]journey, iter, itineris n. *joyful, laetus, -a, -um [XXIV]just, modo, adv. [II]

K

keen, cer, cris, cre *kill, interficio, -ficere, -fc, -fectum *kind, genus, -eris n. [VIII]king, rx, rgis m. *kingdom, rgnum, - n. *

L

labor, labor, labris m. [XIX]land, terra, -ae f. *large, magnus, -a, -um *law, is, iris n. *

law, lx, lgis f. *lead, dc, dcere, dx, ductum *lead a life, vtam agere [III]leader, dux, ducis m. *least, minimus, -a, -um [IX]leave, relinqu, relinquere, relqu, relictum [XI]leave behind, excd, excedere, excess, excessum [XI]less, minor, minus [IX]letter, epistula, -ae f. *lie, mentior, mentr, menttus sum [XVIII]life, vta, -ae f. [III]light, lmen, lminis n. [XVI]; lx, lcis f. *like (adj.), similis, -e *like (verb), am (1) *listen to, audi (4) *little, parvus, -a, -um *live, vv, vvere, vx, vctum [XI]long, longus, -a, -um *look into or upon, inspici, inspicere, inspex,

inspectum [XVII]love, am (1) *low, humilis, -e [IX]loyal, pius, -a, -um *loyalty, fids, -e f. *luck, fortna, -ae f. [III]

M

maiden, virg, virginis f. [XVII]make, faci, facere, fc, factum *make a journey, iter facere *make a mistake, err (1) *make an effort, contend, contendere, contend,

contentum [XVI]man, hom, hominis m [XVII], vir, vir m. *many, multus, -a, -um *march, contend, contendere, contend, contentum [XVI]march, iter facere *master, dominus, - m. *matter, rs, re f. *messenger, nuntius, - m. *mind, animus, - m. [XIII]; mns, mentis (-ium) f. [II]mine, meus, -a, -um *misfortune, csus, -s m. *more, magis (compar. of magnopere) [XXVIII]moreover, autem [I]most(adv.), maxim [XXVIII]

most(adj.), plrimus, -a, -um (superl. of multus) [IX]mother, mter, mtris f. *mountain, mns, montis (-ium) m. *mouth, s, oris n. [VIII]move, move, movre, mv, mtum *much, multum, adv. [VI]much, multus, -a, -um *my, meus, -a, -um *myself (intensive) ipse, ipsa, ipsum [XXVI]myself (reflexive) me, mihi, m, m [XIV]

N

name, nmen, nminis n. *nation, gns, gentis (-ium) f. *native land, patria, -ae *nearest, proximus, -a, -um *neither, neuter, neutra, neutrum [XXIX]neither…nor, neque…neque, conj. [XXII]never, numquam, conj. [XIV]nevertheless, tamen, conj. [VII]new, novus, -a, -um [XXIV]next, proximus, -a, -um *night, nox, noctis (-ium) f. *nine, novem [XXIX]no, nullus, -a, -um [XXIX]none, nullus, -a, -um [XXIX]no one, nm, nminis m. / f. [XIV]nobody, nm, nminis m. / f. [XIV]nor, nec, neque, conj. [XXII]not, nn, adv. *not any, nullus, -a, -um [XXIX]not only … but also, nn modo … sed etiam, conj. [II]not want, nl, nlle, nlu, — [XXI]not wish, nl, nlle, nlu, — [XXI]nothing, nihil (indecl.) n. [XIV]now, iam, conj. [XXII]; nunc, adv. [VII]

O

often, saepe, adv. [XIV]on, in (+ abl.) *on account of, ob (+ acc.); propter (+ acc.) [VII]on behalf of, pr (+ abl.) *once, quondam, adv. [XXVII]one, nus, -a, -um [XXIX]only, modo, adv. [II], slus, -a, -um [XXIX]onto, in (+ acc.) *

or, aut, conj. [II]order, iube, iubre, iuss, iussum [XIII]order . . . not, vet, vetre, vetu, vetitum [XIII]other, alius, -a, -um [XXIX]our, noster, nostra, nostrum *ourselves (intensive) ips, ipsae, ipsa [XXVI]ourselves (reflexive) nostr, nbs, ns, nbis [XIV]out of, , ex (+ abl.) *

P

painfully, aegr, adv. [VI]part, pars, partis (-ium) f. [XXVIII]pay the penalty, poens dare perceive, cern, cernere, crv, crtum *; senti, sentre,

sns, snsum [XXII]pick out, leg, legere, lg, lectum [XXIII]pirate, prta, -ae m. *place (noun), locus, - m. (loca, -rum n. pl.) [IV]place (verb), pn, pnere, posu, positum *plain, campus, - m. *playing field, campus, - m. *poet, pota, -ae m. *power, imperium, - n. [XXIII]practice, sus, -s m. [XXI]praise, laud (1) *prefer, ml, mlle, mlu, — [XXI]prepare, par (1) *proceed, tend, tendere, tetend, tentum *public, pblicus, -a, -um [XXIV]punish, puni (4) *punishment, poena, -ae f. [XIX]put, pn, pnere, posu, positum *

Q

queen, rgna, -ae f. *quick, celer, celeris, celere *

R

rage, furor, -ris m. [XIX]rather, magis, adv. [XXVIII]rather than, quam, conj. [VIII]read, leg, legere, lg, lectum [XXIII]receive, accipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum *refer, refero, referre, rettul, reltum [XIX]remain, mane, manre, mns, mnsum *report, nnti (1) *

republic, rs pblica, re pblicae f. [XXIV]reputation, fma, -ae f. [III]respect, vereor, verr, veritus sum [XVIII]right, is, iris n. *rim, ra, -ae f. *rise, surg, surgere, surrx, surrctum *road, iter, itineris n. *; via, -ae f. [XII]rock, saxum, - n. [XVII]roll, volv, volvere, volv, voltum *Roman, Rmnus, -a, -um Rome, Rma, -ae f.rule (noun), imperium, - n. [XXIII]rule (verb), reg, regere, rx, rctum *rumor, fma, -ae f. [III]run, curr, -ere, cucurr, cursum [XXII]run away, fugi, fugere, fg, fugitrus *run through, trnsg, trnsgere, trnsg, trnsactum [V]

S

sad, trstis, -e *sailor, nauta, -ae m. *same, dem, eadem, idem [I]save, serv (1) *say, dc, dcere, dx, dictum *scarcely, vix, adv. [XIX]sea, flctus, -s m. *, mare, maris (-ium) n. *second, secundus, -a, -um [XXIX]secretary, scrba, -ae m. *see, vide, vidre, vd, vsum *seek, pet, petere, petv, pettum [III]seem, vide, vidre, vd, vsum, (pass.) *seize, capi, capere, cp, captum *senate, sentus, -s m. [XXI]send, mitt, mittere, ms, missum *serious, gravis, -e *seriously, graviter, adv.set up, pn, pnere, posu, positum *seven, septem [XXIX]shadow, umbra, -ae f. *sharp, cer, cris, cre *shelter, teg, tegere, tx, tectum *ship, nvis, nvis (-ium) f. *shore, ltus, ltoris n. *; ra, -ae f. *short, brevis, -e *shoulder, umerus, - m. [XIII]shout, clm (1) [XXII]

show, monstr (1) *sick, aeger, aegra, aegrum *sight, specis, - f. *similar, similis, -e *sing, cant (1) *sister, soror, sorris f. *sit, sede, sedre, sd, sessum *situation, rs, re, f.*six, sex [XXIX]skill, sus, -s m. [XXI]sky, caelum, - n. [XXIII]slave, servus, - m. *sleep, somnus, - m. *slender, gracilis, -e [IX]slip, lbor, lb, lapsus sum [XVIII]small, parvus, -a, -um *smaller, minor, minus (compar. of parvus) [VIII]smallest, minimus, -a, -um (superl. of parvus) [IX]soldier, mles, mlitis m. *sole, slus, -a, -um [XXIX]son, flius, - m. *song, carmen, carminis n. *sort, genus, -eris n. [VIII]speak, dc, dcere, dx, dictum *spirit, animus, - m. [XIII]spouse, coniunx, coniugis m. / f. [XXVII]stand, st, stre, stet, statum *star, sdus, sderis n. [XXVI]state, rs pblica, re pblicae f. [XXIV]stay, mane, manre, mns, mnsum *step, gradus, -s m. *stone, saxum, - n. [XVII]stop, cnsist, -ere, cnstit, — [XI]stretch out, tend, tendere, tetend, tentum *stretch upward, surg, surgere, surrx, surrctum *strike, ictus, -s m. [XXI]strive, contend, contendere, contend, contentum [XVI]strong, fortis, -e *student, discipulus, - m. [XIII]suddenly, subit, adv. [XXII]suffer, patior, pat, passus sum [XVIII]suitable, idneus, -a, -um [XXVIII]sweet, dulcis, -e *swell, surg, surgere, surrx, surrctum *swift, celer, celeris, celere *sword, ferrum, - n. [XXIII]

T

take, capi, capere, cp, captum *talk about, d (+ dat.) agere [III]tall, altus, -a, -um *task, opus, operis n. *teach, doce, docre, docu, doctum *teacher, magister, magistr m. *tear, lacrima, -ae f. [XIX]tell, dc, dcere, dx, dictum *tell a lie, mentior, mentr, menttus sum [XVIII]ten, decem [XXIX]territory (pl.), fns, fnium, m. [IV]than, quam [VIII]thank, gratis agere (+ dat.) [III]thanks (pl.), gratiae, -rum f. [III]that, ille, illa, illud [XI]; is, ea, id [I]that, qu, quae, quod [XVI]that (of yours), iste, ista, istud [XI]the other( of two), alter, altera, alterum [XXIX]their (own), suus, -a, -um [XIV]themselves (intensive) ips, ipsae, ipsum [XXVI]themselves (reflexive) su, sibi, s, s [XIV]then, tum, tunc, adv. [VII]there, ibi, adv. [XII]therefore, igitur, conj. [VII]these (pl.), hic, haec, hoc [VI]thing, rs, re f. *think, put (1) [IV]third, tertius, -a, -um [XXIX]this, hic, haec, hoc [VI], is, ea, id [I]those (pl.), ille, illa, illud [XI]three, trs, tria [XXIX]through, per (+ acc.) [VIII]time, tempus, tempris n. [XXVI]tired, fessus, -a, -um *to, ad (+ acc.) *today, hodi, adv. [III]tomorrow, crs, adv. [III]too little, parum, adv. [VI]towards, ad (+ acc.) *treat, ag, agere, g, actum [III]tribe, gns, gentis (-ium) f. *try, cnor, cnr, cntus sum [XVIII]two, duo, duae, duo [XXIX]

U

under, sub (+ abl.) *undergo, sube, subre, subi (subv), subitum [XXVI]unhappy, miser, misera, miserum *unlike, dissimilis, -e [IX]use, sus, -s m. [XXI]useful, tilis, -e *

V

vast, ingns, ingentis *very bad, pessimus, -a, -um (superl. of malus) [IX]very badly, pessim (superl. of male), adv. [XXVIII]very good, optimus, -a, -um (superl. of bonus) [IX]very greatly, maxim (superl. of magnopere), adv.

[XXVIII]very many, plurimus, -a, -um (superl. of multus) [IX]very well, optim (superl. of bene), adv. [XXVIII]voice, vx, vcis f. *

W

wage war, bellum gerere *wall, mrus, - m. *walls, moenia, -ium n. pl. [IV]wander, err (1) *want, vol, velle, volu, — [XXI]war, bellum, n. *warn, mone (2) *watch over, serv (1) *water, aqua, -ae f. *way, iter, itineris n. *; via, -ae f. [XII]we, ns [II]weapon, tlum, - n. *well, bene, adv. [VI]what, qu, quae, quod [XVI]when, ubi, adv. [XII]where, ubi, adv. [XII]which, qu, quae, quod [XVI]which (of two), uter, utra, utrum [XXIX]while, dum, conj. (with present indicative) [II]who, which, that (rel. pron.), qu, quae, quod [XVI]whole, ttus, -a, -um [XXIX]wicked, malus, -a, -um *wife, coniunx, coniugis, f. [XXVII]wind, ventus, - m. *wise, sapins, sapientis *wish, vol, velle, volu, — [XXI]

with, cum (+ abl.) *with difficulty, aegr [VI]without, sine (+ abl.) *woods, silva, -ae f. *word, verbum, - n. *work, labor, labris m. [XIX], opus, operis n. *worry, cra, -ae f. [XIX]worse, peior, peius (compar. of malus) [IX]worst, pessimus, -a, -um (superl. of malus) [IX]wound, vulner (1) *wrath, ra, -ae f. *wretched, miser, misera, miserum *write, scrb, scrbere, scrps, scrptum *writer, scrba, -ae m. *

Y

year, annus, - m. *yesterday, heri, adv. [III]yet, tamen, conj. [VII]you (pl.), vs, vestrum / vestr [II]you (sg.), t, tu [II]your(sg.), tuus, -a, -um *your(pl.), vester, vestra, vestrum *yours(sg.), tuus, -a, -um *yours(pl.), vester, vestra, vestrum *yourself (intensive) ipse, ipsa, ipsum [XXVI]yourself (reflexive) tu, tibi, t, t, (pl.) vestr, vbs,

vs, vbis

INDEXAblative:

Accompaniment, 1Cause, 22Comparison, 16Degree of Difference, 18Manner, 38Means or Instrument, 1Motion away from or Place to Which, 1Personal Agent, 1Place Where, 1Time When, 1with prepositions, 1

Accusative and Infinitive with iube and vet, 26Accusative and Infinitive of Indirect Statement: 44, 46Adjectives:

Regular Comparison, 14Irregular Comparison, 16

Adverbs:Formation, 12Comparison, 56

Antecedent: 32Cause: 22Clauses: definition, main, subordinate: 44Comparison:

Adjectives: 14, 16Adverbs: 56

Complementary Infinitive: 8, 26, 42Compounds:

Ag: 11Dis-, ante-, post-: 21E: 61Fer: 41Ml: 51Nl: 51Possum: 31Sequor: 41Sum: 51

Compound Subjects: 4Con junctions: subordinate and coordinate: 44Connected Prose: 14Cum as Enclitic: 4, 28, 32Dative in -: 2, 22, 32, 52, 58Demonstratives: 2, 12, 22Deponent Verbs: 36Eius, erum, erum: 2, 28Enclitic cum: 4, 28, 32E: 52, 61

Fer: 38, 41Finite Verb: 8Genitive in -ius: 2, 14, 22, 32, 52, 58Hic, haec, hoc: 12dem, eadem, idem: 2Indirect Statement: 46, 48Infinitives:

Complementary: 8, 26, 42 Object, Subject: 8Infinitive Phrase: 54

Intensive: 52Ipse, ipsa, ipsum: 52Is, ea, id: 2Iste, ista, istud: 22Magis: 56Maxim: 56Ml: 42, 51Nol: 42, 51Numbers, Cardinal and Ordinal 58Ob, cause: 22Participles: 6Participle Phrases: 54Perseus 1 and 2: 15Perseus 3 and 4: 25Perseus 5 and 6: 35Perseus 7 and 8: 45Perseus 9 and 10: 55Perseus 11: 61Phrase: 44Possum: 26, 30Prepositional Phrase: 54Pronouns:

Demonstrative, 2, 12, 22Intensive, 52Reflexive, 28Relative, 32

Propter, cause: 22Quam:

with Comparison: 16with Superlative: 56

Qu, quae, quod: 32Reading: 14, 24, 34, 44, 54Reflexive: Adjective, Pronoun: 28Relative Pronoun: 32Review Lessons: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60Third Rule of Concord: 32Vol: 42, 51

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