LESSON 7: ECONOMIC GROWTH AND REFORMUS History

LESSON 7 STANDARDS

Students will explain the process of economic growth, its regional and national impact in the first half of the 19th century, and the different responses to it.

1. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution as seen in Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin and his development of interchangeable parts for muskets.

2. Describe the westward growth of the United States; include the emerging concept of Manifest Destiny.

3. Describe reform movements, specifically temperance, abolitionism, and public school.

4. Explain women’s efforts to gain suffrage; include Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Seneca Falls Conference.

5. Explain Jacksonian Democracy, expanding suffrage, the rise of popular political culture, and the development of American nationalism.

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

The era of the Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 18th century

Hand-made and home-made goods were replaced by machine and factory made goods semi-skilled and unskilled workers replaced skilled laborers

The Industrial Revolution came to America in 1793 with Samuel Slater’s water powered textile mill in Rhode Island

America’s desire to enter the Industrial Revolution really took off the first part of the 19th century (Napoleonic Wars) America’s didn’t want to depend on European goods

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

The Industrial Revolution was aided by 4 factors1. Transportation was expanded (canals)2. A power source was harnessed water-power and steam power3. Improvements in industry such as improving the refining process

and accelerating production4. The government helped protect fledging American manufacturers

by passing protective tariffs

ELI WHITNEY AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793 It was a machine that removes cotton seeds from the valuable

cotton fiber used to make thread By producing more cotton in a day than any person could do

by hand, the gin reduced the cost of processing cotton and greatly raised the profit from growing it

To further cut costs and raise profits, unskilled slaves were often running the cotton gins in the southern states

ELI WHITNEY AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Eli Whitney also introduced the idea of interchangeable parts

Prior to Eli Whitney, if a machine broke it was discarded and replaced because all of the parts were hand-made to just fit that machine

Whitney introduced the idea of making identical parts so only a part would need to be replaced, not the entire machine

Whitney demonstrated this practice with muskets if 1 piece of a musket broke, the owner could continue to use the musket when the broken part was replaced

Interchangeable parts made it possible for semiskilled workers to mass-produce products

TICKET OUT THE DOOR

1. What era began in America in 1793, thanks to Samuel Slater’s water powered textile mill?

2. Why did the Industrial Revolution take off in America? 3. & 4. List Eli Whitney’s 2 most impactful contributions to

the United States. 5. What power source was harnessed that helped lead to the

Industrial Revolution?

TICKET OUT THE DOOR

1. What era began in America in 1793, thanks to Samuel Slater’s water powered textile mill?

The Industrial Revolution 2. Why did the Industrial Revolution take off in America?

Americans didn’t want to be dependent of European goods 3. & 4. List Eli Whitney’s 2 most impactful contributions to

the United States. Cotton gin Interchangeable parts

5. What power source was harnessed that helped lead to the Industrial Revolution?

water

WESTWARD MOVEMENT

Americans have always looked to move westward New colonists moved to the back country of each colony After the French and Indian War, settlers crossed the

Appalachian Mountains After the American Revolution, settlers filled the Ohio

Valley and Alabama After the Louisiana Territory settlers moved in to the

Mississippi River Valley Florida was acquired from Spain in1819 By 1850, Americans settle in California, Oregon, and

Washington

WESTWARD MOVEMENT

It took 150 for settlement to reach the Appalachians …50 years to reach the Mississippi …another 30 year to reach the Pacific states In 230 years Americans had come to dominate North America Americans believed that such rapid expansion was part a divine

favor referred to as Manifest Destiny a phrase coined to describe the belief that America was to settle all of North America

The phrase Manifest Destiny was first written by a newspaper writer named John L. Sullivan

WESTWARD MOVEMENT

The center of population growth in the years after the War of 1812 was in the Northwest Territory (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois) 3 factors caused people to move to this region

1. native Americans were removed 2. land speculators had acquired large areas of land and wanted

to sell 3. as the national infrastructure moved west, it was easier to

migrate west Fertile soil and the development of better plows and

harvesters allowed farmers large crop yields and increased the allure of westward expansion

SECOND GREAT AWAKENING

In the 1820’s a Second great Awakening hit the United States One of the effects of this movement was a desire by

Christians to attack the perceived ills of the 19th century alcohol, slavery, and education

TEMPERANCE

The stress of the industrial environment, poor quality of water, and cheapness of liquor led to an increase of alcohol abuse during this era

The temperance movement rose to protect and women and children from abusive drunk husbands and general poverty (men spent all their money on booze)

The movement started by asking people to limit alcohol (temper their drinking) but escalated to complete abstain of drinking

By 1835 the American Temperance Society was the largest organization of its kind

The temperance movement succeeded in having people drink less but failed in completely banning alcohol

ABOLITIONISM

The most heated reform issue centered on the abolition of slavery

Abolitionism gained momentum in the 1830’s There were 3 main groups at this time

1. American Colonization Society (1818) – called for the emancipation and transportation of freed slaves back to Africa

2. The American Antislavery Society (1833) – led by William Lloyd Garrison, called for the immediate emancipation by any means necessary

3. the Liberty Party – pledged to end slavery through legal and political means

TICKET OUT THE DOOR

1. What phrase was coined in order to describe Americans divine right to settle the West?

Manifest Destiny 2. In the 1820’s what movement came into the US that set out

to attack alcohol, attack slavery, and improve education? The Second Great Awakening

3. What was the name of the movement that sought to reduce alcohol use among men?

The Temperance Movement 4. What was the most heated reform issue during the 1820’s –

1830’s? Abolitionism (slavery)

5. From whom did the US acquire Florida from in 1819? Spain

PUBLIC SCHOOL

Until the 1840’s there was little public education only the wealthy educated their children

Reformers believed that democracy only worked if the people were educated

Horace Mann and Henry Barnard began the Common School Movement

It hoped to create good citizens, unite society, and prevent crime and poverty

Mann advocated a free public education paid through local funds and administered through a local school board

Mann’s model still stands as the model used for today’s schools

WOMEN’S RIGHTS

In the early 1800’s women were legally and socially inferior to men Women couldn’t vote and if married couldn’t own land or keep their

earnings However women were the leaders in reform movements such as

temperance and abolitionism In 1840, several women including Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia

Mott, and the Grimke sisters (Angelina & Sarah) were denied entrance to the London Anti-Slavery Convention because they were women

With the advent of universal male suffrage, women began to hope for women’s suffrage

WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE

Stanton and Mott organized the Seneca Falls Conference in 1848 “to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and women’s rights”

The conference was attended by 300 people including 40 men At the conference, Elizabeth Cady Stanton drew up the

Declaration of Sentiment called for an end to the unequal treatment of women

The Seneca Falls Conference marked the beginning of the Women’s Rights Movement

DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN NATIONALISM

After the War of 1812, America entered the “Era of Good Feelings” The government was dominated by 1 political party Democratic

Republicans The critical feeling of the period was to promote and strengthen the

US by focusing on internal improvements 1. national finances were strengthened by the creation of a new

national bank that served as a depository for federal funds and a stable source of currency

2. a new tariff was passed in order to keep Britain from dumping cheap goods in the US helped American manufacturers

3. the Supreme Court strengthened the federal government by supporting the new national bank

4. expansion westward was made easier through new federal land purchasing programs (Homesteaders) and by the creation of new roads and canals that made transportation quicker

RISE OF POPULAR POLITICAL CULTURE

The election of 1824 saw the end of the “Era of Good Feelings” and the reintroduction of the 2 party system

1. Jacksonian Democrats – led by Andrew Jackson2. National Republicans – led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay

The 1824 election was dirty and captured the public’s interest Jackson accused the Republicans of flattering European royalty and of misusing

public funds Adams accused Jackson of being unfaithful in his marriage, massacring Native

Americans, illegally executing convicted soldiers and of dueling Since neither candidate won the majority of the electoral college votes, the

decision came to the House of Representatives Adams won the election of 1824

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY

Andrew Jackson and his followers shared a political philosophy called “Jacksonian Democracy”

They sought a stronger executive branch and weaker Congress It also sought to broaden public participation by allowing all

adult white males to vote (not just landowners) Jacksonians also wanted politicians to be allowed to appoint

their followers to government jobs to limit the power of elite groups

They also favored Manifest Destiny and greater western expansion